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Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm

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Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites Katie Golden. I studied psychology

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Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology, and today on the show, I'm really

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Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites because we are talking about

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Speaker 1: some of the gnarliest parasites infesting the animal kingdom, from

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Speaker 1: flies who turned cows into Swiss cheese to the world's

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Speaker 1: largest parasites. This episode is not for lunchtime. Discover this

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Speaker 1: and more as we answered the age old question why

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Speaker 1: did Sore and request we do an episode on warble flies.

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Speaker 1: Joining me today is friend of the pod writer for

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Speaker 1: American Dad, The Sore, and part of Quick Question with

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Speaker 1: Soren and Daniel Sore and Booie. Welcome, Hello everybody. Oh

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Speaker 1: it's so good to be back. Yeah. Last time we

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Speaker 1: talked about beaver testes, and this time we're talking about

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Speaker 1: horrible parasites. Yeah, some really gross ones. Um. I got

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Speaker 1: really excited about warble flies because I briefly remember a

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Speaker 1: biology teacher being like, oh, yeah, and there are these

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Speaker 1: flies that live up in Alaska that will chase cariboo

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Speaker 1: off of cliffs. And I was like, okay, and they

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Speaker 1: forgot to ever check up on that. So I was like,

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna go find this thing. Yeah, I mean they

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Speaker 1: are kind of the biggest nightmare for ungula. I was

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Speaker 1: unaware that they actually chase caribou off of cliffs. Is

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Speaker 1: that true? So cariboos are aware of them, cariboo do

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Speaker 1: not like them? Yeah, and and so I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I mean, this is what my I had a teachers.

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Speaker 1: This is all of my information came from in high school. Um,

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Speaker 1: so I take it with a grain of salt. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: there's a teacher who said that the caribou are so

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Speaker 1: upset and don't like them that they will run away

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Speaker 1: from them. And as they're trying to get away from them,

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Speaker 1: the warble flies will give chase and occasionally cariboo will

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Speaker 1: careen off of cliffs trying to get away from them. Well,

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Speaker 1: teachers say a lot of things. I had a teacher

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Speaker 1: who said that the polls were going to reverse in

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Speaker 1: our lifetimes and we'd all die. Um yeah, so, but yeah,

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Speaker 1: warble flies are pretty scary, and I wouldn't blame a

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Speaker 1: caribou for jumping off a cliff. Uh. And with that,

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Speaker 1: I will say a content warning for this whole episode

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Speaker 1: it's about parasites and they're super gross. So like, if

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Speaker 1: you're eating a big, like wet plate of spaghetti, I

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Speaker 1: wouldn't you know, save the spaghetti with like meat, sauce

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Speaker 1: and pesto for later. I'm glad that you gave that

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Speaker 1: content warning because now I feel very comfortable in uh

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Speaker 1: diving into some other viscera and telling you that I

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Speaker 1: got COVID. Oh I'm sorry about that. How are you

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Speaker 1: feeling terrible? Um? Yeah, the last so I started having

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Speaker 1: symptoms on well it's not gonn married any but I'm

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Speaker 1: like like four days ago and it's just been I've

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Speaker 1: just been wiped out. Yeah, I'm real sorry about that.

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Speaker 1: All right, If you're feeling okay enough to podcast, yeah,

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Speaker 1: actually today I feel like I turned a corner, so okay,

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Speaker 1: all right, Well I don't but I don't want to

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Speaker 1: be responsible for your downfall. So if you're not feeling good,

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Speaker 1: we can stop the podcast. We have video in between us,

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Speaker 1: so if you see me turning blue, right, we'll wrap

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Speaker 1: it up like we'll come up with a good ending.

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Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, yeah, I'll be like, wow, are you auditioning

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Speaker 1: for the Blue Man Group? Anyways, I'm calling the doctor,

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Speaker 1: but I'm sorry you're you're feeling bad. Um Hopefully discussing

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Speaker 1: uh indo parasites will cherry up a little bit. Honestly,

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Speaker 1: this is the this is the thing I want to

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Speaker 1: talk about most, So this is great. So yeah, warble flies,

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Speaker 1: apparently Soren is their number one fan. There a genus

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Speaker 1: of large flies found all over in the northern hemisphere,

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Speaker 1: and the adults look pretty harmless. They look like cute

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Speaker 1: little bumblebees. They're fuzzy with black and yellow stripes, kind

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Speaker 1: of finoculous looking. Meanwhile, the larva look uh like, well

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Speaker 1: just larva, but they are hell demons that do unspeakable

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Speaker 1: things that we're going to talk about right now. So

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Speaker 1: they love to eat the flesh of ungulates, so they

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Speaker 1: can infect cows, horses, sheep, goats, deer, dogs, cats, squirrels, rabbits,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes even humans. Uh So, these cute, innocent looking,

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Speaker 1: fluffy bee like flies will lay eggs on its victim

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Speaker 1: and that's just where the trouble starts. So their whole

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Speaker 1: adult life just basically revolves around having sex and laying

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Speaker 1: eggs and then dying. They don't even have a working mouth,

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Speaker 1: so they can't eat and then they die after five

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Speaker 1: days up top warble fly a life. Yeah, it's just

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Speaker 1: it's really about the hustle. That's great, good for them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I you know, there was a time in my life

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Speaker 1: where I was like, I wish that food just came

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Speaker 1: in pilform, you know, and you didn't have to worry

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Speaker 1: about it. But these days I'm just glad I'm not

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Speaker 1: a warble fly because it's not I don't know, man, Like,

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Speaker 1: it's kind of strange to like go through all this

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Speaker 1: effort to become an adult and then it's like, after

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Speaker 1: five days pooping out some eggs, they're like, well, I'm done.

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Speaker 1: I guess it could be kind of tough too, Like

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Speaker 1: imagine the pressure on you to have sex. You're you

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Speaker 1: gotta get it done, like it's important and you've only

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Speaker 1: got a small window. There should be an American Pie

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Speaker 1: about warble flies, sort of team comedy where it's like, no, no,

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Speaker 1: this is also life or death for you. Yeah, it's not.

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Speaker 1: You don't really have time to set the mood or

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Speaker 1: mess around with pastries. You do kind of have to

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Speaker 1: like get it done efficiently and quickly. I do think

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Speaker 1: American Pie would have been better if it ended with

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Speaker 1: everyone falling down dead after laying their eggs after finding

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Speaker 1: some megafunt to stick their eggs inside. What's what's the

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Speaker 1: main character's name? I don't even remember. I'm going to

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Speaker 1: say James, James. That that's a good solid American name. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I remember when he laid his eggs in that pie.

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Speaker 1: That was hilarious. Levy. What's his name something? Levy. He

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Speaker 1: raised his big thick eyebrows. He's like, son, you can't

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Speaker 1: lay eggs in that pie. Your mom baked that pie.

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Speaker 1: That's right. I could believe forgot the Eugene Levy was

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Speaker 1: in that movie. Yeah, that's his name, not James. Yeah, anyways, um, yeah,

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Speaker 1: So the eggs that these warble flies lay are usually

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Speaker 1: deposited on the four legs of cows or whatever animals

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Speaker 1: that they're infesting, but you know, given the opportunity, they'll

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Speaker 1: lay them anywhere, anywhere on a living body. So they

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Speaker 1: hatch in a few days, and then the larva burrowed

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Speaker 1: down into the skin and traveled deep into the connective tissues,

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Speaker 1: and that's where the fun begins. By fun, I mean

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Speaker 1: Indo paris satism, which you know, I think universally beloved

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Speaker 1: kind of thing. So they will secretly grow inside of

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Speaker 1: their host for months before returning back to the surface

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Speaker 1: of the skin and this form this, this forms this

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Speaker 1: raised large bump or warble. I've never heard of a

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Speaker 1: bump being called a warble, and so it's like it's

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Speaker 1: kind of like, oh, yeah, this is why they're called

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Speaker 1: warble flies because the bud they make is called a warble.

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Speaker 1: It's like you just made that up, like it sounds.

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Speaker 1: Have you tried the warble? Yeah? Yeah, like or like

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Speaker 1: the it's like a carnival ride or something, the Great

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Speaker 1: Warble experience. It would be kind of fun, I guess,

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Speaker 1: to be in a little like a coaster where you're

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Speaker 1: in like the warble fly and you go through tunnels

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Speaker 1: through a giant cow. H Anyways, they metamorphosized into adults

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Speaker 1: and then burrow out of the skin, leaving a big

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Speaker 1: gaping hole in its wake, which you know, that's fun.

