1 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:12,320 Speaker 1: Hey, I hear that you like taking cruises. I just 2 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: recently took my first one last last week. Well, let 3 00:00:16,239 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: me ask you a question. Before you get on the cruise. 4 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:20,680 Speaker 1: Do you do like a lot of research to figure 5 00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:22,360 Speaker 1: out where the cruise is going to stop? Or you 6 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:25,360 Speaker 1: just sort of trust them to take you to nice places? Well, 7 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:26,920 Speaker 1: I think the whole point of a cruise is that 8 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:30,320 Speaker 1: you don't have to do any research or worry about anything. Oh, 9 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: it's about physical and mental laziness. You just get on 10 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 1: and you gain weight. That's the whole point. Do they 11 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:40,120 Speaker 1: charge you per pound or per pound gain? Exactly? The way? 12 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:44,519 Speaker 1: How much of it stays with you is how much 13 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:46,639 Speaker 1: they charge you. But do you like just hanging out 14 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:47,879 Speaker 1: on the boat or do you like that they take 15 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:50,239 Speaker 1: you to different places to explore? Well, I've only done 16 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:52,280 Speaker 1: it once and it was sort of a nice mix 17 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:54,440 Speaker 1: of both. Like you spend some time at sea just 18 00:00:54,520 --> 00:00:56,640 Speaker 1: hanging out on the boat, and you spend some time 19 00:00:56,920 --> 00:01:00,880 Speaker 1: like disembarking and exploring some new different country. And what 20 00:01:00,880 --> 00:01:03,480 Speaker 1: do you look for when you're embarking and exploring a 21 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:08,320 Speaker 1: new country? Bananas? That's bad. That's about all that I need, 22 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:10,880 Speaker 1: all right? Well, In that case, I have got a 23 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:14,479 Speaker 1: cruise to sell. You do tell how much does it cost? Well, 24 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:16,640 Speaker 1: would you buy a ticket on a cruise that stops 25 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,039 Speaker 1: at all sorts of alien planets outside our Solar system? 26 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: It depends. I guess you know how how good is 27 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: the buffet? It doesn't really like dehydrated food, astern not food, 28 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: I don't know. It turns out it's mostly bananas, right, 29 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:34,640 Speaker 1: Dehydrated bananas do are harder to slip on in s 30 00:01:34,959 --> 00:01:37,679 Speaker 1: g Alright, the listeners, there is a seat available for 31 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: our cruise to exoplanets. Hi. I'm or handmade cartoonists and 32 00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:01,600 Speaker 1: the creator of PhD comics. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle 33 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:03,560 Speaker 1: physicist and I might be the only person on the 34 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: planet who doesn't like taking cruises. Have you been on 35 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: a cruise, Daniel? I have been on exactly one cruise. 36 00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:11,920 Speaker 1: Did not like it. Not a fan, No, to me. 37 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 1: I'm not a big fan of hotels, kind of a homebody, 38 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:16,360 Speaker 1: and to me, a cruise is sort of like a 39 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,520 Speaker 1: floating hotel you're trapped in. Well, anyways, we hope you 40 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: that you are listening to this on a cruise or 41 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:24,640 Speaker 1: maybe not. Uh, and so welcome to our podcast Daniel 42 00:02:24,639 --> 00:02:27,880 Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart 43 00:02:27,960 --> 00:02:31,520 Speaker 1: Radio in which we cruise around the universe finding weird 44 00:02:31,560 --> 00:02:34,880 Speaker 1: and interesting stuff to dig up and explain to you 45 00:02:35,160 --> 00:02:39,639 Speaker 1: to download into your brain. Um, the buffet of fascinating physics, 46 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: that's right. So you just have to hop on board, 47 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:47,000 Speaker 1: sit back, and relax, and and cruise around with us 48 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:51,520 Speaker 1: through the furthest reaches of human knowledge. That's right. Today's 49 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 1: efforts to fatten up your cerebral cortex. We are going 50 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:59,079 Speaker 1: to be zooming around the universe and wondering what does 51 00:02:59,120 --> 00:03:01,240 Speaker 1: it look like out there? So today on the podcast, 52 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:10,360 Speaker 1: we'll be talking about water planets outside of our Solar system, 53 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: Like where are they? What do we know about other 54 00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: planets that are not the ones that are right immediately 55 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:18,919 Speaker 1: next to us? And this is sort of the first 56 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,880 Speaker 1: question I thought about when I heard about the discovery 57 00:03:22,919 --> 00:03:26,720 Speaker 1: of planets around other solar systems, Because what's the point 58 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: of finding these planets if you can't imagine going there, 59 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: if you can't like ever go see them and swimming 60 00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: those alien oceans? And so I wondered, like, what are 61 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: these planets like? Are they like Earth? Or they like 62 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:40,440 Speaker 1: sad or they like Jupiter. Are they like something totally 63 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:43,280 Speaker 1: weird and different? Right, because we know what the planets 64 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:46,160 Speaker 1: are like in our Solar system, right, There's some there 65 00:03:46,160 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: are just big balls of gas. There are some there 66 00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: are just big rocks. And so the question is is 67 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:54,160 Speaker 1: that kind of the model for the rest of the 68 00:03:54,240 --> 00:03:58,119 Speaker 1: universe or our planets maybe totally different outside of our 69 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:01,160 Speaker 1: Solar system. And that's such an citing moment in science 70 00:04:01,160 --> 00:04:03,200 Speaker 1: when we first get to sort of crack open that 71 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:06,440 Speaker 1: box and learn whether the things we've known for hundreds 72 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:09,720 Speaker 1: of years are typical, like representative, like the rest of 73 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:13,200 Speaker 1: the universe is like this, or whether we've been misled 74 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:16,200 Speaker 1: into thinking that most solar systems are like ours, when 75 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:19,440 Speaker 1: in fact ours is an anomaly. We never know until 76 00:04:19,480 --> 00:04:21,840 Speaker 1: we go and explore those other solar systems, until we 77 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:24,840 Speaker 1: actually get the data. So those moments in science, when 78 00:04:24,880 --> 00:04:27,400 Speaker 1: we get to ask nature of these questions and learn 79 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:29,840 Speaker 1: for the first time in human history what the sort 80 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:32,559 Speaker 1: of larger cosmic context is. That's the kind of stuff 81 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:34,359 Speaker 1: that gets me really excited, because you know, if you 82 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: watch science fiction movies or Star Trek or Star Wars, 83 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 1: you would think that every other planet in the universe 84 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,919 Speaker 1: looks a lot like the Earth, maybe because most of 85 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 1: them are actually filmed on Earth. Wait, what a surprising 86 00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:51,640 Speaker 1: number of planets look like southern California, so nondescript desert 87 00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 1: outside of the Angus. That's right, exactly. But you know, 88 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: you've got to give people credit, Like, all we can 89 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: do is imagine sort of what we know and extrap 90 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:01,479 Speaker 1: a little little bit from there. It's really hard to 91 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:06,359 Speaker 1: imagine something totally new, something totally alien, something outside of 92 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:10,840 Speaker 1: our experience. That takes unfathomable creativity, really, and so what 93 00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:12,800 Speaker 1: we need is more data. We need to go out 94 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:15,680 Speaker 1: there and see what are these planets like? And uh 95 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:17,839 Speaker 1: and so I'm as an avid fan of science fiction, 96 00:05:17,960 --> 00:05:20,400 Speaker 1: I'm desperate for this data. I'm really curious to know 97 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:24,159 Speaker 1: what do other planets and around other stars actually look like. Yeah, 98 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:27,400 Speaker 1: because because all those movies and TV shows could be right, right, 99 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:30,240 Speaker 1: you know, there could be a lot of planets out 100 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:32,680 Speaker 1: there that look just like the Earth, you know, blue 101 00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:37,480 Speaker 1: and green and with deserts and um humanoid blue people. 