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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind.

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Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb, and I'm Julie Douglas. You know, Julie,

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Speaker 1: we're setting here using our brains to speak and uh,

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Speaker 1: and listeners are out there using their brains to to

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Speaker 1: hear or to interpret the sounds coming through their ears

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Speaker 1: and uh. And it just really gets crazy mind blowing

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Speaker 1: when you start thinking about about ourselves as a brain

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Speaker 1: and and and and think about the walls that are

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Speaker 1: off and up when the brain tries to look at

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Speaker 1: itself and tries to view itself and understand itself. WHOA,

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Speaker 1: hold on a second, when you're shattering my brain right now.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, there's also often this this kind of cognitive

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Speaker 1: blindness that it sets in when we when we're trying

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Speaker 1: to understand what we are, I mean, you know, will,

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Speaker 1: we're also guts, were also all these things we leave,

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Speaker 1: as we've explained in another podcast. But are you telling

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Speaker 1: about consciousness? Yeah, consciousness itself? YEA, what are we? What's

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Speaker 1: going on in our mind? And so recently we actually decided, hey,

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Speaker 1: let's go ask an expert on this, right, Yeah, we did.

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Speaker 1: We actually talked to neurosurgeon Dr T. Glenn Pate from

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Speaker 1: the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and we wanted

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Speaker 1: to talk to him about one of the biggest myths

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Speaker 1: out there about the brain, um, which is I'm sure

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Speaker 1: everybody knows, is that that we only use ten percent

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Speaker 1: of our brain. And he's actually been in brains, right,

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Speaker 1: I mean he has been like elbow deep in brains before.

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Speaker 1: That's right. He yeah, he's he's, uh, he's I was

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Speaker 1: about to use some sort of fly fishing metaphor, but

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Speaker 1: I'm sure he doesn't have to wear fly fishing kids.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, he's deep in there, and um, he's the

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Speaker 1: guy to ask about this. So we do know that

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Speaker 1: this was perpetuated by psychologist William James, who in the

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Speaker 1: early nineteen hundred said that the quote the average person

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Speaker 1: early achieved but a small portion of his or her potential.

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Speaker 1: So I mean that seems you know, yeah, okay, that's

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Speaker 1: that's true, right, that's yeah. Everybody has great ideas, not

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Speaker 1: everybody acts on them, that kind of thing, right, But

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Speaker 1: somehow that got perverted into this, well, we really only used,

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Speaker 1: you know, one part of our brain, which we know

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Speaker 1: is not true? Yeah, or the tim percent right, that's

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Speaker 1: the ten percent has been thrown out there. It's all

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Speaker 1: over the place. Like sci fi and comic books love

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Speaker 1: to run wild with it. You're always encountering that. It's

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Speaker 1: like the normal. We don't normally we only use ten

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Speaker 1: percent of our brain. But you know, but in this

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Speaker 1: summer movie, our hero will learn to use another five percent.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, as as evidenced by the recent movie Limitless, right,

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Speaker 1: Oh is there is there psychic craziness and that well,

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Speaker 1: they take it. He takes a magic pill, the hero

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Speaker 1: of that, and and then all of a sudden he's

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Speaker 1: on He's firing on all cylinders and writing books overnight,

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Speaker 1: like Stephen King in the eighties. Yeah, I know, right,

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Speaker 1: we just need to tap into Stephen King's brain, see

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Speaker 1: what's going on? Tell us a lot more. Um. But

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Speaker 1: so we do know three brain scans we can verify

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Speaker 1: and say, no, it's not just one part of your

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Speaker 1: brain working and everybody else is just hanging out up

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Speaker 1: there being lazy. Um. Brain scans tell us that our

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Speaker 1: brains are always active, with some parts more active than

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Speaker 1: others depending on the activity that we're engaging in. Right,

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Speaker 1: So we talked to Dr Patar said, please tell us

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Speaker 1: why this continues to persist, And this is what he

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Speaker 1: had to say. You know, with every myth, you know,

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Speaker 1: it gets repeated over and over again. Every generation will

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Speaker 1: have it. It will change perhaps a little bit of

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Speaker 1: a band or it's leaning, uh and it it's just perpetuated.

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Speaker 1: And you know some of them, as you know, they're

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Speaker 1: couch and what seems to be a little bit of

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Speaker 1: common sense, right, um, but we need something to hold

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Speaker 1: onto and if we do not understand um, our environment, Um,

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Speaker 1: we need some to explain and the beliefs and in

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Speaker 1: the world around us. So you get to the brain,

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Speaker 1: which is a land of mystery for a lot of us.

