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Speaker 3: Hey Daniel, what's one of the hardest physics questions someone's

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Speaker 3: ever asked you?

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Speaker 1: Oh? Well, someone asked me once. If the Earth is round,

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Speaker 1: why don't people fall off the bottom of it?

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Speaker 3: That is a pretty good question. Yeah. I think we

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Speaker 3: got that one on live radio once, didn't.

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Speaker 1: We Yeah, we did exactly no preparation.

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Speaker 3: But why is that a hard question?

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Speaker 1: Well, the hard part is figuring out why that question

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Speaker 1: makes sense to the person asking it.

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Speaker 3: You mean, like, how does gravity even work?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you have to know like what they are misunderstanding,

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Speaker 1: so that you can find a path to get them

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Speaker 1: some actual understanding.

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Speaker 4: Mmm.

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Speaker 3: So what's the answer. Why don't people just, you know,

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Speaker 3: fall off Australia?

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Speaker 1: How do you know they don't? I mean, have you

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Speaker 1: been to Australia? Maybe the whole thing's a hoax.

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Speaker 3: You mean Australia as a hoax or gravity as a hoax?

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Speaker 3: Which one kangaroos exist?

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Speaker 1: I think my lawyers would advise me not to answer

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Speaker 1: any of those questions.

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Speaker 3: Hi am Hoorhe made cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at uc Irvine and I have never been to Australia

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Speaker 1: or New Zealand.

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Speaker 3: Really, you've never been down.

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Speaker 1: On the never been down there, planned it many times,

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Speaker 1: never actually happened. How about you, You've been to Australia.

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Speaker 1: I think I've seen a picture of you talking to kangaroos.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, they're very chatty if you can get them

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Speaker 3: to us. Sit still now, that's amazing. Australia is awesome.

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Speaker 3: I mean it's like going to another continent literally, but

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Speaker 3: it's really like going to another world. Like all the

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Speaker 3: plants are different, they're bigger, all the animals are bigger,

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Speaker 3: they're different. It's pretty amazing.

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Speaker 1: Definitely on my to do list.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, but welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain

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Speaker 3: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we explore all the consonants of modern physics,

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Speaker 1: the weird, the strange, the ones we understand, the ones

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Speaker 1: that are unfamiliar, the ones that seem weird, and the

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Speaker 1: ones that might bite you in the night. We talk

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Speaker 1: about all the biggest questions in the universe, from the

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Speaker 1: scope of the whole shebang, how it started, where it

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Speaker 1: came from, how big is it, how does it all work?

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Speaker 1: Where is it going? All of these questions we talk

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Speaker 1: about them without fear, without shame, and without hesitation, and

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Speaker 1: we explain all of them to you.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, because physics bites is what you're saying.

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Speaker 1: I think sometimes you've got an understanding of a problem.

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Speaker 1: They can really sting.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, but it is pretty cool Australia to think about

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Speaker 3: Australia because if you think about it, they sort of

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Speaker 3: see a whole different side of the space than we

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Speaker 3: do here in North America.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you are used to thinking about the Solar

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Speaker 1: System with the Earth on the sort of top side

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Speaker 1: of it, but that's sort of North Hemisphere centric. If

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Speaker 1: you're on the Southern hemisphere, then that half of the

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Speaker 1: Solar system is sort of looking out and up into

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Speaker 1: the universe just as much as we are. Yeah.

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Speaker 3: And we have a lot of listeners in Australia. Do

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Speaker 3: you think they listen to it upside down? Or it's

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Speaker 3: sort of weird to think that they're listening to this

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Speaker 3: upside down from us right now?

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Speaker 1: They are exactly in Australia. You're the physicist and I'm

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Speaker 1: the cartoonist.

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Speaker 3: That's right. You're the funny one and I'm THEU not

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Speaker 3: so funny.

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Speaker 1: You can grow go tea in Australia and I can't.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it is a pretty interesting universe, and it's a

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Speaker 3: three sixty universe. It's all around us in all directions

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Speaker 3: where we look from anywhere on Earth. But it's sort

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Speaker 3: of interesting to think about directions in space.

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Speaker 1: It is, and for a long time humans have sort

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Speaker 1: of imagined that the Earth is at the center of

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Speaker 1: the cosmos, that we look at the universe in every direction,

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Speaker 1: but that we are sort of in a special location.

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Speaker 1: And it wasn't until about five hundred years ago with

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Speaker 1: Copernicus that we started to realize home on a second,

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Speaker 1: maybe there is no special location in space. Maybe we're

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Speaker 1: just at some random point, and that gives you a

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Speaker 1: completely different view about the shape and the nature of

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Speaker 1: the universe that we are seeing.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it was weird for humans to think that we

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Speaker 3: are not the center of the universe, although I am

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Speaker 3: sort of the center of my universe, or wait, I

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Speaker 3: should maybe I should correct. My kids and my spouse

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Speaker 3: are the center of my universe. Of course.

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Speaker 1: I think there's an emotional moment there also when kids

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Speaker 1: grow up and realize that they are not the center

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Speaker 1: of everything, that the whole universe doesn't revolve around them,

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Speaker 1: that other people are people too.

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Speaker 3: Yep, unless your kids are aliens, which case you might

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Speaker 3: have a more interesting realization.

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Speaker 1: And it's kind of hard to understand what a big

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Speaker 1: mental shift that was, you know, something that we now

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Speaker 1: are very comfortable understanding that we are just in a

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Speaker 1: random spot in the universe. But it was a huge

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Speaker 1: conceptual shift, the kind that I don't think we can

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Speaker 1: even really ever understand because we weren't firmly rooted in

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Speaker 1: the other idea that we are special at the center

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Speaker 1: of the universe. But giving up a long held assumption

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Speaker 1: about the nature of the universe. That's sort of the

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Speaker 1: joy of physics, you know. That's when physics stings, when

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Speaker 1: it like tells you, oops, you've been thinking about things

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Speaker 1: completely the wrong way. The universe is fundamentally really different

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Speaker 1: from the way you imagined it. I long for that

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Speaker 1: kind of cosmic realignment.

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Speaker 3: When it crawls up your pants and bite behind. That's

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Speaker 3: what you look forward to. Yes, But yeah, at some

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Speaker 3: point humans realize we're not in any kind of special

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Speaker 3: point in space, you know, and it sort of informs

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Speaker 3: everything right and informs the theory sort of the equations

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Speaker 3: about physics. It has to do with symmetry and all that.

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Speaker 3: So there's no specific or special point. We don't even

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Speaker 3: know if we're at the center of the universe or

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Speaker 3: like in a corner of the universe, or we don't

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Speaker 3: even know if it makes sense in an infinite universe

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Speaker 3: to have a point.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, and the joke you made earlier is actually true.

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Speaker 1: You are at the center of your observable universe. You know,

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Speaker 1: we don't know how big the universe is. We can

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Speaker 1: only see a portion of it, and that portion is

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Speaker 1: limited by the speed of light. And so the part

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Speaker 1: of the universe that you can see is the part

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Speaker 1: where light has had time to get to you since

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Speaker 1: the beginning of the universe. And that's actually a different

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Speaker 1: if you're in our sun and if you're at another sun,

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Speaker 1: because you can see a different portion of the universe

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Speaker 1: because light that has reached you know, Alpha Centauri may

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Speaker 1: not have come yet two hours. And that's also true

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Speaker 1: for my head and your head. So technically speaking, we

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Speaker 1: are the centers of our own observable universes, and so.

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Speaker 3: The universe doesn't seem to have any kind of preference

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Speaker 3: for any particular point in space, but there's sort of

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Speaker 3: a bigger question about whether it has a special direction

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Speaker 3: in space that it likes.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they're connected questions, but they actually are separate. One's

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Speaker 1: connected to the question of are the laws of physics

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Speaker 1: the same everywhere in the universe? You know, if you

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Speaker 1: do an experiment here, does it matter would you get

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Speaker 1: a different answer if you do it somewhere else, or

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Speaker 1: if you do it in another star system or alien

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Speaker 1: physicists measuring the same law physics. We're pretty sure that

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Speaker 1: they are. But there's another question, which is does the

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Speaker 1: universe have a preferred direction? Right? Like, if you rotate

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Speaker 1: your experiment, could you possibly get a different answer? Could

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Speaker 1: you measure some like preferred direction of the universe?

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Speaker 3: Is there an up and or down in the universe

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Speaker 3: kind of or left or right?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or like a special direction around which the universe

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Speaker 1: prefers or something like an axis.

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Speaker 3: All right, So on the podcast, we'll be asking the

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Speaker 3: question does the universe have a preferred direction?

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Speaker 5: Now?

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Speaker 3: I assume this is there like a like a spatial direction,

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Speaker 3: not like an emotional direction or acting direction.

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Speaker 1: Creative direction. Yeah, the universe prefers method actors.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, you know, prefer as a comedies as opposed to dramas.

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Speaker 3: What's the tone of the universe, Daniel, Maybe it's.

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Speaker 1: All universe hoaks now. And that's why this is a

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Speaker 1: physics podcast and not a Hollywood industry podcast. We're not

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Speaker 1: talking about the latest trends in you know, representation in

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Speaker 1: Hollywood movies or anything. We are talking about directions in space.

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Speaker 1: You know, if the universe had some specific direction that

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Speaker 1: was different from the other ones, then in principle, you

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Speaker 1: might be able to measure that. You could like design

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Speaker 1: an experiment that would be sensitive to it. The way,

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Speaker 1: for example, the surface of the Earth does have preferred

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Speaker 1: directions or different directions. Right, there is a north on

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Speaker 1: the Earth and the south on the Earth, and you

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Speaker 1: can design experiment it's called the compass, to measure it,

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Speaker 1: to detect it, and to use that to navigate.

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Speaker 3: Or like if you're on Earth, there's sort of an

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Speaker 3: up and down, right, I mean it depends on where

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Speaker 3: you are on Earth, but there's sort of like a

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Speaker 3: towards the center of the Earth or away from the

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Speaker 3: center of the Earth. Is that kind of what that

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Speaker 3: also count as a direction?