102 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 1: That's right, It certainly could be. It could be that 103 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:43,320 Speaker 1: planets or of a few varieties you know, rocky with 104 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: some water around them, um, gas, giants, etcetera. Or could 105 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:49,680 Speaker 1: be that there's a whole other class of planet that 106 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:52,440 Speaker 1: we've never even imagined before, right, that we've never seen 107 00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:56,200 Speaker 1: just because there isn't one example in these eight planets 108 00:05:56,240 --> 00:05:58,800 Speaker 1: around our Solar system. But you know, there's billions of 109 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: planets in the universe. So the odds that we have 110 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,360 Speaker 1: an example of every kind of planet in these eight 111 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:07,120 Speaker 1: seem pretty probable right there. It's got to be some 112 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:11,480 Speaker 1: crazy surprises out there. Yeah, we only have eight data points, 113 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: you know, eight examples. Yeah, imagine you have what a 114 00:06:14,240 --> 00:06:16,279 Speaker 1: planet can be like. Yeah, imagine you have a bag 115 00:06:16,360 --> 00:06:19,480 Speaker 1: of fifty billion marbles and you get to draw eight 116 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:23,040 Speaker 1: marbles out and from that extrapolate what the other fifty 117 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,320 Speaker 1: billion look like, right, I mean, that's a pretty small 118 00:06:26,440 --> 00:06:29,160 Speaker 1: lever armed to make some guesses or maybe not just 119 00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:33,400 Speaker 1: what they're like, but how often earthlike planets happen out there? 120 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:36,240 Speaker 1: You know, it's super rare to be a blue and 121 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:40,479 Speaker 1: green and beautiful with them jungles and desserts, or is 122 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:42,320 Speaker 1: it pretty common? That's right? And you can take this 123 00:06:42,400 --> 00:06:45,159 Speaker 1: question from from the sort of like fantastical creative side, 124 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:46,920 Speaker 1: like what do they look like. And you can take 125 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:48,920 Speaker 1: it from the practical side, like you were saying, like, 126 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 1: could we live on any of those or is it 127 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,360 Speaker 1: worth sending colony ships to any of these other planets 128 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,960 Speaker 1: to sort of expand the human diaspora. That's a great question. 129 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: And the mind blowing thing is that up until maybe 130 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:03,800 Speaker 1: what like twenty years ago, twenty five years ago, we 131 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:07,479 Speaker 1: didn't really have confirmation or no for sure that there 132 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 1: were other planets. Like thirty years ago, for all we know, 133 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:12,720 Speaker 1: we could have been the only planets in the universe. 134 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: That's right. We had no evidence, We had no evidence 135 00:07:15,440 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: for other planets, and and it's because it's really hard 136 00:07:18,040 --> 00:07:20,680 Speaker 1: to see planets around other stars, and so we thought 137 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:23,960 Speaker 1: it pretty unlikely that there were no planets around any 138 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:27,280 Speaker 1: other stars. But we didn't actually know until thirty years ago. 139 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:30,720 Speaker 1: And since then the field is taken off and we've 140 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:33,400 Speaker 1: we've learned about a lot about these planets, and now 141 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: we're even at the point we're starting to get some 142 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: glimpses as to what they might look like. It's a 143 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 1: fascinating moment in astronomy. Yeah, all right, well let's get 144 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: into it. And and so there's a technical term Daniel, Right, 145 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:47,280 Speaker 1: for planets that are outside of our solar system. Right, 146 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: there's a science term for them, that's right. Were you 147 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: on the committee that made this name, by the way, 148 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,360 Speaker 1: I was not. I would have um, I should have been. Well, 149 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:58,240 Speaker 1: they're they're officially called exo planets, which always makes me 150 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:01,800 Speaker 1: think of like you know, exo skelet teens or you know, 151 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:05,680 Speaker 1: like like an armor or like you know bugs. Well, 152 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:09,080 Speaker 1: that's exactly right, Like exo exo skeleton is a skeleton 153 00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:12,000 Speaker 1: on the outside. So to me, XO means like outside 154 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:15,680 Speaker 1: like a way, So exo planets are like planets outside 155 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:18,320 Speaker 1: our solar system. To me, it makes a lot of sense. Also, 156 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:21,520 Speaker 1: it launched a whole set of names of new fields, 157 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: you know, like exo planetology, exo meteorology, extro exo biology. Right, 158 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:32,640 Speaker 1: these are some extra exo paleontology. You can just add 159 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:34,800 Speaker 1: exo to your scientific field and all of a sudden 160 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:42,199 Speaker 1: it's much cooler. EXO psychology. Yeah, exo cartoonists, exo economist, 161 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:51,120 Speaker 1: XO podcasts. Technically our podcast is XO solar system. And 162 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,319 Speaker 1: what in a couple of years, the signal will probably 163 00:08:54,679 --> 00:08:58,280 Speaker 1: leave the solar system. Yeah, yeah, exactly Um, are these 164 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:00,880 Speaker 1: podcast waves and they are broadcast over the radio will 165 00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: leave the solar system. You're right, Oh my gosh, I'm 166 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: I'm having a moment here realizing that our words are 167 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:10,280 Speaker 1: transmitting through the cosmos. You're freaking out all of a sudden, 168 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,960 Speaker 1: I have stage fright because the stage has just grown dramatically. 169 00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:17,679 Speaker 1: All right, well, let's the question is then, what are 170 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: these What do we know about these planets that are 171 00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:22,199 Speaker 1: outside of our solar system? So we have a pretty 172 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:24,520 Speaker 1: good idea of the ones in our solar system. Right, 173 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: there's eight. There used to be nine. Now they're eight 174 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:31,920 Speaker 1: because some people did not like Pluto, and we know 175 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: that there are some of them are gassing somewhere. There 176 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:36,440 Speaker 1: are big somewhere. The are hot and small and rocky, 177 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:40,840 Speaker 1: but we we really don't um had any idea what 178 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,240 Speaker 1: they would look like outside of our solar system. Right, 179 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:48,439 Speaker 1: you want to hear my favorite Pluto planet um controversy story. Yeah, 180 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:52,400 Speaker 1: for sure. Um. Well, there's a fantastic planetarium in Chicago. Favorite, 181 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 1: so you have several favorite. Um, there's this fantastic planetarium 182 00:09:56,800 --> 00:10:01,160 Speaker 1: outside Chicago in Chicago, downtown Chicago, the Adler Planetarium, And 183 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,640 Speaker 1: it was built before Pluto was discovered. So it's an old, 184 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,880 Speaker 1: old building and so they have eight planets on there. 