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Speaker 1: Pushkin. In June nineteen ten, two ships set sail from Europe.

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Speaker 1: One of them was captained by Robert Falcon Scott of

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Speaker 1: the British Navy, representing the most powerful empire the world

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Speaker 1: had ever seen. The other ship was led by Roald

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Speaker 1: Amundson of Norway, a small country that had gained its

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Speaker 1: independence just five years before. Both men had the same goal.

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Speaker 1: They burned to be the first in history to reach

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Speaker 1: the South Pole, planting their national flag. This wasn't about

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Speaker 1: imperial conquest. The South Pole had no gold, or spices

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Speaker 1: or slaves. It was all about the symbolism. The age

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Speaker 1: of exploration was largely over. Most of the world had

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Speaker 1: been thoroughly mapped, with one big exception the vast interior

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Speaker 1: of the icy continent of Antarctica. No human feet had

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Speaker 1: ever trodden on the Earth's most southerly point. Of course,

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Speaker 1: the British wanted to be the first to reach it.

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Speaker 1: Over the centuries, they'd grown used to thinking of themselves

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Speaker 1: as the greatest explorers in the world. Robert Scott's British

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Speaker 1: ship carried what one historian called the largest, best equipped

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Speaker 1: scientific team ever sent to Antarctica. It carried three state

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Speaker 1: of the art motorized sleds, along with Siberian dogs and ponies,

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Speaker 1: and a crew of sixty five. This little army set

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Speaker 1: sail from London in front of a crowd of the

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Speaker 1: Empire's finest. The American polar explorer Robert Bartlett was there,

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Speaker 1: noting that nobody had ever given him such a send off.

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Speaker 1: There were gold lays and cock hats and dignitaries enough

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Speaker 1: to run a navy. I couldn't help comparing all this

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Speaker 1: formality with the shoddy, almost sneering attitude of the American public.

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Speaker 1: One of Scott's crew was almost overwhelmed by the crowd

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Speaker 1: of onlookers. The cheers from the many thousands of throats

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Speaker 1: fairly made the air quiver on that blazing summer afternoon

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Speaker 1: rolled Amunson's Norwegian vessel was much smaller. It carried no

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Speaker 1: motorized sleds or ponies, only dogs and a crew of

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Speaker 1: just nineteen. It sailed at midnight without ceremony or celebration,

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Speaker 1: a ghost chip slipping out into the Norwegian Fiords. Nobody

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Speaker 1: in Norway was excited about Amunson's bold thrust to beat

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Speaker 1: the British to the South Pole, and there was a

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Speaker 1: reason for that. He had told everyone he was heading

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Speaker 1: to the North Pole instead. It's hard to imagine a

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Speaker 1: more uneven contest. Scott's expedition was far larger and far

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Speaker 1: better funded, underwritten by the British Navy and supported by

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Speaker 1: public and private donations from across the British Empire. There

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Speaker 1: could be only one winner, and it was already obvious

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Speaker 1: who it would be. I'm Tim Harford, and you're listening

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Speaker 1: to cautionary tales. Remember the biblical story of David and Goliath.

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Speaker 1: An Israelite shepherd boy with the humblest weapon imaginable, a sling,

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Speaker 1: defeats Goliath, the Philistine champion, a fully armed man mountain.

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Speaker 1: King Saul of the Israelites is against the plan. You

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Speaker 1: cannot go against this philistine to do battle with him,

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Speaker 1: for you are a lad. Then he is a man

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Speaker 1: of war from his youth. But David fights Goliath anyway

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Speaker 1: and winds easily. Malcolm Gladwell's book David and Goliath has

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Speaker 1: some interesting things to say about this fight. Goliath wasn't

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Speaker 1: quite as fearsome as he seemed. He was at least

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Speaker 1: six ft nine, but humans aren't built to be that big.

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Speaker 1: One plausible explanation is that Goliath was suffering from a

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Speaker 1: medical condition which causes the production of too much growth hormone.

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Speaker 1: It also often causes double vision. Goliath looked terrifying, but

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Speaker 1: he may well have had difficulty moving and difficulty focusing.

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Speaker 1: In the Race to the South Pole, Robert Falcon Scott

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Speaker 1: was Goliath, apparently the overwhelming favorite, but in reality in

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Speaker 1: a hopeless position. Just in case you don't know how

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Speaker 1: the race unfolds, Scott's mission ends in utter failure. For

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Speaker 1: more than a century, people have been arguing about why.