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Speaker 1: Absolutely? Yeah, Gravity defines a direction on the surface of

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Speaker 1: the Earth. Absolutely, and as you say, it's towards the center,

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Speaker 1: which is actually the answer of the question why don't

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Speaker 1: people fall off Australia.

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Speaker 3: I'm sure people fall in Australia, but do they fall

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Speaker 3: off of Australia.

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Speaker 1: I don't think they trip and then fly off into space.

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Speaker 1: You know, I think we would have seen that on

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Speaker 1: YouTube if that was happening.

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Speaker 3: Maybe you have a rocket power, you know, parachute or.

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Speaker 1: Something, right, And the answer is intuitive and obvious to

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Speaker 1: everybody who understands the Earth is a sphere. But obviously

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Speaker 1: down is towards the center of the Earth, which is

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Speaker 1: why people fall down towards the cider of the Earth

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Speaker 1: everywhere they are on the planet. And you're right, like

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Speaker 1: the direction there is relative to the center of the Earth.

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Speaker 1: But that's just arbitrary, right, you could pick anything. But

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Speaker 1: the question is, you know, is there a non arbitrary choice?

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Speaker 1: Is there are which makes sense no matter where you

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Speaker 1: are in the universe.

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Speaker 3: Well, you just made me think that. You know, we

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Speaker 3: feel gravity towards the center of the Earth, but we're

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Speaker 3: also being attracted by the sun a lot, right, So

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Speaker 3: does that mean that our gravitational vector, or the rection

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Speaker 3: of gravity is sort of slight, always slightly tweaked towards

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Speaker 3: the sun.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely, the gravity of everything is affecting how much

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Speaker 1: you weigh, and so as the Earth rotates, your weight

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Speaker 1: changes a very small amount. But you know, the amount

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Speaker 1: that the Sun pulls on you versus the Earth pulls

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Speaker 1: on you is very small.

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Speaker 3: So at noon is when I'm lightest. Right, technically it

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Speaker 3: is when I weigh less.

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Speaker 1: That's right. At noon, the Sun is pulling you off

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Speaker 1: of the Earth, and at midnight the Sun is helping

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Speaker 1: the Earth pull you towards its center, so you gain

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Speaker 1: weight at night. So this is the travel the Earth's

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Speaker 1: are always at noon diet.

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Speaker 3: That's right. That This is why I eat a big

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Speaker 3: lunch because I can.

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Speaker 1: Right, every meal is lunch, the physics diet.

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Speaker 3: I avoid meals at midnight, although sometimes you cannot.

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Speaker 1: There. I've been traveling with you.

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Speaker 3: I know you eat meals at midnight, eight, at midnight,

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Speaker 3: at one am, two am. I have no preferred time

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Speaker 3: for by directing my meals. So I guess the question

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Speaker 3: is the Earth has a preferred sort of gravitational direction.

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Speaker 3: But you're saying, like does the universe have maybe not

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Speaker 3: a gravitational direction, but just like you know, a different

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Speaker 3: direction or some sort of different effect that changes depending

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Speaker 3: on which way you're pointing in out there in space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and really sort of the cleanest way to define

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Speaker 1: this is imagine getting transported to an arbitrary location in

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Speaker 1: the universe. Could you build an apparatus which could measure

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Speaker 1: some location so that if you're transported to some other

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Speaker 1: location and randomly rotated, you could like tell how far

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Speaker 1: you've been rotated. You could measure it. And you know,

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Speaker 1: like on the surface of the Earth, you can tell

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Speaker 1: your direction because you could just use the magnet. But

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Speaker 1: you know that doesn't work obviously, like off the surface

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Speaker 1: of the Earth. So could you build like a universal

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Speaker 1: compass that always tells you, you know, a reference direction,

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Speaker 1: and the universe has no preferred direction, then that's impossible

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Speaker 1: because there's no physical mechanism which prefers one direction over another.

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Speaker 3: Right, that would help you sort of navigate the universe

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Speaker 3: in a way, right, Like if you get lost in

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Speaker 3: the universe, you could sort of look at your cosmological

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Speaker 3: compass and be like, oh, I need to go you know,

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Speaker 3: east or whatever in space and I might reach Earth again.

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Speaker 1: It certainly would help you navigate, but it would also

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Speaker 1: like blow up our idea of how the universe works.

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Speaker 1: Right now, we really assume that the universe has no

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Speaker 1: preferred direction and no preferred rotation. But recently there have

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Speaker 1: been some ideas that suggest that maybe there is a

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Speaker 1: preferred direction, and these go buy sort of a cosmically

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Speaker 1: silly name.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, because we've been assuming that if there is a

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Speaker 3: special direction, it would be the universe's preferred direction. But

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Speaker 3: what if there's a direction that the universe does not like, Like,

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Speaker 3: what if it's the opposite, what if it's like the

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Speaker 3: least favorite direction in the universe.

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Speaker 1: A cosmological axis of evails.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, that's the sort of name that you have for

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Speaker 3: in the in the in the physics community, right, the

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Speaker 3: cosmological axis of evil.

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Speaker 1: That's right. There's been this idea of bubbling up that

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Speaker 1: maybe we were wrong in thinking that the universe has

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Speaker 1: no preferred direction.

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Speaker 3: Maybe it does or a non preferred direction, right.

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Speaker 1: I think the origin of the idea axis of evil

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Speaker 1: is that it undermines our idea that the universe doesn't

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Speaker 1: prefer anything. It's like, nobody should be preferred to the

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Speaker 1: axis of evil is like spoiling an otherwise pristine and

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Speaker 1: beautiful idea.

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Speaker 3: Oh I see, but it is a phrase that people

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Speaker 3: use in the physics community to like, oh, you're talking

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Speaker 3: about the cosmological axis of evil?

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Speaker 6: Oh?

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Speaker 3: Absolutely, or cee for sure.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely. There's a paper titled the axis of evil, which

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Speaker 1: I just read yesterday. Like, this is not something I

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Speaker 1: came up with or just a joke on podcasts. It's

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Speaker 1: really a physics term for a deep concept.

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Speaker 3: I feel like you just used I read it in

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Speaker 3: a paper as in, like that's supposed to be an

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Speaker 3: ultimate authority. I saw it on YouTube. It must be right.

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Speaker 3: I saw it on archive dot X. It must be true.

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Speaker 1: I don't know if the physics is sound or if

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Speaker 1: it's actually right, but it is something people actually say

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Speaker 1: in the physics community. So there's that.

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Speaker 3: Much cosmological access of evil. That's what will they get

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Speaker 3: into today. And so, as usual, we were wondering how

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Speaker 3: many people out there had heard of this cosmological access

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Speaker 3: of evil and whether they have any idea about what

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Speaker 3: it means. So Daniel went out there into the internet

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Speaker 3: to ask people this question. Here's what they had to

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Speaker 3: say on a.

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Speaker 7: Guess cosmological something to do with very large scale structures

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Speaker 7: in the universe access of evil. Perhaps it's something to

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Speaker 7: do with the way that certain fields are calculated and

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Speaker 7: there's some weird mathematical structure that causes problems. I have

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Speaker 7: no idea.

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Speaker 8: I have no idea.

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Speaker 3: I couldn't even begin to guess.

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Speaker 1: It sounds familiar, but I don't know what it is.

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Speaker 1: Probably i'm watching too much theory.

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Speaker 9: I can tell you right off the bat, I'm stealing

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Speaker 9: that and that is going to be the name for

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Speaker 9: my new punk rock band. But aside from that, I

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Speaker 9: have no My only guess is that that is what

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Speaker 9: we would call the things that are going to be

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Speaker 9: responsible for the end of the universe. So maybe dark

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Speaker 9: energy and entropy are the cosmological access of evil.

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Speaker 1: The cosmological axis of evil is the nexus in the

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Speaker 1: universe where everything that is evil intersects.

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Speaker 5: Think the dark side of the force.

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Speaker 3: Live causibral backwards is live.

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Speaker 10: What does that have to do with the access of evil.

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Speaker 10: I guess that's a good enough answer because I have

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Speaker 10: no idea either, So I'll go with it's something with

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Speaker 10: the bow taste void and the great Attractor and the

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Speaker 10: void is somehow funneling all of the matter from the

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Speaker 10: universe into the Great Attractor to create a super giant

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Speaker 10: black hole that's going to swallow everything. How does that sound?

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Speaker 10: That's an axis of evil. We could throw mustache twirling

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Speaker 10: enemies in there, or I guess go te Jorge because

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Speaker 10: he was in one of those parallel universe episodes before.

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Speaker 10: So I have no idea what tomological axis of evil is.

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Speaker 11: Somehow I see Austin powers and battling the cosmogical access

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Speaker 11: of evil in my brain when I read this question,

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Speaker 11: I don't know anything beyond that.

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Speaker 3: All Right, nobody has any idea, Daniel. It has not

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Speaker 3: broken out of the physics community out into the larger population.

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Speaker 1: And that's our job is to funnel the craziest, funnest,

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Speaker 1: most interesting, wackiest ideas that are poorly named out into

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Speaker 1: the larger community.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. So you call it an acts of evil because

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Speaker 3: I guess an access is sort of like a direction,

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Speaker 3: and you're saying that maybe this direction is sort of

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Speaker 3: evil in the sense that it sort of ruins the

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Speaker 3: universe or ruins your sort of perfect symmetry picture of

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Speaker 3: the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think that's right. Although historically and sort of philosophically,

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Speaker 1: it's fascinating because I think, you know, the idea that

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Speaker 1: the universe doesn't have a preferred direction went up against

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Speaker 1: a lot of theological friction, you know, five hundred years ago,

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Speaker 1: because people preferred the concept, you know, that the Earth

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Speaker 1: was at the center of the universe and in a

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Speaker 1: special location and sort of at the heart of the cosmos.

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Speaker 1: So the idea that the universe didn't have a preferred

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Speaker 1: direction was sort of seen as evil five hundred years ago,

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Speaker 1: and now doubting that idea is again seen as evil.

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Speaker 1: So in that sense, maybe evil is just like you know,

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Speaker 1: the upstart.