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Speaker 1: And when you see like a bump like a warble,

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Speaker 1: you might think like, oh, well, I better smash that

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Speaker 1: before it hatches. Well, no, don't do that, because if

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Speaker 1: you do that and prevent them from hatching, this will

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Speaker 1: likely lead to infection and in some cases anaphylaxis, and

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Speaker 1: that's bad Jesus Christ. Ah, it's so gross. But if

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Speaker 1: you so you get one of these things, you have

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Speaker 1: to keep it alive. Basically you're its mother at that point.

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Speaker 1: But it hatch or and then like, your choices are

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Speaker 1: either bad bad infection by letting it die, or a

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Speaker 1: big scar that you'll never recover from. Yeah, I mean pregnancy,

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Speaker 1: it's true. Or I think you do go to the

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Speaker 1: doctor and they might be able to remove it or

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Speaker 1: do something for you. But if you're if you're a cow, uh, Like,

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Speaker 1: if you're a squirrel or a cow and you don't

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Speaker 1: have a doctor. I don't think squirrels have doctors, then yeah,

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Speaker 1: there's no there's nothing you can do about it. You

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Speaker 1: just gotta wait for it to come out of you.

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Speaker 1: Have you talked about bot flies on here before? I

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Speaker 1: think I have a long time ago, and my guest

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Speaker 1: was really sad about it there. I mean they just feunds,

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Speaker 1: like a cousin or like a sister. Of these are

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Speaker 1: I mean these are actually a type of butt fly.

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Speaker 1: So it's the same um, you know, sort of I

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Speaker 1: think genus of of animals. Yeah, obviously called a botfly

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Speaker 1: because the buffly lays an egg under the skin and

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Speaker 1: it creates a little oval shape that's called, of course,

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Speaker 1: called a bot we'll call it. S just made that up,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, it's the same, the same sort of logic

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Speaker 1: of the war will fly. But I've heard that with

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Speaker 1: a botfly you can stays a little hole in the

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Speaker 1: surface of the skin. It leaves a little vent basically

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Speaker 1: so that it can the larva can breathe. And I

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Speaker 1: don't know if this is true of the warble, but

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Speaker 1: like if you tried to drown it, like if you

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Speaker 1: tried to get into the water, it just starts wriggling.

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Speaker 1: It was really really painful. Uh, and so you have

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Speaker 1: you have no choice, but it's like surface because you're like, no,

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Speaker 1: I can't. Or if you get one in an area

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Speaker 1: that doesn't have a lot of meat, like on your foot,

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Speaker 1: on your head or something like that. I've heard that

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Speaker 1: you can leave a steak next to it for like

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Speaker 1: a day, and it will it senses that there's a

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Speaker 1: more fleshy area that it's moved to, and it will

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Speaker 1: wriggle out and into the steak. Oh God, that sounds disgusting.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure if it's true. Uh, you know what,

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Speaker 1: I'm realizing now it was the same biology teacher. I

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Speaker 1: had a really great biology teacher. Maybe a full on liar,

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Speaker 1: but I really enjoyed all of that. I am googling

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Speaker 1: it so that you don't have to, because I can

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Speaker 1: promise you don't want to google this. This is interesting.

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Speaker 1: In nursing the peer reviewed journal of Clinical Excellence, Wow

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Speaker 1: Clinical Excellence, they do say that a suffocation method for

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Speaker 1: treating the parasitic human bot fly is placing any type

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Speaker 1: of meat on top of the legion for forty eight

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Speaker 1: hours and hopes that the larva will protrude into the

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Speaker 1: meat in a way from the human. So, yeah, your

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Speaker 1: teacher I maybe is correct there. I would again, if

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Speaker 1: you've got a abot fly, go to a doctor. They

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Speaker 1: probably have medical meat, you know, like like some kind

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Speaker 1: of fancy medical grade meat to slap on you. You

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Speaker 1: know how they're like lost meat, but in the medical field,

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Speaker 1: they're going to charge you three thousand dollars. I know

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Speaker 1: how it goes. I mean, there are medical maggots, so

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Speaker 1: why wouldn't there be medical meat doctors Right to me

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Speaker 1: at creature feature Pod at gmail dot com, let me

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Speaker 1: know is their medical meat question mark. These type though,

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Speaker 1: the warble flies, they target cows, and because this typically

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Speaker 1: happens in cattle, it's a big pest for meat farmers.

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Speaker 1: I mean actually, so there are different types of warble

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Speaker 1: flies that specialize for different ungulates, like you mentioned caribou ones.

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Speaker 1: They're also warm flies that attack cows. And the ones

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Speaker 1: that attack cows are a huge menace and they will

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Speaker 1: burrow through the cows flesh and leave these tunnels, which

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Speaker 1: is horrible. Um, and the cow's immune system has to respond,

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Speaker 1: like when you're injured, your your body puts forth a

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Speaker 1: response to try to like, you know, fill in the hole.

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Speaker 1: So the immune system fills the whole with white blood

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Speaker 1: cells and other immune cells, which ends up looking kind

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Speaker 1: of like a green goo. And this is called butcher's jelly.

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Speaker 1: And it's yeah, I know, right, Like it's the worst

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Speaker 1: name you could name anything, butcher's jelly. And then it

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Speaker 1: is actually a horrible thing as well. It's this pew

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Speaker 1: worthy name. Given what it is, it renders meat unusable

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Speaker 1: for consumption. So luckily they don't like try to feed

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Speaker 1: us butcher's jelly, but it is, yeah, it's bad and gross.

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Speaker 1: News flash. The meat industry has a lot of disgusting

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Speaker 1: things in it. Oh God, Butcher's jellies the best band

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Speaker 1: name I could think of. It has pretty good And

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Speaker 1: I mean, I feel like this podcast could also be

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Speaker 1: called just like band name generation podcast, because I've got

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Speaker 1: things like proboscis and uh, you know, yeah, just some

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Speaker 1: like or I was gonna say orthodontics, but I realized

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Speaker 1: that's just a word that does is not really related

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Speaker 1: to my podcast, but it popped into my head. So

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Speaker 1: so you think that then a cow that is infected

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Speaker 1: with warble flies would get it off the meat hook

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Speaker 1: and a reprieve from slaughter, But that's not really how

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Speaker 1: the meat industry works. Typically, these holes are only discovered

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Speaker 1: after slaughter, and they will try to use what they

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Speaker 1: can of the cow carcass and just kind of you know,

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Speaker 1: I guess cut around the butcher's jelly. I mean, it

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Speaker 1: will say on their legs, and we're not really eating

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Speaker 1: the legs. But they can get elsewhere. Yeah, they can

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Speaker 1: like burrow from the legs, these tiny larva and I

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Speaker 1: think even get like into the neck tissue. It's disgusting,

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Speaker 1: does it? Can it get all the weight? They can

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Speaker 1: get deep enough that they would suffocate them the larva.

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Speaker 1: I don't. I don't think so. I think for some reason,

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Speaker 1: I think because these larva when they are young, um,

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Speaker 1: they are able to do gas exchange without like an

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Speaker 1: open air event. And then when they become when they

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Speaker 1: start to metamorphosis into adults, they return to the surface. Uh.

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Speaker 1: So they probably migrate back to the surface of the

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Speaker 1: flesh before they basically need that breathing. Oh no, I

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Speaker 1: mean like you've canna get close if it's in the

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Speaker 1: throat tissue. Oh, you're asking the cow can breathe? See,

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Speaker 1: And I care about the parasite and worry about them,

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Speaker 1: and you're more worried about the dumb cow. That's the

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Speaker 1: way it should be. Everybody should be worried about one animal,

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Speaker 1: and then that's their animal. I pick the most disgusting

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Speaker 1: parasite to worry about because who else is gonna do it.

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Speaker 1: I don't know of any cows person only who have

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Speaker 1: been suffocated by warble flies. But if you're a cow

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Speaker 1: and you or your friend has been suffocated by warble flies,

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Speaker 1: you may be entitled to a settlement, so right to me. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And we are doing a class action lawsuit against the

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Speaker 1: warble flies. So, speaking of class action lawsuits, can warble

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Speaker 1: flies infect humans? That's what everyone is thinking right now,

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Speaker 1: I would assume, and I've got kind of bad news. Technically, yes,

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Speaker 1: they can and sometimes do, so they don't target humans specifically. Uh,

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Speaker 1: there is like the human bot fly that you have

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Speaker 1: to worry about more in cases of the warble fly. Uh,

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Speaker 1: you know, infesting a human are quite rare, but when

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Speaker 1: they knew happen, they're horrible. You were talking about reindeer

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Speaker 1: warble flies or caribou warrible flies, and they will sometimes

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Speaker 1: infect people in Norway and children are the most likely

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Speaker 1: to be infective. And why are children the most likely

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Speaker 1: to be infected? I don't know. My theory is that

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Speaker 1: children are gross and they'll roll around and stuff they

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Speaker 1: should not be rolling around in. It could be that

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Speaker 1: because like the eggs take a few days to hatch,

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Speaker 1: and so if like a kid doesn't want to take

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Speaker 1: a bath for a couple of days, then like, you know,

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Speaker 1: it gives them time to hatch. Um. You know. So

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Speaker 1: usually what happens is this just causes some swelling and infection.

