1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:16,680 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:19,680 Speaker 2: This is part two of what was Unearthed in the 6 00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:23,680 Speaker 2: fourth quarter of twenty twenty five. It is now January 7 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:26,200 Speaker 2: of twenty twenty six, which is how this thing usually goes. 8 00:00:26,920 --> 00:00:30,000 Speaker 2: We are going to kick this off as we typically 9 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 2: do with all the stuff. I just thought was cool, 10 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:35,160 Speaker 2: but it doesn't really fit into a category. I always 11 00:00:35,159 --> 00:00:38,360 Speaker 2: call that the potpoury. I feel like we have more 12 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:41,720 Speaker 2: popery than usual this time. 13 00:00:42,280 --> 00:00:44,519 Speaker 1: Great. We put it in a basket, put it in 14 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:49,879 Speaker 1: a bathroom. Feel smell nice for everyone. In October, the 15 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:54,440 Speaker 1: remnants of typhoon Hellong did catastrophic damage in western Alaska, 16 00:00:54,960 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: and this included massive flooding, with houses and infrastructure being 17 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 1: completely washed away. Many of the most affected communities were 18 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,839 Speaker 1: Alaska Native communities in low lying areas along the coast 19 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:11,120 Speaker 1: that were already being negatively affected by climate change, including 20 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:15,760 Speaker 1: worsening cycles of freezing, thawing, and erosion. At least one 21 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:19,760 Speaker 1: person died as of mid December, when Tracy was putting 22 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: this episode together. Hundreds of people were still displaced from 23 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: their homes, and it is likely that they may not 24 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:27,320 Speaker 1: be able to return for more than a year. 25 00:01:28,319 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 2: The community of Quinnock, which is on the Cuscoquin Bay, 26 00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,679 Speaker 2: did not face these levels of destruction in terms of 27 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:40,399 Speaker 2: things like homes and roads and other infrastructure. But this 28 00:01:40,680 --> 00:01:43,880 Speaker 2: area used to be permafrost, and in recent years that 29 00:01:43,959 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 2: permafrost has started to thaw. So the storm was able 30 00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 2: to just strip away a lot of the village's shoreline, 31 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,240 Speaker 2: and that included damaging an archaeological site that had been 32 00:01:55,320 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 2: undergoing excavation and that instantly exposed one thousands and thousands 33 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:04,600 Speaker 2: of artifacts, maybe even as many as one hundred thousand. 34 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:09,720 Speaker 1: The area's Yupik residents had already been collaborating with archaeologists 35 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:14,360 Speaker 1: to survey and preserve artifacts at this site. After the storm, 36 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 1: volunteers and archaeologists started a rescue archaeology project to try 37 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 1: to save as many objects as possible before the temperature 38 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: started to dip below freezing. They were working with experts 39 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:29,480 Speaker 1: to retrieve exposed items, soak them in fresh water, and 40 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:31,959 Speaker 1: treat them so they do not shatter as they dry 41 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:36,520 Speaker 1: out after centuries of being buried. This project is expected 42 00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: to resume with warmer weather in the spring. 43 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:43,440 Speaker 2: Yeah. This is something that has been described in local 44 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 2: reporting with words like bittersweet, like the whole community coming 45 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:51,120 Speaker 2: together to really work on this, but also a tragic 46 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 2: thing to have to do because so many things were 47 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:57,639 Speaker 2: just exposed by this storm. 48 00:02:58,600 --> 00:02:59,080 Speaker 1: Moving on. 49 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 2: Equiano, author of the interesting narrative of the life of 50 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 2: Olauda Equiano or Gustavus Vasa, an African, has been on 51 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 2: my list for a while. For an episode in November, 52 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:16,280 Speaker 2: The Guardian reported that the burial site of his daughter, 53 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 2: Anna Maria Vasa had been located thanks to an A 54 00:03:20,320 --> 00:03:23,320 Speaker 2: level student's paper that had been written all the way 55 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:27,720 Speaker 2: back in nineteen seventy seven. This paper was found during 56 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:32,000 Speaker 2: research into a signed Equiano letter that was done in 57 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 2: twenty twenty one. The students who wrote the nineteen seventy 58 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:40,000 Speaker 2: seven paper had found and photographed a likely burial plot 59 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 2: in a churchyard. In October, researchers visited the location and 60 00:03:45,360 --> 00:03:49,320 Speaker 2: determined that the student paper was correct. Anna Maria Vasa, 61 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 2: who died at the age of three, was buried at 62 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:55,839 Speaker 2: Saint Andrew's Church in Cambridge. There is also an epitaph 63 00:03:55,880 --> 00:03:59,400 Speaker 2: on the church's north Wall, written by abolitionist Edward eind 64 00:03:59,440 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 2: who was a friend end of Uluda Equiano at the 65 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:06,560 Speaker 2: time of Anna Maria's death. Next back in twenty twenty four, 66 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 2: a hiker in Norway found a bunch of wooden logs 67 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:14,840 Speaker 2: and branches that seemed to have been arranged almost like fences. 68 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:18,479 Speaker 2: This find was that an elevation of about forty six 69 00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:21,600 Speaker 2: hundred feet and in an area that had previously been 70 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:25,600 Speaker 2: covered in ice. He reported this find to the authorities 71 00:04:25,720 --> 00:04:29,520 Speaker 2: and a team from the University Museum of Bergen investigated. 72 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:35,279 Speaker 2: They have concluded that this arrangement of logs and branches 73 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 2: was a reindeer trap, dating back about fifteen hundred years. 74 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:44,279 Speaker 2: Photos of it show sort of a three sided structure 75 00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:47,880 Speaker 2: which has now collapsed, which would have acted both as 76 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:51,640 Speaker 2: a hunting blind for the hunters and as an obstacle 77 00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:54,920 Speaker 2: to corral the reindeer and make it easier for the 78 00:04:55,040 --> 00:05:00,960 Speaker 2: hunters to hit them with their spears. Authorities also found irons, spearheads, 79 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:04,040 Speaker 2: arrows and bows, along with the antlers of about one 80 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 2: hundred reindeer in the area. For another surprise, find a 81 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,200 Speaker 2: man digging for worms near his home in Stockholm Sweden 82 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:16,799 Speaker 2: found a huge horde of coins, beads and rings buried 83 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:21,040 Speaker 2: in the remains of a deteriorated copper vessel. This find 84 00:05:21,279 --> 00:05:26,040 Speaker 2: totaled more than twenty thousand items. Authorities were again notified 85 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:29,040 Speaker 2: and investigators found that most of these objects date back 86 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:32,200 Speaker 2: to the twelfth century, during the reign of newt Ericsson. 