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Speaker 3: Well, I think if there's anything movies has taught us

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Speaker 3: is that evil is a relatives you know, maybe not

401
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Speaker 3: the Marvel movies, but you know, more artful movies.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's a pretty ridiculous name.

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Speaker 3: You mean, like in religious times or in a religious sense,

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Speaker 3: like would you want the universe who have a preferred direction?

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Speaker 3: You know, you want your DT to have some sort

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Speaker 3: of point of view.

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Speaker 1: Well, I think the Catholic Church, for example, was not

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Speaker 1: a big fan of the idea that the Earth was

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Speaker 1: not at the center of the cosmos. Galileo spent a

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Speaker 1: long time under house arrest for insisting that it was.

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Speaker 1: And I don't think that Copernicus was like number one

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Speaker 1: favored person by the pope either. So I think that,

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Speaker 1: you know, the scientist's got a lot of flak several

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Speaker 1: hundred years ago for suggesting that the Earth was not

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Speaker 1: at the center of the cosmos.

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Speaker 3: But now there's maybe an inkling or a suggestion that

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Speaker 3: maybe the universe does have a special axis, a special

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Speaker 3: direction it likes. And so break it down first, what

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Speaker 3: does that mean and where does that come from.

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Speaker 1: So we've been operating under this assumption for a long

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Speaker 1: time now that we don't have a special place in

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Speaker 1: the universe, that there is no special place, that there

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Speaker 1: is no preferred direction. And this really has grown out

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Speaker 1: of like the Copernican principle, you know, from five hundred

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Speaker 1: years ago, and these days we call it the cosmological

426
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Speaker 1: principle because we say it even more broadly. We say

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Speaker 1: that the whole universe is homogeneous, is isotropic, that on

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Speaker 1: a large scale, everywhere in the universe is basically the same.

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Speaker 1: There's no center, there's no edge, there's no place that's

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Speaker 1: different from any other. Place, and so if you spotted

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Speaker 1: a deviation from that, if you like, detected something which

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Speaker 1: seemed to prefer a direction, that would spoil something really

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Speaker 1: deeply fundamental at the heart of basically all of modern cosmology.

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Speaker 3: Are those two things tied together, you know, like a

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Speaker 3: special or preferred location and a preferred direction, or are

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Speaker 3: those you know independent, like can you have a preferred

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Speaker 3: direction without a preferred location?

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Speaker 1: Those are independent, They're and the same family of ideas,

439
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Speaker 1: but there are actually two separate things. And you know,

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Speaker 1: it really is interesting. The idea that the universe has

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Speaker 1: no preferred location is a symmetry, right. It says you

442
00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:21,520
Speaker 1: do an experiment here, you do an experiment there, you

443
00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,240
Speaker 1: get the same answer. Space is the same here and there.

444
00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:27,240
Speaker 1: That leads to a conservation law. We talked about it

445
00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:29,840
Speaker 1: once in the podcast. Emmy Nuther's theorems tells you that

446
00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:33,160
Speaker 1: every symmetry gives a conservation law. And in the case

447
00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:36,440
Speaker 1: of having no preferred location, that's why momentum is conserved.

448
00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:38,680
Speaker 1: And in the case of rotation, the idea that if

449
00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:40,760
Speaker 1: you rotate the universe you should always get the same

450
00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:43,720
Speaker 1: answers to your experiments. That's what gives you conservation of

451
00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:47,199
Speaker 1: angular momentum. So there are two separate ideas, but they

452
00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:50,200
Speaker 1: are closely connected, right, They're both connected to momentum.

453
00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:52,760
Speaker 3: But I guess when did people start questioning whether there

454
00:20:52,920 --> 00:20:55,280
Speaker 3: was a preferred direction? Because I've never heard of this

455
00:20:55,359 --> 00:20:57,600
Speaker 3: idea that it could have a preferred direction, Right.

456
00:20:57,480 --> 00:20:59,440
Speaker 1: It comes out of some observations that have been made

457
00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:02,560
Speaker 1: in the last few years. People have been assuming that

458
00:21:02,680 --> 00:21:06,280
Speaker 1: things are equally smooth and the same in every direction,

459
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,760
Speaker 1: but recently there's been this sort of like strange, unexplained

460
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:13,240
Speaker 1: alignment of various measurements that should be random, And when

461
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,480
Speaker 1: you see a bunch of coincidences line up, you start

462
00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:18,600
Speaker 1: to wonder, like, hmm, are these coincidences or are these

463
00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:21,640
Speaker 1: sort of like the first clues into a new way

464
00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:22,840
Speaker 1: to look at the universe?

465
00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:26,680
Speaker 3: Interesting? So this is based on some experimental results.

466
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:29,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, these are unexplained coincidences that have people starting to

467
00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:33,480
Speaker 1: wonder if the universe might actually have a preferred direction.

468
00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:35,919
Speaker 3: Well, you make it seem like a conspiracy or like

469
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:40,920
Speaker 3: a sort of secret secret undercurrent, some dark undermelly kangaroo

470
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:41,480
Speaker 3: pouch of.

471
00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:44,359
Speaker 1: The universe, exactly like some access of evil hatching some

472
00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:46,440
Speaker 1: plan to spoil our view of cosmology.

473
00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:49,000
Speaker 3: A bunch of Australians thinking about how to keep from

474
00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:49,880
Speaker 3: falling out the Earth.

475
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:52,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, and I think it's worth exploring for a moment

476
00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:55,800
Speaker 1: what this principle that we're doubting means the idea of

477
00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:58,560
Speaker 1: the universe is the same everywhere, because obviously it's not

478
00:21:58,840 --> 00:22:01,680
Speaker 1: exactly the same where, Like, you know, there's a star

479
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:04,440
Speaker 1: here and it's not a star there. There's a galaxy

480
00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:06,760
Speaker 1: over here, but it's not a galaxy over there. It's

481
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,959
Speaker 1: not true that every place in the universe is exactly identical.

482
00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:13,400
Speaker 1: It's a statement we make about very very large scales,

483
00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:16,679
Speaker 1: like if you really zoom out out past galaxies and

484
00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:20,480
Speaker 1: past galaxy clusters, out to galaxy superclusters, and you look

485
00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:22,840
Speaker 1: at sort of like the filaments and the foam of

486
00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:26,119
Speaker 1: the largest scale structure of the universe, things should be

487
00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:27,440
Speaker 1: about the same everywhere.

488
00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:29,199
Speaker 3: It just made me think, like, is it possible to

489
00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:33,080
Speaker 3: go out there into space and measure gravity and whether

490
00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:36,159
Speaker 3: or not gravity kind of pulls in one particular direction.

491
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:38,240
Speaker 3: Would that tell you if you're at the edge of

492
00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:39,840
Speaker 3: a universe, a finite universe or not.

493
00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:42,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, And that would be a deviation, right and so

494
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,199
Speaker 1: on the very largest scales, you should basically feel no

495
00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:47,879
Speaker 1: effect of gravity because there should be an even distribution

496
00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:50,480
Speaker 1: of stuff in every direction. Pick a random place in

497
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:53,240
Speaker 1: the universe and there should be you know, like superclusters

498
00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:55,199
Speaker 1: over there and superclusters over here, and in the end

499
00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:57,720
Speaker 1: they should all roughly balance. Of course, if you land

500
00:22:57,800 --> 00:22:59,920
Speaker 1: near a black hole, you're going to feel some gravity,

501
00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:02,639
Speaker 1: but on average there should be you know, effective tugging,

502
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:05,120
Speaker 1: and that comes from you know, we think the universe

503
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,960
Speaker 1: was created smoothly and created homogeneously, and you know, the

504
00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:10,920
Speaker 1: variations that we do see, the fact that there's a

505
00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:13,840
Speaker 1: galaxy here and not a galaxy there, those come from

506
00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,120
Speaker 1: the little perturbations, the little fluctuations in that smooth beginning

507
00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:19,520
Speaker 1: of the universe. I see.

508
00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,040
Speaker 3: All right, So there's some experimental measurements that tells that

509
00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:25,520
Speaker 3: maybe things are not homogenous, that maybe things do have

510
00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:28,240
Speaker 3: a preferred direction. So let's get into this secret result.

511
00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:30,200
Speaker 3: But first, let's take a quick break.

512
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,320
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561
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Speaker 1: into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt,

562
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:12,639
Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact of each

563
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,520
Speaker 1: and every bite, But the people in the dairy industry are.

564
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565
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566
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567
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568
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,679
Speaker 1: Take water, for example, most dairy farms reuse water up

569
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Speaker 1: to four times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment,

570
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Speaker 1: washes the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US

571
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Speaker 1: dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that

572
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Speaker 1: turn the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can

573
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Speaker 1: power farms, towns, and electric cars. So the next time

574
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Speaker 1: you grab a slice of pizza or lick an ice

575
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576
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Speaker 1: country are using the latest practices and innovations to provide

577
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579
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580
00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:15,080
Speaker 3: All right, we are determining whether the universe has a

581
00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:18,720
Speaker 3: specific direction it likes or dislikes or I guess we're

582
00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:21,480
Speaker 3: asking whether the universe leans a certain way Daniel, right?

583
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:23,240
Speaker 3: Or what's the universe's orientation?

584
00:27:23,359 --> 00:27:25,399
Speaker 1: That's right? Is it a chocolate universe? Is it a

585
00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:26,400
Speaker 1: vanilla universe?

586
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:30,280
Speaker 3: I was gonna say, you know, bananas or pears.

587
00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:32,440
Speaker 1: Is it Marvel or is it DC?

588
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:32,920
Speaker 5: Right?

589
00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:33,200
Speaker 11: Mm?

590
00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:36,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, And that would determine whether I like the universe

591
00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:36,840
Speaker 3: or not.

592
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:40,359
Speaker 1: Although both of those universes have villains in it, right,

593
00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:42,000
Speaker 1: Which do you think actually has more Which is the

594
00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:43,120
Speaker 1: darker universe?

595
00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,200
Speaker 3: Oh for sure, DC? Yeah. In the Marvel universe, people

596
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,120
Speaker 3: are more more three dimensional. I think evil has more

597
00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:49,800
Speaker 3: dimensions to it.