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Speaker 1: In extreme cases, if left untreated, it can cause blindness.

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Speaker 1: If the larva attacks the eye tissue. So it's you know,

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Speaker 1: but these are exceedingly rare cases. Uh so typically you

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Speaker 1: don't have to worry about it. But if you want

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Speaker 1: to worry about things, let me give you the most

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Speaker 1: rare cases ever that are just the grossest most. I

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Speaker 1: just okay, So in really rare cases of humans being

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Speaker 1: attacked by warble flies, they can suffer cerebral my assis.

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Speaker 1: So what does this mean? Well, my assis is when

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Speaker 1: a larva lives and feeds inside your tissue, and cerebral

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Speaker 1: means inside the brain. So we put these words together

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Speaker 1: and what do we get? Brain worms? Hooray, it's my god,

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Speaker 1: get them in your brain. You can, statistically speaking, you

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Speaker 1: will not like, uh, it's extremely, extremely rare, but it

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Speaker 1: does happen. So I'm so glad I brought this here

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Speaker 1: because I this is like a thing I've been curious

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Speaker 1: about for a long time, and I was like, I

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Speaker 1: could look it up. That sounds gross. I think I'd

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Speaker 1: rather just have somebody give me the hits. Maybe that's right,

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Speaker 1: that's right. I google the most disgusting images so you

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Speaker 1: don't have to. So if you're wondering whether it's ad

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Speaker 1: to have larva in your brain. It is um It

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Speaker 1: can cause seizures and hemorrhagic stroke, which are both bad

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Speaker 1: things for you. And if this sounds potentially deadly, it is. Uh.

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Speaker 1: So you can die from having larva in your brain. Uh,

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Speaker 1: there are from you know, the stroke. The bleeding is bad.

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Speaker 1: It's bad. Your brain is am I or am I

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Speaker 1: just reacting? So? Uh, there are only about sixteen total

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Speaker 1: cases of this ever recorded. So you know, it's not

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Speaker 1: going to happen to you. All you health anxiety sufferers

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Speaker 1: out there, it will not happen to you. It is

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Speaker 1: not going to happen to you. It's going to happen. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And if it does, it can be treated with surgery.

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Speaker 1: So you know, don't worry about it. It's not a

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Speaker 1: big deal. You're doing. There's no getting better. I'm so sorry.

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Speaker 1: It's your number seventeen. There's already been sixteen. This has

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Speaker 1: already been sixteen. Yeah, if you are number seventeen of

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Speaker 1: people who have had larva in your brain, right to me,

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Speaker 1: you may be entitled to a settlement from a class

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Speaker 1: action lawsuit. I didn't realize how much heavy lifting this

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Speaker 1: podcast was doing. And within the world there's so many

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Speaker 1: people that you're now reaching out to to have right

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Speaker 1: to you. Yeah, I mean I think that it's probably

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Speaker 1: just very targeted. Like the demographic targeting is really good.

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Speaker 1: So of the people in the world who have gotten

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Speaker 1: brain parasites, they are probably listening to this podcast. And

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Speaker 1: I don't know if that's an insult to me or

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Speaker 1: to you the audience, but I'm not going to take

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Speaker 1: it as once, so neither should you. So we're going

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Speaker 1: to take a quick brain Yeah, I'm the one. I'm

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Speaker 1: the one with the parasites and me. I mean this

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Speaker 1: has been no secret. I opened up the podcast fully

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Speaker 1: admitting it, so none of you should be shocked. I

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Speaker 1: was gonna say, we're gonna take a quick break. Um,

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Speaker 1: while on the other side of the warble, we'll be

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Speaker 1: talking about all right, so we're back, Um, how you

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Speaker 1: feeling sore and feeling good? Actually, yeah, this has been

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Speaker 1: really fun. Eat a big plate of like Joki with

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Speaker 1: like bright green pesto. Yoki is perfect. Yes, absolutely, that

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Speaker 1: is very on theme. Yeah, you know, I do love Nyoki,

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Speaker 1: but the ones that's got the little like segments to

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Speaker 1: it sometimes just mentally I can't do it because it

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Speaker 1: looks like a larva looks it does look a little

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Speaker 1: bit like the larva. Now, some yokie don't have those

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Speaker 1: little segments, and I like those better because I can

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Speaker 1: justify it more. But the ones that have the little segments,

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Speaker 1: I'm like, why are you making mine yoki look more

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Speaker 1: like a larva? And I like to have a little

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Speaker 1: traction when it goes in my mouth. I don't want

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Speaker 1: to just sliding down my throat by accident. Okay, well

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Speaker 1: you know that I did not consider that the throat

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Speaker 1: physics of the room to joki, But now I am

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Speaker 1: thank you for that. So we are actually going to

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Speaker 1: move on from warble flies. But don't worry, we're still

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Speaker 1: talking about just gnarly parasites. So, and where do you

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Speaker 1: think you would find the world's largest internal parasite? Okay,

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Speaker 1: I've seen videos of people taking a stick and wrapping

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Speaker 1: a flat worm around the stick out of their skin

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Speaker 1: and it just keeps going and going and going. So

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Speaker 1: I would assume that it's a platy helmets. Assume it's

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Speaker 1: like some flat worm and an intestinal flatworm, and I'm

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Speaker 1: going to say it's the Amazon. That's an interesting guess.

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Speaker 1: I mean, think about it in terms of animals, though,

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Speaker 1: where do you think you'd find the world's largest intestinal

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Speaker 1: parasite o megafauna Africa? You're not even thinking big enough, man,

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Speaker 1: there's oh goddamn it, it's always the ocean. It's in whales.

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Speaker 1: It's like it's the world's largest parasites are in the

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Speaker 1: world's largest animals, and it I mean, it's just cartoon.

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Speaker 1: It's to me, it's like really funny logic where it's

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Speaker 1: just like, Okay, you have a huge animal, so the

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Speaker 1: parasites are gigantic because they can be so. Sperm whales

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Speaker 1: are the largest toothed whale. They're not the largest whale.

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Speaker 1: They are beaten in size by other whales, such as

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Speaker 1: the blue whale, which is a bayleen whale, not a

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Speaker 1: toothed whale. Sperm whales can grow up to be over

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Speaker 1: fifty feet or sixty meters in length, although extra big

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Speaker 1: ones can be nearly seventy ft long or over twenty meters,

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Speaker 1: so you know they're they're big boys. Large adult sperm

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Speaker 1: whales have no natural predators, and some animals, however, have

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Speaker 1: still learned how to feed off of the body of

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Speaker 1: a sperm whale without them even noticing parasites. So round

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Speaker 1: worms are parasitic nematodes that infect a variety of animals,

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Speaker 1: humans included. But the species that parasitizes, sperm whales, can

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Speaker 1: grow to be ridiculously huge. They're just under an inch thick,

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Speaker 1: so two point five centimeters, but they can grow to

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Speaker 1: be almost thirty feet long or eight point five met

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Speaker 1: How many people is that? That's like, all right, so

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Speaker 1: that's five of me. That's five sores of parasites. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so if you were trying to play, like, you know,

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Speaker 1: what is it pool chicken with a parasite from a

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Speaker 1: toothed whale, you'd have to have five sorens stacked on

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Speaker 1: top of their shoulders. Sort of trying to what even

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Speaker 1: is the goal of pool chicken? I've never gotten it. Okay,

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure that you're supposed to knock the other

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Speaker 1: person off of the back of the Yeah, so you

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Speaker 1: know you're on with two people on each other's backs,

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Speaker 1: and then you're supposed to knock the other person off.

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Speaker 1: It's like, um, yeah, but you're doing using just your hands.

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Speaker 1: That sucks. I think that instead the goal should be

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Speaker 1: who can get inside the sperm whale? The fastest. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So for comparison, the largest round worms that can infect

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Speaker 1: humans grow to be about point one inches or four

401
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Speaker 1: millimeters thick and eleven inches or thirty centimeters long. So

402
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:10,960
Speaker 1: you know, it's not a big deal. A big foot's all. Yeah,

403
00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:14,159
Speaker 1: that's fine. I mean compared to what is inside the

404
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Speaker 1: sperm whale, does it really seem that bad now? No?