87 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:35,560 Speaker 2: This is one of the largest silver hoards from this 88 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:40,480 Speaker 2: period to be found in Sweden. Next, teams working at 89 00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:44,880 Speaker 2: a site in Australia known as Windmill Way have found 90 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:51,640 Speaker 2: extremely rare examples of Aboriginal string craft. It is likely 91 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:55,680 Speaker 2: that ninety percent or more of the artifacts that Aboriginal 92 00:05:55,720 --> 00:06:01,160 Speaker 2: peoples in Australia were using in daily life centuries were 93 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 2: made of plant and animal materials, and those are just 94 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:08,520 Speaker 2: not as likely to survive in the archaeological record. But 95 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:13,080 Speaker 2: the oldest of these stringwork samples date back about seventeen 96 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:17,920 Speaker 2: hundred years. There are also some more durable specimens at 97 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 2: the site, like charcoal from campfires, and some of those 98 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:26,560 Speaker 2: are even older than that. These stringcraft examples are in fragments, 99 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 2: but many of them can still be identified as coming 100 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 2: from specific items. Some are parts of dilly bags. That's 101 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:38,039 Speaker 2: something that's comparable to a backpack. Others probably came from 102 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:41,840 Speaker 2: fishing nets, and some pieces were parts of belts and necklaces. 103 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:46,760 Speaker 2: A lot of these stringwork pieces used things like knots 104 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:49,359 Speaker 2: or loops, or they were made into a mesh or 105 00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 2: some other configuration, but the core techniques to make them 106 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 2: stayed really consistent, from the oldest pieces to the newest ones. 107 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:02,400 Speaker 2: The newest pieces date back to after contact with Europeans, 108 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:06,279 Speaker 2: so in addition to showing how these pieces were made, 109 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:10,000 Speaker 2: this find also demonstrates how the techniques were making them 110 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:13,280 Speaker 2: were passed down through generations for centuries. 111 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:17,240 Speaker 1: This work was part of a larger project studying the 112 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,360 Speaker 1: rock art and life ways of the Cape York Peninsula. 113 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: It's a collaborative project bringing together multiple aboriginal corporations and 114 00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:34,120 Speaker 1: traditional owners, university researchers, and technological partners. Moving on, researchers 115 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:37,800 Speaker 1: in China have used the DNA from thirty two adult 116 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 1: volunteers to explore whether today's Bo people are descendants of 117 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 1: an ancient culture known as the hanging coffin culture, which 118 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,200 Speaker 1: has sometimes been called the Ancient Bo. Hanging coffin sites 119 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: have been dated back to about thirty five hundred years ago, 120 00:07:55,960 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 1: and they involved funerary rituals in which the deceased replaced 121 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:03,600 Speaker 1: into wooden coffins, and then those coffins were carried to 122 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 1: steep hillsides and anchored into the cliff faces. This could 123 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: involve scaffolding ropes or naturally occurring or constructed ledges and trails. 124 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:19,240 Speaker 1: This practice has been documented in parts of southern and 125 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 1: Southeast Asia, but the use of these specific cliff mounted 126 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: coffins ended during the Late Ming dynasty, so these sites 127 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 1: are attributed to multiple ancient cultures, one of them being 128 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 1: the ancient Bo people. Nine of the thirty two volunteers 129 00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:40,559 Speaker 1: had to be excluded from the study because it turned 130 00:08:40,559 --> 00:08:43,200 Speaker 1: out they were related to one another too closely to 131 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:47,400 Speaker 1: meet the criteria. The DNA of the remaining volunteers was 132 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 1: compared to fourteen genome samples from hanging coffin sites in 133 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:56,080 Speaker 1: southeast China and northern Thailand. This research suggests that the 134 00:08:56,200 --> 00:09:00,520 Speaker 1: ancient hanging coffin practitioners were genetically some are to one 135 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: another and to populations that lived along the coast of 136 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: southeastern China during that same period, and also that suggests 137 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:13,720 Speaker 1: that Bo people today are descended from hanging coffin practitioners 138 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:17,400 Speaker 1: in what's now Unan province. So this confirms the oral 139 00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:21,959 Speaker 1: history of Bo people living today and our last bit 140 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: of potpourri. Researchers from the University of Barcelona believe that 141 00:09:26,640 --> 00:09:31,079 Speaker 1: twelve large shells found at Neolithic sites in Catalonia may 142 00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:35,679 Speaker 1: have been used as both communication devices and musical instruments, 143 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:38,880 Speaker 1: which would make them the oldest known musical instruments in 144 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: the world. These samples date back to between five thousand 145 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:48,800 Speaker 1: and four thousand BCE. These shells came from c snails, 146 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:52,079 Speaker 1: but they appear to have been gathered after the snails 147 00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:55,120 Speaker 1: that ted used them had died, meaning that they were 148 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:59,160 Speaker 1: not likely collected for use as food. Eight of the 149 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:03,040 Speaker 1: shells were int packed enough to produce a sound theoretically, 150 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,760 Speaker 1: so researchers got permission to try to use them that way. 151 00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: I think more often in the research like this that 152 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 1: we've talked about, there have been replicas made, but this 153 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:16,320 Speaker 1: was apparently the actual shells, and the researchers found that 154 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:18,880 Speaker 1: if they blew through the opening of the shell, it 155 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:23,400 Speaker 1: produced a clear, stable tone. They could change that tone 156 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: depending on how they blew into the shell and whether 157 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:29,640 Speaker 1: they put their hand into the shells opening. They posted 158 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:33,120 Speaker 1: a video along with this press release, and in that video, 159 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:35,560 Speaker 1: this sounds kind of like a trumpet or a bugle. 160 00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: In addition to their potential use as musical instruments, some 161 00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: of these shells were found in a mine, and researchers 162 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,840 Speaker 1: have speculated that mine workers may have used them to 163 00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:49,320 Speaker 1: communicate between one gallery and another. 