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Speaker 1: On one side of the argument, to those who say

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Speaker 1: Scott was terribly unlucky, in particular with the weather. On

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Speaker 1: the other side, of those who say Scott was an incompetent,

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Speaker 1: that he chose the wrong methods, took needless risks, and

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Speaker 1: at critical moments he made the wrong calls. If it

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Speaker 1: wasn't bad luck or bad judgment, then how else could

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Speaker 1: such a well resourced expedition fail. But Goliath didn't lose

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Speaker 1: because he was unlucky or because he was foolish. He

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Speaker 1: lost because the apparent underdog was actually in a vastly

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Speaker 1: superior position all along. We'll explore the causes of Scott's

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Speaker 1: problems in a moment, but first let's describe the symptoms.

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Speaker 1: His expedition was so large that scott ship was overloaded

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Speaker 1: with men, fuel, motorized sledges, and ponies, and it nearly

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Speaker 1: sank before reaching Antarctica. Conditions on ship were miserable. The

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Speaker 1: crew ate their meals from a table directly underneath where

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Speaker 1: the ponies were being stabled. The yellow substance that dribbled

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Speaker 1: down to the cracks in the wooden deck onto their

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Speaker 1: table was euphemistically called mustard. Things were hardly more comfortable

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Speaker 1: once Scott arrived in Antarctica. The British went to a

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Speaker 1: base that Scott and others had established years before on

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Speaker 1: Ross Island, just off the coast of the Antarctic continent.

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Speaker 1: It was further away from the South Pole than where

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Speaker 1: Amunson made his base camp, and not without its dangers.

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Speaker 1: One man ventured onto ice flow to photographs some killer

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Speaker 1: whales and nearly ended up as their lunch. The ship

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Speaker 1: was within sixty yards and I heard wild shouts. Look out,

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Speaker 1: run jumpman, jump, run quick. But I could not run.

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Speaker 1: It was all I could do to keep my feet

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Speaker 1: as I leapt from piece to piece of the rocking ice,

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Speaker 1: with the whales a few yards behind me, snorting and

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Speaker 1: glowing among the ice blocks. He made it back to safety,

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Speaker 1: with Captain Scott exclaiming, my God, that was about the

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Speaker 1: nearest squeak I ever saw. Then came the unloading of

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Speaker 1: the ship. It did not go well. We realized that

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Speaker 1: the ice was getting very rotten, wrote one crewman. But

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Speaker 1: when a message came back from an anxious Scott the

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Speaker 1: hurry with the unloading. No one had the courage or

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Speaker 1: the sense to ignore it. They were unloading one of

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Speaker 1: the three motorized sledges. The ship party had got the

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Speaker 1: sledge down onto the ice, when, with warning Williamson went

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Speaker 1: through to his thighs. The motor sledge suddenly dipped, the

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Speaker 1: ice gave way, and she fell with all her weight

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Speaker 1: vertically on the rope. The rope began cutting through the

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Speaker 1: thin ice. Man after man was forced to let go.

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Speaker 1: The sledge is now resting on the bottom at a

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Speaker 1: depth of one hundred and twenty fathoms. It was a

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Speaker 1: terrifying moment, and an expensive one. Scott had paid about

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Speaker 1: as much for his three motorized sledges as Amundson had

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Speaker 1: raised to fund his entire expedition. After months preparing depots

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Speaker 1: and sheltering from the winter, Scott was ready to make

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Speaker 1: his attempt at the South Pole. Despite the loss of

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Speaker 1: one motor sledge, he still had two more of them,

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Speaker 1: plus packs of dogs, a team of ponies, and the

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Speaker 1: time on a tradition of the British Navy donning harnesses

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Speaker 1: and hauling the sledges by hand with sheer British grit

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Speaker 1: and endurance. The British had long experience of this man

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Speaker 1: hauling of sledges in polar regions. One disastrous expedition to

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Speaker 1: the Arctic in eighteen seventy five required man hauling. Here's

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Speaker 1: the conclusion of a survivor. I would confine everyone who

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Speaker 1: proposed such a thing in a lunatic asylum, burn every

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Speaker 1: sledge in existence, and destroy the patterns long experience, as

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Speaker 1: I say, But the British Navy had not learned from

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Speaker 1: that long experience. With the luxury of these varied modes

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Speaker 1: of transport available, Scott chose to try them all. You

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Speaker 1: might think that would give him flexibility. Instead, it constrained him.