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Speaker 1: The concept mind is still a mystery for us. So

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Speaker 1: we think that, well, we're not using all of our brain, So, um,

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Speaker 1: can we light up New York City with our brain

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Speaker 1: because we're only using ten That's that's a myth. No,

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Speaker 1: that's that's not the case at all, um, Because the

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Speaker 1: brain is such an incredible mystery environment. In factually, hear

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Speaker 1: all the time. We hear it on television and radio

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Speaker 1: and all the broadcasters will say, well, this is not

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Speaker 1: this isn't brain surgery. Correct. You hear it every day

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Speaker 1: on television, just the end of day. And I think

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Speaker 1: because of the mystery of the brain not knowing what's

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Speaker 1: what's going on with the rain, we have incredible expectations

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Speaker 1: of it. Beth is absolutely incorrect, And I think it's

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Speaker 1: an expectation appointing us to achieve or the brass that

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Speaker 1: we already have. And it's a way in which we

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Speaker 1: cannot explain to all the mysteries of the brain that

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Speaker 1: we hope the mysteries will be unrattled and once we

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Speaker 1: reach our capacity, we will be able to, you know,

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Speaker 1: become super people. Okay, So basically the comic books in

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Speaker 1: the sci fi films are just completely full of it. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: and and and but it makes a really interesting point

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Speaker 1: about this whole wish fulfill fantasy that we have, you

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Speaker 1: know that if we could just it's sort of an

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Speaker 1: excuse and a hope, right like, oh, yeah, I'm not

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Speaker 1: getting to that book I meant to write overnight because

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Speaker 1: I'm just not using all my brain. But maybe one

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Speaker 1: day I could. Yeah. And and also the kind of

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Speaker 1: like a sense of guilt too, I don't know, it

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Speaker 1: kind of reminds me of there's sort of like an

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Speaker 1: original sin kind of a thing to it. You know.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of like like there's here's this creature with

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Speaker 1: all this potential, but oh, it's held back because it's

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Speaker 1: lazy or something. I don't know. Yeah. Yeah, but then again,

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Speaker 1: not to bring up that movie Limitless, but I just

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Speaker 1: keep thinking about it because again, it's such an interesting

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Speaker 1: seductive idea. Who's in this somehow? Mr Bradley Cooper's in it? Um?

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Speaker 1: I think for provert de Niro's in it. I haven't

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Speaker 1: seen it. You thought I thought you'd loved it and

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Speaker 1: to keep talking about it. No, No, I just think

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Speaker 1: it as an example of or we're talking about right now.

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Speaker 1: I mean, I've I've read about the plot. Obviously, that's

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Speaker 1: not all I know that he takes a superpill and

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Speaker 1: becomes Superman. I'm not I'm not judging it. It's it's fine, okay.

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Speaker 1: It's not that I don't like Bradley Cooper, Robert Denier.

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Speaker 1: I just haven't seen it. All right, So the movie, though,

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Speaker 1: it made me think, could you actually through science, could

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Speaker 1: could you create some sort of magic pill? And a

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Speaker 1: lot of people have asked that question too since that

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Speaker 1: movie came out, and we do know that researchers have

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Speaker 1: been working on memory enhancing drugs for Alzheimer's patients and

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Speaker 1: that a memory boosting molecule in the brain has been identified.

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Speaker 1: But I mean, this is a far cry from enhanced

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Speaker 1: cognitive development or even know, super crazy cogitive thinking. Now

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Speaker 1: when I go to the health food store, though they

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Speaker 1: are countless um little bottles that claim to supply this

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Speaker 1: kind of power. Well, I mean, you know that if

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Speaker 1: you take riddle in right, you're gonna become more focused.

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Speaker 1: So there are certainly things that you can do that

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Speaker 1: can help you, but it's not gonna turn you into

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Speaker 1: a super brain overnight. I'm sorry, And you don't need

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Speaker 1: any more super brains over there. I need all the

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Speaker 1: brains I can get. I don't know, I don't know.

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Speaker 1: So you know, once again, we talked to Dr pat

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Speaker 1: about this. We wanted to say, well, okay, so we

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Speaker 1: know why why this myth has persisted, But how has

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Speaker 1: technology changed the way that we actually think about the brain.

