1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. Since we are going to 4 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:24,040 Speaker 1: Morocco in November, I decided to pick an episode about Morocco. 5 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 1: I only kind of got there. I chose somebody who's 6 00:00:30,320 --> 00:00:33,360 Speaker 1: been on my list for a while who probably was 7 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:37,280 Speaker 1: born in Morocco, but this story mainly takes place other 8 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:43,120 Speaker 1: places in the West. He's usually called Estevanico, also spelled 9 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:50,600 Speaker 1: Estebonico because V and B have very similar pronunciations in 10 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:57,080 Speaker 1: Castilian Spanish. That though, is a diminutive form of estevon 11 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:03,280 Speaker 1: which English speakers usually say more like. People have used 12 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:06,320 Speaker 1: that diminutive for him, which they also would have used 13 00:01:06,319 --> 00:01:11,200 Speaker 1: for children, because he was enslaved. I put the name 14 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:14,520 Speaker 1: Estevanico in the title of the episode because that's what 15 00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: he is usually called in the United States and other 16 00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: predominantly English speaking countries, and I wanted people to be 17 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: able to find the episode if they were looking for it. 18 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:31,160 Speaker 1: But we are not going to call him that. We 19 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:36,399 Speaker 1: don't know exactly when or where estevan was born or 20 00:01:36,440 --> 00:01:39,560 Speaker 1: what his name was from birth. Estevan is probably the 21 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:43,360 Speaker 1: name that he took or was given when he converted 22 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:48,200 Speaker 1: from Islam to Christianity. In Morocco, he is more often 23 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:54,640 Speaker 1: known as Mustafa Asimore or Mustafa al Asimore. Mustapha is 24 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: an Arabic name. It means chosen, and it's one of 25 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: the names of the prophet Mohammed. Mustafa also has some 26 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:06,040 Speaker 1: phonetic similarities to the way that Estevan is usually pronounced 27 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:09,720 Speaker 1: among Arabic speakers, and Asimore is the name in Morocco, 28 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:11,959 Speaker 1: where he's believed to have been from, so that is 29 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:15,600 Speaker 1: where the name that he's usually called in Morocco comes from. 30 00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:20,280 Speaker 1: Estevon became a translator and a guide and was probably 31 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:23,760 Speaker 1: the first person of any race from outside of the 32 00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:27,480 Speaker 1: Americas to enter what is now Arizona and New Mexico. 33 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:33,640 Speaker 1: That happened in fifteen thirty nine, so earlier than a 34 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:38,920 Speaker 1: lot of people imagine Europeans or Africans being in the 35 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:43,240 Speaker 1: United States what is now today at all. Like Tracy 36 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,040 Speaker 1: just said, we don't know exactly when or where Estevon 37 00:02:47,240 --> 00:02:51,440 Speaker 1: was born. Really, we know almost nothing about his early life, 38 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 1: but there are some pieces that we can put together 39 00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:56,840 Speaker 1: based on where he lived and what other people wrote 40 00:02:56,880 --> 00:03:01,400 Speaker 1: about him later. A major source of information is the 41 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 1: relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza Devaca, which chronicled a Spanish 42 00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:08,960 Speaker 1: expedition to Florida that we will be getting to in 43 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:12,399 Speaker 1: a bit, and based on the Relacion and the timeline 44 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:16,200 Speaker 1: of that expedition, Estevon was probably born in the very 45 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:20,960 Speaker 1: early fifteen hundreds. Cabeza Devaca, which is a title that 46 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:26,040 Speaker 1: he inherited meaning cow's head, describes Estevan as a native 47 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:29,560 Speaker 1: of Asimore, but it is possible that he was born 48 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:34,760 Speaker 1: somewhere else and then brought to Asimore later on. Asimour 49 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: is on the coast of Morocco, southwest of Casablanca. Its 50 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: population in the sixteenth century was predominantly a Mezik also 51 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:47,840 Speaker 1: known as Berber, and also predominantly Muslim. Some translations of 52 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:51,640 Speaker 1: the Relacion and some books about Estevon describe him as 53 00:03:51,640 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 1: a Moore, which was a general term for Muslims in 54 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: Spain and northern Africa, including Arabs and converts from the 55 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:03,080 Speaker 1: Iberian Peninsula. But the word Moro was used in Spanish 56 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: during Esevon's lifetime, and that's not what Kabeza Devaca called 57 00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: him Cabza. Devaca used the Spanish word for black, along 58 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:14,680 Speaker 1: with the word ala rabe, which in this context probably 59 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:18,799 Speaker 1: meant that he spoke Arabic. Morocco was a multi lingual society, 60 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:22,320 Speaker 1: and in addition to Arabic, Estevan likely would have spoken 61 00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: in Amazik language as well as some Portuguese or Spanish 62 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:29,799 Speaker 1: or even both. Yeah. The fact that some accounts describe 63 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: him as a more means sometimes he's also depicted as 64 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: having kind of an Arab appearance, but he's pretty consistently 65 00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:42,239 Speaker 1: described in accounts from the time as black uh If 66 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:45,839 Speaker 1: he was from asimor that gives us some other clues, 67 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: but also some questions about his early life. There was 68 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:53,599 Speaker 1: a lot of turmoil and instability in Morocco in the 69 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, including multiple changes in ruling dynasties, 70 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:03,919 Speaker 1: a plague, and a series of severe droughts. Multiple kingdoms 71 00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:07,799 Speaker 1: on the Iberian Peninsula had also started to coalesce into 72 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: modern Spain, and the Reconquista, or the Spanish reconquest of 73 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:17,359 Speaker 1: that peninsula from Muslim kingdoms, had ended in fourteen ninety two. 74 00:05:17,920 --> 00:05:22,920 Speaker 1: Spain and Portugal both expelled their Jewish and Muslim populations, 75 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 1: and that led to large numbers of refugees arriving in 76 00:05:26,640 --> 00:05:31,600 Speaker 1: Morocco and other parts of Northern Africa. Spain and Portugal 77 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: also tried to establish or take control of ports and 78 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:39,440 Speaker 1: trading routes in Northern Africa, including Asimar, which had become 79 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:43,360 Speaker 1: a tributary of Portuguese King Juu the Second in fourteen 80 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:46,960 Speaker 1: eighty six. That's a lot going on, and on top 81 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:51,160 Speaker 1: of all of it, Northern Africa was also facing ongoing 82 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:55,120 Speaker 1: threats and trade disruptions from the Ottoman Empire to the east. 83 00:05:56,120 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: In this environment, slave traffickers captured people from Morocco and 84 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: from farther south in Africa and sold them for profit, 85 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:08,200 