1 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:11,440 Speaker 1: Hey, Jorney, do you know who is the first person 2 00:00:11,520 --> 00:00:16,759 Speaker 1: to reach the South Pole? It's probably a Norwegian, wasn't 3 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:20,439 Speaker 1: it someone called rolled Emson. Yeah, he's pretty famous. But 4 00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:24,279 Speaker 1: do you know who the second or third place finishes were. 5 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:30,479 Speaker 1: I'm gonna guess rold Emonson Jr. Or rold Emonson the third. 6 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:33,720 Speaker 1: I have no idea. You know, those people who came 7 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:37,080 Speaker 1: in second and third, they risked their lives, literally froze 8 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:39,519 Speaker 1: their butts off, and we don't even know who they are. 9 00:00:39,720 --> 00:00:42,440 Speaker 1: Man in this case, it was literally a raised to 10 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:46,600 Speaker 1: the bottom of the world. But yeah, you're right, I 11 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:49,240 Speaker 1: guess second place doesn't get much attention. And the same 12 00:00:49,360 --> 00:00:52,839 Speaker 1: is true in science. There's no consolation prize for the Nobel. 13 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: You don't get a silver Noble price. They should hand 14 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: out a silver and a bronze, an honorable mention. There 15 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:17,600 Speaker 1: just an honor to be nominated. Hi, I'm or Hamming 16 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:21,319 Speaker 1: cartoonists and the creator of PhD comments. Hi I'm Daniel. 17 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:23,800 Speaker 1: I'm a particle of physicist. And if I was in 18 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:25,680 Speaker 1: the running for the Nobel Prize, I wouldn't get the 19 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:29,040 Speaker 1: silver or le bronze. I would get the Plywood Nobel Prize. 20 00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: You get the thanks for Trying coupon, I get the 21 00:01:33,319 --> 00:01:35,840 Speaker 1: pin and ribbon on him and say thanks. Welcome to 22 00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:38,800 Speaker 1: our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explained the Universe, a production 23 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio in which we take a tour 24 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: of all the incredible things that scientists have won the 25 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,640 Speaker 1: Nobel Prize for and dive deep into all the things 26 00:01:47,680 --> 00:01:50,800 Speaker 1: that science has not yet figured out, all the things 27 00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 1: that people want to understand, all those weird mysteries of 28 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,360 Speaker 1: the universe that nobody has yet figured out. Because it's 29 00:01:57,400 --> 00:02:01,120 Speaker 1: a big, mysterious universe out there and humans are trying 30 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:03,160 Speaker 1: to make sense of it and come up with theories 31 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: about how it all works. But it is, after all 32 00:02:05,880 --> 00:02:10,359 Speaker 1: a human endeavor, and so it's about humans chipping away 33 00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:12,960 Speaker 1: at the big unknown questions of the universe. And here 34 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:15,359 Speaker 1: on the show, we like to talk about the smallest things. 35 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: We like to break open the universe and find out 36 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:20,600 Speaker 1: what it's made out of. What are the smallest things. 37 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:24,440 Speaker 1: But another sort of orthogonal way to approach discovery is 38 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:28,079 Speaker 1: trying to make matter do weird stuff like you're familiar 39 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 1: with three states of matter, solids, liquids in gases, But 40 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:34,880 Speaker 1: it turns out there are lots of other really weird 41 00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:38,800 Speaker 1: things that matter can do. Yeah, there are other states 42 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:42,600 Speaker 1: of matter like super hot forms like plasma, and also 43 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:47,200 Speaker 1: super cold forms. And one of these forms is a 44 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,720 Speaker 1: pretty well known form that we're going to talk about today. 45 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:52,760 Speaker 1: That's right. If you get matter into really weird configurations, 46 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: it will do strange stuff. And this is a great 47 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 1: way to learn about what the rules are, how does 48 00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: it fit together, what are the forces that are involved? 49 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:03,359 Speaker 1: And it's just fun to make matter be weird. Can 50 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:05,520 Speaker 1: you make it shinye? Can you make it jump? Can 51 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: you make it super conducting? Can you make it super fluid? 