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Speaker 1: Scott's ponies were poorly adapted to the cold, so he

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Speaker 1: decided to start later in the spring. Even then, the

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Speaker 1: ponies struggled. They traveled slowly, hooves sinking deep into the snow.

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Speaker 1: Scott decided it would be better for the ponies to

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Speaker 1: travel at night, when the colder temperatures might mean firmer

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Speaker 1: conditions under their hoofs. It was miserable. Huge icicles form

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Speaker 1: under the ponies noises during the march. Scott's two remaining

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Speaker 1: motorized sledges broke down early in the expedition. Nobody on

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Speaker 1: his team had the mechanical expertise to fix them, so

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Speaker 1: he had to abandon them and man haul the sledges instead.

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Speaker 1: The man hauled sledges work even slower than the ponies.

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Speaker 1: Scott's expedition was a patchwork caravan, from which the ponies

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Speaker 1: and the dog sleds had to keep stopping to let

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Speaker 1: the man hauld sledges keep up. The dogs do the

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Speaker 1: hall march in three hours, and then they have little

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Speaker 1: else to do for the rest of the day. The

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Speaker 1: dogs are doing splendidly. When news reached Scott and his

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Speaker 1: team that Amunson was racing them to the pole, they

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Speaker 1: correctly surmised that he wouldn't have taken ponies and he

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Speaker 1: wouldn't be man hauling any sledges. I must say that

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Speaker 1: Amondson's chance of having forestalled us looks good. After the losses,

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Speaker 1: the accidents, the late start, and the slow progress, Scott's

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Speaker 1: defeat was now just a matter of time. But why

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Speaker 1: had such a well resourced expedition run into so many problems?

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Speaker 1: When formally announcing the project, Captain Scott could hardly have

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Speaker 1: been clearer about his goals. The main object of the

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Speaker 1: expedition is to reach the South Pole and to secure

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Speaker 1: for the British Empire the honor of this achievement. That was,

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Speaker 1: of course what the crowds cheering in London expected. But

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Speaker 1: while Scott told the public that the South Pole was

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Speaker 1: his focus, he had various other goals in mind. Objective

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Speaker 1: number two was scientific progress. No expedition ever left our

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Speaker 1: shores with a more ambitious scientific program, said the expedition's

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Speaker 1: second in command, while another expedition member explained, we want

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Speaker 1: the scientific work to make the bagging of the pole

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Speaker 1: merely an item in the results. The research program included

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Speaker 1: work on biology, geology, glaciology, meteorology, measuring the magnetic fields

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Speaker 1: around the pole, but of course exploration and map making.

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Speaker 1: The exploration was no small task, with the British Navy

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Speaker 1: supplying many of the men for the mission. Scott needed

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Speaker 1: to be able to argue that he was finding and

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Speaker 1: laying claim to new territory on behalf of the British Empire.

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Speaker 1: But these scientific efforts were exhausting. They required Scott's men

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Speaker 1: to take real risks and expend prodigious energy. One of

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Speaker 1: the research teams became stranded for an entire winter, surviving

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Speaker 1: against extraordinary odds by building a snow cave and killing

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Speaker 1: the occasional seal or penguin. Another team of three men

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Speaker 1: were aiming for a curious prize, the egg of an

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Speaker 1: emperor penguin. This that was hoped might shed light on

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Speaker 1: the embryology of all primitive birds, including dinosaurs. But to

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Speaker 1: get the egg, the three unlucky explorers had to make

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Speaker 1: a month long journey during the Antarctic winter in total

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Speaker 1: darkness and temperatures ranging below minus seventy five fahrenheit. All

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Speaker 1: three men nearly died, one of them absolutely. Cherry Garrard

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Speaker 1: went on to write the classic book The Worst Journey

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Speaker 1: in the world. Nobody argues with his choice of title.

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Speaker 1: All of these scientific exploits sapped the strength of the team.