185 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:11,079 Speaker 1: And you know, then Pluto was discovered, and for decades 186 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,160 Speaker 1: it was sort of out of date. They're like, should 187 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:15,440 Speaker 1: we add Pluto? Should we get around to it? You know, 188 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 1: Chicago bureaucracy moved slowly, and then Pluto was demoted and 189 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:22,320 Speaker 1: so they didn't need to add it anymore, and all 190 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,439 Speaker 1: of a sudden it was back up to date without 191 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:28,280 Speaker 1: doing anything. So I guess the lesson is, you know, 192 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:31,120 Speaker 1: just wait and maybe you know what you have is 193 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:34,040 Speaker 1: going to be correct again. Science sort of oscillates. Lesson 194 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 1: is if you procrastinate, you might save you a lot 195 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:39,640 Speaker 1: of work there exactly. But I was wondering what do 196 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:42,560 Speaker 1: people think about what do they imagine when you talk 197 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:46,080 Speaker 1: about planets around other stars? And so I went around 198 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: campus UC Irvine and asked people if they thought that 199 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 1: planets around other stars sort of looked like our planets 200 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:55,280 Speaker 1: or look totally different or something else. Yeah, so close 201 00:10:55,320 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: your eyes. Maybe not if you're driving, but if you're 202 00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:00,760 Speaker 1: not driving, um and you're in a cruisers something, close 203 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,960 Speaker 1: your eyes and try to imagine and another planet outside 204 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:06,760 Speaker 1: of a different star out there in the universe and 205 00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:09,360 Speaker 1: try to imagine what that planet might be like. Here's 206 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:11,680 Speaker 1: what people had to say. When you think about planets 207 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:14,560 Speaker 1: in other solar systems, how do you imagine they look like? 208 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: Do they look like the Earth or like Jupiter or 209 00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:21,200 Speaker 1: something totally new and weird? Maybe maybe not. I mean 210 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:25,320 Speaker 1: every planet has a like different I guess, so probably 211 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:28,360 Speaker 1: like that too for the most part. I imagine sort 212 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:33,720 Speaker 1: of gas giants, dead rocks like for like, most planets 213 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:37,320 Speaker 1: are not life sustaining, as I tend to imagine them. 214 00:11:37,559 --> 00:11:42,520 Speaker 1: They are very rough, uh and very different, but there's 215 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: no life. The condition would be totally different. I guess 216 00:11:45,160 --> 00:11:47,439 Speaker 1: they'd all be different, but it's going to be different 217 00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:51,160 Speaker 1: between depending on what another in the Goldilog zone or not, 218 00:11:52,160 --> 00:11:56,280 Speaker 1: how much light gravity that acts upon the planet. So 219 00:11:56,679 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: I'm honestly not really certain what's going to end up 220 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: around extra planets because it just depends significantly on the 221 00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 1: different factors. The ones that we've most discovered, like massive 222 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:13,559 Speaker 1: like Jupiter, gas use and also close to the Sun. Uh, 223 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: most of them are not like Earth. I know, We've 224 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,880 Speaker 1: also found some that are comparable, So I imagine most 225 00:12:19,880 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: of them would be gaseous and pretty uninhabitable. I know 226 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 1: that people have speculation that there are you know, habitable 227 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 1: planets out there, um, but there are a lot of 228 00:12:31,640 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: them that they are different, you know, something that might 229 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:37,760 Speaker 1: I don't know, rain diamonds or I don't know my 230 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:41,520 Speaker 1: thing raining in there. I don't know, raining diamond sounds 231 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:45,439 Speaker 1: pretty dangerous. I feel like they might be similar, but 232 00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:49,080 Speaker 1: maybe it depends on the placement of the planets, like 233 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 1: in the Solar System or like in our galaxy in 234 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:55,960 Speaker 1: gerl I don't know. Alright, some pretty eclectic answers there, 235 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:57,719 Speaker 1: you know, I think a lot of people were. I 236 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:01,280 Speaker 1: saw people on their faces sort of scratching their heads 237 00:13:01,280 --> 00:13:04,840 Speaker 1: and wondering, uh, you know, and wondering what they would 238 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:07,000 Speaker 1: be like, and trying to be creative. But you know, 239 00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,720 Speaker 1: in the end, we don't have like a really great 240 00:13:09,920 --> 00:13:12,800 Speaker 1: well of inspiration outside of our own Solar System, So 241 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:16,440 Speaker 1: I think, you know, before we get really creative answers, 242 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:18,400 Speaker 1: like I was saying, before, we're gonna need some data 243 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:21,480 Speaker 1: to sort of spark the creativity. I like the person 244 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:25,280 Speaker 1: we said, is it's either gas or solid? What about 245 00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:27,440 Speaker 1: an all liquid planet? Right? A planet that's just like 246 00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:29,840 Speaker 1: a blow, like a drop in space. That would be 247 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:33,440 Speaker 1: pretty cool. Is that possible? Can you have a totally 248 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:36,320 Speaker 1: liquid planet? I don't think so. I think at the 249 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:38,480 Speaker 1: core it would be so dense that it would have 250 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:42,520 Speaker 1: to solidify. But you know, proved me wrong. Universe. Let's 251 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:44,880 Speaker 1: discover an all liquid planet that would be awesome with 252 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:47,400 Speaker 1: fish swimming like all the way through it. That would 253 00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,760 Speaker 1: be really cool. Isn't there a moon in Jupiter? We 254 00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:53,360 Speaker 1: talked about this, right Europa. Isn't it mostly like a 255 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: giant ocean? Well, there's kind of like a big proplet. 256 00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:00,160 Speaker 1: There is a really huge ocean with more water ear 257 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,920 Speaker 1: than he's on Earth. But we also think that there's 258 00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:07,640 Speaker 1: a solid core, so it's it's not just a liquid 259 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:10,559 Speaker 1: drop in space. That would be pretty awesome. Somebody out 260 00:14:10,559 --> 00:14:13,360 Speaker 1: there find me the science fiction story. Somebody must have 261 00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,440 Speaker 1: written about an all liquid planet. You could call it 262 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:20,320 Speaker 1: water World. Oh wait, that's been done. That's got to 263 00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:23,640 Speaker 1: be successful. That that name just screams commercial success. I 264 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: can see it already, all right, so um so, but 265 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:30,640 Speaker 1: some people seem skeptical that there would be life in it. Yeah, exactly, Um, 266 00:14:30,680 --> 00:14:32,720 Speaker 1: but you know, we don't know. Um. I like the 267 00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:35,400 Speaker 1: person that said that maybe other planets on other planets 268 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:39,120 Speaker 1: that have really weird weather, like raining diamonds. That sounds 269 00:14:39,160 --> 00:14:42,080 Speaker 1: pretty cool to me. Is that possible? That's possible, right, 270 00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: I suppose it's possible. I mean, I don't know how 271 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:47,320 Speaker 1: you form diamonds in the atmosphere, but you know, hey, 272 00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:49,520 Speaker 1: there's a lot of worlds out there, so there's room 273 00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:54,440 Speaker 1: for everything. That sounds like a rap video. You need 274 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: a diamond umbrella program. It does sound like a rap video. 275 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:02,200 Speaker 1: That's awesome, So give us the rap lyrics that involves 276 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:08,400 Speaker 1: raining guaments. Go ahead, can your freestyle? I probably could, 277 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: but right now I just have Old Town Road in 278 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:12,640 Speaker 1: my head because my kids keep listening to it over 279 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,960 Speaker 1: and over. So today you thought it'd be cool, You're 280 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:19,400 Speaker 1: gonna take us on a tour, on a cruise of 281 00:15:19,480 --> 00:15:22,800 Speaker 1: all all of the different planets that we know about 282 00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:25,120 Speaker 1: that are outside of our solar system, right, I mean, 283 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: not all of them, but some of the most interesting ones. Yeah, 284 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:30,120 Speaker 1: because by now we have done a lot of work, 285 00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 1: and we have amazing satellites and teams of astronomers figuring 286 00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: out where those worlds are, counting them, trying to measure 287 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:39,880 Speaker 1: quantities and qualities about them, and we're getting more and 288 00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:43,440 Speaker 1: more sort of images about these planets, not direct images yet, 289 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:45,800 Speaker 1: but information about what these planets might look like. And 290 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,280 Speaker 1: there are some weird ones already, you know, we're just 291 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:50,480 Speaker 1: scraping the surface, and so I thought it'd be really 292 