52 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: Can you make it act as a single blob? It's 53 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:13,600 Speaker 1: fun to make new kinds of Google, would that be 54 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:17,640 Speaker 1: your bumper sticker, Daniel? Keep matter weird, yeah, because one 55 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:19,640 Speaker 1: of the basic ways to explore the universe is just 56 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:21,640 Speaker 1: to look around you and see, like what kinds of 57 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:24,320 Speaker 1: stuff is there? You know, the very first people to 58 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: think about what is the universe made out of just 59 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: sort of organized the stuff around them into like you know, 60 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:33,760 Speaker 1: air or fire, earth and water. And that's reflection that 61 00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:37,240 Speaker 1: there are different kinds of things. And even though we 62 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:40,040 Speaker 1: know that the universe has made fundamentally of tying the 63 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:44,120 Speaker 1: little particles. Those particles come together in really weird ways. 64 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:47,720 Speaker 1: I mean, who could predict solids and gases and all 65 00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: sorts of weird behavior from just the tiny particles. It's complicated. 66 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:53,720 Speaker 1: So while it's worthwhile to like dig down deep to 67 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: the tiny bits, it's also really worthwhile to figure out 68 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:59,640 Speaker 1: how those bits play together to make weird stuff. So 69 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:06,600 Speaker 1: to the the program will be asking the question, what 70 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: is a Bose Einstein condensate now? M Daniel, I'm guessing 71 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:16,200 Speaker 1: that's not related to both speakers or being like a BOWS. 72 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:19,200 Speaker 1: I think Bose was an early investor in the Bows 73 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 1: speaker system. They're not related. The Bose family fortune came 74 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:28,360 Speaker 1: from physics. No, but they are related to the Higgs boson. 75 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:32,479 Speaker 1: It's the same Bows, is it? Yeah? Yes, absolutely, the 76 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:35,480 Speaker 1: Bose Einstein condensate is related to the Higgs boson. It's 77 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:39,360 Speaker 1: the same. Bows is a famous Indian physicist whose last 78 00:04:39,440 --> 00:04:42,279 Speaker 1: name is Bose, and the kind of particle that we 79 00:04:42,320 --> 00:04:44,800 Speaker 1: call a boson, a particle of spin one, is named 80 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,000 Speaker 1: after both. And he's also the guy who worked together 81 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:50,160 Speaker 1: with Einstein to come up with this idea of a 82 00:04:50,160 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 1: weird state of matter called the Bose Einstein content. So 83 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:57,160 Speaker 1: he did rocket leg a ball And I don't know 84 00:04:57,200 --> 00:04:59,719 Speaker 1: if you remember, but after the Higgs boson was discovered, 85 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 1: there are a lot of folks in India who are like, hey, 86 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:04,720 Speaker 1: how come Higgs is getting all the credit? After all? 87 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:08,159 Speaker 1: What about bos is important contribution? His name is half 88 00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:12,720 Speaker 1: of Higgs boson. Why isn't he getting as much credit? Wow? 89 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: I guess it's lots of brand appealed, like clean X. Yeah. Well, 90 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:17,839 Speaker 1: if you're gonna get your name on stuff, you know, 91 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,680 Speaker 1: you can get your name on one individual particle like Higgs, 92 00:05:21,040 --> 00:05:22,679 Speaker 1: or you can get your name on like a whole 93 00:05:22,880 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 1: class of particles like bosons. Bosons are anything with integer spin. 94 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 1: That's like half the particles out there, photons, w's, z 95 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:36,200 Speaker 1: s all these are boson particles. Right. Well, so today 96 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:38,479 Speaker 1: this is about states of matter, and you're right, it 97 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:40,839 Speaker 1: is kind of interesting that, you know, we can talk 98 00:05:40,839 --> 00:05:43,839 Speaker 1: about what matter is and what it does and what 99 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:45,600 Speaker 1: it looks like, but we can also talk about the 100 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: ways it can form itself or the ways that it 101 00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: can exist out there. Yeah, and it's incredible that we 102 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,120 Speaker 1: can sometimes predict this. We can just like write down 