598
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,159
Speaker 1: There's certainly more ridiculous jokes in the Marvel universe.

599
00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:54,040
Speaker 3: All right, So we were talking about how maybe there

600
00:27:54,119 --> 00:27:56,399
Speaker 3: is some sort of result or some sort of experimental

601
00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,880
Speaker 3: observation that maybe doesn't look like it's random, and maybe

602
00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:02,679
Speaker 3: Hints said that maybe there could be a special direction

603
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:03,439
Speaker 3: in the universe.

604
00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:06,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, and there are actually several of these measurements which

605
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,560
Speaker 1: together are very suggestive because they're all sort of line

606
00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:12,280
Speaker 1: up to scene to prefer one direction. And the first

607
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:14,800
Speaker 1: one comes from information which should be very familiar to

608
00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:18,360
Speaker 1: listeners of the podcast. It's the cosmic microwave background radiation.

609
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:21,520
Speaker 1: This is light that comes from the very very early universe.

610
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,879
Speaker 1: Remember when the universe started, it was very hot and

611
00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:26,439
Speaker 1: very dense, but it was also very opaque. It was

612
00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:28,800
Speaker 1: sort of like the center of the sun. When things

613
00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,960
Speaker 1: are really hot and nasty. Then light gets absorbed by

614
00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,080
Speaker 1: other molecules as soon as it's made. But then the

615
00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:37,800
Speaker 1: universe expanded and it cooled, and at some moment, around

616
00:28:37,840 --> 00:28:40,640
Speaker 1: three hundred and eighty thousand years after the Big Bang,

617
00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:44,160
Speaker 1: it cooled enough to become transparent. And so the cosmic

618
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,959
Speaker 1: microwave background radiation are those photons that were created at

619
00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:51,000
Speaker 1: that moment, the first moment the universe was transparent, and

620
00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:53,040
Speaker 1: are still flying around the universe today.

621
00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:55,720
Speaker 3: Yeah, like if you point your antenna anywhere in space,

622
00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 3: you sort of get a hum, right, you get a

623
00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:00,960
Speaker 3: little like a static hiss that it actually turns out

624
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:01,920
Speaker 3: to be from the Big Bang.

625
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:04,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, And the universe was super duper hot back then.

626
00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,719
Speaker 1: It was like three thousand degrees kelvin. But in the

627
00:29:07,760 --> 00:29:10,560
Speaker 1: fourteen billion years that those photons have been flying around,

628
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:12,760
Speaker 1: the universe has expanded and so they've been sort of

629
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:16,160
Speaker 1: red shifted. They've been pulled into longer wavelengths, which we

630
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:18,920
Speaker 1: then translate into a temperature. And so the temperature of

631
00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:22,360
Speaker 1: the CMB is around two point seven kelvin, and so

632
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:24,960
Speaker 1: it's very very long wavelengths, which is why like you

633
00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:27,720
Speaker 1: can't see the CMB with your eyes. You need a

634
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:31,120
Speaker 1: special antenna. And it was discovered, you know, several decades ago.

635
00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:32,920
Speaker 1: We have a whole episode about it, and it was

636
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,560
Speaker 1: really nice piece of evidence that the universe was at

637
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:37,880
Speaker 1: one point a very hot and dense plasma.

638
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:40,360
Speaker 3: But it's not like a perfectly smooth picture. It is

639
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:42,240
Speaker 3: kind of like bumpy and lumpy, and it has a

640
00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:44,680
Speaker 3: certain texture to it. If you point your intenna in

641
00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,320
Speaker 3: one in some directions, the sort of the sky feels

642
00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:48,760
Speaker 3: hotter than other spots.

643
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:50,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's a great way to visualize what we

644
00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:54,840
Speaker 1: mean by the universe being like smooth and isotropic, because

645
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:57,600
Speaker 1: if you look at the CNB, there are variations in it.

646
00:29:57,640 --> 00:29:59,680
Speaker 1: There's little spots that are hotter and little spots that

647
00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:02,280
Speaker 1: are But that doesn't mean that's any preferred direction. It

648
00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:05,000
Speaker 1: just means that there are some random quantum fluctuations in

649
00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:08,800
Speaker 1: the early universe over this smooth background, and those fluctuations

650
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,040
Speaker 1: are exactly what led to you know, like a galaxy

651
00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:14,040
Speaker 1: forming here or a supercluster forming over there. These were

652
00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,800
Speaker 1: like the seeds of structure of the later universe, and

653
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:20,080
Speaker 1: so we study this in great detail to understand exactly

654
00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:22,960
Speaker 1: how the universe formed, and those seeds of structure really

655
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,240
Speaker 1: controlled the rest of the evolution of the universe. So

656
00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:28,600
Speaker 1: it's super interesting to look at that, and that's sort

657
00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:31,160
Speaker 1: of the scale on which we study the universe to

658
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,680
Speaker 1: understand whether it's smooth. We'd like take a big chunk

659
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:36,320
Speaker 1: of the CMB and say, is this on average the

660
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:39,120
Speaker 1: same as another big chunk of the CMB. So mostly

661
00:30:39,160 --> 00:30:41,400
Speaker 1: it's very smooth, but you're right, there are these variations

662
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,400
Speaker 1: like one part in one hundred thousand where spots are

663
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:45,240
Speaker 1: a little hotter.

664
00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:46,680
Speaker 3: Or a little colder, right, and you sort of look

665
00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:48,120
Speaker 3: at a picture of it, it sort of looks like a

666
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:50,960
Speaker 3: camouflage pattern almost in a way, right, Like it's sort

667
00:30:50,960 --> 00:30:53,720
Speaker 3: of blobby, and it has these kind of texture to it.

668
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,120
Speaker 1: And that's when that has been exaggerated.

669
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 12: Right.

670
00:30:56,360 --> 00:30:58,840
Speaker 1: If you just looked at a plot of CMB on

671
00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:01,719
Speaker 1: a normal scale, it would look perfectly smooth. It's only

672
00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 1: when you like really zoom in or you exaggerate these

673
00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:07,719
Speaker 1: fluctuations that you can even see them. And we've been

674
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:10,400
Speaker 1: sending satellites up into the sky to sample it for

675
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:12,800
Speaker 1: decades now, and we started out looking like a very

676
00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,040
Speaker 1: fuzzy picture of it, and then clear and crisper and crisper,

677
00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:18,120
Speaker 1: and now we could see it like with really high

678
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:21,200
Speaker 1: resolution and great accuracy. We can measure all these ripples,

679
00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:23,600
Speaker 1: and it allows for incredible studies of the nature of

680
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:26,240
Speaker 1: the universe. The shapes of those fluctuations tell us about

681
00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,120
Speaker 1: like how much dark matter there was back then in

682
00:31:28,160 --> 00:31:30,640
Speaker 1: the early universe, and how much dark energy there was,

683
00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:33,200
Speaker 1: and how the universe has expanded since then. It's an

684
00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 1: incredible treasure trove of information about how the universe looked

685
00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:39,560
Speaker 1: back then at the very beginning, and how it's evolved

686
00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:40,400
Speaker 1: in the meantime.

687
00:31:40,560 --> 00:31:43,440
Speaker 3: Yeah, and so it's sort of textured like a camouflage pattern,

688
00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:46,640
Speaker 3: and so which sort of varies locally in like a

689
00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:49,120
Speaker 3: small spot. But if you sort of step away from

690
00:31:49,120 --> 00:31:52,080
Speaker 3: the camouflage pattern, it all sort of generally looks the same,

691
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:55,160
Speaker 3: or it looks of homogeneously kind of a textured. But

692
00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:57,760
Speaker 3: I guess here you're saying that maybe there's a larger

693
00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:01,440
Speaker 3: a symmetry to it, like maybe some areas of the

694
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:04,760
Speaker 3: sky are differently texture than other areas of the sky.

695
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:06,280
Speaker 1: That's right. It turns out there is a little bit

696
00:32:06,320 --> 00:32:08,240
Speaker 1: of an asymmetry. If you look at the top half

697
00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:10,960
Speaker 1: of the sky, that is the part of the universe

698
00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:13,760
Speaker 1: that's like above the plane of the Solar System, it

699
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,760
Speaker 1: turns out to be a tiny little bit colder. Those

700
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: photons have a wavelength that's a little bit longer, and

701
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,000
Speaker 1: if you look down sort at the bottom half of

702
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,720
Speaker 1: the Solar system, then that portion of the sky is

703
00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:27,680
Speaker 1: a little bit hotter, those photons are a little bit bluer.

704
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,720
Speaker 3: Well, that makes sense, right. Australia is a little bit hotter.

705
00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:35,200
Speaker 1: In general, it's so hot it's heating the entire universe.

706
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:37,800
Speaker 3: I'm just kidding. But wait, when you say like the

707
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:39,600
Speaker 3: top half and the bottom half, do you mean like

708
00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:42,640
Speaker 3: the north, like if you look in the northern hemisphere

709
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:46,320
Speaker 3: of the sky, or do you mean like some other direction?

710
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,080
Speaker 1: I mean roughly the north, But I'm talking about relative

711
00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:51,400
Speaker 1: to the Solar system. So the Sun has a north

712
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:53,760
Speaker 1: pole in a south pole, and the planet's orbit around

713
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:56,560
Speaker 1: the Sun in a plane that's perpendicular to the Sun's

714
00:32:56,680 --> 00:32:58,040
Speaker 1: north pole and south pole.

715
00:32:58,160 --> 00:32:59,880
Speaker 3: I mean, like the disc that where all the planets

716
00:32:59,880 --> 00:33:02,880
Speaker 3: are spinning. It sort of forms like a plate.

717
00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:05,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it forms a plate, and the Sun's north pole

718
00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:08,200
Speaker 1: south pole goes like straight up and down through that plate,

719
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:10,120
Speaker 1: and the Earth moves along that plane. We call it

720
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:12,320
Speaker 1: the ecliptic. The Earth is a little bit tilted, so

721
00:33:12,360 --> 00:33:15,680
Speaker 1: the Earth's north and the Sun's north are not quite aligned.