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:52,960 Speaker 1: cool to sort of get a tour of the weirdest, 293 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:56,000 Speaker 1: most interesting planets that we found so far, and just 294 00:15:56,040 --> 00:15:58,600 Speaker 1: to give people a context. Um, we know that there 295 00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:02,160 Speaker 1: are probably billions of planets out there, but the ones 296 00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:05,800 Speaker 1: that we've sort of detected and and there are definitely there, 297 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:09,200 Speaker 1: that's more than like the thousands, right, that's right. Yeah, 298 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:13,000 Speaker 1: we we speculate that every star has several planets because 299 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 1: so far, um, you know, every star we've looked at, 300 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: we've seen planets. But you're right. In terms of direct discoveries, 301 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: we found just over four thousand planets in just over 302 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,600 Speaker 1: three thousand solar systems, and that number just keeps going 303 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:29,960 Speaker 1: up because we have these amazing telescopes that are very 304 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: efficient down now. So that number is as of July one, 305 00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:37,080 Speaker 1: two thousand nineteen, we have found more than four thousand 306 00:16:37,160 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: planets and other solar systems, a huge number. And that's 307 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,040 Speaker 1: just the beginning, right, because we know there are billions 308 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 1: of them in our galaxies and other galaxies, right, absolutely, 309 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:49,400 Speaker 1: And the next a few decades that number will explode 310 00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,120 Speaker 1: and we'll be up in the thousands and thousands and millions. 311 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:54,640 Speaker 1: But you're right, there are billions of planets just in 312 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 1: our galaxy. And maybe what's really cool is that we 313 00:16:57,080 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: don't just know these days that the planets are there. 314 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: We can't sort of we don't have photographs of them, 315 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:05,480 Speaker 1: of them, but we know we seem to be finding 316 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 1: on more and more about these planets through really like 317 00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:11,720 Speaker 1: cool and clever physics and clever observations, right, that's right. 318 00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:14,200 Speaker 1: The first things we figure out about a planet are 319 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:17,679 Speaker 1: sort of how fast it's orbiting around the star, because 320 00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:20,920 Speaker 1: either we see it's like gravitational effect on the star. 321 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:23,800 Speaker 1: We see tugging the star back and forth. And based 322 00:17:23,840 --> 00:17:25,920 Speaker 1: on that we can tell how often it goes around 323 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:28,680 Speaker 1: or maybe sometimes they pass in front of the star 324 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: so they block the life from the star. Those the 325 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 1: two main methods, and those methods tell us something about 326 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 1: the orbit, right, how fast is it going around? And 327 00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:40,440 Speaker 1: also how much mass is there in the planet, right, 328 00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:43,240 Speaker 1: And so that's already a lot of information like how 329 00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:45,840 Speaker 1: far is it from the Sun that we can know that, 330 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:48,200 Speaker 1: how much solar radiation is there because we know how 331 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:50,840 Speaker 1: bright the star is, what is the orbit of it. 332 00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:53,400 Speaker 1: So already we have a lot of information just from 333 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,200 Speaker 1: the indirect measurements, just from discovering that it's there, tells 334 00:17:56,240 --> 00:17:58,479 Speaker 1: you how big it is, you know, right, like if 335 00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: you were on that planet, how short the days would be, right, yeah, 336 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: exactly years, exactly and um. And now we're starting to 337 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:09,120 Speaker 1: do even more clever stuff, like we can we can 338 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: see how the light from the star passes through the 339 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: atmosphere of that planet, right, So sort of like looking 340 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:20,439 Speaker 1: at a sunset on another planet. Right, you know how 341 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:22,920 Speaker 1: when the sun sets over the Earth, the light passes 342 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:25,600 Speaker 1: through a lot of atmosphere and it looks red because 343 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:27,720 Speaker 1: it's passed through so much air. We talked about on 344 00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:30,720 Speaker 1: another podcast. You know why the sunset looks red because 345 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:33,240 Speaker 1: of the qualities of the atmosphere tend to bounce away 346 00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:36,240 Speaker 1: the blue light and that's also why the sky is blue. 347 00:18:36,119 --> 00:18:38,640 Speaker 1: But we can do that on other planets. We can 348 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:43,159 Speaker 1: see suns on other solar systems setting over planets on 349 00:18:43,320 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 1: their in their solar system. And we can see how 350 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:48,280 Speaker 1: the light changes, and that tells us something about the 351 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:52,919 Speaker 1: atmosphere on those planets, like if the the color changes 352 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:55,200 Speaker 1: or something like that. Right, yeah, I can tell you 353 00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:58,200 Speaker 1: what kind of gases in there? Is their water vapor 354 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:00,920 Speaker 1: in there? Right? Is there me thing in there? What's 355 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:04,640 Speaker 1: the atmosphere composition of those planets? Is there an atmosphere 356 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,280 Speaker 1: at all? First of all? And if so, what's in it? 357 00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:09,440 Speaker 1: And I've heard that you can even sort of tell 358 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:12,760 Speaker 1: the weather a little bit, like from the delay between 359 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:16,040 Speaker 1: the when the light gets blocked or the temperature gets 360 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:19,200 Speaker 1: um changes, you can sort of tell if there's something 361 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,360 Speaker 1: swirling in that atmosphere. Not just if there's an atmosphere, 362 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:25,320 Speaker 1: but just like how how much it swirls around inside 363 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: of that planet. I know, it's crazy, right, We're measuring 364 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:32,920 Speaker 1: the velocity of gases around other planets, around other stars 365 00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:35,320 Speaker 1: that are light years away. I mean, it's like science fiction. 366 00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: If you suggested this thirty years ago, people would say 367 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:40,879 Speaker 1: that's impossible, right, But now we're doing it, people are 368 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:43,560 Speaker 1: writing papers about it. We're like actually learning facts about 369 00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:47,159 Speaker 1: these things. So extrapolate like thirty years from now, you know, 370 00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: we're gonna have like Google Earth around all these planets basically, 371 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:52,479 Speaker 1: and so far that's all without even taking a picture 372 00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:55,400 Speaker 1: of them, right, Like, it's just all from like counting 373 00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:58,879 Speaker 1: photons that come and hit the smallest little sensors in 374 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:02,080 Speaker 1: our telescopes. Yeah, because actually and that's sort of a picture. Um. 375 00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,040 Speaker 1: The other cool way that they learn about what's sort 376 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:07,920 Speaker 1: of on the planet is that they take the picture 377 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: of the star when the planet is in front of 378 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,000 Speaker 1: the star, and then they subtract the star and they 379 00:20:13,040 --> 00:20:16,719 Speaker 1: see what's left and they try to find those photons 380 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,800 Speaker 1: that came just from the planet, not from the star itself. 