103 00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:56,719 Speaker 1: math on a piece of paper and say, we think 104 00:05:56,800 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: if you put these atoms in this weird configuration that 105 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,720 Speaker 1: do this amazing, crazy thing you can't otherwise see. And 106 00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:06,279 Speaker 1: then it's a game of seeing whether you can do it. 107 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:09,160 Speaker 1: You know, it's an experimental challenge. And this is one 108 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:12,600 Speaker 1: of those stories where the theorists were decades and decades 109 00:06:12,680 --> 00:06:15,720 Speaker 1: ahead of the experimentalists. They had this idea in the 110 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:19,279 Speaker 1: twenties and it wasn't until the nineties that people figured 111 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:21,440 Speaker 1: it out. That means that it was one of these 112 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: like plums hanging out there where everybody knew if you 113 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:27,120 Speaker 1: could be the first one to do it, you would 114 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:29,360 Speaker 1: get a Nobel Prize. And there was sort of like, 115 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:32,159 Speaker 1: you know, progress for ten years, and then things ground 116 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:34,040 Speaker 1: to a halt. Nobody had any good ideas, and then 117 00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:36,960 Speaker 1: I burst a progress and then very late in the game, 118 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:40,120 Speaker 1: a quick sprint to the finish line, where you know, 119 00:06:40,160 --> 00:06:42,440 Speaker 1: the people who crossed the finish line first, they win 120 00:06:42,480 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize and everybody else just has a cold 121 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,159 Speaker 1: gas of atoms man. So only two people are famous, 122 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:51,080 Speaker 1: the people who come up with a problem and the 123 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: people who solve the problem. Everyone in between gets forgot 124 00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:57,040 Speaker 1: that's right. And if you find this kind of story inspiring, 125 00:06:57,040 --> 00:06:59,599 Speaker 1: you know, there are plenty of other things out there 126 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: which everybody knows. If you discover them, you would win 127 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: a Nobel Prize. And maybe we're five years, maybe we're 128 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: fifty years away from discovering those things and somebody getting 129 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize. But there is plenty of low hanging 130 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:14,080 Speaker 1: fruit left in physics. All right, are you making a 131 00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:17,320 Speaker 1: plug for bananas, Daniel, because they're pretty low hanging In general, 132 00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: people have discovered bananas already, sorry to first bubble well, 133 00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: such as the case for the Bose Einstein concent And 134 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:30,280 Speaker 1: as usually, we were wondering how many people out there 135 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: knew what this was or where familiar with what the 136 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 1: state of matter is, And so as usual, Daniel went 137 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: out there into the wilds of the internet to ask 138 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 1: people what is a Bose Einstein concent That's right? And 139 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: if you'd like to participate in our random person on 140 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,000 Speaker 1: the Internet questions, please write to us two questions at 141 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:51,720 Speaker 1: Daniel and jorgean dot com. We would love to hear 142 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: your thoughts for future upcoming episodes. Here's what people had 143 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:58,120 Speaker 1: to say. I would imagine something to do with Albert Einstein, 144 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:00,120 Speaker 1: though I don't think it has anything to do with 145 00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 1: Bose audio. I would guess it might have something to 146 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:08,360 Speaker 1: do with Bosn's and condensate means, maybe something with the 147 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:12,400 Speaker 1: way they behave at a particular temperature or pressure. Maybe 148 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:14,720 Speaker 1: it's a speaker of the vibrates water out of the 149 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:18,200 Speaker 1: year and then use the hydrogen to blow up your house. Well, 150 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 1: I heard about it, but I don't remember. It's some 151 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: kind of state or I don't know. I think Bose 152 00:08:28,360 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: was a fellow that was around before Einstein who came 153 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: up with the initial concept, and then I think Einstein 154 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,640 Speaker 1: sweetened the deal a little bit. But this was around 155 00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:41,280 Speaker 1: something hectic to do with theory of relativity and the 156 00:08:41,360 --> 00:08:45,079 Speaker 1: expansion of the universe and universal constants, So I think 157 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:48,120 Speaker 1: it was something related to that, but I can't quite remember. 