1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:05,080 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today in Troy the show. Hello. 2 00:00:05,640 --> 00:00:08,719 Speaker 1: Welcome to this day in History class, where we flipped 3 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: through the book of history and bring you a new 4 00:00:10,960 --> 00:00:26,080 Speaker 1: page every day. The day was May six, eighteen. Catholic 5 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:31,600 Speaker 1: regents Velam Slavata and Yaroslav Brejuta of Martinis were found 6 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:35,479 Speaker 1: guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty, and they and 7 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:39,800 Speaker 1: their secretary Philippe Fabricius were thrown out of the window 8 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:43,440 Speaker 1: of the council room of Crag Castle. The Letter of 9 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:46,760 Speaker 1: Majesty was a document that Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph the 10 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:50,879 Speaker 1: Second signed that granted religious liberties to Protestant and Catholic 11 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:55,160 Speaker 1: citizens living in the estates of Bohemia. The regents and 12 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: Fabricius came out of the definistration with no serious injuries, 13 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,560 Speaker 1: but the act did tip off a Bohemian revolt against 14 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand the Second and lead to the 15 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: Thirty Years War. The first definistration of Prague happened on 16 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:18,720 Speaker 1: July fourteen, nineteen. Definistration just means throwing someone or something 17 00:01:18,800 --> 00:01:23,560 Speaker 1: out of a window, and that incident Hussites or followers 18 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:26,960 Speaker 1: of the religious reformer Yon Hohos broke into the new 19 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:31,360 Speaker 1: town Hall in Prague to free imprison Utoquists or Hussites, 20 00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:34,919 Speaker 1: who believed that the lady, like the clergy, should receive 21 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: the Eucharist under the forms of bread and wine. Lady 22 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,360 Speaker 1: just means the common people who weren't part of the clergy. 23 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:46,760 Speaker 1: The radical Hussites threw several city councilors out of the window, 24 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: killing them. The first Definistration is considered the first violent 25 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:55,760 Speaker 1: incident in the Hussite Wars. Eventually, the Catholics and the 26 00:01:55,800 --> 00:02:00,120 Speaker 1: Eutoquists came to a peace agreement, but what's known as 27 00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:04,400 Speaker 1: the second Definistration of Prague came two centuries after the first. 28 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:08,480 Speaker 1: By the end of the Hussite Revolution, there were three 29 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,400 Speaker 1: estates in the Bohemian diet the Lords, the Knights and 30 00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:16,680 Speaker 1: the Burghers. Bavarian King and Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian the 31 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,880 Speaker 1: Second said he would tolerate religious denominations that accepted the 32 00:02:20,919 --> 00:02:25,600 Speaker 1: Bohemian Confession of fifteen seventy five, a document that attempted 33 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 1: to satisfy everyone in Bohemia and allow religions to coexist peacefully, 34 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,440 Speaker 1: but Maximilian the Second did not formally act on the 35 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: Confession before his death. After Maximilian's son Rudolph the Second 36 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: became a king, he signed the Letter of Majesty. The 37 00:02:43,960 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 1: letter gave freedom of religious practice to the Utraquists, the 38 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: Roman Catholic Church, the Unitas Brothram, and Lutherans who accepted 39 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: the Confession. Bohemia was still officially Roman Catholic, but people 40 00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:00,880 Speaker 1: of other religions were permitted to worship as they wished. 41 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:05,040 Speaker 1: The letter was intended to be a framework for religious peace, 42 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:09,799 Speaker 1: and Catholics and Protestants did largely get along in Bohemia 43 00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:14,480 Speaker 1: for several years, but in sixteen twelve Rudolph's brother Matthias 44 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 1: became Holy Roman Emperor. In sixteen seventeen, subjects as an 45 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: Archbishop of Prague, built Protestant churches at rob and Bramaf 46 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:28,240 Speaker 1: on land that the Catholic clergy claimed. The archbishop ordered 47 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: the churches be closed, and King Matthias upheld this order. 