381 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:22,879 Speaker 1: And that's really hard to do because you're talking about 382 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,560 Speaker 1: a really little object in front of a really bright 383 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:28,760 Speaker 1: object really far away. But it gives you a sense 384 00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:31,280 Speaker 1: of what light is coming from that planet, and that 385 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:33,600 Speaker 1: gives you a sense of like what color is that planet, 386 00:20:33,960 --> 00:20:37,400 Speaker 1: what gases are on that planet, because remember every gas 387 00:20:37,440 --> 00:20:40,480 Speaker 1: amidst light of different frequencies, and so it tells you 388 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:42,679 Speaker 1: sort of what the composition of that is. So we 389 00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:45,680 Speaker 1: have two ways to figure out not just like where 390 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:47,760 Speaker 1: this where this planet is and how fast it's moving 391 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:50,479 Speaker 1: around that star, but what's on that planet? What does 392 00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:52,479 Speaker 1: it look like. All right, so that's sort of how 393 00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 1: we can see other planets and how many there are 394 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,920 Speaker 1: out there, and so let's let's um, let's set sail, Daniel, 395 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: Let's go explore the universe visit other planets. But first 396 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:16,760 Speaker 1: let's take a quick break. All right, I know, I 397 00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:20,600 Speaker 1: have my cruise pass, I've got my I've losen my 398 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:23,080 Speaker 1: pants a little bit to make room for the buffet. 399 00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:27,320 Speaker 1: We are now ready to set sail on this extra 400 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,160 Speaker 1: solar cruise to other planets. All right, Well, I thought 401 00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:33,080 Speaker 1: it'd be fun to start with the closest planet, right 402 00:21:33,440 --> 00:21:36,640 Speaker 1: because we're gonna leave the Earth and they are first 403 00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:39,680 Speaker 1: stop leaving Solar System to Yeah, we'll leave a Solar system. 404 00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:44,040 Speaker 1: Our first stop is Proximus Centauri. It's a star, and 405 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:48,280 Speaker 1: this planet that's orbiting Proximus Centauri, it's called Proximus Centauri B. 406 00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 1: And let's be because it's the second planet they found there, 407 00:21:52,320 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: Like they really need you on this naming committee because 408 00:21:54,840 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 1: they're finding so many planets, they're just like running out 409 00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,280 Speaker 1: of name so they just like have a recipe for mening. 410 00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:01,320 Speaker 1: I think is a he's a good name. Why not? 411 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,439 Speaker 1: He is a good name? I don't know. We'll have 412 00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:06,520 Speaker 1: to ask the citizens when we get there. But it's 413 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:09,840 Speaker 1: four point two light years from Earth, which is pretty close. 414 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 1: I feel it's pretty close in the scale of the galaxy, right, 415 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: the galaxy is like a hundred thousand light years across, 416 00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:18,800 Speaker 1: So that's the closest planet to us. I mean it's 417 00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:23,240 Speaker 1: like like in four point two years, this podcast will 418 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:25,880 Speaker 1: have arrived at that planet. Yeah, and so in eight 419 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:27,880 Speaker 1: point four years we should expect a bunch of good 420 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:31,639 Speaker 1: questions or people complaining about how we name their their planet. Right, 421 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:34,080 Speaker 1: But no, I mean it's sort of reachable maybe, right. 422 00:22:34,119 --> 00:22:35,880 Speaker 1: I mean, I know we can't go at the speed 423 00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:38,479 Speaker 1: of light, but you know we can if we go 424 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:40,400 Speaker 1: as fast as we can, we might get there within 425 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:43,560 Speaker 1: a lifetime. No, exactly, it's totally reachable. And you know, 426 00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:46,800 Speaker 1: we could even send something there that could arrive and 427 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:49,480 Speaker 1: send us information within a lifetime. Right. You know, we 428 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:51,959 Speaker 1: build a solar sale, we attach a little thing to it. 429 00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 1: The thing could reasonably get up to maybe a half 430 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:57,560 Speaker 1: the speed of light, taking maybe ten years to get there, 431 00:22:57,560 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: five years to send data back. So you're talking about 432 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:04,040 Speaker 1: a fifteen year project lifetime to maybe get like pictures 433 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:07,000 Speaker 1: of Proximus Centauri. So yeah, it's not that far away 434 00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:09,280 Speaker 1: compared to the other planets we're gonna talk about, but 435 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:11,679 Speaker 1: it's also not that nice a place to be. If 436 00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:14,119 Speaker 1: you ask me, all right, what do we know about 437 00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:18,359 Speaker 1: this planet B. Well, we know that it's very close 438 00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:21,520 Speaker 1: to its star, right, and so we we call this 439 00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:24,160 Speaker 1: thing the A U. The astronomical unit is the Earth 440 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:26,680 Speaker 1: from is the distance from the Earth to the Sun, 441 00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:30,920 Speaker 1: so it's useful metric. And this Proximus Centauri B is 442 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:35,320 Speaker 1: only zero point zero five a U, so it's twenty 443 00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:38,280 Speaker 1: times closer to its star than the Earth is to 444 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:40,720 Speaker 1: the Sun. So if you're standing on it, the Sun 445 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:43,960 Speaker 1: would look twenty or more times bigger in the sky. 446 00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:47,800 Speaker 1: And also it goes around that star and only eleven 447 00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:51,600 Speaker 1: point two earth days, so it's like it's zipping around. 448 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:54,240 Speaker 1: It's a hot little planet zipping around the star in 449 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:56,879 Speaker 1: a hurry. So you know, if you're in for a 450 00:23:56,880 --> 00:23:59,400 Speaker 1: beach vacation you want a lot of rays, then yeah, 451 00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:00,920 Speaker 1: I guess it's a good place to stop first on 452 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 1: our cruise. That that's why it's called planet B and 453 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,960 Speaker 1: burn and burning off. But all the bananas are burnt 454 00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:11,800 Speaker 1: also because that's probably too much sun even for bananas. So, 455 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:14,639 Speaker 1: but that's the planet B. What about planet A and C? 456 00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:18,679 Speaker 1: And does it have any other planets in its neighborhood? 457 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:20,959 Speaker 1: They think that there might be another planet, and they 458 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:25,399 Speaker 1: call this planet wait for it, see right? What? Yeah? 459 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:29,760 Speaker 1: Exactly why they didn't call the first one A that's 460 00:24:30,480 --> 00:24:36,720 Speaker 1: beyond my technical knowledge, all right, Um, So that's that's 461 00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: the first stop in our cruise. That's the closest one, right, 462 00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:44,240 Speaker 1: that's right Fort Lauderdale, that's right exactly. Um. Now, the 463 00:24:44,280 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: next planet on our tour is the smallest planet that 464 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 1: has ever been found outside our solar system. And I 465 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:53,679 Speaker 1: have no idea how to pronounce this planet is d 466 00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:56,600 Speaker 1: r a U g r. It sounds like maybe a 467 00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:58,520 Speaker 1: klingon world. What do you think? How do you think 468 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:00,639 Speaker 1: that's pronounced? I think that's it's like a lord of 469 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 1: the rings underworld beast or something drog drog um. Well, 470 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:08,880 Speaker 1: this planet is so small as only twice as big 471 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,440 Speaker 1: as our moon, and we detected it. We can tell 472 00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:14,919 Speaker 1: where it is. Yeah, exactly, It's amazing that's such a 473 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:18,240 Speaker 1: small planet can even be detected, right, Um, And this 474 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:21,600 Speaker 1: one is two thousand, three hundred light years away. It's 475 00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,000 Speaker 1: in the Virgo constellation. And the other really crazy thing 476 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:27,720 Speaker 1: about it is that it's not orbiting like a normal star. 477 00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:31,119 Speaker 1: It's orbiting a pulsar, and a pulsar is a pulsar 478 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,400 Speaker 1: is one of these stars that emits that that periodically 479 00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:37,400 Speaker 1: emits a huge amount of radiation. Right, it pulses. That's 480 00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:40,800 Speaker 1: an amazing feed of detection, right that we can tell 481 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:44,399 Speaker 1: so far away such a small thing. Yeah, it really 482 00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,840 Speaker 1: is amazing. And it also wouldn't be a great place 483 00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:48,959 Speaker 1: to live because you don't want to be living near 484 00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:51,400 Speaker 1: your pulsar. I mean, this is basically a neutron star 485 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:55,720 Speaker 1: with a huge magnetic field lasting radiation. Uh so not 486 00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,040 Speaker 1: a cozy place. So far. I'm doing a pretty terrible 487 00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:01,720 Speaker 1: job of advertising food something this cruise. So far, this 488 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,640 Speaker 1: cruise doesn't make me want to get off the boat. Yeah, 489 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:07,119 Speaker 1: zero star is so far in the help for this cruise. Alright. 