Speaker 1: and according to sixteenth century chronicles and eyewitness accounts, the 86 00:06:08,279 --> 00:06:12,800 Speaker 1: situation was so dire that people in Northern Africa surrendered 87 00:06:12,800 --> 00:06:16,680 Speaker 1: themselves to Spanish and Portuguese slavers or to merchants who 88 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:19,120 Speaker 1: were willing to take them across the Strait of Gibraltar, 89 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:23,320 Speaker 1: Knowing that the law in Spain and Portugal required slaves 90 00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:26,480 Speaker 1: to be fed, clothed, and housed, and that the likely 91 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:31,720 Speaker 1: alternative in Northern Africa was starvation and death. We really 92 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:35,800 Speaker 1: don't know whether Estevan was captured, or if he was 93 00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: in such a desperate situation that enslavement seemed like his 94 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: only alternative for survival, or possibly if he entered into 95 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,359 Speaker 1: something that he thought was going to be more like 96 00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: a temporary indenture rather than permanent enslavement. Regardless, though, by 97 00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:58,839 Speaker 1: around fifteen twenty two, he was being enslaved by minor 98 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:04,320 Speaker 1: Spanish noble Andreas Dorantes de Carranza. While Dorantes was technically 99 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:07,680 Speaker 1: part of the nobility, his family was poor, and in 100 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: fifteen twenty seven he joined Panfilo de Narveez's expedition to 101 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: the Americas with the hopes of gaining fortune and status 102 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: for himself. King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles 103 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:22,440 Speaker 1: the Fifth, known as King Carlos the First in Spain 104 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: had appointed Narvaez governor of Florida, which at the time 105 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:29,640 Speaker 1: covered all of what is now the Southern Us, stretching 106 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:33,560 Speaker 1: west to what's now Texas. Narvaez was going there to 107 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: conquer and colonize it, and he chose Dorantes as captain 108 00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:40,880 Speaker 1: of his infantry, and when Dorantes joined the expedition, he 109 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: took Estevon with him. Estevan at this point was probably 110 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:49,960 Speaker 1: in his mid twenties. If Estevan was Muslim, which does 111 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: seem likely given what we know about him, he would 112 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 1: have had to convert to Catholicism in order to accompany 113 00:07:57,200 --> 00:08:02,160 Speaker 1: Drantes on this expedition. At this time, under Spanish law, 114 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:06,600 Speaker 1: only Africans who had converted to Christianity and assimilated to 115 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:10,320 Speaker 1: Spanish culture, who were known as Latinos, were allowed to 116 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:14,120 Speaker 1: be taken to the Americas and the Caribbean. That policy 117 00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 1: actually changed right around this time, as Spanish authorities came 118 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:22,040 Speaker 1: to believe that Ladinos were too independent and too hard 119 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: to control, so instead they allowed only bosales, or Africans 120 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:30,680 Speaker 1: who did not speak Spanish and had not converted. The 121 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:35,080 Speaker 1: term bosales also included people who were trafficked directly from 122 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: Africa to the Caribbean or the Americas without being brought 123 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: through Spain first. So much about Estevan's life up to 124 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:48,200 Speaker 1: this point is completely unclear or the source of speculation, 125 00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: including when he got to Spain, how long he was 126 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 1: there before Derontes joined this expedition, when and under what 127 00:08:56,080 --> 00:09:00,520 Speaker 1: circumstances he converted to Christianity, and whether he can continued 128 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: to think of himself as Muslim afterward, and we don't 129 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: really know the details of his experience at the beginning 130 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:11,560 Speaker 1: of the expedition. At that point, Panfilo de Narveez, Andreas 131 00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:15,680 Speaker 1: Dorantes de Serranza and other Spanish men on board didn't 132 00:09:15,679 --> 00:09:18,800 Speaker 1: have much reason to take notice of Estevon or any 133 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:22,120 Speaker 1: other enslaved person who was with them, so for a 134 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:25,520 Speaker 1: while after the convoy set sail on June seventeen, fifteen 135 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:28,480 Speaker 1: twenty seven, we know that Estevon was part of the 136 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:32,200 Speaker 1: expedition and generally where the convoy was going, but we 137 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:37,000 Speaker 1: know almost nothing else. Pamfilo de Narveez already had some 138 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,160 Speaker 1: experience on these kinds of expeditions. He had been one 139 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: of the first Spanish people to arrive in Jamaica, and 140 00:09:44,679 --> 00:09:47,400 Speaker 1: then he was part of Spain's efforts to conquer the 141 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:51,679 Speaker 1: island of Cuba. In fifteen twenty he had been dispatched 142 00:09:51,720 --> 00:09:54,960 Speaker 1: to Mexico to capture her Non Cortes, who had been 143 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 1: charged with treason. Narvaez was supposed to replace Cortes as 144 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:06,119 Speaker 1: governor of Mexico, but this campaign was unsuccessful. Cortes defeated 145 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 1: Narvaez in battle and imprisoned him for two years, and 146 00:10:09,600 --> 00:10:14,080 Speaker 1: Narvaez lost an eye. It was only after Narvaez was 147 00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:17,920 Speaker 1: released after all of this that he was appointed governor 148 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: of Florida and tasked with this second expedition, a decision that, 149 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:27,839 Speaker 1: with the benefit of historical hindsight, I find questionable. This 150 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:31,840 Speaker 1: expedition did not go any better than Narvaez's first one had, 151 00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 1: As was the case for Spain's other expeditions to the 152 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:39,559 Speaker 1: Americas around this time, conquistadors had to fund everything themselves, 153 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: and they had to recruit their own men. Narvaez was 154 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,680 Speaker 1: able to raise a fleet of five ships and recruit 155 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 1: about six hundred men. They set sail on June seventeenth, 156 00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: fifteen twenty seven, with the wives of some of the 157 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:56,680 Speaker 1: married men and some enslaved people also on board. But 158 00:10:56,760 --> 00:11:00,840 Speaker 1: their Atlantic crossing was difficult, as atlantic cross things generally 159 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:04,320 Speaker 1: were in the sixteenth century. People died along the way, 160 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:07,480 Speaker 1: and about one hundred and forty men deserted as soon 161 00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:10,080 Speaker 1: as they arrived at Santo Domingo on the island of 162 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:15,880 Speaker 1: Hispaniola in August. From there, the fleet continued on to Cuba. 163 00:11:16,559 --> 00:11:20,680 Speaker 1: The Spanish did not have a word for hurricane. It 164 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:23,600 Speaker 1: comes from the carib language and it had not made 165 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 1: its way into the Romance languages yet. But after they 166 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:31,079 Speaker 1: arrived in Cuba, they endured a series of powerful storms. 