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Speaker 1: But also because when you're a sperm whale, like you know,

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Speaker 1: you can't go to a doctor when you've got something

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Speaker 1: like that inside you. You're just like, well, yeah, because

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Speaker 1: you can't fit in the door. Yeah, I mean this

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Speaker 1: thing and those things must weigh at least ten pounds, right, yea,

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Speaker 1: give or take a few pounds. Feel that? Oh god,

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Speaker 1: that's so gross. Um. So yeah, it's name is plus

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Speaker 1: cent aema gigantezma. And by that name, can you guess

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Speaker 1: what part of the whale it likes to parasitize the most?

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Speaker 1: Say it again, plus cent aema gigantisma. Yeah. Uh? Is

415
00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,359
Speaker 1: it specifically in sex organs? Yes, so it likes to

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Speaker 1: be in the uterus in placenta. What a little freak.

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Speaker 1: It can also target the reproductive tract and memory glance.

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Speaker 1: So this is a very misogynistic parasite that typically targets

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Speaker 1: female sperm whales. Don't worry, though, we will get to

420
00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:23,320
Speaker 1: a miss Andre's parasite leader in the show, just for

421
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:27,760
Speaker 1: equity's sake. But this is just the largest round worm.

422
00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:30,399
Speaker 1: I didn't say it's the largest parasite in the world,

423
00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:35,159
Speaker 1: did I No, So the largest parasite in the world

424
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:41,200
Speaker 1: is the tape worm tetra gon no porous kind of god,

425
00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:46,040
Speaker 1: damn it. Hang on a second, I gotta catch my breath. Okay,

426
00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:52,480
Speaker 1: tetra gono porous calipocephalis found in sperm whales. Again, poor

427
00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:56,760
Speaker 1: sperm whales, And this thing can grow to be over

428
00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:01,760
Speaker 1: nine ft or over twenties seven meters long, although they

429
00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:04,399
Speaker 1: can grow to be almost a hundred and thirty feet

430
00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:09,399
Speaker 1: or forty long. How many sorens is that? H wait?

431
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:12,840
Speaker 1: How many feet? The biggest ones can be a hundred

432
00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:17,680
Speaker 1: and thirty feet Uh huh um, I don't know. It's

433
00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:22,719
Speaker 1: past ten in my multiplication table. It's a it's a

434
00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:27,879
Speaker 1: very very long stack of sorens. So it is found

435
00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:31,320
Speaker 1: in the gut of the sperm whale, usually in the intestines.

436
00:28:31,640 --> 00:28:36,320
Speaker 1: And if you thought this couldn't get grosser. Um, you're wrong.

437
00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:40,840
Speaker 1: So tape worms are segmented, just like Yoki. I'm so

438
00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:45,160
Speaker 1: sorry for making that connection for everyone. I'm like, one

439
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:46,840
Speaker 1: of the worst things that I would do when I

440
00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:49,560
Speaker 1: was a kid is I would make connections between food

441
00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:53,120
Speaker 1: and gross stuff, um, and then not be able to

442
00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:55,360
Speaker 1: eat that food. And now I'm just spreading my misery

443
00:28:55,360 --> 00:28:59,200
Speaker 1: to others. Anyways. Uh. Yes, So tape worms are segmented,

444
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:03,200
Speaker 1: and each set mint has several sets of reproductive organs

445
00:29:03,280 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 1: up to fourteen yea, which can produce eggs, making them

446
00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:16,520
Speaker 1: disgustingly prolific reproducers. So yeah, if you ever was were curious,

447
00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:20,040
Speaker 1: like how does tapeworm sex happen inside of sperm whale?

448
00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:24,720
Speaker 1: Here it is, here it goes. So the segments on

449
00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:30,480
Speaker 1: a single individual tapeworm can reproduce with each other, which

450
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:35,719
Speaker 1: is like even further than like what House of Dragons

451
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 1: Game of Thrones goes, you know, with all the weird relationships.

452
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:42,120
Speaker 1: Like we're talking like a tape worm and it's got

453
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,600
Speaker 1: these segments and each segment has like fourteen reproductive organs

454
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:49,520
Speaker 1: and then they're all reproducing with each other. Um. They

455
00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:53,600
Speaker 1: also so they shed their in segments, which will end

456
00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:56,840
Speaker 1: up in the whale's poop, which can then be pooped

457
00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:00,400
Speaker 1: out and ingested by another whale, which is way almost

458
00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:03,520
Speaker 1: come on, stop being so nasty. Well that's an easy

459
00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:08,200
Speaker 1: solution right there. Just spur with each other. It's a

460
00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:10,960
Speaker 1: little bit hard though, when like you live in the

461
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,240
Speaker 1: water and then you poop and then it's just like

462
00:30:14,360 --> 00:30:17,360
Speaker 1: there and the other whales trying to eat like a

463
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:20,640
Speaker 1: floating plate of spaghetti, and then some poop drift spy

464
00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:26,480
Speaker 1: and you just kind of accidentally you're like, whoops, anyways, spaghetti.

465
00:30:26,640 --> 00:30:28,880
Speaker 1: Did you just use that as the equivalent of like

466
00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:36,880
Speaker 1: a a giant squid? I mean, that's essentially essentially Yeah,

467
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:40,600
Speaker 1: that's a what what else is a giant squid? But

468
00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:45,600
Speaker 1: a floating plate of spaghetti. So this can result and

469
00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:49,920
Speaker 1: they're being more than one tape worm, like individual tape

470
00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:53,600
Speaker 1: worm being inside the same whale. And if that happens, hey,

471
00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:56,640
Speaker 1: they spice things up and mate with the other tapeworm

472
00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:01,360
Speaker 1: rather than mating with its own segments. So fun. I mean,

473
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: it helps diversify the gene pool. That's pretty cool. So

474
00:31:06,560 --> 00:31:08,800
Speaker 1: they should fight to the death instead, that would be

475
00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:14,040
Speaker 1: so much better. Nature. Yeah, no, it's actually just free

476
00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:18,520
Speaker 1: love inside the whale. And further bad news is that

477
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:28,240
Speaker 1: the tetragona porous Caliptocephalus has over thousand segments, all producing eggs. Again,

478
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:32,560
Speaker 1: remember each segment can have like fourteen gonads, and this

479
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:37,360
Speaker 1: means that it probably produces nearly a million eggs a

480
00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:42,920
Speaker 1: day and billions in its lifetime, which is, you know,

481
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:50,880
Speaker 1: a good amount. I would say, I don't think so wow,

482
00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:55,120
Speaker 1: that's so gross. Yeah, I do want the record to

483
00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:59,120
Speaker 1: show on the show that when you asked me what

484
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:05,600
Speaker 1: the largest one was, I did say some platty helmon thees, Yeah,

485
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,840
Speaker 1: which is flower right, isn't that what what we're dealing with?

486
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:13,719
Speaker 1: Isn't that tapeworm? I believe that's the name. Look, listen,

487
00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:16,560
Speaker 1: I don't memorize all. Let's look at up his names

488
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:22,120
Speaker 1: because I'm not a nerd. Well. I was learning platty almans.

489
00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:28,120
Speaker 1: You were off at the parties. I was chucking tape

490
00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:33,280
Speaker 1: worms for fun. Me let me see. Yeah, tapeworm also

491
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:38,320
Speaker 1: called sister ylum platty helman thees wow out nerding me

492
00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:42,680
Speaker 1: on my own podcast. I feel so good, feel so

493
00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:48,680
Speaker 1: good to be right, being smugly right, is actually one

494
00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:52,360
Speaker 1: of the treatments for COVID. My not to get too

495
00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:54,880
Speaker 1: far from the show. But um, when my son plays

496
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,680
Speaker 1: candy Land or he plays you know with his mom,

497
00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:00,440
Speaker 1: he gets real excited if he wins, and he'll come

498
00:33:00,520 --> 00:33:02,080
Speaker 1: like over me, like I won, and I'm like, well,

499
00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:04,440
Speaker 1: don't tell me. Go rub it in her face, go

500
00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:06,920
Speaker 1: back to her and show her that you won. And

501
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,960
Speaker 1: he's like okay. And my wife obviously does not like that.

502
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:15,720
Speaker 1: But it's so funny to watch a young child get

503
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:20,960
Speaker 1: in her face and go I won, I won. I mean,

504
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:24,680
Speaker 1: those are just essential life skills. I think the whole

505
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,400
Speaker 1: rubbing stuff and other people's faces that they need to

506
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,640
Speaker 1: learn at a young age so that when they're older

507
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:35,560
Speaker 1: they can have a podcast, they can actually go on

508
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,080
Speaker 1: other people's podcasts and do it to them, right. Right.

