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Speaker 1: Welcome to Invention, a production of I Heart Radio. Hey,

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Speaker 1: welcome to Invention. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm

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Speaker 1: Joe McCormick, and we're back with part two of our

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Speaker 1: exploration of the invention of air conditioning. Now, in the

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Speaker 1: last episode, we focused on a lot of ancient techniques

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Speaker 1: for versions of passive cooling, and some of these involved

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Speaker 1: like fans, circulation of air on the body, or designing

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Speaker 1: buildings to increase circulation of air. Some involved chilling air

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Speaker 1: by passing it through like underground channels of cold water

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Speaker 1: to particularly ingenious solution information persia. But today we're going

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Speaker 1: to be getting into the modern science and chemistry of

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Speaker 1: air conditioning. Yeah, because, as we discussed in the last episode,

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Speaker 1: all these various techniques of the past, they were they

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Speaker 1: all ranged from like mild to moderate in their effects,

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Speaker 1: and when used together, you know, they could imp prove

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Speaker 1: the quality of life for the individuals that we're living

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Speaker 1: with them. But modern air conditioning, as we'll explore, was

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Speaker 1: a huge game changer. Yeah. Now, this is going to

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Speaker 1: be one of those episodes where we can't name a

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Speaker 1: single person as the undisputed inventor of modern air conditioning. Instead,

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Speaker 1: I think what we see is a lot of different

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Speaker 1: engineers and inventors at different times coming up with new

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Speaker 1: versions and variations of cooling and refrigeration technology. So it's

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Speaker 1: going to be inevitable that we're not going to be

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Speaker 1: able to talk about all of the people who contributed

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Speaker 1: some important early experiment or design that led to modern

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Speaker 1: refrigeration and air conditioning. Instead, we're going to be focusing

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Speaker 1: on a few highlights we found interesting, and likewise, we

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Speaker 1: tend we're going to discuss some things that are more

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Speaker 1: refrigeration based in the technology, but where we're focusing mostly

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Speaker 1: on air conditioning. And yet at the same time, the

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Speaker 1: history of these technologies is kind of in they're kind

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Speaker 1: of interwoven with one another because they're they're both attempting

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Speaker 1: to do a very similar thing, and that is to

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Speaker 1: take a warm substance, be it uh, some water or

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Speaker 1: a certain body of air and making them cooler or

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Speaker 1: making them absolutely cold. And in many cases, modern air

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Speaker 1: conditioners and modern refrigerators work on the same principles. Not

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Speaker 1: in every case, but in a lot of cases they do. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And so the more I thought about this, the more

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Speaker 1: I thought it would make sense to start with a brief,

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Speaker 1: simplified explanation of how modern air conditioning generally works, and

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Speaker 1: then we can after that go back in time and

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Speaker 1: work our way up to it with some of these

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Speaker 1: interesting stories about early stabs at it. So, as we

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Speaker 1: mentioned in the last episode, there are multiple ways to

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Speaker 1: cool the air in a room or cool the people

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Speaker 1: in a room, but the most common method today uses

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Speaker 1: a system of hollow coils filled with a fluid called

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Speaker 1: a refrigerant, which is usually something chosen because as a

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Speaker 1: low boiling point, meaning it changes from a liquid to

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Speaker 1: a gas at a low temperature, and the fluid in

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Speaker 1: this coil system flows constantly in a circuit that takes

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Speaker 1: it back and forth between the inside and the outside

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Speaker 1: of your house or whatever building or space you're trying

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Speaker 1: to cool, converting back and forth between a liquid and

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Speaker 1: a gas and carrying heat with it one way as

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Speaker 1: it goes. So so the whole way and air conditioner works.

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Speaker 1: The simple version is is just using this refrigerant to

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Speaker 1: absorb heat from the air in your house and then

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Speaker 1: dump it outside. And I'm not going to get into

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Speaker 1: super technical chemistry or anything like that. We're just giving

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Speaker 1: you the cliffs notes version here, so the cliffs notes

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Speaker 1: version is when when you got this fluid the refrigerant,

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Speaker 1: it's in a cold liquid form. It flows through this

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Speaker 1: coil on the inside of your house known as the

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Speaker 1: evaporator coil, and these coils get they get that there's

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Speaker 1: a blower motor that blows the air over them really fast,

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Speaker 1: and this causes these cold coils to absorb heat from

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Speaker 1: the warm air inside your house and cool that air off.

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Speaker 1: In the process, the heat from the air is going

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Speaker 1: into the coils and then the nice cold air of

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Speaker 1: course that the results from this blows out your ace

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Speaker 1: events and it's just it's just now the indoor air

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Speaker 1: that has been nice and dehumidified and cooled off by

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Speaker 1: passing over these coils. The heat from the warm air

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Speaker 1: inside your house heats up this fluid inside the coils

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Speaker 1: and converts it from a liquid into a gas. And

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Speaker 1: the air in your house can do this because of

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Speaker 1: the refrigerant. Again, it's got a really low boiling point,

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Speaker 1: so it's very easy to convert this liquid into a gas.

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Speaker 1: This is something we see commonly in many early experiments

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Speaker 1: with with refrigeration and with air conditioning is they find

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Speaker 1: some kind of chemical like ether like alcohol that has

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Speaker 1: a low boiling point, so it's easy to cause this evaporation.

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Speaker 1: As we know from the last episode, evaporation sucks energy

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Speaker 1: out of the surroundings. It's an energy hungry process and

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Speaker 1: so it cools off everything around it. But now you've

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Speaker 1: had these coils full of refrigerants that have absorbed the

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Speaker 1: heat energy from the air in your house, and that

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Speaker 1: heat energy has to go somewhere, right, It can't just disappear.

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Speaker 1: It's got to be dumped. So the fluid then blows

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Speaker 1: outside and somewhere along the way here. Often, if you've

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Speaker 1: got like a you know, an outdoor unit, uh, it

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Speaker 1: will go through a compressor, and that compressor will be

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Speaker 1: in the outdoor unit, and the compressor is powered by

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Speaker 1: a mechanical device that forcibly smashes that vapor and increases

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Speaker 1: its pressure by using electrically powered components to reduce the volume,

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Speaker 1: smashes it down, and then this pressurized refrigerant flows through

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Speaker 1: condenser coils. These are in the unit outside the house

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Speaker 1: or in the part of the air conditioner that's sticking outside,

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Speaker 1: which are another set of coils exposed to the outside air.

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Speaker 1: And this of course, it has another fan that rapidly

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Speaker 1: blows the outside air over these coils, so the outside

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Speaker 1: air rapidly absorbs the heat from the hot compressed refrigerant

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Speaker 1: inside the coils. The heat gets just dumped out into

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Speaker 1: the air outside, and this allows the refrigerant to cool

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Speaker 1: off and condense back down into a liquid. And then finally,

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Speaker 1: before the refrigerant can go through the evaporator coils inside again,

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Speaker 1: it passes through a device called an expansion valve, which

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Speaker 1: lowers the pressure that the compressor forced into it. So

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Speaker 1: now you're back to what you started with. You've got

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Speaker 1: this low boiling point liquid that can again be exposed

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Speaker 1: to the air inside your house. Blowing that air over

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Speaker 1: it really fast with a fan and it cools the

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Speaker 1: air down and removes humidity from it in the process. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: when you lay it all out, it it's a it's

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Speaker 1: the celaborate process. I mean, we see again it's easy

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Speaker 1: to take air conditioning for granted when it is working. Um,

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Speaker 1: but it does remind me how when when I was

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Speaker 1: a kid, we would go to my my grandfather's house

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Speaker 1: and he he had window units in you know, the

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Speaker 1: major rooms of the of the house. And when one

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Speaker 1: was not was was not functioning. He was a superhanded guy,

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Speaker 1: so he would take it out of the window and

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Speaker 1: he would take it apart and repair it and tinker

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Speaker 1: with it. And I remember at the time just marveling

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Speaker 1: at all the things that seemed to be going on

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Speaker 1: inside of that air conditioning um and he was able

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Speaker 1: to patch it up and get it back on the

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Speaker 1: window and functioning again. Yeah, it is weird. I tried,

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Speaker 1: Like it's hard. I remember when I was younger not

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Speaker 1: understanding how air conditioning worked and being kind of amazed

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Speaker 1: by it, and and I even remember having it explained