48 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,560 Speaker 1: Protestants claimed the land was royal and they saw this 49 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:39,480 Speaker 1: as a violation of their religious liberties, and in sixteen 50 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:44,440 Speaker 1: seventeen Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, was elected King of Bohemia. 51 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: Ferdinand wanted to restore a Catholic Empire, and he stacked 52 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: his counsel with staunch Catholics, so Protestants in Prague called 53 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:59,760 Speaker 1: an assembly. Catholic regents Vilam Slavata and Yaroslav Borgita were 54 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:03,040 Speaker 1: put on trial for violating the right of freedom of religion. 55 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:09,600 Speaker 1: On May eighteen, Slavata and Borgita were found guilty and 56 00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:13,480 Speaker 1: thrown out of a window with their secretary, Philippe Fabrucius. 57 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:17,680 Speaker 1: They fell about fifty feet or fifteen meters to the ground, 58 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:21,679 Speaker 1: but they did not fall to their deaths. They landed 59 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:25,960 Speaker 1: in a pile of horse manure and survived. Catholic officials 60 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:30,919 Speaker 1: claimed the miraculous survival was the doing of angels. For 61 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:34,039 Speaker 1: the next two years, it was the mostly Protestant Bohemian 62 00:04:34,200 --> 00:04:38,480 Speaker 1: estates against Emperor Ferdinand the Second and the Catholic Holy 63 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:42,960 Speaker 1: Roman Empire. That conflict culminated in the Battle of White Mountain, 64 00:04:43,360 --> 00:04:46,840 Speaker 1: where Ferdinand the Second and the German Catholic League defeated 65 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:52,680 Speaker 1: Frederick the Five. Ferdinand soon started executing rebel leaders, confiscating 66 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:57,560 Speaker 1: land and expelling Protestants. He issued a new constitution that 67 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:02,160 Speaker 1: created an authoritarian government in Bohemi Nea the Thirty Years War, 68 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:07,320 Speaker 1: which ended in sixty eight evolved from religious conflict between 69 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:11,320 Speaker 1: Protestant and Catholic states and into a war involving most 70 00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:16,360 Speaker 1: of the major European powers. I'm each Deacote and hopefully 71 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 72 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:22,400 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And if you'd like to learn more about 73 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:25,200 Speaker 1: this topic, you can listen to the episode of Stuff 74 00:05:25,240 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class called the Definistrations of Frog. 75 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:32,400 Speaker 1: If there are any upcoming days in history that you 76 00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:34,840 Speaker 1: really like me to cover on the show, give us 77 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:38,600 Speaker 1: a shower on social media at t d I h 78 00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 1: C podcast. Thanks for listening and we'll see you again tomorrow. 79 00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:56,880 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in 80 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: History Class, a podcast where we were out a page 81 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:07,880 Speaker 1: from the history book every single day. The day was made. 82 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 1: Nineteen fifty one, Tibet signed the seventeen Point Agreement, also 83 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:16,599 Speaker 1: known as the Agreement of the Central People's Government and 84 00:06:16,640 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 1: the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful 85 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 1: Liberation of Tibet. While Tibetans maintained that the agreement was 86 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:28,400 Speaker 1: signed under duress, Chinese sources claim that both sides supported 87 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:33,080 Speaker 1: the agreement as a legitimate contract Tibet is bordered by 88 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 1: Chinese provinces and autonomous regions in China. Though Tibet has 89 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:40,920 Speaker 1: long been involved in struggles with China, Tibetans have enjoyed 90 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 1: considerable autonomy over the centuries. In nineteen thirteen, Tibet proclaimed 91 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: its independence after decades of rejecting attempts by Britain and 92 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,119 Speaker 1: China to establish control in the region. At that point, 93 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,000 Speaker 1: Tibet functioned as a de facto independent state, but China 94 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:00,760 Speaker 1: still did not recognize Tibet as an end pendent entity 95 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: and continued to assert claims over areas in the region. 