158 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:50,480 Speaker 1: I know it was mentioned on the podcast recently. It 159 00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:54,760 Speaker 1: was the state of matter, I think from dron The 160 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 1: scientists in the s S lab found it in some 161 00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:00,760 Speaker 1: udom cold lab that in the one name and they 162 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:04,840 Speaker 1: discoded it's been theoretical so far, and so first them 163 00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: there's something you exist in that state of matter? All right, Well, 164 00:09:08,679 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 1: it sounds like a lot of people knew was a 165 00:09:10,840 --> 00:09:13,560 Speaker 1: state of matter. Yeah, except for the folks who thought 166 00:09:13,559 --> 00:09:15,960 Speaker 1: it was a speaker that vibrates water out of the 167 00:09:15,960 --> 00:09:19,120 Speaker 1: air and blows up your house. Wow. Where did that 168 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:21,680 Speaker 1: one come from? Right? I don't know. That must have 169 00:09:21,679 --> 00:09:24,719 Speaker 1: been like an awesome installation of massive bows speakers that 170 00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:27,920 Speaker 1: chattered somebody's windows or something, And I like somebody made 171 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,080 Speaker 1: that connection to the Boson particle. Yeah, exactly. So there's 172 00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:34,560 Speaker 1: some good general knowledge out there. Good job listeners. Yeah, 173 00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:38,120 Speaker 1: so bose, Einstein, condensate, Daniel, let's dig into it. What 174 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:40,679 Speaker 1: is it? I'm guessing it has something to do with 175 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 1: Einstein and maybe condensed milk? Is that the sweet and 176 00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:50,480 Speaker 1: condensed milk? Yes, it's a recipe for lemon bars by 177 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,360 Speaker 1: Boz and only if you get it cold enough and 178 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: only the first bite. Yeah. So what it is is 179 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,000 Speaker 1: a new state of matter, another state of matter different 180 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:04,160 Speaker 1: and from liquid, solid, or gas or even plasma. And 181 00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:06,840 Speaker 1: as you said before, those are the states of matter 182 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:12,680 Speaker 1: sort of organized in terms of temperature increasing, right, solid, liquid, gas, plasma. 183 00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:15,920 Speaker 1: And what happens there is the particles are disassociating as 184 00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,680 Speaker 1: they get hotter and hotter, they tend to move around more, 185 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: they have less restrictions. But there are these phase differences, right, 186 00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:26,960 Speaker 1: Things don't go smoothly from solid to liquid and liquid 187 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:30,520 Speaker 1: to gas. They're these transitions where suddenly things behave different Wait, 188 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:34,800 Speaker 1: isn't there a middle state called the smoothie or a 189 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:41,200 Speaker 1: carbonated drink. That's right, it's called the margarita. That's the 190 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:46,200 Speaker 1: state of matter you discover after you win the Nogo process. Right, Yeah, 191 00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:49,480 Speaker 1: it's made of dacorns. Now, So they're these interesting transitions, 192 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:52,440 Speaker 1: and that's fascinating, right that these particles tend to work 193 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:54,400 Speaker 1: in one way and then you cross them over a 194 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:56,600 Speaker 1: threshold and they tend to work in another way, Like 195 00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:59,600 Speaker 1: there are different rules for gases and liquids and solids 196 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,160 Speaker 1: and lasmas, right. And it has something to do with 197 00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:07,360 Speaker 1: the forces that bind atoms together and particles together, right, Like, 198 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:11,079 Speaker 1: at some point their energy is more than the that bond, 199 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: and so they start arranging themselves in different ways exactly, 200 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:16,880 Speaker 1: And so you have to understand it from the microscopic 201 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:19,480 Speaker 1: You say, well, what's the dominant force? And just like 202 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:22,440 Speaker 1: you said, when things get cold with the dominant force, 203 00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:25,079 Speaker 1: is this crystal structure of the atoms that are holding 204 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: them together. And after that, the dominant energetic contribution is 205 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:33,000 Speaker 1: the kinetic energy of the objects. But there's still some bonds, right, 206 00:11:33,080 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: the bonds between atoms and a liquid or what give 207 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,640 Speaker 1: you things like surface pressure and constant volume and stuff. 