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Speaker 1: to me and like just in not clicking. And I

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Speaker 1: gotta admit, when we were preparing for this episode, I

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Speaker 1: spent a long time like looking at the diagrams and

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Speaker 1: trying to hack at it and make sure, like, okay, am,

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Speaker 1: I sure I'm understanding this right, because it's not very intuitive,

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Speaker 1: right it's And the thing is, it's household. Peers are

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Speaker 1: rather into it. It's like a hot water heater. It's

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Speaker 1: rather simple. You know, you don't have to do much

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Speaker 1: tinkering with it to understand it. I just explained to

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Speaker 1: my son how one works that the day because I neglected,

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Speaker 1: I think, to ever, like tell him where the hot

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Speaker 1: water came from. So I was like, oh, let's talk

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Speaker 1: about where all the hot water went. Just now. Likewise,

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Speaker 1: you know, the furnace, I feels a lot more. It's

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Speaker 1: a lot easier to understand Washington seeing a dry or

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Speaker 1: an oven. But yeah, the air conditioning requires a few

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Speaker 1: more steps of understanding and really grasp what it's doing well,

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Speaker 1: I think, especially because it involves chemistry and phase changes

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Speaker 1: having to do with like phase changes between liquid and

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Speaker 1: gas and gas and liquid and compression and condensation and

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Speaker 1: all that. So these things I think are less intuitive

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Speaker 1: to us than just putting heat into something. But another

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Speaker 1: way you can think about an air conditioner is that

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Speaker 1: it's a heater for outside. An air conditioner is just

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Speaker 1: a heater from outside, and the heat energy that it

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Speaker 1: draws to heat the outside comes from the air in

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Speaker 1: your house. And of course it accesses that heat energy

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Speaker 1: very rapidly by by having this this low boiling point

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Speaker 1: liquid and blowing air over it really fast. All right,

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Speaker 1: So we're going to talk about how we got to

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Speaker 1: this modern technological marvel that is the air conditioning unit.

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Speaker 1: But before we get there, I want to talk to

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Speaker 1: us a little bit about but we want to basically

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Speaker 1: drop in on a favorite invention and stuff to blow

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Speaker 1: your mind historical figure, and that is, of course Benjamin Franklin.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, so he actually did some early air conditioning

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Speaker 1: style experiments. Yes, Now to be clear, Ben Franklin did

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Speaker 1: not invent air conditioning. And I it's interesting you see

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Speaker 1: this tippit about Benjamin Franklin, either correctly attributed or sometimes

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Speaker 1: incorrectly attributed, show up on a lot of different air

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Speaker 1: conditioning company websites. I don't know if it's about just

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Speaker 1: you know, adding engaging content on the website. So it's

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Speaker 1: about you know, you know, ranking and search and so

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Speaker 1: they just put some some some fun content on there,

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Speaker 1: getting some of that founding father Mojoe. But if you've

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Speaker 1: read anywhere that Ben Franklin invented air conditioning, uh, he

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Speaker 1: did not, I want to be clear on that. But

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Speaker 1: he did experiment with the refrigerating effects of various liquids

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Speaker 1: and the role evaporation plays in the process. He experimented

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Speaker 1: with Cambridge professor John Hadley using ether and a bellows

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Speaker 1: to cool a mercury thermometer down to twenty five below freezing.

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Speaker 1: And this makes sense because while this is not exactly

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Speaker 1: an air conditioning unit, it is basically taking from the

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Speaker 1: same principles that will be employed in the kind of

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Speaker 1: air conditioning unit we just described, having something with a

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Speaker 1: low boiling point, like while water boils at two hundred

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Speaker 1: and twelve degrees fahrenheit or a hundred degrees celsius, the

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Speaker 1: boiling point of ether, I think diethyl ether is around

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Speaker 1: ninety four degrees fahrenhydro thirty five degrees celsius, so it

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Speaker 1: boils much more easily. Blowing air rapidly over a massive

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Speaker 1: ether is kind of like the blower in a modern

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Speaker 1: AC unit blowing air over an evaporator coil full of refrigerant.

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Speaker 1: It rapidly evaporates, and it steals energy from the surrounding air,

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Speaker 1: thus cooling the air. So Franklin wrote about all this

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Speaker 1: uh and about sort of the general knowledge of cooling

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Speaker 1: technology to do is aware of in a seventeen fifty

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Speaker 1: eight letter to John Lenning and UH. And this this

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Speaker 1: letter is available online, and I want to read read

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Speaker 1: a portion of it here, referring to the experiment that

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Speaker 1: we just mentioned. Quote from this experiment, one may see

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Speaker 1: the possibility of freezing a man to death on a

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Speaker 1: warm summer's day if you were to stand in a

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Speaker 1: passage through which the wind blew briskly, and to be

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Speaker 1: wet frequently with ether, a spirit that is more inflammable

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Speaker 1: than brandy or common spirits of wine. Okay, Franklin maybe

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Speaker 1: knew something about brandy and wine. No, no, I don't

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Speaker 1: mean to. I imagine he did. I believe he did.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, so he's talking about the evaporation principle. Then again,

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Speaker 1: especially if you have something with a very low boiling point,

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Speaker 1: you like put alcohol or ether or something all over

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Speaker 1: a person because it evaporates very readily, and then you

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Speaker 1: blow a fan on them, it will chill them even

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Speaker 1: more than blowing a fan on like a person wet

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Speaker 1: with water. Right now, this first part of the letter

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Speaker 1: about freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day,

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Speaker 1: you see that thrown around a lot, and it does

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Speaker 1: show up on a number of air conditioning websites out there.

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Speaker 1: But the rest of the weather the letter is really

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Speaker 1: cool too, So I want to read the next passage

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Speaker 1: of it. It's a bit longer, where he just talks

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Speaker 1: about refrigeration technology in general. Quote. It is but within

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Speaker 1: these few years that the European philosophers seem to have

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Speaker 1: known this power in nature of cooling bodies by evaporation.

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Speaker 1: But in the Yeast they have long been acquainted with it.

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Speaker 1: A friend tells me there is a passage in Bernis

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Speaker 1: travels through Indostan, ridden near one hundred years ago, that

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Speaker 1: mentions it as a practice, in traveling over dry deserts

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Speaker 1: in that hot climate, to carry water in flasks wrapped

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Speaker 1: in wet woolen cloths and hung on the shady side

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Speaker 1: of the camel or carriage. But in the free air,

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Speaker 1: whereby as the cloths gradually grow drier, the water contained

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Speaker 1: in the flask is made cooler. They have likewise a

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Speaker 1: kind of earthen pots, unglazed, which let the water gradually

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Speaker 1: and slowly ooze through their pores, so as to keep

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Speaker 1: the outside a little wet, notwithstanding the continual evaporation which

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Speaker 1: gives great coldness to the vessel and the water contained

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Speaker 1: in it. Even our common sailors seem to have had

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Speaker 1: some notion of this property. For I remember that, being

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Speaker 1: at sea when I was a youth, I observed one

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Speaker 1: of the sailors during a calm in the night, often

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Speaker 1: wetting his finger in his mouth and in holding it

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Speaker 1: up in the air to discover, as he said, if

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Speaker 1: the air had any motion, and from which side it came.