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Speaker 1: And he had this to say, It's it's allowed us

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Speaker 1: to appreciate the anatomy the brain is better and as

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Speaker 1: a surgeon, we thrive for anatomical consistency. You know, it's

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Speaker 1: like compendix. It didn't have consistency, so it sort of

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Speaker 1: confused us for a while. But we look for m

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Speaker 1: anatomical consistency as surgeons whom in or asurgence, and that's

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Speaker 1: what I want. So the imaging allowed us to better

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Speaker 1: appreciate the anatomy of an incredible orgy of the brain.

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Speaker 1: And then from that we went once that further, we

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Speaker 1: got into the function of the brain, and now we

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Speaker 1: have functioning imaging, and this has given us better insight

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Speaker 1: into the normal function of the brain, because if you

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Speaker 1: don't know the normal, it's difficult to understand the abnormal.

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Speaker 1: And the imaging has allowed us to better appreciate the

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Speaker 1: brain and normal and abnormal states, therefore allowing us to

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Speaker 1: unravel some of those mysteries of diseases or at least

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Speaker 1: begin to attack them before they announced themselves in such figure.

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Speaker 1: So neuro imaging has managed to actually really bust some

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Speaker 1: of these, uh these myths we have right, we're actually

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Speaker 1: see what's going on, or at least get get a

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Speaker 1: visual um perspective on brain activity, what's going on, what's

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Speaker 1: going going on, where it's going on, and how much

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Speaker 1: activity is taking place. Well, and it's definitely busted some

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Speaker 1: of the assumptions that we have about the way that

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Speaker 1: we operate. And one of the things that I was

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Speaker 1: thinking about is this study about love and hate that

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Speaker 1: we talked about love hating robots, and this was um

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Speaker 1: research because the research scientists was thinking, you know what,

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Speaker 1: there's this guy at work that I know he hates me,

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Speaker 1: and so I want to see, um, what's going on,

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Speaker 1: you know, with people when they hate. Because his his

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Speaker 1: thought was, it's got to be some sort of impassioned,

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Speaker 1: irrational thing that's happening, that part of the brain has

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Speaker 1: got to be connected to this emotion. But what he

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Speaker 1: found is that it was actually um that hate is

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Speaker 1: actually hanging out in the part of the brain that's

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Speaker 1: very rational and calculating. So it makes us have just

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Speaker 1: a different view on what exactly is going on or

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Speaker 1: how we perceived the way that our behavior is being

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Speaker 1: expressed around us. And then there's another thing too, that

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Speaker 1: brain damage permanent. Right. We used always think, okay, well,

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Speaker 1: if if you're getting a horrible accident or something happens,

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Speaker 1: you know it's permanent. But we know about neuroplasticity and

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Speaker 1: that's the ability to bring to heal itself. And of course,

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Speaker 1: if you've got extreme damages um then you probably do

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Speaker 1: are are going to sustain permanent damage. But if you've

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Speaker 1: got low level to mid level damage, your brain can

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Speaker 1: actually kind of go in there and start reforming synaptic connections.

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Speaker 1: It can't recover neurons that have been lost or damage,

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Speaker 1: but those synaptic connections can be rebrown, which is really incredible.

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Speaker 1: I feel like that's one that that's still has has

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Speaker 1: some has some spreading to do, because I feel like

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Speaker 1: there's still that idea out there that if like I

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Speaker 1: would have walked behind a horse and get kicked in

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Speaker 1: the head, whatever damage I've suffered would be permanent. I

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Speaker 1: think that we've seen this in other areas too, and

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Speaker 1: we've talked about this with the music and U Can

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Speaker 1: Music Rebuild Your Brain in that podcast, and we we

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Speaker 1: looked at Alzheimer's patients and people who have had strokes,

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Speaker 1: and again we saw these examples of neuroplasticity where their

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Speaker 1: parts of the brain could pick up and help you

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Speaker 1: to relearn words, for instance, as a stroke patient. A

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Speaker 1: stroke patient might not be able to to speak, but

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Speaker 1: she may be able to sing and eventually be able

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Speaker 1: to speak again through music because that part of her

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Speaker 1: brain is taken over the faculties, which is pretty interesting, right,

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Speaker 1: Or or people who really learned to to speak via say,

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Speaker 1: using their tongue to to to draw the letters on

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Speaker 1: the roof of their mouths. I've heard of that as

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Speaker 1: a as an example of someone overcoming stroke. Yeah yeah, so,

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Speaker 1: but like Dr Pat says, I mean, this is it's

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Speaker 1: still very much a mystery to us, the brain. Um.