164 00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 2: That is all the potpourri. It took all of the 165 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:55,920 Speaker 2: first arc of this episode. So now we will take 166 00:10:56,080 --> 00:11:08,800 Speaker 2: a quick break. There were a number of fines late 167 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:12,160 Speaker 2: last year that were all related to tools, so we're 168 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:15,240 Speaker 2: going to talk about tools for a little bit first. 169 00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:19,199 Speaker 2: According to research published in Plus one, ancient humans in 170 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:23,760 Speaker 2: Italy used small tools to butcher elephants for their meat, 171 00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 2: but then they used the elephant's bones to make bigger tools. 172 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:30,480 Speaker 2: This conclusion came from research out a site dating back 173 00:11:30,520 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 2: more than four hundred thousand years, which included three one 174 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:39,679 Speaker 2: hundred bones and other skeletal pieces from a single elephant, 175 00:11:40,080 --> 00:11:43,400 Speaker 2: as well as an assortment of stone tools, most of 176 00:11:43,440 --> 00:11:46,240 Speaker 2: which were thirty millimeters in size or smaller. 177 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:49,680 Speaker 1: The elephant appeared to have died of some kind of 178 00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:54,199 Speaker 1: natural cause, rather than being hunted by humans. The bones 179 00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 1: did not have much evidence of cut marks, suggesting that 180 00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,439 Speaker 1: small tools had been used to remove them eat from 181 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: the bones, but several of the bones appeared to have 182 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:07,160 Speaker 1: been broken on site using blunt force to extract the 183 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 1: marrow from inside, and then some of them had been 184 00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:12,960 Speaker 1: modified to make larger tools than the ones used for 185 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:17,920 Speaker 1: butchering the elephant. I don't know why this particular story 186 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:20,080 Speaker 1: was kind of I was like, yeah, they had tiny 187 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: little tools, and then they had elephant bones, so they 188 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:27,440 Speaker 1: could make much bigger ones. Next, researchers working at a 189 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:32,560 Speaker 1: Celtic settlement in Poland believed they have found a trepanation tool, 190 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:35,200 Speaker 1: or a tool used to make holes in the skull. 191 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:38,920 Speaker 1: This tool is about twenty three hundred years old and 192 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: made of iron with a blade that transitions into a spike. 193 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:46,880 Speaker 1: It might have originally also had a wood handle, although 194 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: if it did, that handle has not survived. Trepanation could 195 00:12:51,080 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: be carried out for both medical and ritual purposes, and 196 00:12:54,640 --> 00:12:57,560 Speaker 1: Celts in this region were known to have practiced it, 197 00:12:58,160 --> 00:13:01,320 Speaker 1: although there have not been any human remains found showing 198 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:06,480 Speaker 1: evidence of trepanation in the area where this tool was found. Next, 199 00:13:06,679 --> 00:13:10,280 Speaker 1: Archaeologists from Griffith University on the East coast of Australia 200 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 1: found a large horde of stone tools that were buried 201 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 1: near a waterhole roughly one hundred and seventy years ago. 202 00:13:17,679 --> 00:13:20,280 Speaker 1: They have worked with the Pedapitta people, who hold native 203 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:22,840 Speaker 1: title for the area where the cash was found, to 204 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:27,400 Speaker 1: analyze and study the tools. They are stone tulahs, which 205 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:31,160 Speaker 1: are affixed onto handles and used for woodworking, including making 206 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: other culturally important items like boomerangs and vessels called kulmans. 207 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:40,360 Speaker 1: This cache included about sixty of the stone toolheads. 208 00:13:41,240 --> 00:13:44,920 Speaker 2: It is possible that this was a supply of toolheads 209 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 2: that had been made to trade with other communities, but 210 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:51,600 Speaker 2: it's not totally clear why they were buried near this 211 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:56,160 Speaker 2: waterhole or exactly when that happened. Attempts to date this 212 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,600 Speaker 2: gave an estimate of some time between seventeen ninety three 213 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:03,400 Speaker 2: and no nineteen thirteen, which is kind of a long range. 214 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:07,480 Speaker 2: Europeans arrived in the area and started establishing towns and 215 00:14:07,679 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 2: a police camp in the late nineteenth century, so if 216 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:16,560 Speaker 2: it was after that or around that time, it's possible 217 00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 2: that these tools were buried with the intent of retrieving 218 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:22,240 Speaker 2: them to use them for trade, but then the arrival 219 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:28,560 Speaker 2: of Europeans disrupted the region's trading patterns. And lastly, researchers 220 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 2: at Pound Cave and Gabon in Central Africa have found 221 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:36,240 Speaker 2: that stone tool technology associated with the cave stayed very 222 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:40,720 Speaker 2: stable for about five thousand years. This conclusion came from 223 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:44,320 Speaker 2: tool fragments and flakes, which were both used as tools 224 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:48,920 Speaker 2: and were a byproduct of napping. This find suggests that 225 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:51,720 Speaker 2: people in the cave were making basic tools using the 226 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:56,120 Speaker 2: same methods constantly over thousands of years, but not creating 227 00:14:56,160 --> 00:15:00,680 Speaker 2: standardized or specialized tool types. The site all who includes 228 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:03,360 Speaker 2: a lot of animal remains, many of which seem to 229 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 2: have died naturally in the cave, while others were used 230 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:10,000 Speaker 2: for food. Many of the animals that died naturally in 231 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:15,240 Speaker 2: the cave understandably were bats. Also, over the last few months, 232 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:21,120 Speaker 2: there were a lot of fines about Neanderthals. First DNA 233 00:15:21,160 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 2: retrieved from a tiny piece of Neanderthal bone suggests that 234 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:30,720 Speaker 2: some Neanderthals at least migrated very long distances. This little 235 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:33,520 Speaker 2: piece of bone was excavated from a cave on the 236 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,680 Speaker 2: Crimean Peninsula and it's between forty six thousand and forty 237 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:42,440 Speaker 2: four thousand years old. The DNA results suggest that this 238 00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 2: Neanderthal was most closely related to a group of Neanderthals 239 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 2: from Siberia, more than three thousand kilometers away. This suggests 240 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,320 Speaker 2: that there was a long distance migration across the Eurasian 241 00:15:57,360 --> 00:16:00,120 Speaker 2: step at some point. It might have been during a 242 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:03,720 Speaker 2: warming period that took place either sixty thousand or one 243 00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:06,640 Speaker 2: hundred and twenty thousand years ago. Those are two different 244 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:09,600 Speaker 2: known warming periods to have happened. 