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Speaker 1: The two men who went with Cherry Garrard on the

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Speaker 1: Worst Journey in the World then set off with Scott

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Speaker 1: to the South Pole. They must have been shattered before

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Speaker 1: they started. The sheer complexity of the enterprise also challenge

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Speaker 1: Scott's managerial abilities. Every long journey in the Antarctic needed

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Speaker 1: careful planning, with preparatory journeys to set up depots along

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Speaker 1: the route stopped with food and fuel. Scott's attention and

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Speaker 1: manpower were dissipated by the scientific expeditions. By the time

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Speaker 1: he came to set up his depots for the journey

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Speaker 1: to the Pole, his supplies were sparse, leaving little margin

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Speaker 1: for error if something went wrong, if instruments broke, which

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Speaker 1: they did, or if food ran low, which it did,

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Speaker 1: or if depots were hard to find, which they were,

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Speaker 1: or if vital fuel leaked, which it did. Scott might

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Speaker 1: have been wiser to focus more attention on the South Pole,

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Speaker 1: but he didn't really have a choice. The scientific mission

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Speaker 1: was regarded as essential by influential patrons, such as the

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Speaker 1: Royal Geographical Society, they actively opposed a simple dash to

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Speaker 1: the pole. Scott was apt. He had to tell the

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Speaker 1: public that the journey was all about the South Pole.

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Speaker 1: But he also had to please his mentors and funders

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Speaker 1: at the Royal Geographical Society. And it gets worse because

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Speaker 1: those weren't the only two objectives Scott had to balance.

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Speaker 1: Objective number three was to break new technological ground. That's

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Speaker 1: why Scott was taking those three expensive motorized sleds, a

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Speaker 1: decision that infuriated some members of his team. One of them,

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Speaker 1: Captain Oates, wrote three motors at three thousand pounds each,

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Speaker 1: nineteen ponies at five pounds each, thirty two dogs at

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Speaker 1: thirty shillings each. If Scott fails to get to the pole,

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Speaker 1: he jolly well deserves it. Remember that one of those

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Speaker 1: sledges crashed through the ice and instantly sank to the

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Speaker 1: bottom of the ocean, while the others didn't last long

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Speaker 1: in the brutal conditions. Defenders of Scott say that his

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Speaker 1: experiments these vehicles were an essential part of learning how

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Speaker 1: to make a weatherproof snowmobile, thus laying the foundations for

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Speaker 1: Antarctic exploration in the future. True, but the motorized sledge

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Speaker 1: cost a huge amount of money, weighed down the ship,

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Speaker 1: distracted Scott, and weren't much help. Whilst Scott invested huge

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Speaker 1: amounts in untested technology, Amundsen simply bought a hundred sledge

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Speaker 1: dogs for the price of a single motorized sledge he

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Speaker 1: could have bought two thousand. Alongside the demands of scientific

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Speaker 1: exploration and technological testing, there was yet another goal, this

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Speaker 1: one insidious and often unspoken. The British expected that reaching

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Speaker 1: the South Pole should be a display of courage and endurance.

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Speaker 1: Nowadays this is a commonplace. Adventurers climb Everest without oxygenal

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Speaker 1: sales solo around the world, just to demonstrate that such

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Speaker 1: things can be done. Back in nineteen eleven, was the

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Speaker 1: goal to reach the South Pole by any means available?

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Speaker 1: Or was it to reach the South Pole the hard way?

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Speaker 1: The British Empire spanned the globe but suffered a creeping

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Speaker 1: insecurity that young British chaps were going soft and weak.

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Speaker 1: Scott knew that he was expected to demonstrate that the

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Speaker 1: British were still the fittest of all, and so he vacillated.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes he focused on the Pole by any means, At

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Speaker 1: other times he was keen to do it the right way,

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Speaker 1: and that meant not relying on dogs. Scott wrote, in

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Speaker 1: my mind, no journey ever made with dogs can approach

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Speaker 1: the height of that fine conception which is realized when

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Speaker 1: a party of men go forth to face hardship, dangers,

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Speaker 1: and difficulties with their own unaided efforts, and by days

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Speaker 1: and weeks of hard physical neighbor succeed in solving some

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Speaker 1: problem of the great unknown. Surely in this case the

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Speaker 1: conquest is more nobly and splendidly one. Scott's justifications were

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Speaker 1: all over the place. Sometimes he seemed to argue that

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Speaker 1: dogs wouldn't be useful in mountainous terrain. At other times

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Speaker 1: he was squeamish about what using dogs involved. That is,

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Speaker 1: shooting the poor creatures as you went along and feeding

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Speaker 1: the corpses to the other dogs not especially noble or splendid.