208 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: And so you have to understand, like what are the 209 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 1: dominant forces and how are they playing together? And so 210 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:46,040 Speaker 1: you take these little atoms and you try to think 211 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:49,439 Speaker 1: what are their emergent properties. And this is a really 212 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:52,319 Speaker 1: hard thing to do, to go from the microscopic like 213 00:11:52,440 --> 00:11:56,000 Speaker 1: I have a few little particles to understanding the whole thing. 214 00:11:56,360 --> 00:11:59,319 Speaker 1: It's like why hurricanes are difficult. You know, we understand 215 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:02,720 Speaker 1: how particles of water move through the atmosphere, it's not hard, 216 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: But how do you understand ten trillion of them swirling 217 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,520 Speaker 1: around in really complex situations? So this kind of theory 218 00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:13,040 Speaker 1: is very difficult. And Bows and Einstein we're playing around 219 00:12:13,080 --> 00:12:15,640 Speaker 1: with the math and they figured out a new phase. 220 00:12:15,679 --> 00:12:18,240 Speaker 1: They're like, oh, here's a way if you arrange the 221 00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:21,360 Speaker 1: particles in this special way, you can get completely different 222 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:25,080 Speaker 1: behavior from anything we've seen. Well, I guess you're saying 223 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: it's sort of like an emergent property that means that 224 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:31,559 Speaker 1: it's like how they all behave collectively, and you're saying 225 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:33,800 Speaker 1: that it doesn't you know, like you can't talk about 226 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:36,920 Speaker 1: one atom being solid, liquid or gas, right, you have 227 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:39,160 Speaker 1: to talk about like a collection of them, That's right. 228 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:41,559 Speaker 1: You have to talk about the state of like many particles, 229 00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:44,160 Speaker 1: you know. I think about physics sort of like in layers. Right, 230 00:12:44,160 --> 00:12:47,319 Speaker 1: we have rules for how the solar system operates, and 231 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: we think about the planets as like an individual blob. 232 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:52,959 Speaker 1: But then we also have rules for how winds move 233 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:55,880 Speaker 1: and fluid dynamics, and then we have on another layer 234 00:12:55,920 --> 00:12:59,120 Speaker 1: we have rules for individual particles, and then deeper down 235 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:01,560 Speaker 1: we have rules for like how the quarks move inside 236 00:13:01,559 --> 00:13:04,200 Speaker 1: those particles. That in principle, all you need to know 237 00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:08,160 Speaker 1: is the sort of lowest level stuff, the tiniest particles. 238 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:12,960 Speaker 1: Those really do determine everything else. But in practice it's hard. 239 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:15,360 Speaker 1: It's a hard way to do stuff, Like it's hard 240 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:18,400 Speaker 1: to predict how a hurricane works, even if you understand 241 00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:21,800 Speaker 1: wind and water. And the amazing thing is how much 242 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:26,160 Speaker 1: interesting stuff you discover that's not fundamental like tiny particles, 243 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:29,640 Speaker 1: but comes out at the higher levels like hurricanes, And 244 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:33,240 Speaker 1: this stuff can be simply described by new laws of 245 00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:36,240 Speaker 1: physics that work at that higher level, Like you don't 246 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:39,480 Speaker 1: need to know about particles to understand how cannonball flies, 247 00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:42,440 Speaker 1: and have a math formula that describes it. And that's 248 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:47,719 Speaker 1: why phases of matter are super fascinating, not because they're fundamental, 249 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:51,679 Speaker 1: but because they emerge. All right, So then Einstein got 250 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:55,240 Speaker 1: together