509
00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:47,400
Speaker 1: So you may be wondering, why does the this horrifying

510
00:33:47,680 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 1: huge tape worm have to produce so many gosh darn eggs? Right? Um, Well,

511
00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:57,880
Speaker 1: the reason they're so nasty and make billions of eggs

512
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:00,720
Speaker 1: is that they need to play the game of large

513
00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:05,640
Speaker 1: numbers living in a vast ocean with relatively few sperm whales.

514
00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:08,920
Speaker 1: Because the ocean is so big, and you don't have

515
00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:12,200
Speaker 1: like a huge density of sperm whales, you have to

516
00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:15,000
Speaker 1: do like a Didos attack and spoof the ocean with

517
00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:18,200
Speaker 1: millions and millions of eggs to make sure that some

518
00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:22,040
Speaker 1: of your eggs get ingested by another whale. So basically, like,

519
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,080
Speaker 1: the more eggs you pump out, the more likely it's

520
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,840
Speaker 1: going to get ingested by some unlucky whales. So you

521
00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:31,719
Speaker 1: just do as many goddamn eggs as you can possibly

522
00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:36,960
Speaker 1: push out. I get it. The ocean is big, yeah,

523
00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:39,360
Speaker 1: and yeah, it's just it's a light. It's the hustle,

524
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:42,040
Speaker 1: it's the grind, it's the you know, having sex with

525
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:46,320
Speaker 1: your own segments so you can produce more eggs having

526
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:52,160
Speaker 1: it's called multitasking, having fourteen gonads at once. So um.

527
00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:54,200
Speaker 1: So on that note, I think we're going to take

528
00:34:54,239 --> 00:34:56,759
Speaker 1: a quick break and then hey, we're going to come

529
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,200
Speaker 1: back to another parasite. Don't you worry if you we

530
00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:03,239
Speaker 1: ran out of parasites. We didn't. We never will. They're

531
00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:08,919
Speaker 1: just so many, all right. So we talked about the

532
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:15,280
Speaker 1: very sexist whale roundworm that targets the uterus of female

533
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:19,480
Speaker 1: sperm whales. So now let's talk about some misssand dressed

534
00:35:19,640 --> 00:35:27,560
Speaker 1: ruled Bachia bacteria. This is the reverse sexism that everyone's

535
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:31,839
Speaker 1: been talking about, finally revealed. So fellas, if you ever

536
00:35:31,920 --> 00:35:34,880
Speaker 1: wanted to know what it's like to be oppressed just

537
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:39,360
Speaker 1: because you're a man, you should become a butterfly. Oh no, there,

538
00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:41,279
Speaker 1: I mean, I guess I shouldn't be surprised. But there

539
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:45,520
Speaker 1: are parasites for butterflies. Yeah, they their lives are like

540
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:50,680
Speaker 1: a week. The world is a cruel and dark place. Um,

541
00:35:50,719 --> 00:35:57,000
Speaker 1: but it's it's fun it's funny though, sense of humor. So.

542
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:03,640
Speaker 1: Wolbachia is a genus of bacteria that are parasitic microbes

543
00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:08,000
Speaker 1: that infect all sorts of arthropods. In fact, it's estimated

544
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: that of arthropod species can be infected by Wolbachia. So

545
00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:17,480
Speaker 1: arthur pods are anything from crabs to spiders, too, insects

546
00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:22,919
Speaker 1: to butterflies, but we are specifically going to focus on butterflies.

547
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:28,799
Speaker 1: Wolbachia strains that infect many species of butterfly try to

548
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:33,080
Speaker 1: kill off male butterflies so that there's a higher proportion

549
00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:38,000
Speaker 1: of females, and they also make female butterflies have sex

550
00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:43,600
Speaker 1: more often, which you know but butterflies are girls, moths

551
00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:49,720
Speaker 1: are boys. Mm hmm. Cats. I thought cats were girls

552
00:36:49,719 --> 00:36:53,120
Speaker 1: and dogs were boys. That's cats are cats are girls,

553
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:57,239
Speaker 1: dogs are boys, Dolphins are girls, Sharks are boys. Mm hmm.

554
00:36:58,560 --> 00:37:02,359
Speaker 1: You know, I think that's everything. I feel like, um,

555
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:04,640
Speaker 1: there's something wrong with that, but I can't put my

556
00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:10,400
Speaker 1: finger on it. Also, typically a butterfly species, the females

557
00:37:10,480 --> 00:37:13,120
Speaker 1: tend to be a bit more drab than the males. Uh.

558
00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:18,080
Speaker 1: The males are often a little more brightly colored. So yeah, yeah,

559
00:37:18,239 --> 00:37:21,200
Speaker 1: I mean not always. Sometimes there's not so much sexual dimorphism,

560
00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:23,239
Speaker 1: but sometimes there is. Where Like, it's not that the

561
00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:26,960
Speaker 1: females aren't colorful, but sometimes they're just a little bit

562
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,600
Speaker 1: less flashy than the males. So I mean the butterflies.

563
00:37:30,640 --> 00:37:35,040
Speaker 1: It's important. This is obviously off tangent. But for butterflies,

564
00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:37,160
Speaker 1: does it is it like birds? Like it matters how

565
00:37:37,239 --> 00:37:41,239
Speaker 1: bright the male is? Yeah? Yeah, uh yeah it can.

566
00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,319
Speaker 1: That flashiness can attract a mate for sure. I mean

567
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,759
Speaker 1: they are investing a lot in that. Uh. Sometimes, like

568
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:51,280
Speaker 1: the coloration is both for attracting a mate. Sometimes it's

569
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:56,239
Speaker 1: um uh, it is a warning coloration to prevent predators

570
00:37:56,320 --> 00:38:00,359
Speaker 1: from eating them. Sometimes it's mimicry of warning coloration, and

571
00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:02,640
Speaker 1: they are edible, but then they're pretending not to be.

572
00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:06,360
Speaker 1: So there are many different uses for the beautiful patterns

573
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:09,480
Speaker 1: found on butterflies, but yes, it can be for for

574
00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:15,640
Speaker 1: mate selection, okay, um, And yeah, I mean it's it's

575
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:18,400
Speaker 1: similar in the way that like, you know, bright flowers

576
00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:21,279
Speaker 1: can be very attractive to like bees and other pollinators.

577
00:38:21,320 --> 00:38:24,880
Speaker 1: So having bright, flashy colors, it's going to bring attention

578
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:28,239
Speaker 1: to yourself as a butterfly, and getting attention is one

579
00:38:28,239 --> 00:38:30,080
Speaker 1: of the most important things you can do when you

580
00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:32,759
Speaker 1: are looking to reproduce. That's like the number one thing

581
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:34,640
Speaker 1: you have to be noticed if you're ever going to

582
00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:38,279
Speaker 1: have a chance. And that whole thing about like trying

583
00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:43,560
Speaker 1: to get noticed can take some very ridiculous forms, um

584
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:45,960
Speaker 1: that we've talked about on the podcast before, like just

585
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:50,080
Speaker 1: the ridiculous ways that birds act, like bower birds create

586
00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:53,319
Speaker 1: a whole like museum of weird items for females to

587
00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:58,279
Speaker 1: look at just to be showy. Unfortunately, we are not

588
00:38:58,320 --> 00:39:01,839
Speaker 1: talking about cute birds right now. We're talking about uh,

589
00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:06,239
Speaker 1: super sexist bacteria that wants to do away with as

590
00:39:06,280 --> 00:39:09,719
Speaker 1: many male butterflies as possible. Now I say, wants to

591
00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:13,040
Speaker 1: This is obviously bacteria. It's not got too many thoughts

592
00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:17,080
Speaker 1: going on. Some might say no thoughts going on? So

593
00:39:17,120 --> 00:39:20,600
Speaker 1: what is it? It's, uh, this teeny tiny microbe and

594
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:25,640
Speaker 1: it lives inside the reproductive cells of butterflies. Will Bakia

595
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:29,520
Speaker 1: prefers female hosts because it can be transferred from the

596
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,360
Speaker 1: female reproductive cells to the eggs to the next generation

597
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:37,399
Speaker 1: of butterflies. So this is how it propagates. So it

598
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:40,600
Speaker 1: it needs the female butterflies, but it doesn't really need

599
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:45,879
Speaker 1: male butterflies. So they will actually kill off the embryos

600
00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:50,680
Speaker 1: of male butterflies within the egg by messing with their development,

601
00:39:51,360 --> 00:39:55,960
Speaker 1: and this skews the butterfly population to have way more females,

602
00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:59,600
Speaker 1: and this benefits the Wolbachia bacteria because then they have

603
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:04,080
Speaker 1: way more hosts who can pass on infected eggs flies

604
00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:12,719
Speaker 1: or girls. That's no, they're not all girls. No, not

605
00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:17,399
Speaker 1: quite yet. Uh. There there's some interesting twists in terms

606
00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:20,760
Speaker 1: with that though. So, uh, this is not like I said,

607
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:26,040
Speaker 1: bacteria don't really have minds or brains. They actually, I

608
00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:28,759
Speaker 1: mean literally, they don't have brains. So this is not

609
00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:33,560
Speaker 1: intentional infanticide. The bacteria has no idea what it's doing.