245 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: This bone is a piece of thigh bone, and it's 246 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: one of many fragmented bones found in the cave. Researchers 247 00:16:17,160 --> 00:16:19,800 Speaker 1: have analyzed about one hundred and fifty of these bones 248 00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: and found that the vast majority belonged to horses or deer, 249 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:27,200 Speaker 1: as well as some mammoth bones. These are likely the 250 00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:30,600 Speaker 1: animals that the Neanderthals in the area were using for food. 251 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:37,160 Speaker 2: Next we have talked about Neanderthals interbreeding with Homo sapiens 252 00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:40,800 Speaker 2: on previous installments of Unearthed, and we've also talked about 253 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 2: various explanations about how and when the Neanderthals died out. 254 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:50,160 Speaker 2: A preprint that was posted in October, meaning this is 255 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,479 Speaker 2: not something that had been through peer review yet suggests 256 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:58,200 Speaker 2: the possible genetic reason for the Neanderthals dying out, and 257 00:16:58,240 --> 00:17:01,680 Speaker 2: it's one that is connected to their interbreeding with Homo sapiens. 258 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:07,560 Speaker 2: This is that Neanderthals had a gene variant that gave 259 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:11,680 Speaker 2: them a trait called red blood cell oxygen affinity, which 260 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:16,040 Speaker 2: affects how oxygen interacts with hemoglobin in the blood. 261 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:20,320 Speaker 1: This trait could have been beneficial for the Neanderthals, but 262 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:23,960 Speaker 1: once they started interbreeding with Homo sapiens, it could have 263 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:28,680 Speaker 1: led to a genetic incompatibility. Basically, if a Neanderthal had 264 00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:32,919 Speaker 1: both Neanderthal and Homo sapien ancestry and she became pregnant 265 00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:35,399 Speaker 1: with a fetus that had two copies of the Homo 266 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 1: sapien version of the gene, then her body might not 267 00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:41,879 Speaker 1: be able to provide enough oxygen for that fetus to grow. 268 00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:46,160 Speaker 1: This genetic incompatibility might have made it easier for Homo 269 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:49,959 Speaker 1: sapian mothers to carry their pregnancies to term, and this 270 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: could potentially explain why about two percent of the genome 271 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:56,720 Speaker 1: of modern humans from Europe and Asia comes from Neanderthals, 272 00:17:57,119 --> 00:18:00,359 Speaker 1: but there is no Neanderthal influence in modern heath humans. 273 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:04,880 Speaker 1: Mitochondrial DNA, which comes only from the maternal line. 274 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 2: Yes, provides a hypothesis for why it appears that there 275 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:14,480 Speaker 2: were no Neanderthal women carrying babies to term and providing 276 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:19,600 Speaker 2: part of this future genetic lineage. Next, research at Neanderthal 277 00:18:19,720 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 2: sites in Crimea and Ukraine suggests that Neanderthals used ochre 278 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:29,240 Speaker 2: for symbolic purposes like drawing and marking things. This conclusion 279 00:18:29,359 --> 00:18:32,639 Speaker 2: comes from a collection of sixteen pieces of ochre that 280 00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:36,360 Speaker 2: were basically used as crayons up to seventy thousand years ago. 281 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:40,960 Speaker 2: Some of these ochre pieces appeared to have been intentionally 282 00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:44,080 Speaker 2: shaped into a point, so this point was put there 283 00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 2: on purpose, It was not just a byproduct of the 284 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 2: ochre being rubbed against a surface to market. This is 285 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,119 Speaker 2: not the only evidence of Neanderthals using symbols or making art. 286 00:18:54,160 --> 00:18:56,240 Speaker 2: We've talked about some of them before on the show. 287 00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:01,000 Speaker 2: Some other examples that people have discovered include finger flutings, 288 00:19:01,119 --> 00:19:05,320 Speaker 2: the use of charcoal and other pigments, and handprints intentionally 289 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,720 Speaker 2: made onto surfaces, all of which date back before the 290 00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:10,320 Speaker 2: development of Homo sapiens. 291 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:15,359 Speaker 1: And lastly, research published in the journal nature suggests that 292 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:20,080 Speaker 1: Neanderthals were making controlled use of fire much much longer 293 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:25,119 Speaker 1: ago than previously thought. Earlier research put Neanderthal fire making 294 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:28,719 Speaker 1: in what's now northern France about fifty thousand years ago, 295 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:32,680 Speaker 1: but according to this research, Neanderthals in what's now England 296 00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: were deliberately making fires four hundred thousand years ago. This 297 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:42,359 Speaker 1: conclusion came from research at a palaeolithic site in Suffolk, 298 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:46,520 Speaker 1: which revealed baked clay and flint hand axes that had 299 00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:50,359 Speaker 1: been cracked by extreme heat. There were also pieces of 300 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:54,399 Speaker 1: iron pyrite, which can make sparks when struck against a flint, 301 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:58,600 Speaker 1: and that is not found naturally in this area, so 302 00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:01,960 Speaker 1: it would have been brought from somewhere else. Geochemical tests 303 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: suggest that things were burned at this same area repeatedly, 304 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,639 Speaker 1: and that the temperature of those fires exceeded seven hundred 305 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:13,240 Speaker 1: degrees celsius or two hundred and ninety two degrees fahrenheit, 306 00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:16,399 Speaker 1: which they said ruled out this being the result of 307 00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:21,000 Speaker 1: something like natural wildfires. Next up, we have just a 308 00:20:21,040 --> 00:20:25,800 Speaker 1: few edibles and potables. Archaeologists in Turkia have found five 309 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:28,520 Speaker 1: loaves of bread dating back to the seventh and eighth 310 00:20:28,560 --> 00:20:33,480 Speaker 1: centuries stamped with religious imagery. These were likely used for 311 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,280 Speaker 1: eucharistic rituals within the Greek Orthodox Church, either as part 312 00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:41,000 Speaker 1: of communion or as blessed bread that was distributed to 313 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:46,600 Speaker 1: the congregation after services. These loaves are very heavily carbonized 314 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:49,200 Speaker 1: and a lot of their detail is really well preserved. 315 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:54,000 Speaker 1: It was surprising to me how clearly you can see 316 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:59,040 Speaker 1: these designs on the surface of the bread. Next, archaeologists 317 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:04,359 Speaker 1: in Tunisia have unearthed a Roman era olive oil processing complex, 318 00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:08,560 Speaker 1: which is the second largest one ever uncovered in Tunisia. 