with this scientist called Bows and they hung out 251 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:57,160 Speaker 1: and worked out the math together. Or how did they 252 00:13:57,240 --> 00:13:59,640 Speaker 1: work together? I think Bo's actually worked out the basic 253 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:03,080 Speaker 1: idea at first, and then Einstein reads paper and extended it, 254 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:06,240 Speaker 1: and the result was this prediction that if you took 255 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:08,839 Speaker 1: atoms and you made them not super hot like you 256 00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:11,880 Speaker 1: would need to get a plasma, but super duper duper cold, 257 00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:15,480 Speaker 1: then they would do something really interesting, but only if 258 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:18,200 Speaker 1: there were a certain kind of particle, a particle called 259 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 1: a boson. Oh. I see, so this is not about atoms. 260 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:25,200 Speaker 1: It's more like when we're talking about particular particles. Well, 261 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:27,840 Speaker 1: there's two kinds of particles. There are fermions and there 262 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:31,000 Speaker 1: are bosons. Fermions are particles that have a certain kind 263 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:33,560 Speaker 1: of spin half an integer that can have spin one 264 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,560 Speaker 1: half or minus one half, and bosons are particles that 265 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:38,640 Speaker 1: have spin that are an integer. So they can have 266 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:41,680 Speaker 1: spin like one zero or minus one. Now that's not 267 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:44,400 Speaker 1: really a big deal, it doesn't really matter. But every atom, 268 00:14:44,440 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 1: for example, is either a fermion or boson depending on 269 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:49,840 Speaker 1: how you build it up out of the little particles. 270 00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: So for example, rubidium is a boson because of the 271 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:57,160 Speaker 1: particles it's made out of. You can also have fermionic atoms. Oh, 272 00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:01,440 Speaker 1: what are electrons? But are electron? Electrons are emions, and 273 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,000 Speaker 1: quarks are bosons. Right, Electrons are fermions and quarks are fermions. 274 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,480 Speaker 1: At the particle level, the smallest level, all of the 275 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:14,800 Speaker 1: matter particles quarks and leptons are fermions, while the force particles, photons, etcetera. 276 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:19,560 Speaker 1: Are bosons. But you can combine fermions together to make boson. 277 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:23,920 Speaker 1: So like two electrons together can make a bosonic pair 278 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:26,360 Speaker 1: because the one has can add up to an integer. 279 00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:29,920 Speaker 1: And that's why, for example, you can make bosons out 280 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:33,840 Speaker 1: of fermions. Some really complicated spin arithmetic there that we 281 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:36,000 Speaker 1: probably don't want to get into. And vocabulary. I feel 282 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: like you're confusing me with vocabulary again, Daniel. But like Higgs, 283 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 1: boson then is made out of other things, or is 284 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:44,920 Speaker 1: the higgs boson and boson bosons don't have to be 285 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:47,640 Speaker 1: made the fermions. They can be fundamental like the higgs, 286 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,560 Speaker 1: but all the force particles like the higgs, boson, the photon, 287 00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: the w d z fundamentally are boson. But fermions can 288 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:59,560 Speaker 1: get together and become like boson. Yes, absolutely, you can 289 00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:03,640 Speaker 1: combine find the half spin lego pieces to make integer 290 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:06,360 Speaker 1: spin pieces. I see, but they have to come in 291 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:08,760 Speaker 1: like in pairs. I guess right, Yeah, you have to 292 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:10,440 Speaker 1: combine them the right way. So does it have to 293 00:16:10,440 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: do with like if the atom has an even number 294 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:17,880 Speaker 1: of electrons or yes, exactly, so you can make bosons, 295 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,640 Speaker 1: you can make fermions. Every atom can be fermions, you 296 00:16:20,680 --> 00:16:24,240 Speaker 1: can have bosons, etcetera. But there's an important difference because 297 00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: bosons can do something that fermions cannot do, which is 298 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: hang out together. You're saying, yes, they can hang out together. 