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Speaker 1: And this he expected to do by finding one side

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Speaker 1: of his finger grows suddenly cold, and from that side

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Speaker 1: he should look for the next wind, which I then

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Speaker 1: laughed at as a fancy what. Some people didn't like

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Speaker 1: Ben Franklin at the time would not have accepted that

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Speaker 1: the cold side of a wet finger is where the

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Speaker 1: wind is coming from. His youth him. Yeah. So this

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Speaker 1: letter and and various other documents can be found at

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Speaker 1: founders dot archives dot gov. Um Uh, there's a number

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Speaker 1: of writings from figures like Ben Franklin there. Ben Franklin's

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Speaker 1: writings are are are typically worth checking out. A lot

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Speaker 1: of his letters are just fantastic. There was one we

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Speaker 1: quoted at length in a couple of stuff to Blow

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Speaker 1: your Mind episodes we did about the early days of

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Speaker 1: electricity experiments, where Benjamin Franklin describes his attempts to uh

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Speaker 1: to kill and roast a turkey for a big party

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Speaker 1: using laden jars. Yeah, Franklin is an interesting figure. It

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Speaker 1: would be kind of potentially interesting to come back and

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Speaker 1: look at him in greater detail in a future episode

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Speaker 1: of one of these, uh these shows, because he did

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Speaker 1: have his hand in a lot of science. You know,

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Speaker 1: he's a true Enlightenment character. Um. You tend not to

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Speaker 1: see individuals involved in American politics so involved in the

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Speaker 1: sciences these days. Right now, before we get onto the

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Speaker 1: more recent notable attempts to actually create some kind of

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Speaker 1: air conditioner for rooms, I guess we could briefly mention

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Speaker 1: one other important figure around the same time in early

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Speaker 1: refrigeration and cooling research, and that would be the Scottish

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Speaker 1: physician and inventor William Cullen who lived seventeen ten to

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Speaker 1: seventeen ninety, who invented a process for evaporative cooling in

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Speaker 1: the seventeen fifties, which he described in an essay from

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Speaker 1: the mid seventeen hundreds with a hilariously bad title quote

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Speaker 1: of the cold produced by evaporating fluids and of some

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Speaker 1: other means of producing cold. Well, it's not that that.

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Speaker 1: Basically he got ethyl ether to boil by creating a

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Speaker 1: partial vacuum. So you put ethel ether, which has a

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Speaker 1: low boiling point in a chamber, and then you you

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Speaker 1: lower the pressure in the chamber, which causes the liquid

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Speaker 1: to boil at an even lower temperature, and the evaporation

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Speaker 1: that that causes, of course again sucks energy from the

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Speaker 1: surroundings and has a rapid cooling effect on on whatever's

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Speaker 1: around this chamber. But we're gonna find maybe our first

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Speaker 1: real attempt at creating an air conditioner for a room,

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Speaker 1: not in Scotland, not not in Ben Franklin's labs or

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Speaker 1: in his experiments at Cambridge or wherever. We're gonna go

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Speaker 1: somewhere else that's right, and you'll find out right after this.

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Speaker 1: Great alright, we're back. So I'm not saying it doesn't

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Speaker 1: get hot in Scotland, but I know a place where

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Speaker 1: it definitely gets hot here in the United States, and

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Speaker 1: that is, of course, the Panhandle of Florida. Did you

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Speaker 1: ever live in Florida? No, but it's I've always, well

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Speaker 1: not always, but I've much of my life has been

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Speaker 1: lived in the American South, So Florida has always been

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Speaker 1: a place to go for vacations and so so generally

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Speaker 1: in summer months when it is it is sweltering. Right,

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Speaker 1: So we're going to be turning to a figure a

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Speaker 1: Florida man named John B. Gory. Yes, so, John B.

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Speaker 1: Gory lived eighteen oh three through eighteen fifty five was

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Speaker 1: an American physician. Born in the West Indies, raised in

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Speaker 1: South Carolina, educated in New York, and then he moved

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Speaker 1: to Appalachicola, Florida in eighteen thirty three. And Appalachicola is

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Speaker 1: a small coastal town in the Panhandle of Florida. It's

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Speaker 1: near St. George's Island. I think, which at some point

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Speaker 1: in my life, I think I actually went on a

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Speaker 1: vacation too. Yeah, I mean I've been to Appalachicola, and

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Speaker 1: I did not realize it's significance in history. I mean,

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Speaker 1: obviously I didn't spend a lot of time or I

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Speaker 1: might have seen a statue too of the man we're

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Speaker 1: talking about now. But of course you might imagine Florida

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Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds, there's going to be a good

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Speaker 1: amount of disease going around. This is going to be

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Speaker 1: basically a tropical disease environment. Yeah. So while he was

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Speaker 1: in Appletrico, he practiced medicine, but he also studied these

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Speaker 1: tropical diseases, especially yellow fever and as miasma. Theory was

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Speaker 1: still in fashion at the time. He considered bad air

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Speaker 1: to be the key factor in these illnesses. Now, we've

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Speaker 1: discussed miasma theory before. I know, we discussed it and

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Speaker 1: stuff to build your mind. I can't remember if it

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Speaker 1: came up on invention or not, I'm not sure, But basically,

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Speaker 1: miasma theory was the idea that diseases it was. It

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Speaker 1: was a pre germ theory hypothesis on the origins of

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Speaker 1: disease that postulated that diseases were spread by bad air

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Speaker 1: or bad vapors, often associated with bad smelling things like carrion,

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Speaker 1: or like swamps or marshes. But then there were also

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Speaker 1: more supernatural versions of it that believe that like bad

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Speaker 1: vapors would come down off of the planets or something. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I remember the discussing those the planets, Uh, in the

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Speaker 1: planets in graveyards, for instance, certainly, you know, not places

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Speaker 1: you're gonna catch a supernatural illness like this. But of

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Speaker 1: course you can see where the correlation comes in when

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Speaker 1: you're dealing with unburied corpses or swamp lands that are

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Speaker 1: loaded with say mosquitoes that are of course, uh, you know,

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Speaker 1: carrying potential human diseases exactly right. Yeah, I think the

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Speaker 1: swamp lands thing being a really important, uh point of comparison.

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Speaker 1: There were these ideas of like night vapors coming off

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Speaker 1: of the marsh or the swamp, where the real problem

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Speaker 1: is that you've got a mosquito giving you malaria or

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Speaker 1: giving you yellow fever. But I also want to say

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Speaker 1: that I think it wasn't just a belief in miasma

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Speaker 1: theory that led to a desire to cool the air

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Speaker 1: and hospital rooms for patients suffering from diseases like yellow

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Speaker 1: fever and malaria. I think part of it was also

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Speaker 1: just the idea of the comfort of the patients. But

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Speaker 1: something this did make me think about was that it's

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Speaker 1: interesting that it seems like we have a I was

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Speaker 1: gonna say natural association. I don't know if it's a

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Speaker 1: natural instinctual association or if it's learned, but this association

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Speaker 1: between cold fluids and cleanliness and warm fluids with uncleanliness, Like,

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Speaker 1: I don't think that's just me. I think that's a

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Speaker 1: common cultural association, like cold air and cold water automatically

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Speaker 1: feel clean, while stagnant warm air and tepid water feel dirty.

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Speaker 1: And I don't. Do you think that's like something you

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Speaker 1: know from deep in our brains and our primate ancestors,

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Speaker 1: or is that just something we learn in life through culture.

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Speaker 1: I mean, I don't know. I've never really thought about

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Speaker 1: it much. I mean, obviously, if you're in a hot room,

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Speaker 1: you're likely to be sweaty. And if you're sweaty over time,

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Speaker 1: that can produce a certain odor and you can feel,

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Speaker 1: you know, dirtier because of it, I guess, and we

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Speaker 1: and and certainly in the air conditioning age, you come

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Speaker 1: to associate the outdoors is a place where you sweat,

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Speaker 1: and sweat being the product of toiling. Uh. And then

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Speaker 1: inside you're gonna have access to air conditioning. This is

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Speaker 1: going to be a play. So you know, generally you

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Speaker 1: know of of more relaxation uh and uh and maybe

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Speaker 1: cleaner activities. You're not getting his dirty. But at any rate,

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Speaker 1: Gory definitely was responding to the idea that a hospital

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Speaker 1: should be cool in part because of the you know,

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Speaker 1: the of the maasthma theory that you need some you

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00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:23,399
Speaker 1: need some good air in there, which means you need

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Speaker 1: some cold air cool it down, especially for those feverish patients. Yes,

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Speaker 1: uh and you know, there's still some truth to this today.