167 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:34,760 Speaker 1: At one point, when the weather seemed clear, Narvayas sent 168 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:37,920 Speaker 1: two of his ships to another port to pick up 169 00:11:37,960 --> 00:11:41,360 Speaker 1: supplies that were waiting for them there, and then another 170 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:45,199 Speaker 1: storm blew in, wrecking both of those ships and scattering 171 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:48,200 Speaker 1: all the supplies that they had loaded and destroying them. 172 00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:52,880 Speaker 1: Crews on the remaining ships threatened to mutiny if the 173 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:56,559 Speaker 1: fleet tried to leave the waters around Cuba, so they 174 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,760 Speaker 1: did not depart for the Gulf coast until February twenty 175 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,520 Speaker 1: five of fifteen twenty eight, at which point they were 176 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:08,280 Speaker 1: hit by still more storms along the way. Things did 177 00:12:08,320 --> 00:12:11,640 Speaker 1: not improve once they started trying to voyage over land, 178 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: and we will talk about that after we pause for 179 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:27,720 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. On April fifteenth, fifteen twenty eight, Pamfilo 180 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: de Narvaez and his expedition arrived on the Gulf coast 181 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:35,560 Speaker 1: of Florida, just north of what is now known as 182 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: Tampa Bay. Tampa Bay is almost directly north of Havana, Cuba, 183 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:43,959 Speaker 1: and in good weather these ships should have been able 184 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,600 Speaker 1: to make that crossing in about four days, but it 185 00:12:47,640 --> 00:12:51,400 Speaker 1: had taken them almost two months due to a series 186 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:54,360 Speaker 1: of storms that sort of blew them all over the 187 00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:58,320 Speaker 1: Gulf of Mexico, and they had to also sail around 188 00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:01,480 Speaker 1: and try to evade them. Also, at one point most 189 00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:04,640 Speaker 1: of the ships got stuck on a sandbar. A lot 190 00:13:04,679 --> 00:13:07,720 Speaker 1: about this is unclear, but it doesn't seem like the 191 00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:10,560 Speaker 1: area north of Tampa Bay is where they wanted to 192 00:13:10,559 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: be or where they thought they were. Based on what 193 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: happened after this, it seems like Narvaez might have been 194 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:21,439 Speaker 1: aiming for the River of Palms in Mexico known as 195 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:25,600 Speaker 1: the Soda la Marina River today that marked the western 196 00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:27,959 Speaker 1: boundary of Florida, and it was roughly two hundred and 197 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:31,439 Speaker 1: fifty kilometers or one hundred and fifty five miles north 198 00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:35,440 Speaker 1: of an established Spanish settlement that was Panuco, established by 199 00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: Hernan Cortes in fifteen twenty two. It would have made 200 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: sense for Narvaez to want to start off within the 201 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:45,720 Speaker 1: territory that he'd been appointed to govern, but also relatively 202 00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:50,600 Speaker 1: close to an existing Spanish outpost. While this obviously wasn't 203 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:53,920 Speaker 1: the first Spanish expedition to arrive in this part of 204 00:13:53,920 --> 00:13:59,479 Speaker 1: North America, Spanish knowledge of its geography was still really limited. 205 00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:03,400 Speaker 1: Unlike some other expeditions. They also had no local people 206 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:07,600 Speaker 1: with them to help them out. Earlier in the sixteenth century, 207 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:11,840 Speaker 1: her Non Cortes and cartographer Alonso Alvarez de Pineda had 208 00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 1: each made maps of the Gulf coast, which obviously would 209 00:14:16,960 --> 00:14:19,240 Speaker 1: have been kind of limited, but we don't know whether 210 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:22,120 Speaker 1: Narvaez had access to either of them at all, or 211 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,400 Speaker 1: whether he had any other charts or maps of the area. 212 00:14:25,960 --> 00:14:30,000 Speaker 1: Even with all of that in mind, though Narvaez was 213 00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: nowhere near the River of Palms or Panuco, he was 214 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: on the opposite side of the Gulf of Mexico, more 215 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 1: than a thousand miles away from that. He was also 216 00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: very wary of the indigenous peoples living there. His purpose 217 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:50,160 Speaker 1: was to explore and colonize, which would mean at some 218 00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:52,920 Speaker 1: point he would have to conquer or ally with the 219 00:14:52,960 --> 00:14:56,880 Speaker 1: region's indigenous peoples. But he also knew that one Ponza 220 00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:59,960 Speaker 1: de Leon had been attacked on his expeditions to Florida 221 00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 1: and had died after Kaluza defender shot him with an 222 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:07,480 Speaker 1: arrow in fifteen twenty one, so, especially since many of 223 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:11,920 Speaker 1: Narvaez's men were exhausted and sick, he wanted to be cautious. 224 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:16,160 Speaker 1: They spotted a village near the coast, which probably belonged 225 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:19,200 Speaker 1: to the Tocobaga, and sent a small party to try 226 00:15:19,240 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: to negotiate with them. Narvaez's men were given some fish, 227 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,600 Speaker 1: which seemed like a gesture of goodwill, but the Tocbaga 228 00:15:26,680 --> 00:15:29,920 Speaker 1: seemed to have seen them as a threat. They fled 229 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: during the night and apparently spread the word about the 230 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: new arrivals, and so for a few days it didn't 231 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:40,680 Speaker 1: seem like there were many indigenous people around. This probably 232 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:44,320 Speaker 1: gave Narvaez the impression that the indigenous peoples in the 233 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:48,400 Speaker 1: area would not be particularly dangerous. And then not long 234 00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:51,160 Speaker 1: after that, somebody pulled up a gold object in a 235 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: fishing net. So Narvaez thought that he was facing an 236 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:58,680 Speaker 1: indigenous population that would be easy to pacify, and now 237 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:03,000 Speaker 1: an abandoned village that his expedition could occupy and a 238 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: nearby source of gold. Gold was one of the reasons 239 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:11,240 Speaker 1: for Spain's efforts to colonize the Americas, so Narvaez thought 240 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,360 Speaker 1: he had gotten things off to a very good start. 