299 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:35,640 Speaker 1: So fermions, for a reason that nobody really understands, can 300 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: never share a quantum state. Like that's the reason why 301 00:16:39,280 --> 00:16:42,640 Speaker 1: electrons which are fermions don't all lie in the ground 302 00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:44,720 Speaker 1: state of an atom, like you have an atom with 303 00:16:44,760 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: ten electrons in it. They don't all just lie in 304 00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: the lowest energy level. They stack on top of each other. 305 00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 1: The energy levels are a ladder. You can only have 306 00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:56,360 Speaker 1: one electron per layer of the ladder because their fermions 307 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,400 Speaker 1: bosons are happy to all hang out at the bottom 308 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: level in the nuts. In many configurations, like you can 309 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:04,680 Speaker 1: have a laser, which is a bunch of photons which 310 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:07,840 Speaker 1: are bosons, all in the same quantum states. And so 311 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:12,240 Speaker 1: we have two kinds of particles, bosons and fermions. And 312 00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: we understand sort of mathematically why this happens. It emerges 313 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:18,840 Speaker 1: from the math, but we don't really fundamentally and tutially 314 00:17:18,920 --> 00:17:21,800 Speaker 1: understand why bosons can all hang out in the same 315 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,280 Speaker 1: state and formons just will not Like this, this famous 316 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:28,000 Speaker 1: story about how somebody asked Fineman he find me, can 317 00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:31,560 Speaker 1: you explain this to us why bosons can all hang 318 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:34,119 Speaker 1: out in the same state and formons can't. And he 319 00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:35,960 Speaker 1: came back and he said, you know, I don't have 320 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,120 Speaker 1: an explanation that I can use on like eighteen year olds, 321 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: which means I don't really understand it. That's right. He's 322 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:47,760 Speaker 1: famous for saying nobody understands quantum physics, right, yeah, exactly, 323 00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:50,520 Speaker 1: and you know it does come out of the mathematics, 324 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:52,840 Speaker 1: but we don't intuitively understand it. It's just a weird 325 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:56,359 Speaker 1: fact about the universe. But it means that if you 326 00:17:56,440 --> 00:18:00,119 Speaker 1: put a bunch of Boson particles together, they can in 327 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:04,879 Speaker 1: all hang out in the coldest, lowest quantum state, and 328 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:08,840 Speaker 1: that is the Einstein bos concit. Yes, so they predicted 329 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:10,920 Speaker 1: that if you get a bunch of these particles together 330 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:13,480 Speaker 1: and you get them really cold, they can all be 331 00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:16,680 Speaker 1: in the same quantum state. And then something really weird 332 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:20,080 Speaker 1: would happen that because they would be so close together 333 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:25,640 Speaker 1: and so cold that the size of their quantum wavelength 334 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,600 Speaker 1: would be larger than the distance between them, and so 335 00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:31,680 Speaker 1: they would basically merge and all have the same quantum 336 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:35,320 Speaker 1: state and act like one big quantum particle. Alright, cool, 337 00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:37,640 Speaker 1: let's get into it a little bit more and how 338 00:18:37,680 --> 00:18:40,600 Speaker 1: that all works. But first let's take a quick break. 339 00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:56,320 Speaker 1: All right, we're talking about the Bose Einstein condensate, and 340 00:18:56,359 --> 00:18:59,159 Speaker 1: you're saying that it's related to this idea that bosons 341 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:01,399 Speaker 1: can hang out to other and they can share a 342 00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: quantum state. I guess maybe some people might be wondering 343 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,280 Speaker 1: what does that mean, Like they're sharing a quantum state. 344 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:09,640 Speaker 1: Does that mean that they have all the same quantum 345 00:19:09,680 --> 00:19:12,240 Speaker 1: properties and are sitting in the same spot. It means 346 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 1: that they sit on top of each other. They can 347 00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:16,040 Speaker 1: be in the same location and they can share all 348 00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 1: the same quantum properties. And this is really interesting because 349 00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:22,639 Speaker 1: usually you have just one particle in a quantum state, 350 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:25,080 Speaker 1: and you know, we know the quantum state is sort 351 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:28,440 Speaker 1: of a thing that controls what happens to one particle. 