722
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:17,840
Speaker 1: But when we study these things about the universe, we

723
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:20,240
Speaker 1: try to orient ourselves relative to the Sun or to

724
00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:22,560
Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy, rather than to the Earth.

725
00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:25,880
Speaker 1: It turns out that the cosmic microwave background radiation in

726
00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:28,960
Speaker 1: the Sun's northern hemisphere, that is the portion of the

727
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:31,560
Speaker 1: universe that's like above the plane of the Solar System

728
00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:33,520
Speaker 1: is a little bit colder than the rest of the

729
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:35,280
Speaker 1: universe below the Solar System.

730
00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:38,800
Speaker 3: Interesting, and so we're sure it's not like an error

731
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:41,560
Speaker 3: in measurement, like maybe they're using different units done in

732
00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:45,000
Speaker 3: Australia or Argentina where they're measuring this or No.

733
00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:48,360
Speaker 1: It's definitely a real thing. It's super fascinating, and there's

734
00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:50,400
Speaker 1: two things to understand about it. One is like, what

735
00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:53,000
Speaker 1: does it mean? And the other is what does it

736
00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,880
Speaker 1: mean that it's oriented with the plane of the Solar System?

737
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,600
Speaker 1: Like it's not necessarily a huge surprise that there is

738
00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:02,280
Speaker 1: an asymmetry, because you can interpret this as the Earth

739
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:05,960
Speaker 1: or the Solar System at least moving through the cosmic

740
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:09,279
Speaker 1: microwave background radiation. Like the universe doesn't have to have

741
00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:12,759
Speaker 1: a preferred location or a preferred direction or velocity. But

742
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:16,239
Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe, that plasma that made that

743
00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:19,719
Speaker 1: light fourteen billion years ago, it was somewhere, It had

744
00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:22,239
Speaker 1: a location, It had a rest frame, a place where

745
00:34:22,280 --> 00:34:25,400
Speaker 1: you could say, okay, I'm at rest relative to that plasma,

746
00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:26,920
Speaker 1: and so then you can say, well, you can be

747
00:34:26,920 --> 00:34:30,680
Speaker 1: at rest relative to this cosmic microwave background radiation, and

748
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:32,880
Speaker 1: it turns out that we are sort of moving through

749
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:35,800
Speaker 1: that radiation, which red shifts some of it and blue

750
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:36,960
Speaker 1: shifts other parts of it.

751
00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:37,319
Speaker 7: Right.

752
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:40,280
Speaker 3: It's almost like if you were running really fast towards

753
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:42,560
Speaker 3: a flashlight being pointed at you, you would see the

754
00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:46,400
Speaker 3: light slightly not perfectly white, but a slightly different color.

755
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 3: And if someone was pointing a flash light and you

756
00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:51,080
Speaker 3: running away, you would also when you look back, see

757
00:34:51,080 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 3: that light slightly shifted in color.

758
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:56,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so it's nice to think about the cosmic

759
00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:59,919
Speaker 1: microwave background radiation as sort of a cosmic rest frame,

760
00:35:00,120 --> 00:35:03,239
Speaker 1: something against which you can measure your velocity. That doesn't

761
00:35:03,280 --> 00:35:05,400
Speaker 1: mean the universe has a restrame, right, It's just like

762
00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:08,160
Speaker 1: these things do exist there out there, there are shining

763
00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:10,959
Speaker 1: lights at us, and so you can measure these Doppler shifts,

764
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,160
Speaker 1: as you said, these red shifting and blue shifting, and

765
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:15,719
Speaker 1: so we are moving through the CMB at like three

766
00:35:15,880 --> 00:35:18,040
Speaker 1: hundred and seventy kilometers per second.

767
00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:20,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's almost like there are flashlights pointed at us

768
00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:22,880
Speaker 3: from every direction. That's kind of the CMB, right, And

769
00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:25,400
Speaker 3: so if we're moving with and then we're going to

770
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:27,720
Speaker 3: see some of those flashlights a different color than the ones,

771
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:28,799
Speaker 3: for example, behind us.

772
00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:30,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's a point of confusion here. A

773
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:32,880
Speaker 1: lot of people write in asking like why is it

774
00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:35,920
Speaker 1: we can see the CMB right now and not earlier

775
00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:38,960
Speaker 1: or not later? And I think the conceptual idea here

776
00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:42,400
Speaker 1: to unpack is that the CMB was everywhere. This plasma

777
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:45,680
Speaker 1: filled the whole universe and generated light in every direction.

778
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:48,759
Speaker 1: What we are seeing now is just the portion of

779
00:35:48,760 --> 00:35:51,239
Speaker 1: it which happens to be arriving right now. So, as

780
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:54,400
Speaker 1: you said, imagine people shining flashlights fourteen billion years ago

781
00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:57,399
Speaker 1: in every direction, which flashlights would we see right now?

782
00:35:57,440 --> 00:36:00,520
Speaker 1: We'd see like a shell of flashlights that are super

783
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:03,280
Speaker 1: far away from us that happened to arrive right now.

784
00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:05,960
Speaker 1: As time goes on, we see a different slice of

785
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,560
Speaker 1: the CMB, So we don't see the whole CMB. We

786
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:10,440
Speaker 1: see sort of like a spherical shell of it at

787
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:11,040
Speaker 1: any moment.

788
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,399
Speaker 3: All right, So us moving through this radiation this light

789
00:36:14,440 --> 00:36:18,160
Speaker 3: would explain why it feels cooler and hotter on one

790
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,600
Speaker 3: side of the Solar system north pole or not. But

791
00:36:20,760 --> 00:36:22,800
Speaker 3: that doesn't mean that the universe has a preferred direction.

792
00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:25,359
Speaker 3: It just means we're moving through it in as certain direction.

793
00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:28,120
Speaker 1: That's right. The weird thing is that it's aligned with

794
00:36:28,239 --> 00:36:31,120
Speaker 1: the plane of our solar system, Like why is that

795
00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:34,560
Speaker 1: the CMB having some rest frame in us moving through it?

796
00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:38,120
Speaker 1: No big deal? Why are we moving through it exactly

797
00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:40,879
Speaker 1: aligned with the plane of our solar system because our

798
00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:44,440
Speaker 1: solar system, you know, has no connection to the CMB.

799
00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:46,680
Speaker 1: It just is what it is. It's not even that

800
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,319
Speaker 1: well aligned with the plane of our galaxy, which is

801
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:51,719
Speaker 1: not well aligned with the CMB. So it's a little

802
00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:55,400
Speaker 1: bit odd. It's like strange, maybe a coincidence, maybe not,

803
00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:58,279
Speaker 1: that the plane of our solar system is aligned with

804
00:36:58,320 --> 00:37:00,000
Speaker 1: this other cosmic plane.

805
00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:03,279
Speaker 3: Well, if it's not a coincidence, what else could it be.

806
00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:05,319
Speaker 1: Well, that's the question. Like, if it's not coincidence, it

807
00:37:05,360 --> 00:37:07,359
Speaker 1: needs to have some explanation. There needs to be some

808
00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:10,279
Speaker 1: mechanism that says, like, all right, the universe has a

809
00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:13,439
Speaker 1: preferred direction which causes both of these things to line

810
00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:15,440
Speaker 1: up in this direction. If you didn't know what a

811
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,080
Speaker 1: compass was, and you saw two compasses and they're like, oh, look,

812
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:20,320
Speaker 1: the red arrows are both pointing in the same direction.

813
00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:22,520
Speaker 1: I wonder why. Then you've got to dig deeper and

814
00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:26,000
Speaker 1: find some like mechanism that explains what aligns those two

815
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,840
Speaker 1: in the same direction. And so we're just the beginning

816
00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:32,120
Speaker 1: of like understanding what that might be. You know, large

817
00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:36,000
Speaker 1: scale gravitational effects on the outside of our observable universe

818
00:37:36,040 --> 00:37:38,840
Speaker 1: could like distort the whole universe in a way that

819
00:37:39,080 --> 00:37:40,680
Speaker 1: makes things aligned in this way.

820
00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:42,839
Speaker 3: For example, Uh, I think I see what you're saying.

821
00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:45,160
Speaker 3: You're saying that the fact that we see the CMB

822
00:37:45,320 --> 00:37:48,080
Speaker 3: colder in one direction and harder in another direction, it's

823
00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:52,120
Speaker 3: not evidence that the universe is somehow biased. It's the

824
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:55,280
Speaker 3: coincidence that our solar system is aligned to this direction.

825
00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:58,640
Speaker 3: That's the weird thing. Like maybe whatever caused us to

826
00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:01,319
Speaker 3: be moving in that direction and whatever caused our solar

827
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:04,520
Speaker 3: system to be pointed in that direction, maybe it's somehow related.

828
00:38:04,719 --> 00:38:06,759
Speaker 1: Yes, and it's a little weird, and you might just

829
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:09,280
Speaker 1: brush it off and say, like, oh, it's just coincidence whatever.

830
00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:11,719
Speaker 1: They both have to have a direction. But there are

831
00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:15,000
Speaker 1: other things aligned with our solar system that have been

832
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:18,680
Speaker 1: like slowly piling up the coincidences enough that people are like, hmm,

833
00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:19,440
Speaker 1: maybe this.

834
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:21,680
Speaker 3: Is a thing, all right, yeah, so what are those things?

835
00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:24,600
Speaker 1: Well, a second one also relates to the CMB, because

836
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:28,160
Speaker 1: people were wondering, like are we moving relative to the CMB,

837
00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:31,320
Speaker 1: or is the whole universe moving relative to the CNB,

838
00:38:31,480 --> 00:38:35,520
Speaker 1: Like is the entire current existing stuff in the universe

839
00:38:35,560 --> 00:38:37,920
Speaker 1: is that at rest with respect to the CMB. So

840
00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:41,960
Speaker 1: people tried to make another measurement of our velocity independent

841
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:44,000
Speaker 1: of the CMB. They try to measure the Earth or

842
00:38:44,040 --> 00:38:47,400
Speaker 1: the Solar system's velocity relative to the whole universe of

843
00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:48,960
Speaker 1: stuff that exists right.