241 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 1: Now none of that lasted. Narvaez already had a reputation 242 00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:24,800 Speaker 1: for cruelty and brutality against indigenous peoples. Friar Bartolome de 243 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:27,480 Speaker 1: la Casas, who is sometimes described as one of the 244 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: first European advocates for the rights and protections of indigenous peoples, 245 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:36,840 Speaker 1: had previously denounced Narvaez's treatment toward the indigenous peoples of Cuba, 246 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 1: including a massacre carried out by Narvaaz's men during the 247 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,160 Speaker 1: conquest of the island. When the Tocobaga resumed contact with 248 00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:47,400 Speaker 1: the Spanish and objected to their insistence that the land 249 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:51,360 Speaker 1: belonged to Spain, Narvaez had their leader's nose cut off 250 00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 1: and had the party's war dogs attack his mother. And 251 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,640 Speaker 1: it turned out there also wasn't any gold nearby the 252 00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:01,560 Speaker 1: peace that they found in a fish may have even 253 00:17:01,560 --> 00:17:05,200 Speaker 1: been something that washed up from a Spanish shipwreck, which 254 00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:08,000 Speaker 1: was also probably true of other pieces of gold that 255 00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:12,680 Speaker 1: they came across from time to time. The Tocobaga eventually 256 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: convinced Narvaez that they did not have any gold, but 257 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 1: they told him that another tribe, the Appalachi did Appalachi 258 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:25,200 Speaker 1: territory was north of where the Tocobaga lived, Narvaez decided 259 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:29,040 Speaker 1: that he should split up his company to investigate. He 260 00:17:29,080 --> 00:17:32,119 Speaker 1: would send to the boats ahead while he and about 261 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:37,399 Speaker 1: three hundred men continued on foot through Appalachi territory. He 262 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:40,040 Speaker 1: thought that the River of Palms was not too far 263 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:43,960 Speaker 1: away and that they could all rendezvous there. As they 264 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 1: journeyed north, Narvaez and his party on land faced difficult 265 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:53,520 Speaker 1: inhospitable swampy terrain. Many of them got malaria, something that 266 00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:57,160 Speaker 1: may have been introduced to the Americas by Europeans and 267 00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: the enslaved Africans that they brought with them, and it 268 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: turned out that Tocobaga had been strategic in sending narvaas 269 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:07,960 Speaker 1: to the Appalachi. The Appalachi were armed with longbows that 270 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 1: were capable of piercing the leather cloth and chain mail 271 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: armor that most of his men wore. The Appalachi developed 272 00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:20,720 Speaker 1: tactics that were particularly effective against Narvaez's force, including ambushes 273 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:24,879 Speaker 1: and removing their arrowheads when shooting at soldiers wearing chain mail, 274 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:28,040 Speaker 1: so the arrow shafts would break against the rings and 275 00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:33,159 Speaker 1: drive long splinters of wood into the soldier's bodies. I 276 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:36,720 Speaker 1: think there's kind of an imagined image of the Counkistador 277 00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:41,159 Speaker 1: wearing full plate armor, and that is not what overwhelmingly 278 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: these guys were in. And what they were in was 279 00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:51,720 Speaker 1: easily pierceable by these longbows. Since Narvaas had sent his 280 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:55,520 Speaker 1: ships on ahead, the company had no easy way to 281 00:18:55,840 --> 00:18:58,400 Speaker 1: escape from the Appalachi, and they also had no way 282 00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:03,200 Speaker 1: to send for any kind of supply reinforcements. Meanwhile, they 283 00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 1: were all so off course that they never made that rendezvous. 284 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:11,600 Speaker 1: The ships looked for Narvaas and his party for about 285 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:14,960 Speaker 1: a year before they started running low on food and supplies, 286 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:19,240 Speaker 1: and they ultimately left. After a summer that was full 287 00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: of extreme heat, illnesses, deaths, and very effective attacks by 288 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:27,920 Speaker 1: the Appalachi, narva Has decided their best means of escape 289 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:31,320 Speaker 1: would be to build boats and go westward along the coast. 290 00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:35,800 Speaker 1: Over the span of about six weeks, they killed their horses, 291 00:19:35,880 --> 00:19:38,399 Speaker 1: eating their meat and using their hides to make things 292 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:42,240 Speaker 1: like water skins and their manes and tails to make rope. 293 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,240 Speaker 1: The men melted down their armor to make nails, and 294 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 1: they made sails from their clothing. The resulting boats were 295 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:54,479 Speaker 1: more like rafts with slightly built up sides and a tiller. 296 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:58,760 Speaker 1: They were powered by sails and oars. They were also 297 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 1: barely big enough to hold all of the men that 298 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:03,640 Speaker 1: needed to get onto each one of them, so once 299 00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:07,399 Speaker 1: somebody got aboard, there was nowhere to move. Once they 300 00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 1: had taken a place, they still were not sure how 301 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,439 Speaker 1: far they needed to go to get to territory that 302 00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:18,760 Speaker 1: Spain was actually occupying, but they thought that they had 303 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:22,320 Speaker 1: traveled roughly seven hundred miles or eleven hundred and twenty 304 00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:25,920 Speaker 1: five kilometers over land since they had arrived in Florida. 305 00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:32,040 Speaker 1: There have been innumerable attempts to trace the journey of 306 00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:35,440 Speaker 1: all of this over the centuries, and there's a lot 307 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:38,280 Speaker 1: of disagreement in all of the various maps, but they 308 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,160 Speaker 1: had probably gone closer to two hundred and fifty miles 309 00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:44,159 Speaker 1: or four hundred kilometers. It is hard to know the 310 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:48,119 Speaker 1: distances for sure. They were measuring things in leagues, and 311 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:51,439 Speaker 1: they were also estimating a distance that had involved a 312 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: lot of backtracking and detours because of the terrain. They 313 00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:00,359 Speaker 1: set sail aboard these rafts on September twenty second, fifteen 314 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:03,600 Speaker 1: twenty eight. They were mostly able to stay out of 315 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:07,479 Speaker 1: range of the Appalachi's bows, but now they were facing 316 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:13,720 Speaker 1: sea sickness, dehydration, starvation, and the unrelenting sun. They did 317 00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: manage to go in the right direction, skirting along the coast, 318 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:19,480 Speaker 1: but when they reached the outflow of the Mississippi River, 319 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,919 Speaker 1: the force of the currents scattered the rafts and pushed 320 00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:26,560 Speaker 1: them out to sea. They regrouped, but as they approached 321 00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:30,119 Speaker 1: what is now known as Galveston Island, a storm swamped 322 00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:33,840 Speaker 1: or capsized most of the rafts. At some point during 323 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: all of this, Narvaez's raft was blown out to sea, 324 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:41,120 Speaker 1: and he almost certainly drowned or died of exposure or dehydration. 