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Speaker 1: I mean, you go into a hospital now, not because

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Speaker 1: of miasthma theory, but hospitals now tend to be pretty

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Speaker 1: chilly places. I would say, yeah, yeah, absolutely, of course

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Speaker 1: that's really come to be the case of most like

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Speaker 1: large you know, buildings of like schools, libraries like these

385
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Speaker 1: are these are places that are refuges of of the

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Speaker 1: cool in hot climates. Usually, So Gory wanted to cool

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Speaker 1: down the hospital, and his first approach to this simply

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Speaker 1: involved hanging tubs of ice from the ceiling, which is

389
00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:05,240
Speaker 1: actually a pretty solid idea given that that that cool

390
00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:09,159
Speaker 1: air is going to descend, right. But of course this

391
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,520
Speaker 1: brings us back to the historic Roman problem. Uh and

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Speaker 1: uh and also I suppose the the Aztec problem as well,

393
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Speaker 1: of of how to transport that ice. You know, if

394
00:21:19,080 --> 00:21:22,159
Speaker 1: you're getting that ice from somewhere, uh, you've got to

395
00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:24,040
Speaker 1: transport it all the way to your hospital and then

396
00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:26,479
Speaker 1: hanging up in the ceiling. Yeah. And so at this

397
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Speaker 1: time we talked in the last episode about, of course, yeah,

398
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Speaker 1: this Roman problem, like bringing snow down from the mountaintops,

399
00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:35,800
Speaker 1: snow or ice. In ancient Rome, there were people who

400
00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:37,520
Speaker 1: sold it, but it seems like it was something of

401
00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:39,800
Speaker 1: a luxury. Right. It's gonna take a lot of work

402
00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:43,160
Speaker 1: to bring snow down, and someone's gonna melt on the way.

403
00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:47,040
Speaker 1: Uh So, yeah, it's an expensive proposition. The large scale

404
00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:50,680
Speaker 1: transport of ice had actually only recently become a big

405
00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:53,880
Speaker 1: business in in Gorey's time here, so in the eighteen

406
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Speaker 1: thirties or forties, due in large part to the efforts

407
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:02,200
Speaker 1: of a single ambitious business man from Boston named Frederick

408
00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:06,520
Speaker 1: the Ice King Tutor. Like an Adventure Time, Yes, Oh wait,

409
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:08,760
Speaker 1: I didn't know, is there? Yeah, there's an ice king

410
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:11,399
Speaker 1: on Adventure Time. He's you know, he's a king, an

411
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:14,359
Speaker 1: evil king with with ice based powers, but he is

412
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:16,600
Speaker 1: the Ice King. Okay, well maybe you be. I haven't

413
00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:18,600
Speaker 1: seen this, so you'll be the judge of how well

414
00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:21,880
Speaker 1: this fits with Frederick the Ice King Tutor. So, Tutor's

415
00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:25,320
Speaker 1: shipments of block ice traveled not only to customers in

416
00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:27,800
Speaker 1: the American South, of course, they went to New Orleans

417
00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:30,240
Speaker 1: and to Charleston and all over the place, but also

418
00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:33,920
Speaker 1: all over the Caribbean, from Havana to Martinique. They even

419
00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:36,840
Speaker 1: went around the world to Brazil, into Europe, into India

420
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Speaker 1: and India. Apparently his ice was hugely popular, and the

421
00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:43,520
Speaker 1: story of Frederick Tutor's ice business, I think is in

422
00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:48,320
Speaker 1: itself pretty fascinating. Basically, Tutor developed a process for mass

423
00:22:48,359 --> 00:22:52,800
Speaker 1: harvesting of ice from frozen lakes and ponds in and

424
00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:55,640
Speaker 1: I think rivers too in the winter in New England,

425
00:22:56,040 --> 00:22:59,040
Speaker 1: and then taking that ice harvested from these bodies of

426
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:03,160
Speaker 1: fresh water two warmer destinations down south, where the ice

427
00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:07,440
Speaker 1: was sold for various refreshing purposes, often for cooling drinks,

428
00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:11,520
Speaker 1: but at least occasionally for cooling rooms. Alla gory. And

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Speaker 1: this would have been to most people a very new

430
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,000
Speaker 1: thing at the time. Like can you imagine how magical

431
00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:19,320
Speaker 1: it must have seemed living your whole life in a

432
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,520
Speaker 1: tropical climate and then one day, for the first time ever,

433
00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:26,160
Speaker 1: being served a cold drink with ice floating in it. Yeah,

434
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:28,760
Speaker 1: I mean it must have been magical. You know this?

435
00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:32,720
Speaker 1: This reminds me of the film The Mosquito Coast. Did

436
00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:34,879
Speaker 1: you ever see this with the Harrison Ford? No, I

437
00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:36,760
Speaker 1: haven't seen it, but I know about it. Yeah, you

438
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,960
Speaker 1: know the plot, The central plot involves this. This character

439
00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:42,240
Speaker 1: played the Harrison Ford is like a brilliant inventor and

440
00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:47,480
Speaker 1: kind of eccentric and very opinionated and strong willed individual. Uh.

441
00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:50,280
Speaker 1: And he and they traveled to I can't remember if

442
00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:53,280
Speaker 1: it's Belize or Costa Rica or it was filmed in

443
00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:55,040
Speaker 1: one of the two, one of the two. It's a

444
00:23:56,119 --> 00:23:59,080
Speaker 1: travels down there with the idea of constructing this ice

445
00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:03,040
Speaker 1: generating machine, sheen and bringing bringing ice to the people.

446
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:08,760
Speaker 1: And so there's this wonderful scene where they've they've they've

447
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,639
Speaker 1: created the ice in the machine, and they've they've transported

448
00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:15,040
Speaker 1: it wrapped in leaves to to preserve it, to show

449
00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:17,359
Speaker 1: it to some native peoples. And by the time they

450
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:19,840
Speaker 1: get there, they're unwrapping the leaves trying to find this

451
00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:23,359
Speaker 1: tiny bit of remaining ice and like that there's and

452
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:27,040
Speaker 1: it's just, you know, virtually all melted away at the core. Well,

453
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:29,280
Speaker 1: it also makes me think about the opening of the

454
00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:33,199
Speaker 1: novel One Years of Solitude by Gabrielle Garcia Marquez, and

455
00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:36,199
Speaker 1: in the first chapter of that there's this, you know,

456
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,120
Speaker 1: the mythical history of this family, and there's a story

457
00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:42,919
Speaker 1: about the patriarch taking his children to see Uh. I

458
00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:45,919
Speaker 1: think a traveler brings a chest that has ice in it.

459
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,720
Speaker 1: None of them have ever seen ice before? Oh well, yeah,

460
00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:50,399
Speaker 1: I mean it would have. It would have been a

461
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,560
Speaker 1: magical occurrence. Again. Uh, one of the marvelous privileges of

462
00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:56,960
Speaker 1: the modern age that most of us take for granted.

463
00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:00,119
Speaker 1: And how I mean, I don't want to like it

464
00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:02,919
Speaker 1: seems absurd now that you would harvest ice from a

465
00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:06,399
Speaker 1: cold climate, put it in a ship, and ship it

466
00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:08,800
Speaker 1: to another part of the world. But this turned into

467
00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:11,640
Speaker 1: a huge business. No. The Ice King, I should say,

468
00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:14,520
Speaker 1: had a lot of early failures in like the first

469
00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:17,280
Speaker 1: decade of the eighteen hundreds. For example, some of his

470
00:25:17,320 --> 00:25:20,520
Speaker 1: early shipment's just melted at their port of arrival before

471
00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:22,560
Speaker 1: they could be sold and used, because there were no

472
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:25,960
Speaker 1: ice houses to keep the ice insulated after it showed up.

473
00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:29,560
Speaker 1: But over the years Tutor improved the feasibility and the

474
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,040
Speaker 1: efficiency of his business in quite a few different ways.

475
00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:35,159
Speaker 1: A few interesting examples I was reading about. One was,

476
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:37,800
Speaker 1: of course, establishing ice houses right to store the ice

477
00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:41,040
Speaker 1: when it arrived in the warmer climates. Another was this

478
00:25:41,359 --> 00:25:44,879
Speaker 1: quest to find better insulating packing material to keep the

479
00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:48,240
Speaker 1: ice cold while it was being shipped. Originally he used straw,

480
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:52,600
Speaker 1: but experimented with stuff like rice and even cold us,

481
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:55,800
Speaker 1: but later he found that pine sawdust worked best of

482
00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:58,840
Speaker 1: all to keep the ice cold. And then later he

483
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:03,399
Speaker 1: partnered with an ventor named Nathaniel Jarvis Wyath, who yep

484
00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:07,080
Speaker 1: related to the painter Andrew Wyath. Uh and nat Wyath

485
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:09,560
Speaker 1: came up with lots of improved methods and tools for

486
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:14,040
Speaker 1: tutors business, including designs for insulated, double walled above ground

487
00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:17,879
Speaker 1: ice houses, and crucially for a horse drawn ice cutter

488
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,520
Speaker 1: that works kind of like a furrow plow. It would

489
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,800
Speaker 1: saw out ice blocks in a grid pattern as it

490
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:26,840
Speaker 1: was dragged behind the horse, and then these ice blocks

491
00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:29,080
Speaker 1: that were sought out could be easily broken apart from

492
00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:32,080
Speaker 1: one another and floated down to a retrieval site. And

493
00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:36,439
Speaker 1: this apparently greatly streamlined the harvesting process and decrease the

494
00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:38,520
Speaker 1: cost device. And I've got a picture here, Robert, you

495
00:26:38,520 --> 00:26:41,879
Speaker 1: can see of what this horse drawn ice cutter looks like.