610
00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:37,719
Speaker 1: And also evolution doesn't sort of operate on this overseer

611
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:40,879
Speaker 1: kind of way, so it's not like, oh, well, we

612
00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:43,480
Speaker 1: want to kill off the males so that there are

613
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:47,000
Speaker 1: more females. So however this happens, it has to be

614
00:40:47,120 --> 00:40:50,640
Speaker 1: kind of by either by quote unquote accident or sort

615
00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:54,480
Speaker 1: of a random mutation or random happenstance that ends up

616
00:40:54,480 --> 00:40:59,520
Speaker 1: benefiting the bacteria. So what's likely happening is a lucky

617
00:40:59,560 --> 00:41:04,680
Speaker 1: accident for the Wolbachia. The male embryonic development is incompatible

618
00:41:04,680 --> 00:41:08,200
Speaker 1: with the presence of the bacteria, whereas the female embryonic

619
00:41:08,239 --> 00:41:12,480
Speaker 1: development is not, and this happens to increase the proportion

620
00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:15,960
Speaker 1: of females for the bacteria to use as a host.

621
00:41:16,080 --> 00:41:19,880
Speaker 1: And since Wolbakia doesn't have like a hundred percent success

622
00:41:19,960 --> 00:41:23,720
Speaker 1: rate in terms of infecting butterflies, there are males still

623
00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:27,600
Speaker 1: to keep the population going, and so it can be

624
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,799
Speaker 1: a stable system, unless, of course, it's too successful and

625
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:34,480
Speaker 1: it kills off too many males and then species of

626
00:41:34,520 --> 00:41:38,880
Speaker 1: butterfly cannot exist or it reaches a genetic bottleneck. The

627
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:43,400
Speaker 1: Wolbachia infection also actually causes female butterflies to mate with

628
00:41:43,560 --> 00:41:49,120
Speaker 1: more males than they would typically, So so okay, this

629
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:53,399
Speaker 1: is uh, these poor males um who are just a

630
00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:57,799
Speaker 1: fraction of the female population, are a super hot commodity.

631
00:41:57,920 --> 00:42:01,440
Speaker 1: I mean, like you have all the females wanting to

632
00:42:01,520 --> 00:42:04,360
Speaker 1: mate with them, which is exhausting for a poor little

633
00:42:04,360 --> 00:42:09,040
Speaker 1: butterfly and causes their sperm packets to become smaller and

634
00:42:09,080 --> 00:42:14,279
Speaker 1: of poorer quality. So they're literally these male butterflies are

635
00:42:14,320 --> 00:42:17,400
Speaker 1: literally exhausted from all the sex they're having to have

636
00:42:17,560 --> 00:42:20,719
Speaker 1: with these demanding females. And not just that, I mean

637
00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:23,960
Speaker 1: you've seen butterflies out in the wild a gentle breeze

638
00:42:23,960 --> 00:42:28,200
Speaker 1: and that butterflies like all over the place. It can

639
00:42:28,239 --> 00:42:31,840
Speaker 1: barely move ten ft from one plant to another without

640
00:42:31,840 --> 00:42:33,959
Speaker 1: being blown all over the place. It looks like they're

641
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,000
Speaker 1: they're walking in a torrential river like at all times

642
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:40,000
Speaker 1: they're being they have no choice in where they go.

643
00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:42,040
Speaker 1: So it's got to be exhausting in general to be

644
00:42:42,080 --> 00:42:46,160
Speaker 1: a butterfly and then to have to then have sex

645
00:42:46,160 --> 00:42:51,400
Speaker 1: all the time. Yeah, it sounds like a nightmare. It's

646
00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:55,120
Speaker 1: you know, they're very delicate creatures and they have to

647
00:42:55,120 --> 00:42:59,520
Speaker 1: do with sex marathon just sounds like torment, so they

648
00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:02,960
Speaker 1: are they continually do this because you're like, okay, yeah, yeah,

649
00:43:03,040 --> 00:43:06,000
Speaker 1: let's do it again. I'm ready. I'm ready, I'm ready. No,

650
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:09,560
Speaker 1: no, no no, really really, um, So it is exhausting for

651
00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:13,320
Speaker 1: these butterflies. It causes their sperm to degrade. So females

652
00:43:13,360 --> 00:43:17,799
Speaker 1: can actually detect this, and uh, it makes them want

653
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:20,160
Speaker 1: to mate with more males because they're like, ah, that

654
00:43:20,280 --> 00:43:22,640
Speaker 1: last guy I made it with, like his sperm packet

655
00:43:22,680 --> 00:43:25,239
Speaker 1: was kind of shoddy, so I better try another male.

656
00:43:25,680 --> 00:43:28,680
Speaker 1: Then they go with another exhausted male and they're like, oh,

657
00:43:28,719 --> 00:43:31,799
Speaker 1: well this guy's sperm packet is also pretty shoddy. Well

658
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:34,440
Speaker 1: I gotta try another one. So they keep trying all

659
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:38,880
Speaker 1: these males. The males are exhausted. It's this tornado of

660
00:43:39,080 --> 00:43:45,520
Speaker 1: sex and well, baccia and I like that they can

661
00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:48,120
Speaker 1: tell that the females like, they get it. They get it.

662
00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:51,600
Speaker 1: They get a little packet and then they're like yeah, yeah,

663
00:43:51,640 --> 00:43:54,879
Speaker 1: it feels a little light. Yeah yeah. I'm not sure

664
00:43:54,920 --> 00:43:58,399
Speaker 1: that researchers know exactly how the females do it, um,

665
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:00,759
Speaker 1: but it is it is funny, like imagine just like

666
00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:02,960
Speaker 1: going through a conveyor belt and a little like going

667
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,239
Speaker 1: like ding ding ding, bad sperm. So you would think

668
00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:10,400
Speaker 1: all these poor butterflies, you know, victims of this malicious bacteria,

669
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:14,080
Speaker 1: and they're these fragile creatures. They have no way to

670
00:44:14,160 --> 00:44:21,080
Speaker 1: fight back, or do they They do so evolutionarily they

671
00:44:21,120 --> 00:44:24,120
Speaker 1: can fight back, and we actually can see this in

672
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,080
Speaker 1: real time, which is so cool because a lot of

673
00:44:27,120 --> 00:44:30,840
Speaker 1: these evolutionary arms race between like a predator and prey

674
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:34,080
Speaker 1: or a parasite and its host, are hard to actually

675
00:44:34,080 --> 00:44:37,280
Speaker 1: observe because they happen over you know, millions of years.

676
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:41,239
Speaker 1: But in the case of the blue moon butterflies, we've

677
00:44:41,280 --> 00:44:46,200
Speaker 1: actually seen them evolved in real time in response to

678
00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:51,120
Speaker 1: the Wolbachia. So blue moon male butterflies found on the

679
00:44:51,160 --> 00:44:55,399
Speaker 1: Simon Island of Savai were in trouble. They were only

680
00:44:55,560 --> 00:45:00,280
Speaker 1: one person of the population, absolutely outnumbered by female males,

681
00:45:01,239 --> 00:45:05,560
Speaker 1: but they managed to develop an adaptation within ten generations

682
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:10,040
Speaker 1: of butterflies, which is just a year in two thousand

683
00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:14,399
Speaker 1: and six, and this genetic mutation allowed the male embryos

684
00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:19,560
Speaker 1: to survive the infection from Wolbakia. So within a year,

685
00:45:20,440 --> 00:45:24,719
Speaker 1: this brought the male population up to of all the

686
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:29,360
Speaker 1: butterflies in the island, so that it's incredible that you

687
00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:33,520
Speaker 1: can see this happen on such a fast scale. Wow,

688
00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:35,799
Speaker 1: and so quickly I just looked at these things. These

689
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:37,920
Speaker 1: things are really cool looking. They're like a black butterfly

690
00:45:38,040 --> 00:45:40,799
Speaker 1: that have just four little dots on them, really bright

691
00:45:40,880 --> 00:45:44,320
Speaker 1: little dots. Yeah, they're they're very pretty. They're really beautiful.