325 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: These presumed to have died at that point by some means, 326 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:51,520 Speaker 1: only about eighty sailors finally made landfall on an island 327 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:54,480 Speaker 1: near modern Galveston. It might have been Galveston Island, it 328 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:58,879 Speaker 1: might have been a neighboring island. They nicknamed this Ela 329 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:03,800 Speaker 1: de Malajado, or the Island of Misfortune. At first, the 330 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:08,760 Speaker 1: survivors got some assistance from the Karankawa people, but the 331 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:13,520 Speaker 1: Spanish survivors apparently lost the Karankawa's sympathies after some of 332 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:18,479 Speaker 1: them turned to cannibalism over the winter. That winter was 333 00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:23,120 Speaker 1: obviously difficult By April of fifteen twenty nine, there were 334 00:22:23,160 --> 00:22:26,600 Speaker 1: only fifteen survivors left from the three hundred or so 335 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,199 Speaker 1: men who had started the trek to the River of 336 00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:33,520 Speaker 1: Palms over land. One of those men was Estevan, and 337 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:39,200 Speaker 1: another was his enslaver Andres Dorantes de Sarranza. These survivors 338 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:43,040 Speaker 1: made various attempts to continue on to Spanish controlled territory, 339 00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:46,679 Speaker 1: but none of them got very far. Then in the 340 00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:50,359 Speaker 1: summer of fifteen twenty nine, they and other survivors started 341 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:54,320 Speaker 1: to be captured and enslaved, some by the Karankawa and 342 00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:58,359 Speaker 1: some by other indigenous tribes in the areas. Over the 343 00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:03,120 Speaker 1: next few years, some of the expeditions survivors died, others 344 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,120 Speaker 1: essentially assimilated into the tribes that had captured them. There 345 00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:09,600 Speaker 1: were various escape attempts, and at first none of them 346 00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:15,240 Speaker 1: was successful. The Spanish captives and Estevan rarely saw each other, 347 00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:17,680 Speaker 1: and for a while they did not really have any 348 00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:23,320 Speaker 1: way to communicate. According to Cabesa Devaca's account, he eventually 349 00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:26,760 Speaker 1: convinced his captors to let him work as a trader, 350 00:23:27,320 --> 00:23:29,760 Speaker 1: and that allowed him to travel to some extent and 351 00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: gave him away to relay messages to the others. The 352 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: only time they were all in the same place at 353 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,119 Speaker 1: the same time was when multiple tribes came together for 354 00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:45,920 Speaker 1: the Prickly pear harvest. Esvon Andres Dourrantes de Sarranza, Alonzo 355 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: de Castillo Maldonado and Alvar Nunez Cabesa Devaca had various 356 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 1: contact with one another in fifteen thirty two, and they 357 00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:56,960 Speaker 1: planned to meet during the Prickly pair harvest in fifteen 358 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,800 Speaker 1: thirty three. That meeting did happen, but they were not 359 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:05,440 Speaker 1: able to escape. They tried again in fifteen thirty four, 360 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,960 Speaker 1: and this time they were successful, and that was largely 361 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:13,800 Speaker 1: thanks to Estevan. We said earlier he was already multi 362 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:18,440 Speaker 1: lingual before being enslaved in Morocco. He had learned more 363 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:23,160 Speaker 1: languages during his time in North America, including learning shared 364 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:27,840 Speaker 1: trading languages and a trading sign language. He was able 365 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:31,320 Speaker 1: to negotiate safe passage and shelter with a trader that 366 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:37,119 Speaker 1: Kabza Devaka's Relacion describes as being from the Avavare tribe. 367 00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:40,240 Speaker 1: That is not a tribe that is mentioned outside of 368 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:43,320 Speaker 1: this document, so we do not know exactly how to 369 00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: identify these people today, but it is possible that this 370 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:51,680 Speaker 1: is something that Estevan and the other survivors had started 371 00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:55,120 Speaker 1: planning during that Prickly Pair harvest in fifteen thirty three 372 00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:58,480 Speaker 1: and had been working on for a year until they 373 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:02,520 Speaker 1: did it. There are a lot more references to Esseevon 374 00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:05,600 Speaker 1: in the relacion after this point, and we will get 375 00:25:05,640 --> 00:25:14,200 Speaker 1: into that after we pause for a sponsor break. Estevan 376 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:20,680 Speaker 1: Andreas Toronto State Toronto, Alonzo del Castillo Maldonado, and Alvar 377 00:25:20,840 --> 00:25:26,800 Speaker 1: Nuniez Cabza Devaca are sometimes described as the four Ragged Castaways. 378 00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:30,719 Speaker 1: When they had first set sail from Spain in fifteen 379 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:35,440 Speaker 1: twenty seven, they had been on radically different social strata. 380 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:40,240 Speaker 1: Esdevin was black and enslaved, while Cabza Devaca was the 381 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:45,640 Speaker 1: second in command of Penfeo di Narvaz's expedition. Cabeza Devaca's 382 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,760 Speaker 1: Relacion makes it clear that at the start of the 383 00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:52,439 Speaker 1: voyage he was a typical conquistor. He was going to 384 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:55,439 Speaker 1: the Americas hoping for fortune and glory, and he was 385 00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:59,760 Speaker 1: also viewing the Spanish as superior to Africans and indigenous 386 00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:03,200 Speaker 1: peace peoples. But by the time they escaped from their 387 00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:06,719 Speaker 1: indigenous captors. In fifteen thirty four, things were much different. 388 00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:10,639 Speaker 1: Cabes and Nevaca had been through the experience of being 389 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,760 Speaker 1: enslaved himself. He had also been given shelter and care 390 00:26:14,840 --> 00:26:19,119 Speaker 1: by people of multiple indigenous nations while also being enslaved 391 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:21,760 Speaker 1: and forced to work for some of those same peoples. 392 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,199 Speaker 1: He had started to realize that the indigenous peoples they 393 00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:29,399 Speaker 1: were encountering were not one monolithic group of from the 394 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:34,119 Speaker 1: Spanish Catholic mindset pagans and barbarians. He had contact with 395 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,639 Speaker 1: at least twenty different indigenous tribes and nations during his 396 00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 1: journey around the Gulf and into Mexico, and each one 397 00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:45,800 Speaker 1: was its own people. He also developed a deeper religious 398 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,040 Speaker 1: faith during his time in captivity and the journey that followed. 399 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:53,040 Speaker 1: His relation followed that progression and became a document not 400 00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: just of their journey, but also of the land they 401 00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:59,400 Speaker 1: traveled through and the peoples they encountered, with far more 402 00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:02,600 Speaker 1: empathy toward indigenous people at the end of the account 403 00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:05,879 Speaker 1: then at the beginning. Yeah, I'm not suggesting that he 404 00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 1: suddenly became a perfect person, but he definitely started seeing 405 00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:16,639 Speaker 1: other non Spanish Catholic people as more human than before. 