319 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:12,200 Speaker 1: One of the facilities there has twelve oil presses, while 320 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:16,240 Speaker 1: another nearby has eight. This highlights how important olive oil 321 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:19,120 Speaker 1: production was to the area and to the Romans. 322 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:24,920 Speaker 2: There are also cisterns and a water collection basin. And lastly, 323 00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:29,040 Speaker 2: archaeologists in Switzerland have found an amphora full of sardine 324 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:32,359 Speaker 2: bones in fish sauce dating back to the Roman era, 325 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:36,160 Speaker 2: which is the first direct archaeological evidence that people were 326 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:41,200 Speaker 2: eating sardines in Roman Switzerland. This was found during archaeological 327 00:21:41,240 --> 00:21:44,400 Speaker 2: work and a Roman site in advance of a construction project. 328 00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:49,680 Speaker 2: Now we will move on from edibles and potables to art, 329 00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:52,960 Speaker 2: and we also have just a few art finds this time. 330 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:55,760 Speaker 2: I feel like this last three months had like a 331 00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:58,159 Speaker 2: little smattering of a lot of different things and then 332 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 2: a lot of updates and randomness. Researchers have identified the 333 00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:07,240 Speaker 2: subject of a nineteenth century portrait painted by Thomas Phillips. 334 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:11,400 Speaker 2: This portrait shows a black man in a military uniform, 335 00:22:11,640 --> 00:22:13,800 Speaker 2: which is not something that you see a lot in 336 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:17,720 Speaker 2: nineteenth century art. He's wearing a fur police, meaning he 337 00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:20,760 Speaker 2: was in a cavalry regiment, and he's also holding a 338 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:25,840 Speaker 2: symbol meaning the musical instrument symbol, suggesting that he was 339 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:30,239 Speaker 2: a musician. These details, together with his race and his 340 00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:33,960 Speaker 2: apparent age in the painting, led researchers to a man 341 00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:37,840 Speaker 2: named Thomas James, who was born in Montserrat in seventeen 342 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:41,560 Speaker 2: eighty nine and enslaved from birth. At some point, he 343 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:44,040 Speaker 2: made his way to England and worked as a servant 344 00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:48,000 Speaker 2: before enlisting in the eighteenth Light Dragoons and earning the 345 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 2: Waterloo Medal for bravery during his military service. This research 346 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,400 Speaker 2: came about after the National Army Museum acquired this painting, 347 00:22:56,760 --> 00:22:59,360 Speaker 2: and the painting has also been conserved and gone on 348 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:00,720 Speaker 2: display at the museum. 349 00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:05,760 Speaker 1: Researchers have evaluated cave art in Southwest Texas in northern Mexico, 350 00:23:06,240 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: finding that the oldest works in them were created six 351 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:12,440 Speaker 1: thousand years ago and that the practice continued for about 352 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:17,640 Speaker 1: four thousand years. Over that time, the style, imagery, motifs, 353 00:23:17,640 --> 00:23:19,960 Speaker 1: and use of color in the artwork in these caves 354 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:24,119 Speaker 1: remained very consistent. That makes these paintings one of the 355 00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,280 Speaker 1: longest lasting artistic traditions in North America. They made this 356 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:34,920 Speaker 1: determination by extracting small amounts of carbon which probably came 357 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:38,040 Speaker 1: from an organic binder that was used to make the paint, 358 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:42,080 Speaker 1: and then they used accelerator mass spectrometry to estimate the 359 00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:46,119 Speaker 1: age of that carbon. And lastly, research published in the 360 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,199 Speaker 1: Journal of World Prehistory has looked at artwork from the 361 00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:55,359 Speaker 1: Halafian culture of northern Mesopotamia. This includes depictions of flowers, shrubs, 362 00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: and other botanical elements on pottery, some of which are 363 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:03,480 Speaker 1: naturalistic and others of which are more abstract. Many of 364 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,680 Speaker 1: the images are all very symmetrical, and sometimes they show 365 00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:10,320 Speaker 1: a progression in the number of objects like flowers and 366 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,919 Speaker 1: flower pedals. In a sequence of four eight, sixteen, thirty 367 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:17,679 Speaker 1: two and sixty four. So this has connections both to 368 00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:21,399 Speaker 1: art history and the history of mathematics, as the people 369 00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:25,320 Speaker 1: who made this art seem to be thinking about space sequences, 370 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:29,960 Speaker 1: patterns and geometric progression. We are going to take another 371 00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:43,840 Speaker 1: sponsor break and then we'll talk about some shipwrecks. Okay, 372 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: as we said before the break, it is time for shipwrecks. 373 00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:51,600 Speaker 1: Researchers working in the Eastern Mediterranean have investigated the cargo 374 00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:55,800 Speaker 1: of three Iron Age ships at the archaeological site of 375 00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:59,679 Speaker 1: Tel Door. The cargoes of these ships date back to 376 00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:03,800 Speaker 1: between the eleventh and seventh centuries BCE, and they are 377 00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:08,560 Speaker 1: the first Iron Age cargoes associated with this ancient city. 378 00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:12,840 Speaker 1: They provide some evidence of the trading network that existed 379 00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:15,680 Speaker 1: in this area thousands of years ago. So, for example, 380 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:19,359 Speaker 1: the oldest cargo dates back to the eleventh century BCE 381 00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:23,240 Speaker 1: and includes a collection of storage. 382 00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,719 Speaker 2: Jars as well as an anchor. The jars are a 383 00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:29,960 Speaker 2: style that was connected to the Phoenician coast, while the 384 00:25:30,040 --> 00:25:34,560 Speaker 2: inscriptions on them suggest connections to both Cyprus and Egypt. 385 00:25:35,280 --> 00:25:38,399 Speaker 2: This excavation work is ongoing only about a quarter of 386 00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:42,119 Speaker 2: the sand bar where these cargoes are located. Has been investigated. 387 00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:45,560 Speaker 1: The remains of a wooden ship have been found on 388 00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:50,000 Speaker 1: Malacca Island in Malaysia. This probably dates to the thirteenth 389 00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:52,919 Speaker 1: century and is made of saga wood, which is native 390 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:56,800 Speaker 1: to the area. It's estimated to be about fifty meters 391 00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:59,719 Speaker 1: to seventy meters in length, and it's been described as 392 00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:04,879 Speaker 1: one of the area's most significant archaeological finds. As of October, 393 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: the plan for this wreck was to conserve and preserve 394 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:11,160 Speaker 1: it and eventually to place it in one of Malacca's museums. 395 00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:16,320 Speaker 2: Next, the only known surviving Josun dynasty's ship has been 396 00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:19,440 Speaker 2: recovered from the seabed off the coast of South Korea. 