844
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:50,799
Speaker 3: Now, you mean, the stuff that we can see.

845
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,200
Speaker 1: The stuff that we can see. Yes, And so instead

846
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:54,920
Speaker 1: of using the CMB, they're like, let's look at the

847
00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:57,200
Speaker 1: stuff that exists right now, the stuff we can see.

848
00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:58,839
Speaker 1: So what they did is they looked at a bunch

849
00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:02,760
Speaker 1: of quasars. These are very energetic black holes the hearts

850
00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:05,799
Speaker 1: of galaxies and black holes of course are themselves dark,

851
00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:08,680
Speaker 1: but these black holes are so powerful they have millions

852
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:11,160
Speaker 1: or billions of times the mass of the Sun that

853
00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:14,160
Speaker 1: they create incredible radiation around them because of the tidal

854
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:17,399
Speaker 1: forces causing friction in the gases that are falling into

855
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:19,280
Speaker 1: the black holes. So these are some of the brightest

856
00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,160
Speaker 1: things in the universe, which is really helpful because then

857
00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:23,440
Speaker 1: you can see a lot of them, and you can

858
00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:25,520
Speaker 1: see them really far away, and you can see a

859
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:28,040
Speaker 1: distortion in them because if they're like shifted in one

860
00:39:28,040 --> 00:39:30,719
Speaker 1: frequency or shifted in another frequency, you can use that

861
00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:34,520
Speaker 1: to measure our velocity relative to these quasars. So people

862
00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,880
Speaker 1: ask this question. They're like, are we moving relative to

863
00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:39,399
Speaker 1: like all the quasars that we can see out there

864
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:40,640
Speaker 1: in the universe.

865
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,080
Speaker 3: I see, trying to get a sense of like in

866
00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:46,080
Speaker 3: the observable universe, are we moving left right?

867
00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:49,280
Speaker 1: And what they found is that we are moving relative

868
00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:52,799
Speaker 1: to those quasars. We're moving around six hundred kilometers per

869
00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:55,920
Speaker 1: second relative to those quasars, which is a big surprise.

870
00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:57,799
Speaker 1: First of all, people are like, what why are we

871
00:39:57,840 --> 00:40:00,640
Speaker 1: moving so fast relative to like the a stuff in

872
00:40:00,680 --> 00:40:01,320
Speaker 1: the universe.

873
00:40:01,480 --> 00:40:03,239
Speaker 3: But when you say we're moving, do you mean like

874
00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:07,560
Speaker 3: our solar system or our Milky Way or our galaxy cluster?

875
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:08,319
Speaker 3: What do you mean?

876
00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:09,520
Speaker 1: I mean our solar system?

877
00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:12,279
Speaker 3: Okay, but don't we know how our solar system is

878
00:40:12,280 --> 00:40:14,359
Speaker 3: moving relative to the Milky Way?

879
00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:15,839
Speaker 1: Yeah? Absolutely, we do, all.

880
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:18,040
Speaker 3: Right, So you're saying that our galaxy itself is sort

881
00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:20,440
Speaker 3: of moving through the observable universe.

882
00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:23,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, our galaxy seems to be moving through the observable universe.

883
00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:26,279
Speaker 1: And the really surprising thing is that it seems to

884
00:40:26,320 --> 00:40:30,239
Speaker 1: be moving relative to these quasars in the direction aligned

885
00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:33,360
Speaker 1: with this cmb anisotropy. That is, it seems to be

886
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,680
Speaker 1: moving in the same direction along the Sun's north and

887
00:40:36,719 --> 00:40:37,320
Speaker 1: south pole.

888
00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:40,120
Speaker 3: Well that's a little weird, I guess, because you know,

889
00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:42,560
Speaker 3: like we're spinning on Earth, and the Earth is spinning

890
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:44,880
Speaker 3: around the Sun, and the Sun is spinning around the galaxy,

891
00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:47,480
Speaker 3: and the galaxy I imagine, is spinning around sort of

892
00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:51,319
Speaker 3: the larger galaxy cluster. Are you saying, I guess I'm

893
00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:53,120
Speaker 3: not sure quite what you're saying. You're saying, like all

894
00:40:53,160 --> 00:40:55,920
Speaker 3: of those sort of velocity vectors, all those directions of

895
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:59,120
Speaker 3: motion are somehow pointing in the same direction right now,

896
00:40:59,360 --> 00:41:02,720
Speaker 3: wouldn't that like, aren't we moving sometimes in this direction

897
00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:05,120
Speaker 3: and that direction as we're going around the Sun or

898
00:41:05,160 --> 00:41:05,720
Speaker 3: the galaxy?

899
00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:08,480
Speaker 1: Sure, the Earth is moving around the Sun, and the

900
00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:10,920
Speaker 1: Sun is moving around the center of the galaxy, and

901
00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:13,960
Speaker 1: the galaxy is orbiting the center of the galaxy cluster,

902
00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,359
Speaker 1: and so each of those has a velocity and a

903
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:21,200
Speaker 1: direction relative to the CMB. Right now, we're talking about

904
00:41:21,239 --> 00:41:24,480
Speaker 1: one of those in particular, which is just the velocity

905
00:41:24,520 --> 00:41:27,600
Speaker 1: of the Solar system, and that velocity vector seems to

906
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:30,920
Speaker 1: point right towards the direction of the hotter part of

907
00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:34,680
Speaker 1: the CMB, So that's really interesting and also seems to

908
00:41:34,760 --> 00:41:38,439
Speaker 1: be aligned with the direction of those quasars. And there's

909
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:42,000
Speaker 1: no reason to think that these three directions should be aligned.

910
00:41:42,080 --> 00:41:44,440
Speaker 1: They could have been anything. Now, the question of the

911
00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:48,120
Speaker 1: Earth's velocity and the galaxies velocity are separate, right, those

912
00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:51,840
Speaker 1: are different vectors. But the solar system velocity is aligned

913
00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:54,920
Speaker 1: with the CMB and with those quasars.

914
00:41:54,680 --> 00:41:58,200
Speaker 3: Which is somehow aligned with the direction of the Solar system.

915
00:41:58,320 --> 00:41:59,959
Speaker 3: Is it also aligned with the direction of the milk

916
00:42:00,560 --> 00:42:04,080
Speaker 3: Is our solar system disc in the disk of the

917
00:42:04,120 --> 00:42:04,640
Speaker 3: Milky Way?

918
00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:07,880
Speaker 1: It's not right. Our Solar system is actually tilted relative

919
00:42:07,920 --> 00:42:09,960
Speaker 1: to the disc of the Milky Way. So this required

920
00:42:10,120 --> 00:42:14,160
Speaker 1: just our solar system to somehow be weirdly aligned with

921
00:42:14,280 --> 00:42:18,879
Speaker 1: this two cosmic axis, the CMB and the quasars. It's

922
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:20,319
Speaker 1: a very strange coincidence.

923
00:42:20,480 --> 00:42:22,440
Speaker 3: But I guess if we wait a few you know,

924
00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:25,080
Speaker 3: one hundred years or a thousand years, wouldn't our direction

925
00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:27,560
Speaker 3: change because we're going around the galaxy.

926
00:42:27,239 --> 00:42:30,200
Speaker 1: So our velocity relative to the galaxy does change as

927
00:42:30,280 --> 00:42:32,839
Speaker 1: we move around the galaxy. The period of that is,

928
00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:35,760
Speaker 1: you know, very very long. It's millions and millions of years.

929
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,719
Speaker 1: But the direction of the Solar system shouldn't change. Our

930
00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:41,520
Speaker 1: conservation of angular mensum should mean that the basically the

931
00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:44,279
Speaker 1: north and south pole of the Sun shouldn't change even

932
00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:47,279
Speaker 1: as it moves around the center of the galaxy. The

933
00:42:47,280 --> 00:42:49,880
Speaker 1: same way like the direction of the earth tilt doesn't

934
00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:51,600
Speaker 1: change as it moves around the Sun.

935
00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:54,160
Speaker 3: I see, but you're saying that, then the Milky Way

936
00:42:54,239 --> 00:42:56,800
Speaker 3: is moving in the same direction as our solar system

937
00:42:56,840 --> 00:42:59,680
Speaker 3: is pointed at, which is the same as what we

938
00:42:59,719 --> 00:43:00,680
Speaker 3: measure with the CMB.

939
00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:03,560
Speaker 1: The Solar system is aligned with the direction of the CMB,

940
00:43:03,719 --> 00:43:06,440
Speaker 1: but the Milky Way is a little bit tilted relative

941
00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:09,160
Speaker 1: to the Solar system, so it's not quite as aligned.

942
00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:12,800
Speaker 1: And there's a third weird coincidence in the same direction.

943
00:43:13,120 --> 00:43:13,719
Speaker 3: Well what is it?

944
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:16,400
Speaker 1: So people are constantly looking for things that are weirdly liigned,

945
00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:18,600
Speaker 1: and so what they did is they looked at these

946
00:43:18,680 --> 00:43:21,799
Speaker 1: spins of galaxies. You can look out deep into the

947
00:43:21,840 --> 00:43:24,000
Speaker 1: universe and look at all these galaxies and you can

948
00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:27,279
Speaker 1: measure which direction they're spinning in, Like a galaxy is

949
00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:29,320
Speaker 1: like a little swirl, and you can tell which direction

950
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:31,040
Speaker 1: it's spinning, like is it's spinning left or is it

951
00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:33,440
Speaker 1: spinning right based on the direction that the arms are

952
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:35,440
Speaker 1: sort of trailing behind it. And you can look out

953
00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:36,920
Speaker 1: and you can count, like how many of them are

954
00:43:36,920 --> 00:43:39,520
Speaker 1: clockwise and how many of them are anti clockwise. And

955
00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:42,480
Speaker 1: you might expect if the universe is random and isotropic

956
00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:44,880
Speaker 1: and no preferred directions, for that to be like roughly

957
00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:48,399
Speaker 1: even everywhere. Well, what they see is that there isn't asymmetry,

958
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:51,920
Speaker 1: and they see this asymmetry again aligned with the plane

959
00:43:51,960 --> 00:43:54,680
Speaker 1: of the Solar System, that galaxies you can see above

960
00:43:54,760 --> 00:43:57,880
Speaker 1: the ecliptic are more clockwise, and the galaxy you can

961
00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:01,480
Speaker 1: see below the ecliptic tend to be more counterclockwise swirling.