490 00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: So the next star we're gonna look at has a 491 00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:13,360 Speaker 1: terrible name. It's but it's the biggest, the biggest planet 492 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: that has ever been discovered. It's called Hr sixty two 493 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: B and it is thirty times the size of Jupiter. 494 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:26,960 Speaker 1: How do you pronounce that one? Hot in the original 495 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,480 Speaker 1: cling on the mass of thirty jupiters or the size 496 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,520 Speaker 1: of thirty jupiters. It's the size of No, sorry, you're right, 497 00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:35,760 Speaker 1: it's the mass of thirty jupiters. Yeah, exactly. And so 498 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:38,879 Speaker 1: take Jupiter, which is already like, you know, what, hundred 499 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:42,439 Speaker 1: times the massive Earth and multiply by thirty, Like this 500 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: is a ginormous planet. But but it's not super far away. 501 00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:48,359 Speaker 1: It's kind of closed, right, a hundred light years. Yeah, 502 00:26:48,359 --> 00:26:50,640 Speaker 1: it's a hundred ten light years from Earth, and so 503 00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:53,880 Speaker 1: it's you know, also potentially reachable. But it's sort of interesting, 504 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:56,439 Speaker 1: like how big can a planet get? This one is 505 00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:59,879 Speaker 1: really on the verge of the maximum size for a planet, 506 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:03,600 Speaker 1: because any bigger and the gravitational force will be so 507 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:06,480 Speaker 1: strong that it will essentially turn into a star. So 508 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:08,560 Speaker 1: this jew this is like as big as a planet 509 00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:11,080 Speaker 1: can get before it ignites and becomes a star. What 510 00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:12,639 Speaker 1: else do we know about it? Is it like a 511 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:15,399 Speaker 1: gas like Jupiter? Or we just know sort of the 512 00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:18,119 Speaker 1: mass of it and where it is. That's all we 513 00:27:18,119 --> 00:27:20,080 Speaker 1: know about that one so far. You know, a lot 514 00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:22,480 Speaker 1: of these planets we you know, some of these techniques 515 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:25,040 Speaker 1: work better on some planets than others, and so we 516 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:28,119 Speaker 1: don't always get to get to see like the atmosphere 517 00:27:28,119 --> 00:27:31,359 Speaker 1: of these planets. Um. And that's also all these atmospheric 518 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:33,360 Speaker 1: techniques that we talked about that are so amazing, these 519 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,399 Speaker 1: are pretty new and they require some fancy technology. So 520 00:27:36,440 --> 00:27:38,399 Speaker 1: we don't have that information about all of the stars 521 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:40,840 Speaker 1: so far. But that maybe gives us a kind of 522 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:44,440 Speaker 1: a range right of planets out there in the universe, 523 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:46,920 Speaker 1: Like they can go as small as twice as high 524 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:48,360 Speaker 1: as on the Moon, and they can go as big 525 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,159 Speaker 1: as dirty times Jupiter. Yeah, exactly. Um. And at first 526 00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:54,560 Speaker 1: people thought, oh, maybe this is a star, you know, 527 00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:58,080 Speaker 1: but they categorize it as a brown dwarf. But in 528 00:27:58,119 --> 00:27:59,800 Speaker 1: the end, it's sort of like a semantic question like 529 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:01,880 Speaker 1: do you call this a small star? Do you call 530 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:03,840 Speaker 1: it a big planet? All right? Sort of like a 531 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:06,399 Speaker 1: like a Pluto question, Right, it's Pluto, a dwarf planet 532 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:09,439 Speaker 1: or a real planet. Um. But there's also a lot 533 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:12,439 Speaker 1: of uncertainty in its mass. It's it's thirty Jupiter masses, 534 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:14,560 Speaker 1: but the uncertainly and that is fifty so it could 535 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:17,800 Speaker 1: be as high as forty five jupiter masses or could 536 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,639 Speaker 1: be as low as a fifteen jupiter masses. All right, cool, 537 00:28:21,359 --> 00:28:24,320 Speaker 1: and so we're cruising on that's right. And so next 538 00:28:24,359 --> 00:28:27,120 Speaker 1: on our tour is a really weird planet. This one's 539 00:28:27,119 --> 00:28:30,840 Speaker 1: called Kepler sixteen B. And this one is weird because 540 00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:35,360 Speaker 1: it orbits not one star, but it orbits two stars simultaneously. 541 00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:38,320 Speaker 1: You mean, like the two stars are are orbiting each 542 00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:41,400 Speaker 1: other and there's things orbiting around them. Yeah, it's a 543 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:44,640 Speaker 1: binary star system. So the stars orbit each other like 544 00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: every forty one days. They're like, you know, running around 545 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:50,800 Speaker 1: each other, and then around one day forty one days. 546 00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:54,480 Speaker 1: These are fast moving, huge hot objects, right, They're going 547 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:56,400 Speaker 1: around each other every forty one days. And then this 548 00:28:56,560 --> 00:29:00,280 Speaker 1: planet goes around the combination of the two stars every 549 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: two hundred and twenty eight days. So the stars are 550 00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:06,760 Speaker 1: much closer to each other than the planet is to 551 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,480 Speaker 1: the stars. So in the sky of this planet you're 552 00:29:09,480 --> 00:29:12,680 Speaker 1: gonna see like basically just two stars together, you know, 553 00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,160 Speaker 1: two sons together rising and falling. Wow, that's that like 554 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:18,600 Speaker 1: a science fiction movie. That's pretty cool, I know, But 555 00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:21,560 Speaker 1: the universe is weirder than of course every science fiction movie. 556 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,240 Speaker 1: You've ever seen um, and this one is two hundred 557 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:27,120 Speaker 1: and forty five light years away. It's in the Signets constellation, 558 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:31,960 Speaker 1: and it has about a massive the planet saturn Um 559 00:29:32,160 --> 00:29:36,520 Speaker 1: and itself. It's about point seven au away from those stars. 560 00:29:36,560 --> 00:29:38,720 Speaker 1: So it's a pretty big it's a pretty big planet, 561 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,400 Speaker 1: but it's a reasonable distance from those stars. So does 562 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:43,720 Speaker 1: it have kind of a like a wonky orbit because 563 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 1: it's going around two things that are orbiting each other, 564 00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:49,120 Speaker 1: or to the planet, does it just look like one 565 00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:51,680 Speaker 1: big sun in the middle there. Yeah. This is one 566 00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:54,240 Speaker 1: of the amazing things about gravity, right, is that if 567 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:57,960 Speaker 1: you're the on the outside of a system, the only 568 00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,400 Speaker 1: thing that matters is the center of man of that system. 