397 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:23,359 Speaker 2: This cargo ship is known as Mato Flour. It's about 398 00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:26,600 Speaker 2: six hundred years old and it was discovered in twenty fifteen. 399 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:32,080 Speaker 2: Over the last decade, hundreds of pieces of cargo had 400 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:35,640 Speaker 2: already been brought up from the ship, including some carefully 401 00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 2: labeled cargo tags that gave the ship's origin and destination. 402 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:42,920 Speaker 2: Those were two different cities and what's now South Korea. 403 00:26:43,720 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 2: The cargo includes one hundred and fifty two pieces of 404 00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 2: light blue green stoneware and this hull that is the 405 00:26:50,359 --> 00:26:54,240 Speaker 2: part that's most relevant today is largely intact. It was 406 00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:59,720 Speaker 2: reburied during earlier excavations, but then uncovered and retrieved this year. 407 00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:03,120 Speaker 2: As with this shipwreck that was found in Malacca. The 408 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,119 Speaker 2: goal for this is for the ship to be preserved 409 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,439 Speaker 2: and then displayed in a museum, although that process is 410 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:14,720 Speaker 2: expected to take about fifteen years. The shipwreck that probably 411 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:16,920 Speaker 2: got the most headlines at the end of last year 412 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:19,760 Speaker 2: is a pleasure barge dating back to the first century 413 00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:24,600 Speaker 2: CE off the coast of Alexandria, Egypt. Barges like these 414 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 2: were described in the work of Greek geographer and historian 415 00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:31,440 Speaker 2: Strabo and depicted in artwork, but this is the first 416 00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:34,760 Speaker 2: one to be unearthed off the coast of Egypt. This 417 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:38,560 Speaker 2: barge was built for shallow water. It had no sails 418 00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:41,600 Speaker 2: and was powered by a crew of about twenty rowers, 419 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,240 Speaker 2: with space in the middle for a pavilion and a 420 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,919 Speaker 2: decorated cabin. It is possible that this ship sank in 421 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,360 Speaker 2: an earthquake. It was found near the remains of the 422 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:55,440 Speaker 2: Temple of Isis that was known to have been destroyed 423 00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,960 Speaker 2: in an earthquake, but this raised some questions about whether 424 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:03,520 Speaker 2: this ship was actually being used as a pleasure craft 425 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,800 Speaker 2: like it is a style of barge that the Ptolemies 426 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:11,000 Speaker 2: were known to use to host extravagant beasts on board. 427 00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:14,399 Speaker 2: But it's possible that it belonged to this temple, and 428 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:16,080 Speaker 2: that the temple might have been using it for some 429 00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:19,560 Speaker 2: kind of ceremonial purposes rather than as a quote pleasure barge. 430 00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:23,080 Speaker 1: The one hundred seven year old shipwreck known as the 431 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:27,399 Speaker 1: Iron Scow, which is lodged above Niagara Falls, shifted in 432 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:31,840 Speaker 1: the river in November, moving downstream about ten feet. This 433 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,960 Speaker 1: ship became stuck in the river in nineteen eighteen when 434 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,920 Speaker 1: it was being used for a dredging operation and broke 435 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 1: loose of the tug boat that was towing it back 436 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:43,320 Speaker 1: to shore. The two men who were aboard made it 437 00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:47,680 Speaker 1: to safety, although their rescue took about seventeen hours total. 438 00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:52,720 Speaker 2: The Iron Scow has shifted and moved periodically since then, 439 00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:57,080 Speaker 2: including during severe weather on Halloween in twenty nineteen and 440 00:28:57,160 --> 00:29:02,000 Speaker 2: when icy weather damaged it in twenty two too. Experts 441 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:04,680 Speaker 2: suggest that over time, pieces of this wreck will be 442 00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:07,840 Speaker 2: broken off and swept over the falls until it eventually 443 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:10,920 Speaker 2: just kind of gradually disappears. They say it's not likely 444 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,480 Speaker 2: for the whole wreck to be dramatically swept over all 445 00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:17,680 Speaker 2: at once. Of course, having said that, now, I hope 446 00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 2: that's not what happens. Yeah, between now and when this 447 00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:23,000 Speaker 2: episode comes out, making it immediately wrong. 448 00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:28,440 Speaker 1: Yeah. In the fourth century BCE boats attacked the island 449 00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:32,000 Speaker 1: of All's off the coast of Denmark. The identity of 450 00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:35,000 Speaker 1: the attackers is not known, but they were fought off. 451 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:38,400 Speaker 1: Their weapons were piled into one of their boats, which 452 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: was then sunk into a bog, apparently as an offering. 453 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:45,640 Speaker 1: This boat and its contents were discovered in the bog 454 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:48,440 Speaker 1: in the eighteen eighties and are the only example of 455 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:53,600 Speaker 1: a prehistoric plank boat to be found in Scandinavia. In December, 456 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:56,680 Speaker 1: researchers announced that they had found a fingerprint in the 457 00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:59,320 Speaker 1: tar that was used to waterproof the boat. 458 00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:05,600 Speaker 2: Researchers have described this fingerprint as highly unusual. Fingerprints just 459 00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:08,280 Speaker 2: aren't something that they see a lot in boats that 460 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:12,200 Speaker 2: are this old. The tar also has offered clues to 461 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 2: where the boat came from. So the waterproofing material made 462 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:18,480 Speaker 2: from pine pitch and animal fat, and there are not 463 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,480 Speaker 2: a lot of pine forests in Denmark, so it's possible 464 00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 2: that the pitch was a trade good, or that the 465 00:30:25,520 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 2: ship itself was made somewhere else along the Baltic See 466 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:33,480 Speaker 2: where pine forests are more common, and lastly, something that. 467 00:30:33,680 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: Might be shipwreck related. Late last year, teams working to 468 00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:41,120 Speaker 1: restore rock pools on the coast of Whales started digging 469 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:46,760 Speaker 1: up boots, hundreds and hundreds of Victorian boots. They all 470 00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:49,120 Speaker 1: seem to date back to the same time period, although 471 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:53,520 Speaker 1: they are in different sizes and styles. Locals have talked 472 00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:56,920 Speaker 1: about finding shoes before this, but this rock pool restoration 473 00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:01,040 Speaker 1: project has found a lot of them, reported two hundred 474 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:03,280 Speaker 1: of them in one week toward the end of December. 