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Speaker 1: But it's clear that he also felt that wealth using

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Speaker 1: dogs was sort of cheating. Critics of Scott say that

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Speaker 1: this is a man who simply couldn't make up his mind,

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Speaker 1: but there was a reason for his ambivalence. At this point,

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Speaker 1: I'd like to introduce you to Sir Clement Markham Sir

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Speaker 1: Clements was the model of a British gentleman. Portraits of

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Speaker 1: him show a man in starchy formal wear, dark tie,

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Speaker 1: dark waistcoat, dark jacket, with tails, huge pork chop, side

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Speaker 1: burns and a disdainful expression as though the portrait photographer

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Speaker 1: had just noisily broken wind. Not a man to cross.

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Speaker 1: Sir Clements was the leading light of the influential Royal

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Speaker 1: Geographical Society. He had held top positions at the Society

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Speaker 1: for decades, from where he pushed buttons and pulled strings,

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Speaker 1: bending the society to his will and focusing the British

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Speaker 1: elite on the goal of polar exploration. Sir Clements Markham

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Speaker 1: was Scott's mentor, godfather to Scott's son named Peter Markham Scott.

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Speaker 1: Sir Clements Markham had plucked Scott from obscurity and could

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Speaker 1: break his career just as easily. Sir Clements demanded success,

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Speaker 1: but he also wanted things down his way. First to

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Speaker 1: the pole, of course, but science should not be sacrificed.

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Speaker 1: And from his warm, comfortable desk in London, Sir Clements

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Speaker 1: had strong views about how things should be done. No ski,

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Speaker 1: no dogs, dozens hundreds of books have been written about

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Speaker 1: the problems that Scott faced in reaching the South Pole.

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Speaker 1: All those problems start with the decision not to rely

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Speaker 1: on dogs. There's a way to do these things, agreed

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Speaker 1: the British establishment, just as the Philistines agreed that a

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Speaker 1: fight between champions should be done with physical strength, thick

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Speaker 1: armor and sharp blades. With a champion like Goliath, David

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Speaker 1: begged to differ. He thought it would be easier to

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Speaker 1: use a sling, and in much the same spirit Rolled

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Speaker 1: Amundson thought it would be easier to use dogs. And

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Speaker 1: if actually trying to get to the pole as easily

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Speaker 1: and quickly as possible, not carry out trials of new

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Speaker 1: motorized sledges, not prove a point about human endurance by

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Speaker 1: hauling sledges by hand, but just win well. Then the

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Speaker 1: decision to use dogs is as utterly obvious as David's

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Speaker 1: decision to use a sling. Pony hoofs sank in the snow.

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Speaker 1: Dog paused. Didn't ponies needed a shelter each night, painstakingly

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Speaker 1: built for them by tired men. Dogs simply dug their

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Speaker 1: own dems. Ponies had to drag their own had Dogs

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00:21:47,370 --> 00:21:51,970
Speaker 1: could eat penguins and seals, canned food, or even each other.

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Speaker 1: And the dog sleds were so much faster than ponies

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Speaker 1: or men. With progress so slow, it didn't take long

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Speaker 1: for Scott to become angry and despondent. Some of his

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Speaker 1: men resented this, others shrugged it off. I quite understand

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Speaker 1: his feelings. Bad day like this makes him fear our

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Speaker 1: beasts are going to fail us. Scott soon started to

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Speaker 1: realize that he was beaten, just as Goliath might have

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Speaker 1: known he was beaten as soon as he heard David

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Speaker 1: Sling start to were But Scott's problems shouldn't have come

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00:22:27,330 --> 00:22:36,850
Speaker 1: as a surprise to anyone. Cautionary tales will be back

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00:22:37,330 --> 00:22:47,890
Speaker 1: after this break. It's tempting to say that if Scott

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Speaker 1: had been a more capable leader, he would simply have

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00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:55,010
Speaker 1: made better choices, keeping Mission Creep on a tight leash

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Speaker 1: and deploying his superior resources efficiently by investing more in

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Speaker 1: dogs and stocking more and better depots. Perhaps, but Scott

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Speaker 1: was by no means the first polar explorer to uggle

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Speaker 1: with an over resourced but unfocused expedition. In two thousand

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Speaker 1: and one, a paper was published in the prestigious Journal

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Speaker 1: of Political economy by an economist, Dame Jonathan Karpoff. Kharpov

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Speaker 1: studied expeditions in the Arctic, all earlier than the Antarctic

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Speaker 1: Race between Scott and Amundson. He began by observing that

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Speaker 1: from the early nineteenth to the early twentieth century, there

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Speaker 1: were nearly one hundred expeditions trying to make progress exploring