96 00:07:05,080 --> 00:07:08,240 Speaker 1: In nineteen forty nine, Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of 97 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: the People's Republic of China, a one party state controlled 98 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:16,200 Speaker 1: by the Communist Party of China. The Chinese began asserting 99 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:20,320 Speaker 1: their presence in Tibet, calling for its liberation. The issue 100 00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:23,200 Speaker 1: of Tibet was part of China's desire for a unified, 101 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:29,120 Speaker 1: powerful motherland and for freedom from imperialist influence. Most Tibetans 102 00:07:29,160 --> 00:07:32,640 Speaker 1: were illiterate and life expectancy was low. In addition to 103 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:36,320 Speaker 1: most of the population being served and enslaved people owned 104 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 1: by monasteries and nobles China used these facts to justify 105 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,640 Speaker 1: the need for the liberation and reform of Tibet. In 106 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:48,720 Speaker 1: October of nineteen fifty, Chinese troops took control of eastern Tibet. 107 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: The People's Liberation Army defeated the Tibetan army in battle 108 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,520 Speaker 1: at Chomdo. The Chinese government told Tibetan authorities to send 109 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,440 Speaker 1: delegates to Beijing to negotiate the peaceful liberation of Tibet. 110 00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:05,440 Speaker 1: According to Tibetan sources, the Tibetan delegation was forced to 111 00:08:05,560 --> 00:08:09,240 Speaker 1: sign the seventeen Point Agreement, though the Chinese have rejected 112 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: this notion. The document affirmed China's sovereignty over Tibet, effectively 113 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: making Tibet a region of the People's Republic of China. 114 00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:22,880 Speaker 1: The document included a preamble. In seventeen points, it claimed 115 00:08:22,920 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: to guarantee Tibetan autonomy and to respect the Buddhist religion. 116 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 1: It also called for the establishment of Chinese civil and 117 00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:33,559 Speaker 1: military headquarters at Lassa in Tibet, and it called for 118 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 1: the development of Tibetan agriculture, livestock raising, industry, and commerce. 119 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:42,840 Speaker 1: There is controversy over the validity of the seventeen point agreement, 120 00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:46,240 Speaker 1: since some Tibetans claimed that the delegates did not have 121 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:49,199 Speaker 1: the authority to sign the document and buying the Dalai 122 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:52,520 Speaker 1: Lama or Tibetan government to it. They also claimed that 123 00:08:52,600 --> 00:08:55,760 Speaker 1: they were not allowed to make any alterations, though others 124 00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: have rejected this claim. In the following year's resentment again 125 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,880 Speaker 1: It's Chinese rule led to outbreaks of Tibetan resistance. China 126 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: did not fully honor the agreement, including its commitment to 127 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:11,840 Speaker 1: preserve Tibet's political and religious institutions in March of nineteen 128 00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:15,560 Speaker 1: fifty nine, and uprising began and lass against Chinese rule 129 00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,559 Speaker 1: and pro Chinese Tibetan officials and alleged eighty five thousand 130 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:23,040 Speaker 1: Tibetans died in the uprising, though this number is debated. 131 00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: Disputes over the legitimacy of the agreement and China's adherence 132 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: to it continue to cause conflict in China and Tibet. Today, 133 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:35,800 Speaker 1: Tibetans continue to protest mistreatment by the Chinese government. Intentions 134 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:41,280 Speaker 1: remain over Tibet's political status. I'm each Jeffco and hopefully 135 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 136 00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:47,160 Speaker 1: did yesterday and If you have any comments our suggestions, 137 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:49,439 Speaker 1: you can send them to us via email at this 138 00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: day at i heart media dot com. You can also 139 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:54,920 Speaker 1: hit us up on social media where at t D 140 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:58,559 Speaker 1: I h C podcast. Thanks again for listening to the 141 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:12,719 Speaker 1: show and we'll see you tomorrow m M. For more 142 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:16,199 Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 143 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:17,920 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.