475 00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:07,240 Speaker 1: There's speculation that this is cargo from a ship that 476 00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:10,760 Speaker 1: sank after hitting an outcropping known as Tusker Rock not 477 00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:14,480 Speaker 1: far from where the shoes were found. Next we will 478 00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:17,920 Speaker 1: move on to some medical stuff. Researchers have found what 479 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:22,960 Speaker 1: they believe is evidence of infantile cortical hyperostosis also called 480 00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:26,280 Speaker 1: icch or caffe disease, which is a rare disease that's 481 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:31,560 Speaker 1: not often seen in the archaeological record. This child was 482 00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:34,720 Speaker 1: probably about three years old when they died, and their 483 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:37,720 Speaker 1: skeleton was found in a tomb in Turkya that dated 484 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,360 Speaker 1: back to the tenth to the twelfth century, and there 485 00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:44,520 Speaker 1: were other skeletal remains in this tomb as well. This 486 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:49,320 Speaker 1: conclusion involved ruling out multiple other possible causes of unusual 487 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:52,400 Speaker 1: features in the skeleton, including parts of the bones that 488 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:56,480 Speaker 1: were swollen or thickened, and a discrepancy between age estimates 489 00:31:56,520 --> 00:32:00,640 Speaker 1: coming from the child's teeth and long bones. The long 490 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:02,920 Speaker 1: bones appear to be those of a child between the 491 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,600 Speaker 1: ages of eighteen months and two years, while the teeth 492 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:08,520 Speaker 1: seemed to come from a two and a half or 493 00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:09,880 Speaker 1: three and a half year old. 494 00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 2: Icate usually develops around five months of age, although it 495 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:19,760 Speaker 2: can develop earlier, including in utero, and then it typically 496 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:23,880 Speaker 2: resolves around the age of three. This is apparently about 497 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:27,320 Speaker 2: the age that this child died, and the child's skeleton 498 00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,320 Speaker 2: shows some signs of recovery before their death at about 499 00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:33,040 Speaker 2: three next. 500 00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:37,000 Speaker 1: Researchers at the Institute Pasteux have found evidence of two 501 00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:40,680 Speaker 1: different diseases in the remains of soldiers from Napoleon's army 502 00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:44,120 Speaker 1: who were part of the retreat from Russia in eighteen twelve. 503 00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:49,200 Speaker 1: They extracted material from the teeth of thirteen soldiers and 504 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:54,400 Speaker 1: Genetic analysis identified two pathogens, Salmonella and di rico, which 505 00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:59,560 Speaker 1: causes paratiephoid fever, and Brellia recorrentis, which causes relapsing fever, 506 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:04,040 Speaker 1: both of which line up with historical accounts describing illnesses 507 00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:09,560 Speaker 1: among the soldiers. The two diseases have somewhat overlapping symptoms, 508 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:15,120 Speaker 1: including fevers, fatigue, and gastro intestinal distress. Previous studies have 509 00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:21,120 Speaker 1: also identified two other pathogens among Napoleon's retreating army, Ricketzia prawezechi, 510 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:26,240 Speaker 1: which causes epidemic typhus, and Bartonella quintana, which causes trench fever. 511 00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:31,640 Speaker 2: The first evidence of plague DNA in Edinburgh has been 512 00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:34,720 Speaker 2: unearthed in the skeleton of a teenager who died in 513 00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:39,120 Speaker 2: the fourteenth century. He was buried in Edinburgh's Saint Giles 514 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:43,200 Speaker 2: Cathedral and researchers had not expected him to have plague 515 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:46,400 Speaker 2: because he was buried on his own in an individual 516 00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:49,760 Speaker 2: grave rather than in one of the mass graves that 517 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:55,240 Speaker 2: was used for plague victims. Two known plague outbreaks took 518 00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:59,120 Speaker 2: place in Edinburgh around the time he died. Plague DNA 519 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:03,760 Speaker 2: has not been identified in Edinburgh's archaeological record before now, 520 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:06,840 Speaker 2: in part because the use of DNA research to make 521 00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:10,839 Speaker 2: these kinds of determinations is still relatively new and has 522 00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:14,319 Speaker 2: not been done as much in these particular sites. 523 00:34:14,920 --> 00:34:18,280 Speaker 1: And in other plague news. Research published in the journal 524 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: Communications Earth and Environment in December suggests that a volcanic 525 00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:25,760 Speaker 1: eruption in thirteen forty five may have set the stage 526 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,600 Speaker 1: for the spread of bubonic plague in Europe. The idea 527 00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:32,640 Speaker 1: is that the debris from the eruption blocked the sun, 528 00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:36,720 Speaker 1: which lowered temperatures across much of the Mediterranean, which caused 529 00:34:36,719 --> 00:34:40,120 Speaker 1: crop failures in famine, which led cities in Italy to 530 00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:44,640 Speaker 1: import grain, and rats and fleas infected with Yoursennia pestis 531 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:46,680 Speaker 1: came along with that grain. 532 00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:52,400 Speaker 2: This volcanic eruption probably would have happened somewhere in the tropics, 533 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:56,360 Speaker 2: but it is not clear exactly where or when. Various 534 00:34:56,360 --> 00:35:00,640 Speaker 2: physical evidence does suggest that there was volcanic activity happening. 535 00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:04,960 Speaker 2: That includes some tree ring evidence suggesting cold wet winters 536 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:08,480 Speaker 2: from thirteen forty five to thirteen forty seven and volcanic 537 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:13,440 Speaker 2: sulfur found in ice samples from Antarctica and Greenland and. 538 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:17,720 Speaker 1: To conclude this installment of Unearthed. A number of repatriations 539 00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:20,160 Speaker 1: were reported on in the last three months of twenty 540 00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:25,400 Speaker 1: twenty five, including cultural and ceremonial objects belonging to Indigenous 541 00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:28,520 Speaker 1: and First Nations communities in the United States and Canada, 542 00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,680 Speaker 1: and children who died at Carlisle Indian Industrial School who 543 00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:36,040 Speaker 1: were returned to the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Oklahoma 544 00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:40,080 Speaker 1: and the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. There were also a 545 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:43,680 Speaker 1: lot of looted and illegally sold artworks that were returned 546 00:35:43,680 --> 00:35:47,720 Speaker 1: to their home countries. But one story in particular stood 547 00:35:47,719 --> 00:35:50,000 Speaker 1: out to Tracy as different from some of what we 548 00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:53,280 Speaker 1: have talked about on the show before. It's not exactly 549 00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:56,600 Speaker 1: a repatriation since both of the works it involves are 550 00:35:56,680 --> 00:35:58,000 Speaker 1: still in the museum. 