962
00:44:01,719 --> 00:44:06,000
Speaker 3: What wouldn't that be explained by the fact that you know,

963
00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:08,520
Speaker 3: like you're looking at the bottoms of some galaxies and

964
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:10,880
Speaker 3: you're looking at the tops of some galaxies depending on

965
00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:11,640
Speaker 3: how you look at them.

966
00:44:11,719 --> 00:44:13,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, but if they're randomly oriented, you should see the

967
00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:17,440
Speaker 1: same number of clockwise and counterclockwise, like the same galaxy.

968
00:44:17,640 --> 00:44:20,240
Speaker 1: If it's spinning in one direction, you'll see a clockwise

969
00:44:20,320 --> 00:44:22,640
Speaker 1: or counterclockwise depending on which side of it you are on.

970
00:44:23,120 --> 00:44:25,080
Speaker 1: But if they're all in random places and all in

971
00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:28,520
Speaker 1: random directions, you should see the same number in every direction.

972
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:31,560
Speaker 1: It's like if you throw a million coins in a room,

973
00:44:31,560 --> 00:44:33,440
Speaker 1: you should have the same number of heads and tails

974
00:44:33,440 --> 00:44:35,840
Speaker 1: in every direction. Right, But we see an asymmetry. We

975
00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:38,080
Speaker 1: see like more heads over here and more tails over here,

976
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:41,640
Speaker 1: which is weird already, but that asymmetry is then aligned

977
00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:43,960
Speaker 1: with these other asymmetries we see the one in the

978
00:44:43,960 --> 00:44:47,360
Speaker 1: CMB and the motion relative to the quasars interesting.

979
00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:49,160
Speaker 3: I mean, it's sort of like the whole toilet slashing

980
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,120
Speaker 3: in the different direction of the Southern hemisphere.

981
00:44:51,640 --> 00:44:54,480
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, yeah, though I don't know if that's really

982
00:44:54,480 --> 00:44:54,799
Speaker 1: a thing.

983
00:44:55,040 --> 00:44:57,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, I think it is a thing, right, because we

984
00:44:57,120 --> 00:45:00,200
Speaker 3: know that the hurricanes spin in different directions, right.

985
00:45:00,160 --> 00:45:02,759
Speaker 1: They do spin in different directions because of the corials. First,

986
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:04,479
Speaker 1: you're absolutely right, but I don't know if that actually

987
00:45:04,560 --> 00:45:08,000
Speaker 1: controls the direction in which toilets flush. So Australian listeners

988
00:45:08,120 --> 00:45:09,600
Speaker 1: let us know, but.

989
00:45:09,560 --> 00:45:11,120
Speaker 3: Don't all flush at the same time, because you're going

990
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:13,120
Speaker 3: to drain the continent dress.

991
00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:15,200
Speaker 1: You'll slow the earth spin if you all flush at

992
00:45:15,239 --> 00:45:15,960
Speaker 1: the same time.

993
00:45:16,160 --> 00:45:18,560
Speaker 3: All right, Well, so there's a lot of interesting coins

994
00:45:18,560 --> 00:45:20,600
Speaker 3: in this is that maybe tell you that the universe

995
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:23,000
Speaker 3: has a preferred direction. And so let's get into what

996
00:45:23,040 --> 00:45:25,360
Speaker 3: this all means. But first, let's take a quick break.

997
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:31,400
Speaker 3: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

998
00:45:31,480 --> 00:45:34,640
Speaker 3: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

999
00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:38,720
Speaker 3: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

1000
00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:41,360
Speaker 3: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

1001
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:45,719
Speaker 3: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

1002
00:45:45,719 --> 00:45:48,319
Speaker 3: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

1003
00:45:48,360 --> 00:45:50,720
Speaker 3: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

1004
00:45:50,760 --> 00:45:54,959
Speaker 3: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

1005
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:58,600
Speaker 3: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

1006
00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:01,600
Speaker 3: The same water cools the mill, well clean's equipment, washes

1007
00:46:01,640 --> 00:46:04,480
Speaker 3: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

1008
00:46:04,480 --> 00:46:08,239
Speaker 3: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

1009
00:46:08,280 --> 00:46:12,200
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1010
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:14,279
Speaker 3: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

1011
00:46:14,320 --> 00:46:16,360
Speaker 3: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

1012
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:19,080
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1013
00:46:19,120 --> 00:46:22,640
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1014
00:46:22,760 --> 00:46:25,479
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Speaker 3: usdairy dot com Slash sustainability to learn more.

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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, here's now our favorite question. What does

1055
00:48:39,040 --> 00:48:41,759
Speaker 3: it all mean? Man? What does it mean that the

1056
00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:44,600
Speaker 3: universe hasn't preferred directions? I guess the theory is, the

1057
00:48:44,680 --> 00:48:47,560
Speaker 3: hypothesis is that the universe has some sort of preferred

1058
00:48:47,560 --> 00:48:51,600
Speaker 3: direction that is somehow making galaxies all sort of spin

1059
00:48:51,680 --> 00:48:54,840
Speaker 3: in roughly the same direction, and it's making our solar

1060
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:58,400
Speaker 3: system roughly spin in that direction, and everyone's moving in

1061
00:48:58,480 --> 00:49:00,239
Speaker 3: that direction. To what does that mean?

1062
00:49:00,360 --> 00:49:02,879
Speaker 1: We really don't know what it means. And mainstream cosmology

1063
00:49:03,120 --> 00:49:06,359
Speaker 1: is very certain that it's all just random, that it's fluctuations.

1064
00:49:06,400 --> 00:49:09,040
Speaker 1: They are very strong believers in the cosmological principle that

1065
00:49:09,080 --> 00:49:11,160
Speaker 1: the universe is the same everywhere and that there is

1066
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:13,880
Speaker 1: no preferred direction. It would just be very difficult for

1067
00:49:13,920 --> 00:49:16,279
Speaker 1: them to give up this principle, which is precisely why

1068
00:49:16,320 --> 00:49:18,320
Speaker 1: it's so much fun to think about and to talk about,

1069
00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:21,759
Speaker 1: because it's those kind of like huge mental revolutions that

1070
00:49:21,840 --> 00:49:24,239
Speaker 1: are the best moments in physics. And so what does

1071
00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:26,720
Speaker 1: it mean. It means that people should spend some time

1072
00:49:26,760 --> 00:49:29,360
Speaker 1: thinking about how it might be possible to have a

1073
00:49:29,440 --> 00:49:33,080
Speaker 1: universe with a preferred direction and how that might manifest itself.

1074
00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:34,839
Speaker 1: And so the next step is to like come up

1075
00:49:34,840 --> 00:49:37,880
Speaker 1: with an explanation that could link all these things together

1076
00:49:38,040 --> 00:49:40,400
Speaker 1: and then figure out a way to test that. You know,

1077
00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:42,520
Speaker 1: before you get there, you got to like really make

1078
00:49:42,560 --> 00:49:44,920
Speaker 1: sure that these things are real. So we've done a

1079
00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:47,200
Speaker 1: lot of careful studies, like make sure these aren't like

1080
00:49:47,239 --> 00:49:50,600
Speaker 1: an artifact or some problem with the data processing. You know,

1081
00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:52,719
Speaker 1: that it really is real. But a lot of these

1082
00:49:52,719 --> 00:49:56,000
Speaker 1: things have been confirmed independently by like several different satellites,

1083
00:49:56,080 --> 00:49:58,080
Speaker 1: especially the CMB and isotropy.

1084
00:49:58,120 --> 00:50:00,279
Speaker 3: All right, so what are some of the possibilities about

1085
00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:01,080
Speaker 3: what could be going on?

1086
00:50:01,160 --> 00:50:03,160
Speaker 1: Well, I had a hard time finding anything that was

1087
00:50:03,160 --> 00:50:05,440
Speaker 1: really very credible. The only idea I could find that

1088
00:50:05,520 --> 00:50:08,839
Speaker 1: really wasn't immediately dismissible was the idea that there could

1089
00:50:08,880 --> 00:50:13,720
Speaker 1: be some like giant cloud of matter outside the observable universe.

1090
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:15,839
Speaker 1: You know, we think maybe the universe is infinite. We

1091
00:50:15,840 --> 00:50:18,640
Speaker 1: can see a piece of it, but there should be

1092
00:50:18,680 --> 00:50:21,600
Speaker 1: parts of the universe beyond the things that we can see,

1093
00:50:21,680 --> 00:50:25,400
Speaker 1: and in principle, those could be affecting things in our universe.

1094
00:50:25,880 --> 00:50:29,360
Speaker 1: Like the things outside the observable universe we can't directly see,

1095
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,759
Speaker 1: but things in our observable universe could see them that

1096
00:50:32,880 --> 00:50:36,319
Speaker 1: could be influenced by them gravitationally. So now imagine some

1097
00:50:36,520 --> 00:50:39,440
Speaker 1: like crazy collection of stuff on the outside of the

1098
00:50:39,440 --> 00:50:44,080
Speaker 1: observable universe that's like distorting what's happening inside the observable universe.

1099
00:50:44,520 --> 00:50:48,520
Speaker 1: It's ridiculous, and it would require like incredible cosmic structures

1100
00:50:48,560 --> 00:50:52,520
Speaker 1: and gravitational effects, but it's sort of the only plausible

1101
00:50:52,520 --> 00:50:53,920
Speaker 1: direction to explain.

1102
00:50:53,560 --> 00:50:57,000
Speaker 3: This interesting, all right, So maybe there's a giant I

1103
00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,719
Speaker 3: don't know, kangaroo space kangaroo which is outside of our

1104
00:50:59,719 --> 00:51:04,080
Speaker 3: feet division that is somehow skewing the whole universe. What

1105
00:51:04,120 --> 00:51:04,920
Speaker 3: else could be going on?