496
00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:45,439
Speaker 1: But it's kind of it's surreal watching these people standing

497
00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:47,840
Speaker 1: on the surface of a frozen lake that's just cut

498
00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:50,960
Speaker 1: into a grid. It looks like graph paper. Wow. Yeah,

499
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:53,399
Speaker 1: they just ditting it up to ship it out. And

500
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:56,639
Speaker 1: in fact, I found this historical connection too good to miss.

501
00:26:57,040 --> 00:27:01,480
Speaker 1: The American writer Henry David throw encountered commercial ice harvesters

502
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:04,760
Speaker 1: at work in Walden Pond, and he wrote about them

503
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:06,800
Speaker 1: in his book Walden. Do you mind if I read

504
00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:11,040
Speaker 1: part of this quote here? Robert Okay, so a thorough rights. Thus,

505
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:13,960
Speaker 1: for sixteen days I saw from my window a hundred

506
00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:17,560
Speaker 1: men at work, like busy husbandman, with teams and horses,

507
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:21,040
Speaker 1: and apparently all the implements of farming, such a picture

508
00:27:21,119 --> 00:27:23,720
Speaker 1: as we see on the first page of the almanac.

509
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:26,359
Speaker 1: And as often as I looked out, I was reminded

510
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:29,359
Speaker 1: of the fable of the lark and the reapers, or

511
00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:32,200
Speaker 1: the parable of the sower and the like. And now

512
00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:35,080
Speaker 1: they're all gone. And in thirty days more probably I

513
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,320
Speaker 1: shall look from the same window on the pure sea

514
00:27:37,359 --> 00:27:40,879
Speaker 1: green Walden water, there reflecting the clouds and the trees,

515
00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:44,680
Speaker 1: and sending up its evaporations in solitude, and no traces

516
00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:47,600
Speaker 1: will appear that a man has ever stood there. Perhaps

517
00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,360
Speaker 1: I shall hear a solitary loon laugh as he dives

518
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,240
Speaker 1: and plumes himself, or she'll see a lonely fisher in

519
00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:56,960
Speaker 1: his boat like a floating leaf, beholding his form reflected

520
00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:00,359
Speaker 1: in the waves where lately a hundred men securely a bird.

521
00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:03,920
Speaker 1: Thus it appears that the sweltering inhabitants of Charleston and

522
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,879
Speaker 1: New Orleans, of Madras and Bombay and Calcutta drink at

523
00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:10,720
Speaker 1: my well. Oh and he he also goes on to

524
00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:13,600
Speaker 1: to contemplate his his fascination with the philosophy of the

525
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 1: Baga Bodhida uh and eventually concludes by saying that, uh,

526
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,960
Speaker 1: that the pure Walden water is mingled with the sacred

527
00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:23,720
Speaker 1: water of the Ganji's And I guess in mind there

528
00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:25,560
Speaker 1: he just has the fact that the ice from his

529
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:28,359
Speaker 1: pond is maybe going to end up in India in

530
00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:31,159
Speaker 1: somebody's drink. Oh yeah, it's kind of the reverse of

531
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:34,040
Speaker 1: the the the argument ever before that all water has

532
00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:37,400
Speaker 1: been dinosaur p You know, it's true, all water has

533
00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:42,520
Speaker 1: been Henry David Throw's bathwater that like all every every

534
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,560
Speaker 1: chunk of ice in every drink you've ever had, Henry

535
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,000
Speaker 1: David Thorreau washed his butt with. It's probably true. It's

536
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:52,280
Speaker 1: statistically it's true. Yeah. Well, you know this this brings

537
00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:56,520
Speaker 1: this boy the the whole question of water purification. The

538
00:28:56,520 --> 00:29:01,800
Speaker 1: process of water purification is interesting because um, you know,

539
00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:04,080
Speaker 1: we could easily do a whole well, we could easily

540
00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:06,840
Speaker 1: do a whole episode on just technology involved in purifying water,

541
00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:11,080
Speaker 1: but also the psychology of water purification, Like what how

542
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:14,880
Speaker 1: many steps need to be there, organic or industrial before

543
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,720
Speaker 1: we will accept that we are drinking something that was

544
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:22,200
Speaker 1: once potentially urine or bath water, that was essentially gray

545
00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:25,400
Speaker 1: or or worse water at some point is now our

546
00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:29,320
Speaker 1: drinking water. Um, it's it's it's quite fascinating we start

547
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:31,520
Speaker 1: breaking down the psychology. Yeah, well, I mean H two

548
00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:34,320
Speaker 1: O molecules or H two O molecules. It's like, just

549
00:29:34,360 --> 00:29:37,960
Speaker 1: because H two O was once part of poop, or

550
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,440
Speaker 1: was once part of blood, or was once you know,

551
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,480
Speaker 1: something else, now it's not anymore. Yeah, Like, why don't

552
00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:46,640
Speaker 1: we That's that's gross. But we're okay with having been stardust,

553
00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:49,480
Speaker 1: you know, that's right. I mean we kind of pick

554
00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:51,680
Speaker 1: and choose, don't we. I Mean, it doesn't bring the

555
00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:55,440
Speaker 1: poop with it unless it does. But we still want

556
00:29:55,480 --> 00:29:57,120
Speaker 1: to think that, right, We still we still want to

557
00:29:57,160 --> 00:29:58,920
Speaker 1: think that it is still in some way poop in

558
00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:02,440
Speaker 1: the same way that we might we might listen to

559
00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:04,800
Speaker 1: the song would Stock and think, yeah, there is a

560
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,360
Speaker 1: piece of a star inside me, and it's burning bright

561
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 1: with the you know, with the power of of an

562
00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:13,480
Speaker 1: entire solar system. That's a good connection, Robert. That's also

563
00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:16,280
Speaker 1: it's a bit of that thorough energy. And I know

564
00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,080
Speaker 1: some people actually did I think Thorow is kind of boring,

565
00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:22,920
Speaker 1: but I found that passage rather beautiful. Uh So, Anyway,

566
00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:26,560
Speaker 1: by the middle of the nineteenth century, shipped ice was

567
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:30,280
Speaker 1: this huge business, and as you might imagine, it could

568
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:33,760
Speaker 1: also be fickle, right, because it's ice, it's not the

569
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:37,719
Speaker 1: most stable of commodities. Like slight variations in the weather

570
00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:41,800
Speaker 1: patterns elsewhere in the world could potentially mess with supply

571
00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,520
Speaker 1: and demand for ice in a major way, leading to

572
00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:48,880
Speaker 1: the dreaded ice shortage. So now you're living somewhere hot

573
00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:51,240
Speaker 1: and you've got a taste for ice, but maybe sometimes

574
00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:54,760
Speaker 1: the ice market could get mighty tight, right. And it's

575
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:57,239
Speaker 1: one thing if you're just you're looking for ways to uh,

576
00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:00,200
Speaker 1: you know, to to cool your drink down. But if

577
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,240
Speaker 1: you're looking at like Gory was, at a hospital, a

578
00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: situation where you believe that there is a there's a

579
00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:11,160
Speaker 1: there's a strong advantage and having a cooled down hospital room, uh,

580
00:31:11,280 --> 00:31:13,520
Speaker 1: then you're gonna want to have some way to produce

581
00:31:13,640 --> 00:31:18,200
Speaker 1: ice uh locally. So he began became increasingly obsessed with

582
00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:21,480
Speaker 1: the problem of artificial ice production, so much so that

583
00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:25,000
Speaker 1: in eighteen forty five he gave up medicine to look

584
00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:28,480
Speaker 1: into this full time. And UH he actually acquired patents

585
00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:31,120
Speaker 1: and UH he had acquired patents in eighteen thirties and

586
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,640
Speaker 1: the eighteen thirties for an ice machine that employed cooling

587
00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:37,680
Speaker 1: caused by rapid gas expansion. It used pumps to compress

588
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:42,120
Speaker 1: air by injecting uh it with water. Compressed air was

589
00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:45,560
Speaker 1: then submerged in coils within a bath of cooling water.