406 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:22,120 Speaker 1: It would be a stretch to say that the three 407 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:27,400 Speaker 1: Spanish men ever saw Estevan as their equal, but when 408 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,879 Speaker 1: they escaped from their captors, it was immediately obvious that 409 00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:33,760 Speaker 1: his knowledge and skills were going to be critical to 410 00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: their survival. They still had hundreds of miles they needed 411 00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:42,920 Speaker 1: to travel through unfamiliar territory. His facility with languages meant 412 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:47,160 Speaker 1: that he could negotiate passage through these territories of multiple 413 00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:51,760 Speaker 1: different tribes and trade on the group's behalf. In general, 414 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:55,360 Speaker 1: Estevan also seemed to be just more at home with 415 00:27:55,600 --> 00:28:00,240 Speaker 1: the indigenous peoples than the Spanish men were. For example, 416 00:28:00,359 --> 00:28:03,560 Speaker 1: on their first night with the Avavari tribe, he joined 417 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: in their dancing while the others just watched. The people 418 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:10,600 Speaker 1: that they encountered often seemed more willing to negotiate with 419 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:15,280 Speaker 1: him than with the others. Various articles about the four 420 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:19,280 Speaker 1: ragged castaways described them as smoothing their passage through native 421 00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:23,200 Speaker 1: territories by pretending to be faith healers or medicine men, 422 00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:29,040 Speaker 1: but pretending is kind of an oversimplification. Details on this 423 00:28:29,119 --> 00:28:32,920 Speaker 1: are very fuzzy, and the primary sources recounting this voyage 424 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:37,280 Speaker 1: are contradictory, but at some point an indigenous person was 425 00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:40,960 Speaker 1: sick or injured, Kabeza Devaka or one of the other 426 00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:44,920 Speaker 1: men prayed over them, using Christian prayers and making the 427 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 1: sign of the Cross. At some points, they may have 428 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:51,960 Speaker 1: also used some kind of other treatments, either something that 429 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:56,040 Speaker 1: would have been used among Spanish conquistadors or something that 430 00:28:56,040 --> 00:29:00,560 Speaker 1: they had seen indigenous people do. Over time, seems like 431 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:04,240 Speaker 1: Cabeza Devaca thought they really were healing these people, or 432 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: really that God was healing them through them. This was 433 00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:12,160 Speaker 1: something he had to be really careful in how he described, 434 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:15,880 Speaker 1: given that they were not priests, and this was the 435 00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:18,960 Speaker 1: kind of thing that the Spanish Inquisition would not look 436 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,880 Speaker 1: favorably on at all if they ever managed to make 437 00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:26,280 Speaker 1: it back home. Eventually, somebody, either one of this foursome 438 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:29,320 Speaker 1: or someone indigenous started calling them the children of the 439 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,200 Speaker 1: Sun or the sons of the Sun. The four ragged 440 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:37,400 Speaker 1: castaways continued west and south for months, and over time 441 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:41,840 Speaker 1: they built up an indigenous following. It's not always clear 442 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:46,040 Speaker 1: how much of this alleged faith healing Estevan did, because 443 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:50,120 Speaker 1: contemporary accounts sometimes call him Durrantes, being the name of 444 00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 1: his enslaver, but over time, as they acquired a large 445 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:57,480 Speaker 1: group of indigenous followers, it seems like the three Spanish 446 00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:02,160 Speaker 1: men used Estevan as an intermediate between themselves and that group. 447 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:04,880 Speaker 1: This was both because he was the one who best 448 00:30:04,960 --> 00:30:08,320 Speaker 1: knew their languages and because doing so gave them an 449 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:11,440 Speaker 1: air of mystery that helped maintain this idea that they 450 00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:16,040 Speaker 1: were healers with divine powers. In the spring of fifteen 451 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:21,640 Speaker 1: thirty six, more than eight years after Narvaez's expedition first 452 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:25,360 Speaker 1: arrived on the Gulf coast of Florida, the four ragged 453 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:30,440 Speaker 1: castaways ran into a group of Spanish slavers in Nueva Galacia, 454 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:33,840 Speaker 1: confirming that they were finally back in territory that was 455 00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: actively being occupied by Spain. They made their way from 456 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:41,960 Speaker 1: there to Mexico City. While in Mexico City, Estevan met 457 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,440 Speaker 1: Juan Garrido, known as the Black Conquistasor, who had been 458 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: born in the Kingdom of Congo and had been part 459 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:52,160 Speaker 1: of multiple Spanish expeditions in the Caribbean and the Americas. 460 00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:56,120 Speaker 1: At this point, once all four men had recovered from 461 00:30:56,160 --> 00:31:00,200 Speaker 1: having made this incredibly arduous journey, the three Spanish men 462 00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:03,800 Speaker 1: but not Estevan were questioned about what they had been through. 463 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:08,000 Speaker 1: They made the territory they had traveled through sound wealthier 464 00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:11,800 Speaker 1: than it actually was, fueling rumors of the Seven Cities 465 00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:15,560 Speaker 1: of Cibola much later also called the Seven Cities of Gold. 466 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:20,440 Speaker 1: So Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, wanted them 467 00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:23,680 Speaker 1: to travel north again, back in the direction they had 468 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:26,720 Speaker 1: just come from, to look for this wealth and to 469 00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,800 Speaker 1: claim it for Spain. He also wanted them to gather 470 00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:33,479 Speaker 1: information for Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, who was planning an 471 00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:41,040 Speaker 1: expedition as well. Understandably, Andreas Durrantes, Alonso de Castillo Maldonado, 472 00:31:41,160 --> 00:31:44,320 Speaker 1: and alvar Nuniez Cabza Devaca all said no, thank you. 473 00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:49,680 Speaker 1: Dorantes did discuss doing this with the viceroy, but ultimately 474 00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:53,480 Speaker 1: declined that offer. Castillo got married to a rich widow, 475 00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:57,600 Speaker 1: and Caveza Devaca went to Spain. He was hoping that 476 00:31:57,720 --> 00:31:59,920 Speaker 1: he would be named governor of Florida and then he 477 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,800 Speaker 1: could come back and he could succeed where Pomfio de 478 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:07,240 Speaker 1: Narvaez had failed. That did not work out for him, though, 479 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,080 Speaker 1: because by the time he got back to Spain, Hernando 480 00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:14,400 Speaker 1: de Soto had been authorized to conquer Florida, Cameza Devaca 481 00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:18,120 Speaker 1: became governor of some of Spain's territory in South America instead. 