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Speaker 1: inside the Arctic Circle, for example, aiming to reach the

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Speaker 1: North Pole, or seeking the Northwest Passage, a sea route

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Speaker 1: from the Atlantic to the Pacific through Canadian waters that

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Speaker 1: held out the promise of transforming global trade. Of all

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Speaker 1: these expeditions, just over half were private expeditions, and the

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Speaker 1: rest were publicly funded. Kharpoff wanted to know who did

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Speaker 1: a better job, the publicly funded expeditions or the privately

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Speaker 1: funded ones. The public funded expeditions were, says Karpoff, much

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Speaker 1: better financed than private expeditions. They typically had twice as

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Speaker 1: many ships and four times as many crew, but just

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Speaker 1: as with Captain Scott, the extra resources didn't seem to

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Speaker 1: help much. In fact, it didn't help at all. The

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Speaker 1: most famous of the public expeditions was led by the

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Speaker 1: British Navy Captain Saint John Franklin, who sought the Northwest

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Speaker 1: Passage in eighteen forty five. It was a disaster. Franklin's

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Speaker 1: two ships were trapped in the sea ice, and the

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00:24:45,330 --> 00:24:50,210
Speaker 1: survivors eventually tried to walk south to safety. There were

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00:24:50,370 --> 00:24:54,010
Speaker 1: dark rumors of cannibalism, but it's impossible to say if

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00:24:54,010 --> 00:24:58,250
Speaker 1: those rumors are true because every man died of exposure

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Speaker 1: and starvation. Nearly half a century later came in expeditions

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Speaker 1: sponsored by the US government and led by Lieutenant Adolphus Green.

340
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Speaker 1: They were trying to get as close to the North

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Speaker 1: Pole as they could, and they did set a record,

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Speaker 1: but they became cut off from their relief ship, and

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Speaker 1: almost everybody on the expedition starved to death. You might

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Speaker 1: wonder if publicly funded or publicly supported expeditions suffered greater

345
00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:31,970
Speaker 1: losses because they were attempting more ambitious goals. If so,

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00:25:32,210 --> 00:25:35,410
Speaker 1: they did not achieve them. The major goals of the

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00:25:35,490 --> 00:25:39,410
Speaker 1: era were to find traces of Franklin's lost expedition, to

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00:25:39,570 --> 00:25:42,810
Speaker 1: find and navigate the Northwest Passage, and to reach the

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Speaker 1: North Pole. Jonathan Karpoff reckons that five expeditions could claim

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Speaker 1: a share in achieving those goals. Four of them were

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Speaker 1: privately funded. Karpoff concludes that public expeditions had more money,

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Speaker 1: larger teams, and more and larger ships, but they suffered

353
00:26:00,490 --> 00:26:03,010
Speaker 1: a higher death rate and they lost more of those ships.

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Speaker 1: They were four times more likely to suffer from scurvy,

355
00:26:06,850 --> 00:26:09,410
Speaker 1: and while the public expeditions were running up most of

356
00:26:09,410 --> 00:26:13,210
Speaker 1: the costs, the private expeditions were ticking off most of

357
00:26:13,250 --> 00:26:17,690
Speaker 1: the major achievements. The Northwest Passage was finally navigated in

358
00:26:17,810 --> 00:26:22,530
Speaker 1: nineteen oh five by a tiny, scrappy, privately funded expedition

359
00:26:23,250 --> 00:26:27,330
Speaker 1: led by a bold Norwegian adventurer by the name of

360
00:26:27,570 --> 00:26:35,290
Speaker 1: rold Amundson. So why did the larger, richer public expeditions

361
00:26:35,370 --> 00:26:39,690
Speaker 1: fail so often? Jonathan Kharpoff points to a range of problems.

362
00:26:40,170 --> 00:26:44,410
Speaker 1: They were slow to learn the lessons of experience regarding clothes, diet, shelter,

363
00:26:44,530 --> 00:26:48,770
Speaker 1: and transport. They were more hierarchical, They were poorly prepared,

364
00:26:49,330 --> 00:26:52,930
Speaker 1: They suffered from interference and second guessing from bureaucrats back

365
00:26:52,970 --> 00:26:56,250
Speaker 1: home who would never go on the expedition itself, and

366
00:26:56,610 --> 00:27:00,530
Speaker 1: a related problem. While the private explorers were completely focused

367
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Speaker 1: on success because that's how you get the book deal