590
00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:49,440
Speaker 1: The interjected water condensed out in a holding tank. Then

591
00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:51,720
Speaker 1: the compressed air was released into a tank of lower

592
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:55,080
Speaker 1: pressure brine, bringing the brine tank down to twenty six

593
00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:58,080
Speaker 1: degrees or less. Metal containers of water were lowered in,

594
00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,000
Speaker 1: becoming bricks of ice, which could than be withdrawn. So

595
00:32:02,080 --> 00:32:03,320
Speaker 1: and then he could then he could have, you know,

596
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:07,400
Speaker 1: hang them or position them in the hospital rooms, or

597
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,160
Speaker 1: they could be used as such to then cool them down. Right,

598
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:14,120
Speaker 1: So he's using compression and expansion of these substances. The

599
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:17,680
Speaker 1: rapid expansion cools everything around it. He's using that to

600
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,160
Speaker 1: cool water and create ice. Now, one question is why

601
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:24,960
Speaker 1: is this often considered a predecessor, an early step in

602
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,440
Speaker 1: the creation of air conditioning when it is really refrigeration.

603
00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:31,360
Speaker 1: It's a refrigeration process. I mean, air conditioning is a

604
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:34,800
Speaker 1: refrigeration process. But he was creating ice. I think it's

605
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,840
Speaker 1: probably because Gory planned to use the blocks of ice

606
00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:40,880
Speaker 1: to cool hospital rooms. Right. Yeah, that was an initial

607
00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:46,640
Speaker 1: um entry into the world of refrigeration. So today he's

608
00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:50,040
Speaker 1: he's recognized a lot more, especially in Appalachicola. Uh. You

609
00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:53,760
Speaker 1: can find a statue of him there. Uh. And thus,

610
00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:56,200
Speaker 1: but at the at the time, he had problems with

611
00:32:56,280 --> 00:32:59,680
Speaker 1: his invention, and Jacob Perkins beat him out for the

612
00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,840
Speaker 1: tide of Father of the Refrigerator in eighteen thirty five.

613
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:07,040
Speaker 1: And Uh, Gory's continued efforts to get his own invention

614
00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:09,880
Speaker 1: off the ground failed for a few different reasons, and

615
00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:13,480
Speaker 1: he died without achieving his his goal of becoming the

616
00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:17,280
Speaker 1: master refrigeration in eighteen fifty five. Yeah. For some reason,

617
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:21,640
Speaker 1: Gory faced a lot of harsh opposition and ridicule, especially

618
00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:23,960
Speaker 1: in the press. I was reading a paper by the

619
00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:27,720
Speaker 1: American historian Raymond Arsenal about the impact of air conditioning

620
00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:30,720
Speaker 1: on the culture of the American South, and Arsenal just

621
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:35,120
Speaker 1: notes that most of Gory's contemporaries were dismissive of his achievements,

622
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:37,600
Speaker 1: and as an example, one journalist I think, writing for

623
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:41,680
Speaker 1: the New York Globe at some point described Gory by saying, quote,

624
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:44,720
Speaker 1: a crankdown in Florida thinks he can make ice as

625
00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:51,640
Speaker 1: good as Almighty God. Well, you know it's it's that

626
00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,760
Speaker 1: is ridiculous and and clearly, um, you know, shows some

627
00:33:55,760 --> 00:34:00,720
Speaker 1: some anti Floridian bias. Uh. However, you know that that

628
00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:02,840
Speaker 1: kind of headline wouldn't be completely out of out of

629
00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:05,040
Speaker 1: line today. I mean you still see a lot of

630
00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: headlines about about Florida and kind of like you know,

631
00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:11,680
Speaker 1: this stigmatization of of Florida. And so you can imagine

632
00:34:11,719 --> 00:34:15,200
Speaker 1: stories today about a craze doctor who's quit his medical

633
00:34:15,239 --> 00:34:18,719
Speaker 1: practice to try and make the perfect ice, to play

634
00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:21,239
Speaker 1: God by creating ice, right, And you know, the same

635
00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:24,320
Speaker 1: people might if the story we're taking place and say Brooklyn,

636
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 1: it might be something different like, oh, this doctor he

637
00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:28,640
Speaker 1: gave up his nine to five so he could pursue

638
00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:32,400
Speaker 1: making the perfect cube of ice for your for you know,

639
00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:36,640
Speaker 1: for your cocktails or your your scotch um. But anyway,

640
00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:39,000
Speaker 1: I mean, it is always sad on this show when

641
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:40,840
Speaker 1: we have to look at an inventor and see that

642
00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:43,239
Speaker 1: they you know, they if they died penniless, or they

643
00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:47,000
Speaker 1: died without finding finding the recognition that they sought in life,

644
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:49,960
Speaker 1: only achieving it after death. I'm I'm always gonna end

645
00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:54,759
Speaker 1: up um as much as possible, like siding with those individuals. Yeah,

646
00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:57,799
Speaker 1: I guess. I mean, well, so it's possibly because of

647
00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:01,400
Speaker 1: this mercy merciless ridicule that Gorey failed to attain or

648
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:04,520
Speaker 1: retain investors for his invention. I think he had one

649
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:08,239
Speaker 1: major investor, but then that investor died, and then he

650
00:35:08,320 --> 00:35:12,239
Speaker 1: had trouble getting other investors. Uh. And so what did

651
00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:15,319
Speaker 1: Gory himself attribute the failure of his invention too? Well,

652
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,839
Speaker 1: to some extent, he blamed guess who the ice king? Well,

653
00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,040
Speaker 1: he's up against big ice, right exactly? He blamed He

654
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:26,239
Speaker 1: suspected that Frederick the Ice King Tutor had arranged or

655
00:35:26,360 --> 00:35:31,000
Speaker 1: financed a campaign of smears and disparagement against him in

656
00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:36,040
Speaker 1: order to protect Tutor's own ice shipping business from competition. Now,

657
00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:39,480
Speaker 1: was Gory correct in his suspicions. I don't know, but

658
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,239
Speaker 1: if so, it certainly wouldn't be the first or the

659
00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:45,120
Speaker 1: only time that somebody used dirty tricks to protect an

660
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:49,400
Speaker 1: obsolete business model from legitimate competition. Oh. Absolutely, yeah. You

661
00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:52,000
Speaker 1: don't have to put on a tinfoil hat to imagine

662
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,840
Speaker 1: a major industry of corporation doing this. They are still

663
00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:58,040
Speaker 1: doing this sort of thing now. Towards the end of

664
00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:02,160
Speaker 1: his life, Gory seemed to resign. Apparently he wrote that

665
00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,319
Speaker 1: he thought America was simply not ready for refrigeration, but

666
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:09,879
Speaker 1: maybe maybe America was ready for refrigeration, because beginning around

667
00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:13,200
Speaker 1: the eighteen fifties, there did begin to be some commercial

668
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:18,080
Speaker 1: applications for refrigeration uh, developed by some other inventors and engineers,

669
00:36:18,480 --> 00:36:22,200
Speaker 1: including in food and the food and beverage industries, particularly,

670
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,680
Speaker 1: I believe in meat packing and meat shipping. Yeah, it

671
00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:27,759
Speaker 1: comes down to the necessity, right, Like, where are the

672
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:33,799
Speaker 1: areas where there is a definite uh necessity for refrigeration technology? Right?

673
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:35,759
Speaker 1: All right, on that note, we're gonna take a quick break,

674
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:38,320
Speaker 1: and when we come back, we will meet the father

675
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:46,799
Speaker 1: of air condition Alright, we're back. So here we come

676
00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:50,040
Speaker 1: to a figure sometimes called the father of air conditioning.

677
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:53,120
Speaker 1: I don't know if that title is actually deserved, but it,

678
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:55,399
Speaker 1: you know, it's what a lot of people have said.

679
00:36:55,480 --> 00:36:58,120
Speaker 1: So I don't think there's a way to argue that

680
00:36:58,160 --> 00:36:59,880
Speaker 1: the guy were about to talk about was really the

681
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,960
Speaker 1: first person to create a cooling and humidity control system.