569 00:30:01,440 --> 00:30:03,840 Speaker 1: And so the stars are orbiting each other, but they're 570 00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:06,880 Speaker 1: actually orbiting the center of mass of the two star system, 571 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:09,680 Speaker 1: and the planet is orbiting that that also, and so 572 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:12,560 Speaker 1: it doesn't actually matter to the planet too much. The 573 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:14,960 Speaker 1: planets orbit is the same as if you took those 574 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,680 Speaker 1: two stars, added them together, and put them both at 575 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:19,920 Speaker 1: the center of mass of the two stars. It wouldn't 576 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:21,920 Speaker 1: change the planet at all. And I think a lot 577 00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:24,080 Speaker 1: of people when they imagine this two star system, they 578 00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:27,280 Speaker 1: imagine like you know, one sun raise rises and then 579 00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: maybe another one in a different periods of these weird 580 00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:33,000 Speaker 1: day night cycles like in that that book, the Three 581 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 1: Body Problem. But that's that would require the planet to 582 00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:38,880 Speaker 1: go like between the stars, right, But in this case, 583 00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: the planet just goes around the two stars. So it's 584 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:43,880 Speaker 1: sort of like instead of having one son in the sky, 585 00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:45,960 Speaker 1: you have sort of like a you know, two dots 586 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,840 Speaker 1: instead of one, but they stay, they stick together. But 587 00:30:48,840 --> 00:30:51,920 Speaker 1: wouldn't that be you know, those sons are spinning so 588 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:53,840 Speaker 1: fast around each other, wouldn't that be kind of a 589 00:30:53,920 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: violent process, you know, wouldn't it be just a huge 590 00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:59,040 Speaker 1: mass in the middle or is it? Do they think 591 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:02,240 Speaker 1: it's pretty clean that these two sons are just going 592 00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 1: around each other. No, you're right, and I don't know 593 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,320 Speaker 1: how stable that is, right, Eventually these things are going 594 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:10,280 Speaker 1: to radiate energy and then fall into each other and collide, 595 00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:12,000 Speaker 1: and it wouldn't be a very nice place to be 596 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:14,640 Speaker 1: when that happens, you know. That's that's what causes the 597 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:18,240 Speaker 1: gravitational waves that we observe, like two neutron stars orbiting 598 00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:21,040 Speaker 1: each other and eventually falling into each other and collapsing, 599 00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:24,280 Speaker 1: or two black holes doing that so binary star systems. 600 00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:26,479 Speaker 1: Eventually they will lose some of that energy and they 601 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: will fall into each other each other, though I don't 602 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:32,360 Speaker 1: know how long that will take. Probably longer than our cruise. Well, um, 603 00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:35,840 Speaker 1: good thing they have laundry on the cruise, that's right, 604 00:31:35,920 --> 00:31:39,120 Speaker 1: yeah exactly, and we packed a lot of food. Um. 605 00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,840 Speaker 1: And the next planet is also has named after Kepler, 606 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:45,920 Speaker 1: which is the telescope that discovered it. It's Kepler twenty 607 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,840 Speaker 1: two BE. And this one initially seems really exciting because 608 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:53,480 Speaker 1: it's labeled as a possible water world. Um. And when 609 00:31:53,560 --> 00:31:55,640 Speaker 1: how do they know it has water? Yeah, they don't. 610 00:31:55,680 --> 00:31:58,320 Speaker 1: It turns out that's mostly just hype. Um. When they 611 00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:00,560 Speaker 1: discovered it, it it was one of the first plan people 612 00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:04,560 Speaker 1: discovered that was sort of inhabitable zone, meaning it was 613 00:32:04,640 --> 00:32:07,760 Speaker 1: like about the size of Earth, probably a made of rock, 614 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:12,120 Speaker 1: and the right distance from its star for water to 615 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,040 Speaker 1: be liquid on its surface because if it was closer, 616 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,920 Speaker 1: it would evaporate, right, yeah exactly, but if it was 617 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: further out then it would just be ice, yeah exactly. 618 00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:23,800 Speaker 1: And so people are really excited about this and they're like, Wow, 619 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:26,320 Speaker 1: maybe it's a water world, but you know, just because 620 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:28,760 Speaker 1: it has the right. Surface temperature we think it's about 621 00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:32,480 Speaker 1: seventy two degrees fahrenheit on the surface doesn't necessarily mean 622 00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:34,960 Speaker 1: that there is water there. Now, you know, if there's 623 00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:36,920 Speaker 1: a lot of water on on this on this planet, 624 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:39,320 Speaker 1: then it would be in the form of an ocean, 625 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: and there are some models that suggest maybe a surface ocean, 626 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: but we have no direct evidence that there is actually 627 00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:49,080 Speaker 1: any water on Kepler twenty two B. So you know, 628 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:51,560 Speaker 1: labelating a water world is a bit premature, but it 629 00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:53,840 Speaker 1: sounds pretty nice. You wrote down here and it's a 630 00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:57,800 Speaker 1: temperature there. It's seventy two degrees fahrenheit. Yeah, it's basically 631 00:32:57,840 --> 00:33:00,640 Speaker 1: southern California, So you want to feel them movie on 632 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:03,440 Speaker 1: Capito twenty two B. Just come to southern California. Filmly here. 633 00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,920 Speaker 1: So just because it's in the Goldilocks zone doesn't mean 634 00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:11,240 Speaker 1: it has water like is Mars technically in the Goldilocks Zone? No, 635 00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:14,320 Speaker 1: I don't think so. Well, that's a good question. Um, 636 00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:16,640 Speaker 1: I think it's on the outer edges the things water 637 00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:19,960 Speaker 1: on Mars would be frozen, but that's probably mostly because 638 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:23,560 Speaker 1: it doesn't have an atmosphere. So in order to be 639 00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:25,719 Speaker 1: to have this surface temperature, you need to have an 640 00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:28,960 Speaker 1: atmosphere as well, and so this calculation seventy two degrees 641 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:32,200 Speaker 1: assumes that there's an atmosphere there. Um. So if Mars 642 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:34,720 Speaker 1: had an atmosphere like we think it did a long 643 00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,560 Speaker 1: long time ago, then water could be liquid on its service. 644 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:40,040 Speaker 1: So I guess the answer is yes, Mars is in 645 00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:43,040 Speaker 1: the Goldilocks zone. All right, let's keep cruising through the 646 00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 1: universe visiting other planets outside of our Solar system. But 647 00:33:46,680 --> 00:34:01,600 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. All right, Daniel, I 648 00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:03,680 Speaker 1: think our our cruises running a little bit out of time, 649 00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:05,640 Speaker 1: running a little bit behind. So I think the captain 650 00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:09,799 Speaker 1: is trying to put the pedal to the metal here. Um. 651 00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:12,280 Speaker 1: So what are some of the more interesting other planets 652 00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:14,959 Speaker 1: that we know about out there in the universe? Yeah, well, 653 00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:17,480 Speaker 1: you know, some of the planets out there are super 654 00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:21,360 Speaker 1: duper old. Like there's a planet in the constellation Scorpius 655 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,400 Speaker 1: that we think is twelve point seven billion years old. 656 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:29,359 Speaker 1: And remember, yeah, I know, how do we know how 657 00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:31,920 Speaker 1: old it is? Well, I think we're speculating because the 658 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,640 Speaker 1: age of that Solar system, right, and the Milky Way 659 00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:38,160 Speaker 1: itself is really old, right. The Milky Way has been 660 00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:41,319 Speaker 1: around for thirteen billion years and so that star we 661 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:44,000 Speaker 1: think is about twelve point seven billion years old, and 662 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:46,239 Speaker 1: so we think that the planets around it probably are 663 00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:48,919 Speaker 1: the same age. And so this is the planet around 664 00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:52,080 Speaker 1: the oldest star we've discovered to have planets. Yeah, it'd 665 00:34:52,120 --> 00:34:55,040 Speaker 1: be cool to be the first planet that would be. 666 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:58,279 Speaker 1: That would be pretty cool, bragging rights exactly. So that's 667 00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:02,080 Speaker 1: the oldest planet and it's PSR B sixteen twenty twenty 668 00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:04,400 Speaker 1: six b. Right, and you think the oldest planet should 669 00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:08,840 Speaker 1: be just be called planet number one one? Yeah, a 670 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:13,919 Speaker 1: one exactly. Um. And there's some other weird planets out there. 