551 00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:02,640 Speaker 2: So in October, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston announced 552 00:36:02,680 --> 00:36:05,600 Speaker 2: that it had reached an agreement with the descendants of 553 00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:09,479 Speaker 2: David Drake, also known as Dave the Potter, who made 554 00:36:09,640 --> 00:36:14,360 Speaker 2: stoneware vessels while enslaved in Old Edgefield, South Carolina, in 555 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:19,600 Speaker 2: the nineteenth century. During his lifetime, he made thousands of 556 00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:22,759 Speaker 2: these vessels, and he inscribed a lot of them with poetry, 557 00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:25,480 Speaker 2: which is significant because at the time it was not 558 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:30,640 Speaker 2: legal for enslaved people to read or write. These jars 559 00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:34,040 Speaker 2: were sold to benefit his enslaver, and Drake was not 560 00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:37,200 Speaker 2: compensated for his work, and the pottery that he made 561 00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:41,480 Speaker 2: was not considered to be his. So the Museum of 562 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:45,759 Speaker 2: Fine Arts Boston had acquired two of Drake's jars, one 563 00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:48,920 Speaker 2: in nineteen ninety seven and the other in twenty eleven, 564 00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:53,200 Speaker 2: and under this new agreement that was announced last October, 565 00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:58,839 Speaker 2: the museum restored the ownership of both jars to Drake's descendants. 566 00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 2: It then repurchased one of the jars, called the Poem Jar, 567 00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:07,279 Speaker 2: from the family. The other jar currently still belongs to 568 00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:09,760 Speaker 2: the family, but they have loaned it to the museum 569 00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:10,480 Speaker 2: long term. 570 00:37:11,120 --> 00:37:13,600 Speaker 1: That's a sort of a lovely end to that story. 571 00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:14,319 Speaker 1: It is. 572 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:17,799 Speaker 2: And I've seen these jars and some of the other 573 00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:20,439 Speaker 2: jars from the same era in the Museum of finer 574 00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:23,440 Speaker 2: They're very striking, And so when I saw this headline 575 00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:25,359 Speaker 2: number one, I was thinking about, Oh, I've seen those jars. 576 00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:28,000 Speaker 2: I know what we're talking about. But then also I 577 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:34,600 Speaker 2: don't recall talking about the ownership of something being restored 578 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,040 Speaker 2: to the descendants of an enslaved person on the show before, 579 00:37:38,160 --> 00:37:40,480 Speaker 2: so that is why I chose this one in particular 580 00:37:40,560 --> 00:37:44,920 Speaker 2: to talk about in more depth than just briefly mentioning. 581 00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,760 Speaker 2: Have you also chosen a particular listener mail to talk about? 582 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:49,879 Speaker 2: I sure have. 583 00:37:50,719 --> 00:37:53,800 Speaker 1: This email is from Ruth. Hello. 584 00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:56,520 Speaker 2: I'm a longtime listener since back in the short form 585 00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:58,680 Speaker 2: days of Sarah and Deblina. It's been one of my 586 00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:03,239 Speaker 2: constants in the podcast stirtation for nearly fifteen years. The 587 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,120 Speaker 2: reason for emailing today is that in your recent Christmas 588 00:38:07,120 --> 00:38:11,120 Speaker 2: Carol podcast, the title of Sans book History of the 589 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:14,400 Speaker 2: Violin perked my ears. I ran to my bookshelf, and 590 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:17,680 Speaker 2: sure enough, I've been reading that very book often on 591 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:20,000 Speaker 2: this year in my effort to learn more about the 592 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:23,440 Speaker 2: history of the instrument. I'm a lifelong violinist and a 593 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:27,160 Speaker 2: medieval reenactor, hence my interest. It is a wandering and 594 00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:29,920 Speaker 2: dense read, and I must admit I'm only about fifty 595 00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:32,640 Speaker 2: pages in, but I was delighted to hear the mention 596 00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:35,440 Speaker 2: and that I recognized it's thee cover of book an 597 00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:38,719 Speaker 2: attached photo. I enjoyed the episode for many reasons, not 598 00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:41,360 Speaker 2: the least of which being that my mother's name is Carol, 599 00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:43,560 Speaker 2: and it was fun to learn the history of the 600 00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:47,920 Speaker 2: word for pet tax find my precocious and photogenic baby 601 00:38:48,040 --> 00:38:51,480 Speaker 2: tune a doodle Doo, the textedo, and the lovely laser 602 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:53,879 Speaker 2: whose brain has no wrinkles. Thoughts just slide right off 603 00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:54,279 Speaker 2: the void. 604 00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:54,640 Speaker 1: Baby. 605 00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:58,960 Speaker 2: Much love and happy holidays, Ruth uh Okay. First of all, 606 00:38:59,120 --> 00:39:03,760 Speaker 2: it did occur to me that anyone would be reading 607 00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:07,320 Speaker 2: the History of the Violin by William Sands in today's 608 00:39:07,360 --> 00:39:15,000 Speaker 2: modern era, except maybe like musical instrument historians. So the 609 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,040 Speaker 2: fact that someone is reading it right now, I just 610 00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,960 Speaker 2: I love it. I love it so much. Also, boy, 611 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:23,920 Speaker 2: am I not surprised that it is described in this 612 00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:29,000 Speaker 2: email as wandering and dnse. That feels absolutely like William 613 00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:34,200 Speaker 2: Sand's m for writing things. We've also got good goodness, 614 00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:38,000 Speaker 2: just some really adorable kitty cats. I always love kitty cats. 615 00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:41,560 Speaker 2: We have said many times. I have two black cats 616 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:46,160 Speaker 2: that live in my house. They completely stole our hearts 617 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:50,759 Speaker 2: when we adopted them, and they are great. Man, if 618 00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:54,239 Speaker 2: you have cats your life, I hope they let you 619 00:39:54,280 --> 00:39:59,120 Speaker 2: snuggle them. They don't have to be smart, they just 620 00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:01,360 Speaker 2: have to be cats. And if they don't let you 621 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,000 Speaker 2: snuggle them. I hope they bring joy into your life 622 00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:07,279 Speaker 2: in some other way. Thank you so much, Ruth for 623 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:09,480 Speaker 2: this email and the pictures. I love all of it. 624 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:11,759 Speaker 2: If you would like to send us a note about 625 00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:14,719 Speaker 2: this or any other podcast or at history Podcasts atiheartradio 626 00:40:14,760 --> 00:40:17,920 Speaker 2: dot com, and you can subscribe to our show on 627 00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:22,759 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you like to your podcasts. 628 00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:29,760 Speaker 2: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 629 00:40:30,080 --> 00:40:34,680 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 630 00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:38,840 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.