368
00:27:03,330 --> 00:27:06,370
Speaker 1: and the lecture tour, the leaders of the public expeditions

369
00:27:06,410 --> 00:27:11,050
Speaker 1: were trying not only to succeed, to succeed while operating

370
00:27:11,090 --> 00:27:16,210
Speaker 1: in a manner that kept their superiors happy. Scott knew

371
00:27:16,250 --> 00:27:19,370
Speaker 1: the feeling all his problems were the result of the

372
00:27:19,450 --> 00:27:23,730
Speaker 1: contradictory constraints that surrounded him. He had to do important

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Speaker 1: scientific work and be first to the pole, and do

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00:27:27,690 --> 00:27:31,210
Speaker 1: it the British way. In his writing, you can see

375
00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:36,330
Speaker 1: him squirming to resolve these contradictions, but he can't. In

376
00:27:36,370 --> 00:27:39,930
Speaker 1: a letter written to the expedition's treasurer, he explains that

377
00:27:40,010 --> 00:27:42,770
Speaker 1: he would have done things differently if he'd known there'd

378
00:27:42,770 --> 00:27:45,810
Speaker 1: be a race with Amundson. I never realized that there

379
00:27:45,850 --> 00:27:49,130
Speaker 1: was any object in haste this season, or I should

380
00:27:49,130 --> 00:27:52,810
Speaker 1: have brought more dogs as Amondson has done, but then adds,

381
00:27:52,970 --> 00:27:56,530
Speaker 1: I'm not a great believer in dog transport beyond a

382
00:27:56,730 --> 00:28:01,250
Speaker 1: certain point. Scott wasn't the only person to be inconsistent.

383
00:28:01,930 --> 00:28:06,250
Speaker 1: Writing after a decade of hindsight, Scott's fellow explorer, absolutely

384
00:28:06,330 --> 00:28:10,970
Speaker 1: Cherry Garrard, explains, we were primary a great scientific expedition

385
00:28:11,330 --> 00:28:14,730
Speaker 1: with the poll as our bait for public support, though

386
00:28:14,730 --> 00:28:17,330
Speaker 1: it was not more important than any other acre of

387
00:28:17,370 --> 00:28:21,450
Speaker 1: the plateau. Yet almost in the same breath, he notes

388
00:28:21,490 --> 00:28:25,210
Speaker 1: that when Amunson beat Scott to the pole, Scott's journey

389
00:28:25,450 --> 00:28:29,690
Speaker 1: was literally laid waste. That was the shock that staggered them.

390
00:28:30,570 --> 00:28:33,130
Speaker 1: There we have it. The South Pole was no big

391
00:28:33,130 --> 00:28:36,570
Speaker 1: deal at all, just a publicity stunt, and failing to

392
00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:42,330
Speaker 1: each at first was a staggering shock. Even today, supporters

393
00:28:42,330 --> 00:28:45,890
Speaker 1: of Captain Scott justify his actions in ways that suggest

394
00:28:46,010 --> 00:28:49,730
Speaker 1: the same ambivalence, praising him for his pioneering work on

395
00:28:49,810 --> 00:28:54,010
Speaker 1: motorized sleds, then with barely a pause, also praising him

396
00:28:54,050 --> 00:28:57,210
Speaker 1: for setting himself a physical challenge, just as a twenty

397
00:28:57,210 --> 00:29:01,930
Speaker 1: first century adventurer would do. Isn't there an inconsistency here?

398
00:29:02,730 --> 00:29:06,410
Speaker 1: Of course there is. Whenever Scott tried to focus on

399
00:29:06,450 --> 00:29:12,170
Speaker 1: a goal, it swam before his eyes like Goliath. He

400
00:29:12,290 --> 00:29:21,130
Speaker 1: was overburdened and seeing double. Scott's final agonized push for

401
00:29:21,130 --> 00:29:25,770
Speaker 1: the pole involved five men dragging their sledges by hand,

402
00:29:26,290 --> 00:29:31,170
Speaker 1: mile by painful mile. When they reached their destination, their

403
00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:36,410
Speaker 1: worst fears were realized. Norwegian flags were flying and greeting

404
00:29:37,250 --> 00:29:42,290
Speaker 1: the Norwegians themselves were long gone. It is a terrible disappointment,

405
00:29:42,770 --> 00:29:48,090
Speaker 1: and I am very sorry for my loyal companions. Great God,

406
00:29:48,770 --> 00:29:54,810
Speaker 1: this is an awful place. Amunson's team had left a

407
00:29:54,890 --> 00:29:58,810
Speaker 1: tempt from which the flags were flying. Inside the tempt,

408
00:29:59,170 --> 00:30:02,730
Speaker 1: Scott found a letter from Amundson to King Harkun of Norway,

409
00:30:03,250 --> 00:30:06,690
Speaker 1: with a cover note requesting that Scott deliver the letter,

410
00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:11,090
Speaker 1: thus proving that both Amuson and Scott had reached their goal.