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Speaker 1: But you know, we've got all of this exciting technology

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Speaker 1: in front of us today that can really help us

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Speaker 1: to better understand ourselves and maybe even consciousness, right, like

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Speaker 1: what it means to be a conscious being or as

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Speaker 1: sentient being just you know, not not nothing, No, but

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Speaker 1: it's a that one's that one is on is one

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Speaker 1: of the uh, I don't know. It kind of feels

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Speaker 1: like a Pandora's box at times. You know, I wonder

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Speaker 1: the more we unlock about consciousness and the more we understand,

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Speaker 1: you know, what we are and who we are? Uh?

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Speaker 1: Do we do we stand the risk of demystifying ourselves

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Speaker 1: too much. This presentation is brought to you by Intel,

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Speaker 1: sponsors of Tomorrow UM I think I've mentioned it before.

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Speaker 1: There's a there's a quote from author Are Scott Baker

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Speaker 1: who makes the argument that that consciousness is um It's

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Speaker 1: it's like a coin trick and uh and if you

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Speaker 1: explain the coin trick, then you can no longer see

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Speaker 1: the magic. And in this scenario, we are the magic. UM.

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Speaker 1: So I don't know. I think about this sometimes. Well,

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Speaker 1: there's actually that We'll get to this in a little bit,

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Speaker 1: but there's actually something called the Blue Brain Project that

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Speaker 1: is exploring this this very idea. Who's in that is that? No, No,

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Speaker 1: this is an actual project that's going on. Oh this

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Speaker 1: is the model. Yeah. Yeah. But before we talk about that,

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Speaker 1: we wanted to talk with Dr Pete a little bit

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Speaker 1: more about the future of neuroscience and as a neurosurgeon,

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Speaker 1: what he would love to see. Let's find out technology

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Speaker 1: has has prompted UM or the disease process has prompted,

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Speaker 1: you know, the blossoming of technology. As soon as we

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Speaker 1: get a handle on one item, there's always another question

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Speaker 1: to be answered. And so I'm always cautious to say

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Speaker 1: I think as a as a physician, surgeon, UM, an educator,

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Speaker 1: we always think that we're at at that the greatest

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Speaker 1: point of discovery, UM, and at this time of our

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Speaker 1: being we are that's the greatest thing, and one would

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Speaker 1: hope for marvelous things to come about. UM. The best

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Speaker 1: thing I think we're gonna be looking at in the

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Speaker 1: future is uh is uh is um at least with

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Speaker 1: or their tumor on the outside of the brain is

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Speaker 1: pushing on the brain. How the how the brain responds

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Speaker 1: to pathology. Execondly, I think the great thing that I

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Speaker 1: would hope to see in my lifetime is the ability

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Speaker 1: of the spinal cord and the brain to come about

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Speaker 1: with as you put down the plasticity, the ability to

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Speaker 1: repair itself and every turn of functioning. To have a

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Speaker 1: stroke patient UM as a dobbin he is very in fact,

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Speaker 1: the ability to communicate or speak better the spinal cord

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Speaker 1: injured patient who's uh, who's destined today to be on

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Speaker 1: the ventilator, wheelchair, dependent for life and and rely upon

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Speaker 1: others for all care, to be able to arise independently

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Speaker 1: from a chair. That's what I would hope. So I

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Speaker 1: think that's that's actually I can see as a certain

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Speaker 1: how he would really want to see the spinal cord

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Speaker 1: and the brain be able to better talk to each other.

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Speaker 1: Um and for eventually patients to be able to walk.

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Speaker 1: It makes a lot of sense that that is what

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Speaker 1: he's after right now. Um And and surely you know

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Speaker 1: we'll be making some good strides with that. But I

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Speaker 1: was thinking, you know, we should probably talk a little

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Speaker 1: bit about some existing technology right now as it relates

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Speaker 1: to the brain. And we know that there's a portable

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Speaker 1: m r I available, and we know that there's a

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Speaker 1: MEG scanner, which is super cool. This was I believe

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Speaker 1: this came out in the two thousand one, two thousand

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Speaker 1: two something like that. There's only about a hundred of

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Speaker 1: them in existence. But a MEG scanner is a magnetic anencephalography.