692
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:48,840
Speaker 1: The males seemed like they were defeated by this bacteria

693
00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:52,760
Speaker 1: and then like tin generations, like one year of time,

694
00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:56,279
Speaker 1: and then you see this sudden comeback because there is

695
00:45:56,560 --> 00:46:00,480
Speaker 1: a mutation that allows these embryonic stage butterfly wies to

696
00:46:00,680 --> 00:46:05,719
Speaker 1: survive the bacteria. It's incredible. So I do have to

697
00:46:05,760 --> 00:46:10,280
Speaker 1: mention some other species of Wolbakia that infect different species

698
00:46:10,320 --> 00:46:13,560
Speaker 1: of arthur pods because they're they're they're wacky and fun.

699
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,839
Speaker 1: So Wilbakia will change the sex ratios or even how

700
00:46:17,880 --> 00:46:22,320
Speaker 1: sex works for some species of animals. So wil Bakia

701
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:28,000
Speaker 1: can turn males into functional females by inhibiting androgen production.

702
00:46:28,719 --> 00:46:32,720
Speaker 1: So this is the case for arthropods like crabs or pillbugs.

703
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:38,080
Speaker 1: In fact, some populations of the common pillbug are all

704
00:46:38,320 --> 00:46:44,120
Speaker 1: genetically male, but enough are infected with Wolbakia that alters

705
00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:48,279
Speaker 1: them to be functionally female, that the population is stable,

706
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:55,560
Speaker 1: Like they're all genetically speaking, they are all boys. But

707
00:46:55,760 --> 00:47:00,680
Speaker 1: the will box silver fisher girls. Oh god, we don't

708
00:47:00,719 --> 00:47:05,280
Speaker 1: claim them silverfish. Uh, they're the worst bug. I hate those.

709
00:47:05,680 --> 00:47:08,800
Speaker 1: They leave their little dusties on the wall. God. I

710
00:47:09,440 --> 00:47:14,520
Speaker 1: love almost every single bug except for silverfish and um,

711
00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:22,919
Speaker 1: house cockroaches because they're hey, come on now, because they're greasy. Man,

712
00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:27,400
Speaker 1: They're like, they're they're great. Anyways, that's a tangent. I

713
00:47:27,440 --> 00:47:31,200
Speaker 1: won't hate on cockroaches on this show. Um. But yeah,

714
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,480
Speaker 1: I mean that's like they the bacteria have success like

715
00:47:34,960 --> 00:47:38,560
Speaker 1: completely changed these populations of pill bugs where they are

716
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:42,160
Speaker 1: all born male and some of them turn into females

717
00:47:42,239 --> 00:47:45,000
Speaker 1: because of the infection from the wolbakia, and they're able

718
00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:49,160
Speaker 1: to survive because they're they become functionally female, and that

719
00:47:49,239 --> 00:47:53,080
Speaker 1: population is stable, so it needs it. That's crazy. It

720
00:47:53,120 --> 00:47:57,360
Speaker 1: needs the Yeah, it becomes dependent on the Wolbachia to

721
00:47:57,680 --> 00:48:01,160
Speaker 1: continue that population, so at that point stops being a

722
00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:05,880
Speaker 1: parasite and becomes it like it becomes like a symbiotic relationship.

723
00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:09,799
Speaker 1: I mean, that's a really interesting question because it's like

724
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:14,800
Speaker 1: is it at this point. It's a parasite when it

725
00:48:14,880 --> 00:48:20,360
Speaker 1: is causing harm to the host and not offering any benefit.

726
00:48:20,520 --> 00:48:24,839
Speaker 1: It's symbiotic when both of the animals in the relationship

727
00:48:24,880 --> 00:48:28,480
Speaker 1: are benefiting. And so it's like, does it count as

728
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:32,279
Speaker 1: being like symbiotic when it's solved the problem that it

729
00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:37,520
Speaker 1: comes in the first place. I don't really know. It's

730
00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:41,160
Speaker 1: a good question. I I yeah, that that seems like

731
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,919
Speaker 1: a kind of I mean, I guess like at this stage, Yeah,

732
00:48:45,040 --> 00:48:49,600
Speaker 1: they are somewhat symbiotic because they are dependent on each other.

733
00:48:49,719 --> 00:48:52,279
Speaker 1: That is so interesting and I didn't really think about

734
00:48:52,320 --> 00:48:57,680
Speaker 1: it that way, But that's messed up. Look what I'm

735
00:48:57,719 --> 00:49:02,399
Speaker 1: doing for you. Look, I'm healthy. I mean, there are

736
00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:06,920
Speaker 1: like some theories that things like mitochondria in in certain

737
00:49:06,960 --> 00:49:11,080
Speaker 1: aspects of our biology. It started out as maybe not parasitic,

738
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:15,680
Speaker 1: but a symbiotic relationship that just become became sort of

739
00:49:15,719 --> 00:49:20,200
Speaker 1: like completely linked forever. So you now cannot live without

740
00:49:20,239 --> 00:49:23,360
Speaker 1: it and it cannot live without you, which you know.

741
00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:30,160
Speaker 1: I guess that's the ultimate friendship usefulness. How useful are

742
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:38,680
Speaker 1: you to your friends being codependent? Yes, a healthy relationship. So, uh,

743
00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:41,840
Speaker 1: I guess we've we've finally done it. We've talked about

744
00:49:42,040 --> 00:49:45,520
Speaker 1: some of the nastiest parasites in the animal Kingdom. You

745
00:49:45,560 --> 00:49:48,600
Speaker 1: can pick up that big, sloppy plate of yoki and

746
00:49:48,680 --> 00:49:55,160
Speaker 1: spaghetti and you know, I don't know, uh like noodles,

747
00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:58,560
Speaker 1: what other foods? I love that you've got in your mind.

748
00:49:58,560 --> 00:50:01,040
Speaker 1: Everyone in your your audience is eating multiple types of

749
00:50:01,040 --> 00:50:07,400
Speaker 1: pasta once. I mean, I live in Italy. It's a life.

750
00:50:08,200 --> 00:50:11,600
Speaker 1: I'm actually having pasta tonight. But it's fun, little square

751
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:14,000
Speaker 1: shaped pasta, so I don't have to imagine that it's

752
00:50:14,040 --> 00:50:19,080
Speaker 1: a parasite unless there's a square shaped parasite out there. Oh,

753
00:50:19,320 --> 00:50:22,839
Speaker 1: I gotta find out what there is. But before we go,

754
00:50:23,120 --> 00:50:25,960
Speaker 1: we've got to play a little game I like to

755
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:30,800
Speaker 1: call guess who's squawking the mystery at the sound game.

756
00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:35,319
Speaker 1: I feel at this every single time that I still

757
00:50:35,360 --> 00:50:38,400
Speaker 1: live with the fact that I missed the cassowary because

758
00:50:38,480 --> 00:50:41,520
Speaker 1: cassowary is such a great animal. It's so important to me.

759
00:50:41,719 --> 00:50:46,440
Speaker 1: It is good with little stabby fee. Well, maybe you

760
00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:49,960
Speaker 1: can redeem yourself this time. I mean it's gonna be hard, though.

761
00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:54,040
Speaker 1: It's a hard one at me. So here is the hint.

762
00:50:54,719 --> 00:50:58,759
Speaker 1: They sound like drunks on land and alien spaceships in

763
00:50:58,840 --> 00:51:10,600
Speaker 1: the sea, but they're always chill. H m hm. Okay,

764
00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:30,360
Speaker 1: that was them on the surface. Now here are them underwater? Alright, So,

765
00:51:31,560 --> 00:51:38,359
Speaker 1: oh my god, that's easy peasy. Well, that sounds like

766
00:51:38,560 --> 00:51:45,359
Speaker 1: there's some sonar happening underwater. Interesting, it's I know, there's

767
00:51:45,360 --> 00:51:48,120
Speaker 1: a creature that has sort of a dome shaped head

768
00:51:48,680 --> 00:51:51,720
Speaker 1: that acts very much like a satellite dish for sonar.

769
00:51:52,680 --> 00:51:57,360
Speaker 1: But remember this, animals found both on land and in

770
00:51:57,400 --> 00:51:59,880
Speaker 1: the sea. Oh. I figured it was just something that

771
00:51:59,880 --> 00:52:02,520
Speaker 1: was like popping its head up every once in a while. Like, no,

772
00:52:03,160 --> 00:52:05,920
Speaker 1: they are found on the land and in the sea.