411
00:30:12,770 --> 00:30:16,770
Speaker 1: Scott also found that Amunson had left him some spare equipment,

412
00:30:17,330 --> 00:30:21,930
Speaker 1: a courtesy from one explorer to another. Scott searched through

413
00:30:21,930 --> 00:30:26,490
Speaker 1: the supplies, hoping above all to find one thing a

414
00:30:26,610 --> 00:30:30,890
Speaker 1: can of fuel. His own fuel cans were leaking, so

415
00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:34,730
Speaker 1: they were running short. Without fuel, there was no way

416
00:30:34,770 --> 00:30:39,410
Speaker 1: to make drinking water or defrost frozen food. He found

417
00:30:39,450 --> 00:30:44,290
Speaker 1: sleeping backs, mittens, a sextant, but no can of fuel.

418
00:30:45,530 --> 00:30:50,970
Speaker 1: That was a blow. Scott's exhausted team turned around. They

419
00:30:51,010 --> 00:30:53,250
Speaker 1: had reached the South Pole, but if they were to

420
00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:55,930
Speaker 1: make it back to base camp, their journey was only

421
00:30:55,970 --> 00:30:58,970
Speaker 1: half done. We have turned up back now on the

422
00:30:58,970 --> 00:31:04,210
Speaker 1: goal of our ambition and must face eight hundred miles

423
00:31:04,250 --> 00:31:09,090
Speaker 1: of solid dragging, and goodbye to most of the day dreams.

424
00:31:10,130 --> 00:31:13,570
Speaker 1: And as the eight hundred miles of solid dragging began,

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Speaker 1: Scott and his team started to wander whether they would

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Speaker 1: make it at all. Scott had been defeated, but there's

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Speaker 1: more to learn from this cautionary tale. When news reached

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Speaker 1: Scott's family of Amunson's victory, two year old Peter Markham,

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Speaker 1: Scott turned to his mother, Kathleen Scott, and asked her

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Speaker 1: a question, Mummy, is Amunson a good man? Next episode

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Speaker 1: will search for an answer. For a list of sources

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Speaker 1: plea see Tim Harford dot com. Cautionary Tales is written

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Speaker 1: by me Tim Harford with Andrew Wright. It's produced by

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Speaker 1: Ryan Dilley with support from Courtney Guarino and Emily Vaughan.

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Speaker 1: The sound design and original music is the work of

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00:32:28,050 --> 00:32:31,570
Speaker 1: Pascal Wise. It features the voice talents of Ben Crow,

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00:32:31,970 --> 00:32:36,570
Speaker 1: Melanie Gutridge, Stella Harford, and Rufus Wright. The show also

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Speaker 1: wouldn't have been possible without the work of Mia LaBelle,

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00:32:39,810 --> 00:32:44,930
Speaker 1: Jacob Weisberg, Heather Fane, John Schnars, Julia Barton, Carlie mcgliori,

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00:32:45,370 --> 00:32:50,610
Speaker 1: Eric Sandler, Royston Basserve, Maggie Taylor, Nicole Morano, Danielle Lakhan,

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00:32:51,050 --> 00:32:56,170
Speaker 1: and Maya Kanig. Cautionary Tales is a production of Pushkin Industries.

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Speaker 1: If you like the show, please remember to share, rate

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00:32:59,290 --> 00:33:02,330
Speaker 1: and review, Tell a friend, tell two friends, and if

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00:33:02,370 --> 00:33:04,570
Speaker 1: you want to hear the show, adds free and listen

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00:33:04,610 --> 00:33:08,810
Speaker 1: to four exclusive Cautionary Tales shorts. Then sign up for

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00:33:09,090 --> 00:33:12,490
Speaker 1: Pushkin Plus on the show page in Apple Podcasts or

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00:33:12,570 --> 00:33:15,370
Speaker 1: at pushkin dot fm, slash plus