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Speaker 1: It's imaging technology that can non invasively detect brain electromagnetic

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Speaker 1: activity lasting only milliseconds and the speed of communications in

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Speaker 1: neural circuits, whereas other functioning brain imaging l fMRI I

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Speaker 1: technology can only capture activity that last seconds or minutes,

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Speaker 1: and some involve radiation exposure. So this is this we

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Speaker 1: talk about this a little bit about when we were

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Speaker 1: talking about dogs and um people's connection to infants and puppies,

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Speaker 1: and they actually put them in one of these mag

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Speaker 1: scanners and within one seventh of a second they could

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Speaker 1: detect that it was I believe it was the overallllle

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Speaker 1: cortex was looking at these pictures of puppies and infants

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Speaker 1: and lighting up and going nuts. So it just gives

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Speaker 1: us a little a little bit more of a fine

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Speaker 1: tuning mechanism to look at the brain. And this is

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Speaker 1: some of the technology that we was we discussed in

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Speaker 1: the Eat Popcorn episode that could eventually lead to a

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Speaker 1: situation where you could have advertisements reading your mind and

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Speaker 1: seeing what your reaction is to various uh physical on

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Speaker 1: that physical, visual or auditory stimuli. Yeah. Actually, and it

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Speaker 1: was Paul root will Be. He's the director of ethics

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Speaker 1: at Emery University, and he was the guy that said, look,

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Speaker 1: it is possible right now to beam light into your

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Speaker 1: front cortex and that the receptors would get a reflection

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Speaker 1: of that light, essentially scanning your brain and interpreting your

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Speaker 1: thoughts as you concentrated on something. And that's why we

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Speaker 1: brought it up in the eat popcorn podcasts because it

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Speaker 1: was like, you know that that could be used in

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Speaker 1: marketing so very easily. Yeah, I mean it could be

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Speaker 1: happening right now, who knows. Um, But I didn't want

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Speaker 1: to talk a little bit more about the Blue Brain Project,

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Speaker 1: which is a model of the brain. Yes, yes, not

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Speaker 1: a Tom York song, not a Tom York song, and

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Speaker 1: not a model of the brain like the little plastic

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Speaker 1: one that comes out of the Visible Man skeleton right right,

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Speaker 1: There's there's no plastic going on here. It was started

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Speaker 1: in June two thousand and five and it's a ten

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Speaker 1: year joint venture between IBM and ep f L, which

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Speaker 1: is short for Equal Polytechnique. I apologize for that. It

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Speaker 1: was the best I could do there, and it's the

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Speaker 1: main focus is to reverse engineer the brain. And they're

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Speaker 1: building a detailed, realistic computer model of the human brain

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Speaker 1: and it's one hundred trillion synapses. Yeah. So the first

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Speaker 1: phase of this was actually completed in two thousand and seven. Um.

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Speaker 1: This is actually from the director of this project, and

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Speaker 1: this quote is current technology is now allowing us to

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Speaker 1: qualify that tabula rasa hypothesis which argues that our brains

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Speaker 1: are a blink slate at birth and we only gain

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Speaker 1: knowledge through experience. It's an idea that has permeated science

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Speaker 1: for centuries. There is no question that knowledge in the

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Speaker 1: sense that we typically understand it, reading and writing, recognizing

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Speaker 1: our friends, learning a language is the result of our experiences.

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Speaker 1: But the ep f l's teams work demonstrates that some

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Speaker 1: of our fundamental representations or basic knowledge is inscribed in

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Speaker 1: our genes, which is like whoa, Okay, because neuro scientists

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Speaker 1: have been saying this for a long time. Okay, if

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Speaker 1: you've if, um, if you have a d D or

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Speaker 1: a d D h D. These are things that aren't

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Speaker 1: necessarily things that came from your environment, that you acquired

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Speaker 1: through your environment. So we should start looking at this

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Speaker 1: and through neuroscience and ways to treat it, and start

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Speaker 1: considering the person as a whole um, knowing that they

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Speaker 1: came prepackaged with some of these things, which is pretty cool. Um.

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Speaker 1: And this is from ned City News there their articles

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Speaker 1: called brain stimulation is a goal of the Blue Brain

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Speaker 1: supercomputing project. Blue Brain can model components of the mammalian

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Speaker 1: brain and precise cellular detail and simulate neuronal activity in

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Speaker 1: three D. Soon blue Brain will be able to simulate

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Speaker 1: a whole rat brain in real time. Wow, I know.

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Speaker 1: I mean that's been a personal dream of mine to

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Speaker 1: live long enough to see a rat brain, you know,

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Speaker 1: generated in your Yeah. Yeah, yeah, well, I mean the again,

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Speaker 1: the project director, Henry Markham. I don't believe that said

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Speaker 1: his name before, but Henry Markham, he has a really

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Speaker 1: good Ted dot Com talk on this. He was basically saying, well,

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Speaker 1: we can't use mice forever, and I don't know why.