773
00:52:06,640 --> 00:52:11,840
Speaker 1: Oh no, what would be using won't be barking like

774
00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:17,840
Speaker 1: that on the surface, okay, and then making those noises underwater.

775
00:52:19,360 --> 00:52:20,840
Speaker 1: The only thing I can think is it's got to

776
00:52:20,880 --> 00:52:25,239
Speaker 1: be like a a leopard seal or a walrus or

777
00:52:25,280 --> 00:52:30,319
Speaker 1: something very interesting. Guests, so you're super close. It is

778
00:52:30,360 --> 00:52:36,640
Speaker 1: a wettle seal. So it is a seal. So congratulations

779
00:52:36,760 --> 00:52:40,600
Speaker 1: to Aaron, Kay, Pete K and Hailey D the three

780
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:44,600
Speaker 1: fastest gissers to answer correctly. So, yes, it is a

781
00:52:44,640 --> 00:52:49,480
Speaker 1: wettle seal. And uh, it is a large gray and

782
00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:54,279
Speaker 1: white splotchy seal found in icy regions near the Antarctic.

783
00:52:54,840 --> 00:52:58,880
Speaker 1: They can make vocalizations both on land and in the ocean.

784
00:52:59,600 --> 00:53:03,160
Speaker 1: On and they make these wonderful grunting noises, but under

785
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:05,680
Speaker 1: the water they can make these whistles and trills that

786
00:53:05,800 --> 00:53:10,680
Speaker 1: sound like an alien spaceship. Each seal actually has its

787
00:53:10,719 --> 00:53:14,640
Speaker 1: own unique song. In addition to what we can hear,

788
00:53:15,080 --> 00:53:20,680
Speaker 1: they also produce ultrasonic sounds. What for what purpose? So yeah,

789
00:53:20,719 --> 00:53:25,440
Speaker 1: they lack the anatomy for precise echolocation, but research believe

790
00:53:25,520 --> 00:53:28,560
Speaker 1: they use these ultrasonic sounds to be able to find

791
00:53:28,719 --> 00:53:32,240
Speaker 1: breathing holes in the ice during the darkness of winter

792
00:53:32,680 --> 00:53:35,439
Speaker 1: so they don't get disoriented and run out of air.

793
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:40,919
Speaker 1: So they're probably the world's cutest, little weirdo spaceships. Yes,

794
00:53:41,040 --> 00:53:44,879
Speaker 1: I gotta find those holes. Anything we've learned from this

795
00:53:44,920 --> 00:53:48,160
Speaker 1: episode is you gotta find the holes. Say you were

796
00:53:48,360 --> 00:53:51,000
Speaker 1: you did gets seal, So I think that you can

797
00:53:51,040 --> 00:53:54,640
Speaker 1: count that as a victory. Okay, yeah, I guess leopard

798
00:53:54,680 --> 00:53:56,959
Speaker 1: sealic idiot, Although if you looked at a wettle seal

799
00:53:56,960 --> 00:54:01,560
Speaker 1: and I don't actually know the difference, like damn it.

800
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:05,319
Speaker 1: Of course, a wet seal, A leopard seal. What a

801
00:54:05,360 --> 00:54:07,839
Speaker 1: fool I've been? Uh? Sor are you ready for this

802
00:54:07,880 --> 00:54:13,040
Speaker 1: week's mry animal? Sound? All right? Here is the hint.

803
00:54:13,560 --> 00:54:16,520
Speaker 1: In the winter they wear white, In the summer they

804
00:54:16,520 --> 00:54:19,840
Speaker 1: wear brown, but all year round they sound like dinghis

805
00:54:19,920 --> 00:54:31,960
Speaker 1: is uh. I think that that might be some sort

806
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:36,600
Speaker 1: of fairetish creature like a mink. M hmm, interesting, very

807
00:54:36,680 --> 00:54:40,479
Speaker 1: interesting Those change color right in the winter. Yeah, yeah,

808
00:54:40,520 --> 00:54:47,120
Speaker 1: there are There are stoats that change their colors. Yes, yeah,

809
00:54:47,520 --> 00:54:50,360
Speaker 1: a long as like the the weener dogs of weasels.

810
00:54:50,360 --> 00:54:58,840
Speaker 1: That's what I'm thinking of, Yes, exactly. So that is

811
00:54:58,840 --> 00:55:01,960
Speaker 1: an interesting guess um. But I am going to leave

812
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:06,400
Speaker 1: you hanging because I will reveal the answer next week

813
00:55:07,239 --> 00:55:10,839
Speaker 1: on next week's creature feature. Saren, thank you so much

814
00:55:10,920 --> 00:55:15,920
Speaker 1: for joining me my pleasure. Thanks for having me, and

815
00:55:16,040 --> 00:55:18,840
Speaker 1: thank you for suggesting we talked about the warble flies.

816
00:55:18,960 --> 00:55:25,400
Speaker 1: I love talking about some disgusting parasites. Me too. Actually,

817
00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:27,840
Speaker 1: I really enjoyed it. Feels like it was a salve

818
00:55:27,960 --> 00:55:32,120
Speaker 1: to my COVID. Yeah, you know, it's like you do

819
00:55:32,239 --> 00:55:35,480
Speaker 1: have COVID, but at least you don't have a sperm whales,

820
00:55:36,440 --> 00:55:42,440
Speaker 1: tape worm kind of coiled up, basically entirely making up

821
00:55:42,440 --> 00:55:45,120
Speaker 1: what should be you. Yeah, I don't have five of

822
00:55:45,160 --> 00:55:49,359
Speaker 1: me inside and that feels pretty good. I think God

823
00:55:49,400 --> 00:55:53,800
Speaker 1: every day I don't have five of me inside of me. So, uh,

824
00:55:54,120 --> 00:55:57,279
Speaker 1: where can the people find you? You can find me

825
00:55:57,320 --> 00:56:00,640
Speaker 1: on Twitter at sore and Underscore Ltd. Or you can

826
00:56:00,680 --> 00:56:03,880
Speaker 1: find me on my podcast with Daniel O'Brien, also a

827
00:56:03,960 --> 00:56:06,760
Speaker 1: crack of lump. You do a podcast called Quick Question

828
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:09,440
Speaker 1: with Soren and Daniel, and you can just watch my

829
00:56:09,440 --> 00:56:11,800
Speaker 1: episodes of American Dead. We just had our season premiere

830
00:56:11,800 --> 00:56:13,640
Speaker 1: a couple of weeks ago. And hey, that was a

831
00:56:13,680 --> 00:56:16,960
Speaker 1: sore booie joint. That was an episode that I wrote.

832
00:56:17,040 --> 00:56:19,200
Speaker 1: It's the Wheels and the leg Man episode, kind of

833
00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:27,759
Speaker 1: a noir story. Oh nice, nice American War with hard

834
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:33,759
Speaker 1: boiled eggs and them fatals, you know, the whole thing. No, no,

835
00:56:34,520 --> 00:56:39,040
Speaker 1: with gum gum shoes shoes man out of gum. Oh

836
00:56:39,239 --> 00:56:41,720
Speaker 1: so you were there your own track for a second

837
00:56:41,960 --> 00:56:49,560
Speaker 1: investigations and who robbed the horse farm? Anyways? Did check

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00:56:49,640 --> 00:56:54,120
Speaker 1: that out? So and I sure hope you feel better soon,

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00:56:54,760 --> 00:56:59,240
Speaker 1: Get well soon, Rest up, dream sweet dreams of Butcher's

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00:56:59,320 --> 00:57:04,319
Speaker 1: Jelly and at that nourish your body and soul. Thank you, Yeah,

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00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:06,960
Speaker 1: but seriously, I hope you feel better soon. Thank you

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00:57:07,040 --> 00:57:09,080
Speaker 1: very much. It was a pleasure, Katie. Yeah, thanks for

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Speaker 1: coming on, and thank you to the you, thank you

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00:57:13,480 --> 00:57:16,760
Speaker 1: to the you, the listener for listening, and thanks to

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Speaker 1: the Space Classics for their super awesome song Exo Lumina.

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00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,640
Speaker 1: Preacher features a production of I Heart Radio. For more

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00:57:23,680 --> 00:57:25,920
Speaker 1: podcasts like the one you just heard, visit the I

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00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:29,200
Speaker 1: heart Radio app Apple Podcasts, or Hey, guess what wherever

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00:57:29,240 --> 00:57:33,360
Speaker 1: you listen your favorite shows. I don't judge you. See

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00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:34,720
Speaker 1: you next Wednesday.