682
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:06,640
Speaker 1: But because of his important role in the history of

683
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:09,880
Speaker 1: this technology, credit for the invention of the first modern

684
00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:13,560
Speaker 1: air conditioning system is often given to an American engineer

685
00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:17,960
Speaker 1: named Willis Haviland Carrier, who designed an air conditioning system

686
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:21,080
Speaker 1: while working for a company called Buffalo Forge in nineteen

687
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:25,520
Speaker 1: o two. Now Willis Carrier was born on November eighteen,

688
00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:28,080
Speaker 1: seventy six in Angola, New York, and he grew up

689
00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:31,080
Speaker 1: on a farm. And one story that I found interesting

690
00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:34,080
Speaker 1: was that apparently as a child, Carrier had difficulties with

691
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:36,040
Speaker 1: math in school, even though we would go on to

692
00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:40,000
Speaker 1: become a successful engineer. And we we do have to

693
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,400
Speaker 1: consider the source here, but there was a biography of

694
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:45,000
Speaker 1: Willis Carrier written in the late nineteen forties by E.

695
00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:49,520
Speaker 1: Cloud Wombler, who was the chairman of the Carrier Corporation.

696
00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:53,120
Speaker 1: Wampler died in nineteen seventy three, but to the extent

697
00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:55,840
Speaker 1: that we can believe this story. It is, as Wampler

698
00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:58,719
Speaker 1: tells it, that when Carrier was nine years old, he

699
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:01,600
Speaker 1: had an experience that he believed to be the turning

700
00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:04,040
Speaker 1: point in his life and in and it was that

701
00:38:04,120 --> 00:38:07,319
Speaker 1: in school he was learning about fractions and he was

702
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:10,600
Speaker 1: just completely stumped, like, could not understand what was going

703
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:13,120
Speaker 1: on with fractions. How can you have part of a number?

704
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:16,200
Speaker 1: It doesn't make sense. So his mother came up with

705
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:18,640
Speaker 1: a plan to help him. She sent him down into

706
00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:21,640
Speaker 1: the seller to get some apples, and to quote from

707
00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:26,279
Speaker 1: Wampler quote, then he was instructed to cut these into halves, quarters,

708
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:29,680
Speaker 1: and eights, and to add and subtract the portions. So

709
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,560
Speaker 1: fractions took on a meaning for him. In addition, he

710
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:36,319
Speaker 1: made a discovery that most problems which appear difficult can

711
00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:39,920
Speaker 1: be worked down into something quite understandable. Well, I mean

712
00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:42,960
Speaker 1: that's quite reasonable. You know that you see more and

713
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:47,919
Speaker 1: more of that I'm finding with mathematical education today. Uh

714
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:51,960
Speaker 1: you know, I went to some information sessions about how

715
00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:54,880
Speaker 1: they're teaching mathematics at my son's school, and there's a

716
00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:58,360
Speaker 1: lot more dependency on using uh you know, not apples,

717
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:03,440
Speaker 1: but like physical repert sentations of various values and creating

718
00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:06,439
Speaker 1: this this physical idea of the numbers you're talking about,

719
00:39:06,440 --> 00:39:09,000
Speaker 1: so that you have you have a grasp of what

720
00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,520
Speaker 1: the numbers are and not just like a paper sense

721
00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:14,840
Speaker 1: of the numbers. Yeah. So again, you know, we often

722
00:39:14,880 --> 00:39:18,479
Speaker 1: on the show express skepticism about like foundational stories, about

723
00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:21,160
Speaker 1: the people who created companies and stuff like that, because

724
00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:23,600
Speaker 1: you always wonder like, is this really a true story

725
00:39:23,719 --> 00:39:26,640
Speaker 1: or is this being told for marketing purposes? But you know,

726
00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:29,120
Speaker 1: if we just accept Okay, well, let's let's say we

727
00:39:29,160 --> 00:39:32,080
Speaker 1: think this is a true story, I can certainly see

728
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,840
Speaker 1: things like this. I don't know, I see stuff like

729
00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:37,040
Speaker 1: this happening in real life. Like you're talking about that,

730
00:39:37,160 --> 00:39:40,600
Speaker 1: like maybe math just doesn't make sense to a kid

731
00:39:40,719 --> 00:39:44,040
Speaker 1: until they have a kind of like key visual metaphor moment.

732
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:47,960
Speaker 1: And there there are I do think these kinds of breakthroughs,

733
00:39:48,040 --> 00:39:50,759
Speaker 1: and and it makes you wonder about, like, I mean,

734
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:53,160
Speaker 1: how how many kids are there out there who actually

735
00:39:53,280 --> 00:39:55,600
Speaker 1: could have, you know, have the potential to have really

736
00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:58,920
Speaker 1: great math based careers and a lot of success in mathematics,

737
00:39:58,920 --> 00:40:02,239
Speaker 1: but they just never had the right teaching approach or

738
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:06,239
Speaker 1: never like had that moment where suddenly it all clicked. Yeah. Absolutely,

739
00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:11,120
Speaker 1: So on the believability scale of corporate biographies, i'd give

740
00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:12,759
Speaker 1: this one. This one was like an eight or not.

741
00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:14,640
Speaker 1: You know, it's not like he was visited by the

742
00:40:14,680 --> 00:40:18,080
Speaker 1: Angel of refrigeration with a coiled halo or anything. We're

743
00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:20,120
Speaker 1: also going to get a Eureka brain story that's coming

744
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,560
Speaker 1: in a second. So he studied engineering at Cornell University,

745
00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:26,600
Speaker 1: graduating in nineteen o one. So here's the Eureka brain

746
00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:30,799
Speaker 1: story as told by the Carrier Corporation. Uh, they say

747
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,440
Speaker 1: that genius can strike anywhere. For Willis Carrier, it was

748
00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:38,840
Speaker 1: a foggy Pittsburgh train platform in nineteen o two. Carrier

749
00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:41,680
Speaker 1: stared through the mist and realized that he could dry

750
00:40:41,960 --> 00:40:46,799
Speaker 1: air by passing it through water to create fog. Doing

751
00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:49,960
Speaker 1: so would make it possible to manufacture air with specific

752
00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,560
Speaker 1: amounts of moisture in it. Within a year, he completed

753
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:57,239
Speaker 1: his invention to control humidity, the fundamental building block for

754
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:00,759
Speaker 1: modern air conditioning. Now, whether or not the Eureka brain

755
00:41:00,920 --> 00:41:03,560
Speaker 1: scene actually happened, that he was actually standing at the

756
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:06,680
Speaker 1: train station when he had his breakthrough vision, it does

757
00:41:06,760 --> 00:41:09,600
Speaker 1: point to the importance of humidity in the creation of

758
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:14,200
Speaker 1: Carriers first air conditioning system. Carriers air conditioner was not

759
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:17,840
Speaker 1: primarily for the purpose of lowering the temperature of a

760
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:21,560
Speaker 1: room for human comfort, but for the industrial purpose of

761
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:25,960
Speaker 1: removing excess humidity from the air which could prevent uh.

762
00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:29,160
Speaker 1: In the idea was they wanted to prevent humidity from

763
00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:32,240
Speaker 1: affecting the properties of ink and paper in a print

764
00:41:32,280 --> 00:41:38,120
Speaker 1: shop environment. Yeah. Carrier was working at Sackett Wilhelms Lithographing

765
00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,799
Speaker 1: and Publishing company in Brooklyn at the time. And UH,

766
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:45,480
Speaker 1: and you know this is this is certainly a reality

767
00:41:45,520 --> 00:41:48,640
Speaker 1: that that that I can relate to, uh, the idea

768
00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:52,239
Speaker 1: of like humidity destroying books and uh and uh and

769
00:41:52,320 --> 00:41:55,120
Speaker 1: messing with your ink because there was it was like

770
00:41:55,160 --> 00:41:57,359
Speaker 1: a not last summer and it was the summer before

771
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:01,319
Speaker 1: playing Dungeons and Dragons, uh on a back porch in

772
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:03,400
Speaker 1: like late summer, and it was you know, we're expecting

773
00:42:03,440 --> 00:42:05,600
Speaker 1: things to cool down, but things had not really cooled down.