482 00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: He obviously has a whole story beyond this that we 483 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 1: are not getting into. Estevon, though may not have had 484 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,200 Speaker 1: a choice. He had not exactly been treated as a 485 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:33,200 Speaker 1: freeman during that journey across what's now Texas in northern Mexico, 486 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,240 Speaker 1: but over time he had been treated less and less 487 00:32:36,280 --> 00:32:40,240 Speaker 1: like a slave. It is not fully clear whether he 488 00:32:40,360 --> 00:32:43,720 Speaker 1: was considered to be enslaved or free after their arrival 489 00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:47,480 Speaker 1: in Mexico City, but from this point documents were more 490 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:52,200 Speaker 1: likely to reference him as Estevon than Estevanico. And when 491 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,720 Speaker 1: he was tasked with accompanying Franciscan Friar Marcos Deniza on 492 00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:59,880 Speaker 1: an expedition north, he was given explicit instructions to follow 493 00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:04,920 Speaker 1: Marcos's orders. Those kinds of instructions would not have seemed 494 00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:09,760 Speaker 1: necessary if he was enslaved. At the same time, it 495 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:13,720 Speaker 1: seems as though Derante's approval was needed for Estevon to 496 00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:16,280 Speaker 1: go on this expedition, something that would not have been 497 00:33:16,320 --> 00:33:21,120 Speaker 1: necessary if he was free. So there's some conflict here. Apparently, 498 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:25,480 Speaker 1: Derantes originally refused, and then he agreed to letting Estevont 499 00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:28,920 Speaker 1: go on this travel only after having irritated the Viceroy 500 00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,680 Speaker 1: by refusing to go on this expedition himself. It seems 501 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:37,000 Speaker 1: like he was kind of trying to smooth things over fire. 502 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:41,480 Speaker 1: Marcos's expedition departed on March seventh, fifteen thirty nine. It 503 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:45,880 Speaker 1: consisted of Marcos, another Franciscan friar, Estevan, and about one 504 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:50,200 Speaker 1: hundred enslaved indigenous people who had been promised their freedom 505 00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:55,040 Speaker 1: in exchange for their participation. A Stevan's role was similar 506 00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:57,080 Speaker 1: to what he had done before. He was working as 507 00:33:57,120 --> 00:34:00,239 Speaker 1: a scout, a guide, and a translator and negotiator with 508 00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:04,000 Speaker 1: all the indigenous tribes they would encounter. A couple of 509 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:07,760 Speaker 1: weeks after they left Mexico City, Marcos sent Estevan to 510 00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:11,960 Speaker 1: scout ahead. Estevan was to update Marcos on his progress 511 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,600 Speaker 1: by sending a runner back with a cross, with the 512 00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:17,719 Speaker 1: size of the cross corresponding to the value of what 513 00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:21,319 Speaker 1: he had found. This sounds like a wild way to communicate, 514 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,799 Speaker 1: but it is what it is. Some sources conclude that 515 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:27,480 Speaker 1: this was because Estevan and the others with him could 516 00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:29,920 Speaker 1: not read or write. But as we talked about in 517 00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:33,600 Speaker 1: our recent episode on Ballpoint Pens, writing on this kind 518 00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:37,239 Speaker 1: of expedition would have actually been incredibly cumbersome. Okay, we 519 00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:40,360 Speaker 1: need you to keep up with an ink well quills, 520 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:46,840 Speaker 1: your paper might get wet or following apart. Although Estevon 521 00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: was supposed to wait after sending word back to Marcos, 522 00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,239 Speaker 1: he kept on pushing ahead. First, though, he would make 523 00:34:54,360 --> 00:34:56,759 Speaker 1: arrangements for Marcos and the rest of the party to 524 00:34:56,800 --> 00:34:59,640 Speaker 1: be fed and provisioned and care for at each of 525 00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:03,680 Speaker 1: the sou he came to. Marcos kept struggling to catch 526 00:35:03,760 --> 00:35:07,359 Speaker 1: up as Estevan kept sending back a series of crosses, 527 00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:11,600 Speaker 1: each one bigger than the last. Finally, in May of 528 00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:15,080 Speaker 1: fifteen thirty nine, a runner reached Marcos and told him 529 00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:19,680 Speaker 1: that Esseevon was dead. According to Friar Marcos, Estevon and 530 00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:22,640 Speaker 1: many of his party were killed by the Zuni outside 531 00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:25,800 Speaker 1: the city of Cibola, which Estevon had managed to reach. 532 00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:29,719 Speaker 1: It's believed that Estevon was somewhere in what is now Arizona, 533 00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:34,160 Speaker 1: but there is debate over exactly where. Marcos never made 534 00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:37,080 Speaker 1: it to that location. Himself. Yeah, there's a lot of 535 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:40,920 Speaker 1: discussion of exactly which pueblo might have been being described 536 00:35:40,960 --> 00:35:45,800 Speaker 1: as the city of Cibola. There are no eyewitness accounts 537 00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:49,239 Speaker 1: of Estevan's death, and accounts from later on in the 538 00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:54,960 Speaker 1: sixteenth century are wildly contradictory, including contradicting what Marcos wrote down, 539 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:59,520 Speaker 1: which was pretty straightforward. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado claimed that 540 00:35:59,760 --> 00:36:05,640 Speaker 1: este Von had a reputation for inappropriate relationships with indigenous women, 541 00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:09,960 Speaker 1: and the Zuni had killed him after he had demanded 542 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:14,239 Speaker 1: women and turquoise from them. Coronado said this when he 543 00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:17,279 Speaker 1: was about to face charges over his own behavior with 544 00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,880 Speaker 1: indigenous people, so there's some speculation that he said this 545 00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:24,840 Speaker 1: to try to distract from what he was being accused of. 546 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:30,280 Speaker 1: Hernando de Alarconde claimed that the Zunis killed Esteban because 547 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,279 Speaker 1: they did not want him to reveal their location to 548 00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:38,360 Speaker 1: the Spanish. Zuni anthropologist Edmund J. Ladd, writing in the 549 00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:42,359 Speaker 1: twentieth century, concluded that the Zuni had probably heard about 550 00:36:42,360 --> 00:36:45,799 Speaker 1: the expedition through indigenous trade networks, and that they just 551 00:36:45,960 --> 00:36:50,560 Speaker 1: did not trust the Spanish. According to Zuni tradition, Estevan 552 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,760 Speaker 1: had sent a gourd rattle decorated with red and white 553 00:36:53,760 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: feathers to the Zuni leader to introduce himself. The Zuni 554 00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:01,120 Speaker 1: leader recognized this rattle and became became angry, and he 555 00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:06,480 Speaker 1: ordered Estevon not to enter the town. When Estevon approached anyway, 556 00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:11,680 Speaker 1: they killed him. While all of the sixteenth century accounts 557 00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:16,160 Speaker 1: and most modern historians agree that Estevon was killed by 558 00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,479 Speaker 1: Pueblo in Peoples in the spring of fifteen thirty nine, 559 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:24,240 Speaker 1: there are a few modern historians that proposed something else entirely, 560 00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:27,400 Speaker 1: which is that Estevon worked with one of the Pueblo 561 00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:30,880 Speaker 1: in peoples to fake his own death and then he 562 00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:35,520 Speaker 1: escaped from enslavement by the Spanish. There isn't really concrete 563 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:40,080 Speaker 1: support for this, but it is an interesting idea. Today, 564 00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:44,080 Speaker 1: the Panfilo da Narvez expedition is known primarily for its 565 00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:48,239 Speaker 1: spectacular failure and the long journey of its four survivors 566 00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:52,000 Speaker 1: that then paved the way for Coronado's expeditions into what 567 00:37:52,120 --> 00:37:55,960 Speaker 1: is now the American Southwest. There has been less focus 568 00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:01,319 Speaker 1: on Estevon until much more recently. One possible connection to 569 00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:06,080 Speaker 1: Stevon that continues in Pueblo culture today is a catsina 570 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,640 Speaker 1: or a spirit being who was depicted as having black skin. 571 00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:12,480 Speaker 1: I don't want to get into a ton of detail 572 00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:16,120 Speaker 1: about this because this is sacred Pueblo and cultural knowledge. 