671 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:16,160 Speaker 1: There's a planet out there which has the title of 672 00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,680 Speaker 1: the darkest planet, right, And you can see sort of 673 00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:23,560 Speaker 1: how much light that these planets reflect by seeing how 674 00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:25,759 Speaker 1: much they dim as they pass in front of the 675 00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:28,360 Speaker 1: star right to the absorbiting that light. Did they reflect 676 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:31,200 Speaker 1: any of it? And this planet is called t R 677 00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:34,239 Speaker 1: E S two B. It's the size of Jupiter, and 678 00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:38,359 Speaker 1: it's less reflective than black paint? Like what is going 679 00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:41,400 Speaker 1: on in that world? How can be less reflective than paint? 680 00:35:41,840 --> 00:35:46,359 Speaker 1: Is it maybe filled with solar panels or something like that? Exactly? Well, 681 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:48,680 Speaker 1: you know, black paint is not entirely black. I mean, 682 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:51,839 Speaker 1: you're an artist, you know, there's like lots of different blacks, right, 683 00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:55,160 Speaker 1: and so this is a very black black planet. All right, 684 00:35:55,239 --> 00:35:59,319 Speaker 1: that's the darkest planet. What else is on our musty list? Well, 685 00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:02,320 Speaker 1: there's the pink ist planet, right. This one's only fifty 686 00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:06,880 Speaker 1: seven light years away and the pinkest. Yeah, and based 687 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:08,560 Speaker 1: on the light that we see coming from it, it it 688 00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:11,000 Speaker 1: seems like it might be sort of a dark magenta, 689 00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:13,640 Speaker 1: maybe a cherry colored planet. And that leads to a 690 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:16,200 Speaker 1: lot of speculations like what's going on on that planet? 691 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:18,319 Speaker 1: How can we tell the color? Um? We can tell 692 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:20,879 Speaker 1: the color based on as we said earlier, like how 693 00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,040 Speaker 1: the life passes through the planet, and also by doing 694 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:26,480 Speaker 1: subtraction right as it passes in front of the star, 695 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:28,439 Speaker 1: we can try to subtract the light from the star 696 00:36:28,840 --> 00:36:31,640 Speaker 1: and just get the light from the planet itself. But 697 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:34,239 Speaker 1: there's a lot of uncertainty there. I mean, we could 698 00:36:34,239 --> 00:36:35,840 Speaker 1: think it's pink, and then we get there, we're like, 699 00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:39,000 Speaker 1: what this planet is purple? This cruise is a scam 700 00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:45,200 Speaker 1: exactly exactly, Um, But maybe I think the most exciting 701 00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:47,400 Speaker 1: one in the place we should end our tour is 702 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:51,759 Speaker 1: on the most earthlike planet found so far, the most earthlike, 703 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,200 Speaker 1: the one that we are maybe most likely to be 704 00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:58,520 Speaker 1: able to visit and live there. Exactly if we actually 705 00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:02,359 Speaker 1: do destroy this plan it or make it unhabitable for humanity, 706 00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:06,279 Speaker 1: then Kepler for fifty two be is so far our 707 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:10,480 Speaker 1: best option. While it's five hundred light years away, it 708 00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:13,359 Speaker 1: seems to be about the size of the Earth, and 709 00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:15,799 Speaker 1: it's in the habitable zone so it gets just the 710 00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:19,480 Speaker 1: right amount of solar radiation um. It orbits its star 711 00:37:19,719 --> 00:37:21,719 Speaker 1: every hundred and thirty days, so it's sort of a 712 00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:24,840 Speaker 1: short year. The kicker, the downside of this planet is 713 00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: that it has about two times the gravity of Earth, 714 00:37:27,840 --> 00:37:31,080 Speaker 1: even though it's Earth's size has more mass, so we'd 715 00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:33,239 Speaker 1: all have to but we have five hundred years on 716 00:37:33,239 --> 00:37:35,440 Speaker 1: the trip over there to all sort of bulk up 717 00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:38,080 Speaker 1: and get buff for living on this planet on a cruise. 718 00:37:38,160 --> 00:37:44,200 Speaker 1: That's pretty easy. Exactly, well, it'd be a very Darwinian cruise. 719 00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:45,600 Speaker 1: You know. If all you did on the cruise was 720 00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,680 Speaker 1: either the buffet, then your your children would not be 721 00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:52,080 Speaker 1: very suitable for living on this planet. But if you 722 00:37:52,160 --> 00:37:54,600 Speaker 1: hit the gym on the whole cruise, over there, then 723 00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:56,799 Speaker 1: you have a chance of your children surviving. Wait, how 724 00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:58,600 Speaker 1: can it be the same size as Earth? But how 725 00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:01,840 Speaker 1: twice the gravity? Like more compact or what is it? 726 00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:05,359 Speaker 1: Or just more mass more massive? Yeah, it's um, we 727 00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:07,759 Speaker 1: think it's Earth sized and so it must have must 728 00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:10,960 Speaker 1: be denser somehow. But it's five years away, so we're 729 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:13,839 Speaker 1: not going to get there anytime soon. No, it's gonna 730 00:38:13,880 --> 00:38:16,480 Speaker 1: take at least five years to get there, probably more 731 00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:18,719 Speaker 1: like a thousand. It's the kind of thing where either 732 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,520 Speaker 1: generations would need to live on a colony ship or 733 00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:24,399 Speaker 1: you need to develop some sort of cryogenic freezing or 734 00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:27,880 Speaker 1: something like that. So um, but you know that technology 735 00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:29,799 Speaker 1: is far far in the future. But at least we're 736 00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:32,040 Speaker 1: beginning to find these places. We're looking out there in 737 00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:35,400 Speaker 1: the universe. We're exploring other solar systems and we're figuring 738 00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:40,160 Speaker 1: out where are there possible places for humanity to land. Yeah, 739 00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:42,879 Speaker 1: and the cool thing is that we're finding places, right, 740 00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:46,840 Speaker 1: We are being successful at hunting planets, that's right, and 741 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:50,440 Speaker 1: turning planets, that's right. And and amazingly, it seems like 742 00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:53,520 Speaker 1: about one in five stars has some sort of Earth 743 00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:56,799 Speaker 1: like planet, and so it doesn't take too long to 744 00:38:56,840 --> 00:38:59,560 Speaker 1: find earthlike planets. Um, there's a lot of them out there. 745 00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:01,719 Speaker 1: Of course, that doesn't mean we shouldn't take care of 746 00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:04,080 Speaker 1: this one, right, because even the ones that are out 747 00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:06,239 Speaker 1: there take a long time to get to. But I 748 00:39:06,280 --> 00:39:08,319 Speaker 1: think it gives us some some reason to hope, right, 749 00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:12,200 Speaker 1: because we all know not all cruises and will that's right, 750 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:19,200 Speaker 1: We've all there's an equally outbreak and you wish you'd 751 00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:21,280 Speaker 1: never gone on a cruise. I hope there's a bathroom 752 00:39:21,320 --> 00:39:22,879 Speaker 1: on some of these planets, all right, Well, we hope 753 00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:25,959 Speaker 1: you enjoyed that quick flash tour of the universe looking 754 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,920 Speaker 1: at other planets out there that we might possibly visit 755 00:39:29,160 --> 00:39:31,680 Speaker 1: or live on someday. Thanks for tuning in and thanks 756 00:39:31,680 --> 00:39:35,399 Speaker 1: for coming on board. And if you have questions about here, 757 00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:38,000 Speaker 1: their planets and anything else in the universe, send them 758 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,839 Speaker 1: to us if questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 759 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:50,920 Speaker 1: See you next time. If you still have a question 760 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:54,359 Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 761 00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:56,560 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 762 00:39:56,560 --> 00:40:00,399 Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's 763 00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,799 Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 764 00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:07,320 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel 765 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:09,880 Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I 766 00:40:10,120 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: heart Radio. For more podcast from my heart Radio, visit 767 00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:17,080 Speaker 1: the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 768 00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:18,640 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.