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Speaker 1: He thinks maybe we're going to run out of myce um,

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Speaker 1: But for him, obviously it's just a better way to

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Speaker 1: look at the human brain. And so he thinks that

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Speaker 1: this computer model is actually going to bear out a

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Speaker 1: theory that the brain creates a version of the universe

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Speaker 1: and then projects it like a bubble all around us. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so that that's the consciousness part, right, Well, that's pretty

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Speaker 1: mind blowing right there. Yeah, it's crazy, and um, I

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Speaker 1: mean it's basically basically like mathematics is animating our neurons

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Speaker 1: for us to look at. And Seed Magazine's article Out

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Speaker 1: of the Blue says that if the project succeeds, it

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Speaker 1: will have taken the self and turned it into something

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Speaker 1: that we can see this sense of self and then

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Speaker 1: will we be horrified will be enlightened? Well, I mean

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Speaker 1: that's the whole thing, right, the magic trick. It's like

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Speaker 1: the jig is up. I mean, do you is it

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Speaker 1: what we thought it was? Or you know, do we

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Speaker 1: are we just these you know, freeasembled packages. I mean,

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Speaker 1: does it really matter the environments you know that we're

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Speaker 1: in and how much we learn from that or you know,

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Speaker 1: it's that whole nature versus nurtural question. But John, you know,

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Speaker 1: I don't think it's actually gonna answer it definitively. No,

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Speaker 1: probably not. I mean, there's there's This is one of

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Speaker 1: the things that we're gonna continue to chew on for

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Speaker 1: quite some time. I feel like that the the technology

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Speaker 1: is going to improve tremendously. It's gonna give us even

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Speaker 1: more tools to better analyze. But uh, it just feels

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Speaker 1: like one of those things that we're just the more questions,

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Speaker 1: more questions are going to come up with every answer. Well,

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Speaker 1: and there's always been the philosophical aspect of it too, right,

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Speaker 1: that the brain is the seat of the soul essentially

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Speaker 1: um when in fact we know that our guts are

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Speaker 1: telling us a lot our guts right now are telling

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Speaker 1: us how we feel, you know, in an emotional sense,

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Speaker 1: like sending all sorts of signals. Um. So it's not

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Speaker 1: just you know, the three pounds of gray matter sitting

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Speaker 1: atop our next you know, doing everything. But it's certainly

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Speaker 1: interesting that people are reverse engineering and looking at um,

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Speaker 1: the seat of the soul, so to speak. Well, hey,

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Speaker 1: let's move on to some listener mail then, all right,

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Speaker 1: and this one from a listening by the name of Malachi.

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Speaker 1: Malachi gave us a rather long email and I don't

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Speaker 1: I can't read it all, but um he picked up

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Speaker 1: some some particularly mind blowing stuff from a pharmacology class

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Speaker 1: that he was that he was a part of. And

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Speaker 1: uh so, skipping a bit and getting right to the

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Speaker 1: chase here he says, where this starts, getting into the

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Speaker 1: area of blowing my mind, is that when you examine

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Speaker 1: all the molecules that make up living things, they are

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Speaker 1: all left handed versions of molecules. All the amino acids

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Speaker 1: in your body are composed of the l isomer form

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Speaker 1: of that molecule. It appears that all of all life

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Speaker 1: on Earth evolved from an original common ancestor that just

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Speaker 1: happened to be using left handed amino acids, it would

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Speaker 1: seem that it is pure chance that life evolved with

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Speaker 1: the preference for left handed isomer's. After all, an organism

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Speaker 1: made entirely from right handed amino acids could function. In theory,

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Speaker 1: it would just be a mirror image down to the

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Speaker 1: molecular level of its counterpart, left handed version. Alien species

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Speaker 1: in another world to be composed entirely of left me

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Speaker 1: of right handed isomers. So yeah, that's pretty interesting. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: thanks Malichai, And if you have anything mind blowing to share,

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Speaker 1: or you have some thoughts on a recent episode, you

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Speaker 1: can find us on Facebook and Twitter. We're blow the

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Speaker 1: Mind on both of those, and you can also drop

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Speaker 1: us a note at Blow the Mind at how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com. For more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics, visit how stuff works dot com. To learn

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Speaker 1: more about the podcast, click on the podcast icon in

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Speaker 1: the upper right corner of our homepage. The How Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works iPhone app has a ride. Download it today on iTunes.