573 00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:21,560 Speaker 1: Some sources have described this catsina straightforwardly as a representation 574 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:26,520 Speaker 1: of Stevon, although others note that there were catsinas depicted 575 00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:29,719 Speaker 1: with black skin before he had contact with any pu 576 00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:33,960 Speaker 1: blow In peoples. There is also a saying among some 577 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:37,640 Speaker 1: pueblo In peoples, as reported by doctor Joe S. Sando 578 00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:41,040 Speaker 1: of Hamo's Pueblo, that quote, the first white man our 579 00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:45,680 Speaker 1: people saw was a black man. Uh, and that is Estevon. 580 00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:49,600 Speaker 1: Do you have listener mail? I have listener mail. It 581 00:38:49,680 --> 00:38:53,080 Speaker 1: is from Heather. Heather wrote, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I 582 00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,920 Speaker 1: started writing this email before I even finished listening to 583 00:38:55,960 --> 00:38:59,000 Speaker 1: the behind the scenes episode on Beatrice Kenner and Mildred 584 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,719 Speaker 1: Smith's side note. Shout out to those ladies for all 585 00:39:01,719 --> 00:39:03,480 Speaker 1: the great work they did to make that time of 586 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:06,759 Speaker 1: the month more bearable. I wanted to write to share 587 00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:09,480 Speaker 1: that I had similar memories and feelings when I read 588 00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:11,839 Speaker 1: are you there, God, It's me Margaret. I'm a few 589 00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:14,120 Speaker 1: years younger than you, ladies, and I probably read the 590 00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:17,480 Speaker 1: book around my late elementary years, maybe going into middle school, 591 00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:20,720 Speaker 1: which would have been very late nineteen eighties early nineteen nineties. 592 00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:24,680 Speaker 1: The copy I read also had references to the belted pads, 593 00:39:24,719 --> 00:39:27,040 Speaker 1: and by that time I felt like the adhesive ones 594 00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,680 Speaker 1: were pretty ubiquitous, and I also had my mother explain 595 00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:33,640 Speaker 1: the belts to me. It made me feel like the 596 00:39:33,680 --> 00:39:35,879 Speaker 1: book was out of date and silly, and I never 597 00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:38,840 Speaker 1: really wanted to read Judy Bloom anymore as an adult. 598 00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:41,840 Speaker 1: I feel bad about that, because obviously Judy Bloom is amazing. 599 00:39:42,360 --> 00:39:44,359 Speaker 1: I also find it pretty funny that just the day 600 00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,160 Speaker 1: before this episode came out, my son, who was sixteen, 601 00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:50,080 Speaker 1: had his girlfriend over to our house. It's his first girlfriend, 602 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:53,120 Speaker 1: and she needed a tampon. I was outside and she 603 00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,320 Speaker 1: made him text me that she needed one, which I 604 00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:59,120 Speaker 1: found hilarious. Everybody just needs to get over any squeamishness 605 00:39:59,160 --> 00:40:02,640 Speaker 1: about periods. They are everywhere. Ha ha ha As Pettax, 606 00:40:03,239 --> 00:40:05,800 Speaker 1: I am attaching a picture of my dog's Nellie and Malcolm. 607 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:08,160 Speaker 1: Nellie is red and white and is an eleven year 608 00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:10,759 Speaker 1: old Welsh Springer Spaniel. This is a different breed than 609 00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:13,759 Speaker 1: the English Springer that most people know most people think 610 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,680 Speaker 1: she's a Brittany or a cocker, but to me, she's 611 00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:20,160 Speaker 1: just a precious angel. Baby Malcolm is an eight year 612 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,120 Speaker 1: old black and white English Springer Spaniel, the Springer breed 613 00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:26,160 Speaker 1: that most people know. He's not the smartest boy, but 614 00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,000 Speaker 1: he would literally die for me, and that's all I 615 00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,160 Speaker 1: could ever ask for. Thanks for reading this email. Have 616 00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:34,360 Speaker 1: a wonderful day, Heather. Thank you so much for this email. Heather. 617 00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,720 Speaker 1: Thank you for these very cute dog pictures. They look 618 00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:42,000 Speaker 1: like they are sitting in a kitchen, very patiently but 619 00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:47,720 Speaker 1: also eagerly awaiting a treat. I love this story about 620 00:40:47,719 --> 00:40:50,720 Speaker 1: getting a text about needing a tampon, and it reminded 621 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,680 Speaker 1: me a story of a story that has been passed 622 00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:56,479 Speaker 1: to me from my mother, which is that my mom 623 00:40:57,120 --> 00:41:01,640 Speaker 1: was one of five four girls in a boy and 624 00:41:01,760 --> 00:41:05,280 Speaker 1: their neighbors across the street also five children, four boys 625 00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:08,640 Speaker 1: and a girl. So the joke was that each of 626 00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:11,520 Speaker 1: the moms would just count every night. As long as 627 00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:16,880 Speaker 1: they each had five children, everything was okay. So one 628 00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:21,200 Speaker 1: day my mom was helping her mom unload the groceries 629 00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:24,759 Speaker 1: that had just been brought in, and one of the 630 00:41:24,840 --> 00:41:28,080 Speaker 1: boys from across the street was there helping. He was 631 00:41:28,120 --> 00:41:30,960 Speaker 1: passing the things to my mom from inside the bag 632 00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:34,200 Speaker 1: and then was like, that's it. I'm done by. And 633 00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:38,160 Speaker 1: my mom was like, there's obviously something in that bag still, 634 00:41:38,719 --> 00:41:41,200 Speaker 1: and he was like, nope, nothing left in this bag, 635 00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:45,200 Speaker 1: nothing at all. Bye, and mom went. And being a 636 00:41:45,280 --> 00:41:53,799 Speaker 1: household that contained, you know, a mother and four sisters, 637 00:41:54,840 --> 00:42:01,680 Speaker 1: it was an industrial size box of paths and I 638 00:42:01,719 --> 00:42:04,120 Speaker 1: don't know. That story makes me laugh every time I 639 00:42:04,120 --> 00:42:07,520 Speaker 1: think of it. Thank you so much again, Heather for 640 00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:09,960 Speaker 1: this email and the dog pictures. If you would like 641 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,919 Speaker 1: to send us a note where at history podcast dot 642 00:42:12,960 --> 00:42:17,239 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio dot com, and you can also subscribe to our 643 00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:20,799 Speaker 1: show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'd like 644 00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:28,680 Speaker 1: to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class 645 00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:32,759 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 646 00:42:32,920 --> 00:42:36,520 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 647 00:42:36,560 --> 00:42:39,520 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.