1106
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:07,160
Speaker 1: It could also just be random, you know, it's very

1107
00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:09,760
Speaker 1: difficult to know what the chances of this are happening.

1108
00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:12,320
Speaker 1: In physics, whenever we want to conclude that something is real.

1109
00:51:12,480 --> 00:51:14,160
Speaker 1: We need to know what are the chances that this

1110
00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:16,960
Speaker 1: could have just happened by a random You know, eventually,

1111
00:51:16,960 --> 00:51:19,759
Speaker 1: if you flip enough coins you will see weird deviation.

1112
00:51:19,880 --> 00:51:22,439
Speaker 1: So we want to not conclude something deep and true

1113
00:51:22,440 --> 00:51:24,440
Speaker 1: about the universe if it just happens to be a

1114
00:51:24,480 --> 00:51:27,640
Speaker 1: strange fluctuation. In this case, it's very difficult to evaluate

1115
00:51:27,680 --> 00:51:30,080
Speaker 1: that because we didn't set out trying to measure this.

1116
00:51:30,160 --> 00:51:33,080
Speaker 1: We sort of noticed it after the fact, and it's

1117
00:51:33,120 --> 00:51:35,960
Speaker 1: easy to notice coincidences after the fact. That it's hard

1118
00:51:36,440 --> 00:51:39,799
Speaker 1: to account for all the coincidences you didn't notice. And

1119
00:51:39,880 --> 00:51:42,480
Speaker 1: so to really like measure what the chances are of

1120
00:51:42,480 --> 00:51:44,920
Speaker 1: this happening, you need to imagine, like what are all

1121
00:51:44,960 --> 00:51:47,680
Speaker 1: the other things you might have seen and noticed, And

1122
00:51:47,719 --> 00:51:51,560
Speaker 1: that's impossible. For example, somebody went through the CMB spectrum

1123
00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:55,040
Speaker 1: and they found that the initials of Stephen Hawking can

1124
00:51:55,080 --> 00:51:57,800
Speaker 1: be read in the cosmic microwave background radiation.

1125
00:51:58,160 --> 00:52:01,120
Speaker 3: What graffiti the beginning of the universe.

1126
00:52:01,440 --> 00:52:04,160
Speaker 1: It's ridiculous, But there is a patch in the CMB which,

1127
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:06,920
Speaker 1: if you're looking for it spells out the letters S

1128
00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:09,319
Speaker 1: and H. You know, what are the chances of that?

1129
00:52:09,440 --> 00:52:13,040
Speaker 1: For example, Well, you know who can know, because you know,

1130
00:52:13,080 --> 00:52:15,080
Speaker 1: who knows what other things you would have looked for

1131
00:52:15,360 --> 00:52:17,320
Speaker 1: in the consert background radiation.

1132
00:52:17,440 --> 00:52:19,439
Speaker 3: Yeah, that could be a coincidence. But then the other

1133
00:52:19,480 --> 00:52:21,480
Speaker 3: part of it is the part that says was here

1134
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:23,200
Speaker 3: that one's harder to explain.

1135
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:27,799
Speaker 1: There was, here's a joke. The sn H really is there, Like,

1136
00:52:27,840 --> 00:52:29,200
Speaker 1: you can go and look for it. This is not

1137
00:52:29,239 --> 00:52:32,000
Speaker 1: something I'm making up. It's just an example of how

1138
00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:35,480
Speaker 1: things that seem totally implausible really can't just be random

1139
00:52:35,719 --> 00:52:39,480
Speaker 1: because it's very hard to measure. The chances of something happening.

1140
00:52:39,280 --> 00:52:40,840
Speaker 3: Also depends on your point of view, Like if you

1141
00:52:40,840 --> 00:52:44,320
Speaker 3: look at it upside down, it says HS. So maybe

1142
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:47,279
Speaker 3: it was really Harry Styles who graffiti the beginning of

1143
00:52:47,320 --> 00:52:49,520
Speaker 3: the universe. That guy seems eternal, you know.

1144
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:51,600
Speaker 1: And he's pissed that Stephen Hawking he's getting all of

1145
00:52:51,640 --> 00:52:52,120
Speaker 1: his press.

1146
00:52:52,840 --> 00:52:55,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, or maybe it's all a big joke. Maybe they're

1147
00:52:55,040 --> 00:52:57,760
Speaker 3: the same person, Harry Styles is sleeping Hawky.

1148
00:52:58,040 --> 00:52:59,920
Speaker 1: But you know, to really answer this question, you need

1149
00:53:00,120 --> 00:53:03,359
Speaker 1: to either develop a theory which explains these coincidences and

1150
00:53:03,520 --> 00:53:06,520
Speaker 1: make some prediction we could test, or you know, you

1151
00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:10,600
Speaker 1: need to build like another CMB telescope and teleport it

1152
00:53:10,640 --> 00:53:12,520
Speaker 1: to other parts of the universe to see if it

1153
00:53:12,560 --> 00:53:15,680
Speaker 1: measures the same things somewhere else, Because really the question

1154
00:53:15,719 --> 00:53:18,320
Speaker 1: we're asking is are we in a privileged location? Is

1155
00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:21,000
Speaker 1: what we're seeing weird? And the most direct way to

1156
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:22,719
Speaker 1: answer that is to go to other parts of the

1157
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:25,440
Speaker 1: universe and to make these measurements there. That's, of course

1158
00:53:25,760 --> 00:53:28,600
Speaker 1: totally impractical, but that would sort of like really deeply

1159
00:53:28,640 --> 00:53:29,640
Speaker 1: answer the question.

1160
00:53:29,719 --> 00:53:31,520
Speaker 3: Right Or I wonder if it could be that also

1161
00:53:31,560 --> 00:53:34,320
Speaker 3: that the universe doesn't have a preferred direction, but somehow

1162
00:53:34,320 --> 00:53:37,360
Speaker 3: the matter and the way it formed in the universe

1163
00:53:37,640 --> 00:53:40,640
Speaker 3: that we are living in, maybe somehow it started spinning

1164
00:53:40,640 --> 00:53:43,239
Speaker 3: in one direction, just like our Solar system randomly picked

1165
00:53:43,239 --> 00:53:44,360
Speaker 3: the direction to be spinning it.

1166
00:53:44,600 --> 00:53:47,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, although if the universe is infinite, then we would

1167
00:53:47,320 --> 00:53:50,279
Speaker 1: expect all those things to average out. Right that you

1168
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:53,000
Speaker 1: do have clumpiness here, and you do have rotation there,

1169
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:55,480
Speaker 1: but on average things should be even. And the kind

1170
00:53:55,520 --> 00:53:58,080
Speaker 1: of things we're measuring, you know, the spinning of galaxies

1171
00:53:58,080 --> 00:54:01,520
Speaker 1: across these huge distances, we do expect things to average

1172
00:54:01,560 --> 00:54:03,880
Speaker 1: out on those distances. They don't average out on the

1173
00:54:03,920 --> 00:54:06,600
Speaker 1: Solar system distance or the galaxy distance, but you know,

1174
00:54:06,680 --> 00:54:10,480
Speaker 1: across huge superclusters, they really should average out.

1175
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:12,440
Speaker 3: All right, Well, I think this all just kind of

1176
00:54:12,440 --> 00:54:15,040
Speaker 3: points to how interesting it is that we're trying to

1177
00:54:15,080 --> 00:54:18,560
Speaker 3: decode the entire universe from this one little spot in

1178
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:19,880
Speaker 3: the corner that we're sitting on.

1179
00:54:19,960 --> 00:54:20,120
Speaker 9: You know.

1180
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:22,680
Speaker 3: It's like, you know, we're sticking our finger out trying

1181
00:54:22,719 --> 00:54:24,919
Speaker 3: to measure the wind of the universe, but really we're

1182
00:54:24,960 --> 00:54:27,680
Speaker 3: just like confined to this one spot where we are.

1183
00:54:27,920 --> 00:54:29,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it also gives you a glimpse into sort

1184
00:54:29,960 --> 00:54:32,320
Speaker 1: of the process of physics. When you look back on

1185
00:54:32,360 --> 00:54:34,480
Speaker 1: the history of physics, it seems sort of like inevitable,

1186
00:54:34,520 --> 00:54:36,160
Speaker 1: like we found this, then we figured that out, then

1187
00:54:36,160 --> 00:54:38,360
Speaker 1: we figured this other thing out. But at any moment,

1188
00:54:38,440 --> 00:54:41,440
Speaker 1: we're really just clueless. When we're exploring lots of different paths,

1189
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:44,200
Speaker 1: some of which are totally bonkers and some of which

1190
00:54:44,520 --> 00:54:47,879
Speaker 1: could be the seeds of a future understanding. People could

1191
00:54:47,880 --> 00:54:49,560
Speaker 1: look back in these moments and be like, oh, yeah,

1192
00:54:49,640 --> 00:54:52,120
Speaker 1: people first found out about this crazy thing in the

1193
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:54,920
Speaker 1: universe back then, and people didn't really believe it for

1194
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:57,400
Speaker 1: a long time, and it took forever to take hold.

1195
00:54:57,640 --> 00:55:00,239
Speaker 1: That could be this idea, right, now or this would

1196
00:55:00,280 --> 00:55:03,479
Speaker 1: just be another in the long series of science dead ends.

1197
00:55:03,640 --> 00:55:05,919
Speaker 3: I guess. In the meantime, if you're in Australia, watch

1198
00:55:05,960 --> 00:55:09,280
Speaker 3: your step, don't fall off, and don't flush the toilet

1199
00:55:09,320 --> 00:55:09,879
Speaker 3: at the same time.

1200
00:55:10,040 --> 00:55:12,160
Speaker 1: That's right, keep spinning everyone, All right, Well.

1201
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:14,919
Speaker 3: We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See

1202
00:55:14,920 --> 00:55:15,480
Speaker 3: you next time.

1203
00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:26,160
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain

1204
00:55:26,200 --> 00:55:30,200
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1205
00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:34,880
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

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