774
00:42:05,640 --> 00:42:09,279
Speaker 1: It was hot, sweltering. It was so sweltering that we

775
00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:11,920
Speaker 1: had a marker board to h like line out the

776
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:16,160
Speaker 1: dungeon and the the erasable markers that they ink from

777
00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:19,440
Speaker 1: them was just like beating up and when was just

778
00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:22,480
Speaker 1: turning into a wet mess. And the players handbook that

779
00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:25,040
Speaker 1: I was using at the time, like it just completely

780
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:29,240
Speaker 1: fell apart, like the binding everything got he got moist

781
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:31,760
Speaker 1: from the humidity, and it just became just a stack

782
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:34,799
Speaker 1: of wet papers. That's horrible. I mean, it wasn't enough

783
00:42:34,840 --> 00:42:37,759
Speaker 1: to drive us inside with the air conditioning. But you know,

784
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:40,080
Speaker 1: there's one thing I don't understand. I've got a really

785
00:42:40,080 --> 00:42:43,400
Speaker 1: good friend who works in uh she works for the

786
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:45,880
Speaker 1: park service, and she works in the desert, you know,

787
00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:51,000
Speaker 1: out in a big Bin National Park, and she came

788
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:53,239
Speaker 1: to stay at our house recently, and she was talking

789
00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:57,279
Speaker 1: about how much she loved the humidity sitting in our backyard,

790
00:42:57,400 --> 00:42:59,960
Speaker 1: and I just thought that was the most what George

791
00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:02,480
Speaker 1: gen is like, I just love it when it's swampy

792
00:43:02,520 --> 00:43:06,680
Speaker 1: out Like we travel out out west and we we

793
00:43:06,760 --> 00:43:10,560
Speaker 1: admire the dry heat, right, Yeah, I kind of forget

794
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:16,400
Speaker 1: that one could potentially uh you know, pine after the moist, thick, humid,

795
00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:19,600
Speaker 1: swimmable heat of the Georgian summer. And there's a reason

796
00:43:19,680 --> 00:43:22,680
Speaker 1: related to the air conditioning technology that we've been talking about.

797
00:43:22,719 --> 00:43:25,160
Speaker 1: There's a reason that so many people prefer the dry heat,

798
00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:27,800
Speaker 1: which is that in the dry heat, the lower humidity

799
00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:30,400
Speaker 1: content of the air aids and the evaporation of sweat

800
00:43:30,440 --> 00:43:33,239
Speaker 1: from your skin. Right, the lower the moisture in the air,

801
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:36,719
Speaker 1: the faster your skin evaporates, which helps keep your body cool.

802
00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:40,080
Speaker 1: That's why when the humidity is high, heat tends to

803
00:43:40,239 --> 00:43:42,920
Speaker 1: feel worse. It's like you can't sweat to get the

804
00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:45,160
Speaker 1: heat out of you, or you can sweat. I mean

805
00:43:45,160 --> 00:43:47,400
Speaker 1: you will sweat, but the sweating is not as efficient

806
00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:50,560
Speaker 1: in rising up as gas off of your skin. But anyway,

807
00:43:50,719 --> 00:43:53,360
Speaker 1: so I guess we should briefly just mentioned how Carrier

808
00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:57,760
Speaker 1: system worked. His method of air conditioning involved blowing air

809
00:43:57,920 --> 00:44:01,560
Speaker 1: over what would what were riginally heating coils, which you know,

810
00:44:01,640 --> 00:44:04,120
Speaker 1: steam would go through to help heat room. They were

811
00:44:04,120 --> 00:44:07,000
Speaker 1: originally hollow heating coils, but instead they were filled with

812
00:44:07,120 --> 00:44:11,040
Speaker 1: chilled water from a deep artisanal well instead of steam,

813
00:44:11,080 --> 00:44:15,239
Speaker 1: and this cold water caused condensation of moisture from the

814
00:44:15,280 --> 00:44:18,160
Speaker 1: surrounding air as that air was blown over the coils,

815
00:44:18,480 --> 00:44:21,600
Speaker 1: removing the humidity and drying the air in the process,

816
00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:24,920
Speaker 1: and the plane chilled water system was later upgraded I

817
00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:29,000
Speaker 1: think the following year to include an ammonia compressor, which

818
00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:31,440
Speaker 1: that's especially good because that will work during the summer

819
00:44:31,480 --> 00:44:34,600
Speaker 1: because now you're taking advantage of the lower boiling point

820
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:38,360
Speaker 1: refrigerant which can be expanded and compressed. And while the

821
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:41,600
Speaker 1: original air conditioner was just for this industrial purpose of

822
00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:45,360
Speaker 1: controlling humidity, Carrier did see the potential if it didn't

823
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:50,200
Speaker 1: just remove humidity but also cooled the indoor air. There

824
00:44:50,239 --> 00:44:54,080
Speaker 1: could be major non industrial markets for this system adding

825
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:58,800
Speaker 1: comfort to human occupied buildings. Yes, absolutely, And so really,

826
00:44:58,840 --> 00:45:02,200
Speaker 1: out of this the the age of refrigeration, the age

827
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:05,759
Speaker 1: of air conditioning is born, and it makes its way

828
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:09,120
Speaker 1: into industrial buildings, into hospitals first, but then it begins

829
00:45:09,160 --> 00:45:12,880
Speaker 1: to find its way into other spaces and eventually homes

830
00:45:12,920 --> 00:45:16,880
Speaker 1: as well. And this is the point where we would generally,

831
00:45:16,920 --> 00:45:19,640
Speaker 1: you know, briefly discuss the legacy of a particular invention,

832
00:45:19,719 --> 00:45:21,640
Speaker 1: but we are going to have to call it and

833
00:45:21,680 --> 00:45:25,160
Speaker 1: come back and do an entire episode on the legacy

834
00:45:25,320 --> 00:45:28,200
Speaker 1: of air conditioning because because I mean, there are some

835
00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:35,000
Speaker 1: obvious areas where it's it's impactful, but it really changed

836
00:45:35,120 --> 00:45:39,400
Speaker 1: the landscape of certainly American life, and uh, you know,

837
00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:42,520
Speaker 1: in in ways that you might not even instantly think

838
00:45:42,560 --> 00:45:45,000
Speaker 1: of and so, yeah, we're going to come back in

839
00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:48,360
Speaker 1: a third air conditioning episode to just talk about how

840
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:51,520
Speaker 1: air conditioning change the world. Yeah, I'm really excited about

841
00:45:51,520 --> 00:45:54,319
Speaker 1: that one. In the meantime, you can check out other

842
00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:57,360
Speaker 1: episodes of Invention and Invention bod dot com. Uh, you

843
00:45:57,400 --> 00:45:58,960
Speaker 1: can check out our other show Stuff to Blow your

844
00:45:58,960 --> 00:46:01,120
Speaker 1: Mind at Stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. You

845
00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:05,800
Speaker 1: can find both podcasts wherever you get your podcasts these days,

846
00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:08,680
Speaker 1: and if you do, wherever that happens to be. We

847
00:46:08,719 --> 00:46:11,520
Speaker 1: would just ask that you subscribe to our shows that

848
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:13,520
Speaker 1: you rate and review us if you have the power

849
00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:16,759
Speaker 1: to do so, leave a nice remark and recommend us

850
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:20,399
Speaker 1: to your friends. Share some of the wisdom that we

851
00:46:20,480 --> 00:46:23,600
Speaker 1: have unearthed for you with the people that you know,

852
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:26,160
Speaker 1: and certainly if you have anything that you would like

853
00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:28,880
Speaker 1: to add about air conditioning, the history of air conditioning,

854
00:46:29,280 --> 00:46:32,880
Speaker 1: you're like, personal or family history with air conditioning, we

855
00:46:32,920 --> 00:46:35,800
Speaker 1: would love to hear from you. Huge thanks as always

856
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Speaker 1: to our excellent audio producers Maya Cole and Seth Nicholas Johnson.

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Speaker 1: If you would like to get in touch with us

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Speaker 1: with feedback on this episode or any other to suggest

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Speaker 1: a topic, for the future, or just to say hello.

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Speaker 1: You can email us at contact at invention pod dot com.

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Speaker 1: Invention is production of iHeart Radio. For more podcasts from

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Speaker 1: my heart Radio, because the iHeart Radio app app podcasts,

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Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. M