352 00:19:28,640 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: It's like a list of all the possibilities for what 353 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:33,280 Speaker 1: that particle can do. But since you only ever have 354 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:35,760 Speaker 1: one particle in a quantum state, you don't really see 355 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: the full distribution. But if you have a bunch of 356 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,479 Speaker 1: particles and they're all in that same one quantum state, 357 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:45,199 Speaker 1: then you can see sort of the whole distribution. You 358 00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: can like physically look at this thing and see, oh, 359 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:51,960 Speaker 1: here's the distribution of all the possible things that could 360 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,919 Speaker 1: happen to this particle. Because you have ten million particles 361 00:19:54,960 --> 00:19:57,239 Speaker 1: and they're all in the same quantum states, you get 362 00:19:57,280 --> 00:19:59,879 Speaker 1: to see sort of all the outcomes at once. A 363 00:20:00,119 --> 00:20:01,960 Speaker 1: only if there are boson. Only if there are boson 364 00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:04,800 Speaker 1: because only bosons can do this. Permons can only have 365 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 1: one particle per quantum state. Bosons you can have any 366 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:11,399 Speaker 1: number of particles all in the lowest quantum state. Now, 367 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:13,280 Speaker 1: how do you get a bunch of particles in the 368 00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:16,239 Speaker 1: same quantum state. Well, the only way really to do 369 00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:18,960 Speaker 1: that is to push them up against the wall of temperature. 370 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:20,800 Speaker 1: But you can't get them all in the same quantum 371 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:23,280 Speaker 1: state if they're at two hundred degrees because there's a 372 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:25,760 Speaker 1: billion different quantum states. So what you do is you 373 00:20:25,840 --> 00:20:29,399 Speaker 1: make them really really cold, so there's only one of 374 00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:32,280 Speaker 1: state available to them, the lowest one, and then they 375 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,159 Speaker 1: all pile up in that quantum state. And Einstein and 376 00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,480 Speaker 1: Bows predicted that if you did that, you would get 377 00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:41,480 Speaker 1: this blob where the particles sort of lose their individuality. 378 00:20:41,560 --> 00:20:45,240 Speaker 1: They become a macroscopically size like you could see it 379 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:48,960 Speaker 1: quantum mechanically behaving conject I guess maybe I'm getting tripped 380 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,760 Speaker 1: up because I'm thinking of these things as particles. It's 381 00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:54,400 Speaker 1: like little things. But maybe you know, if you think 382 00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 1: of them as waves, then it maybe makes more sense. 383 00:20:57,080 --> 00:20:59,879 Speaker 1: Like you know, fermions, you can't have a wave on 384 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: top of another wave, but bosons they're happy to stack 385 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:05,360 Speaker 1: together as waves. It's that kind of what you're saying. Yeah, 386 00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: And every time you think about these things, you should 387 00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: not be thinking about a tiny, little spinning ball of matter, right, 388 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:13,680 Speaker 1: because that's not what they are. They're weird quantum mechanical objects. 389 00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:16,720 Speaker 1: And the intuition you usually have about how a particle, 390 00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:20,239 Speaker 1: a little thing moves through space doesn't work. But you're right, 391 00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:23,040 Speaker 1: and you can apply that intuition to the waves because 392 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,520 Speaker 1: the waves follow all those rules, like waves are deterministic 393 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:29,919 Speaker 1: and their future can be predicted and actually move through space. 394 00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:32,960 Speaker 1: So yes, you can imagine all those bosonic waves sort 395 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:34,760 Speaker 1: of stacking on top of each other. They're all doing 396 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: the same thing, right, whereas like a fermion, a bunch 397 00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:40,400 Speaker 1: of waves, they would all sort of avoid each other. Yeah, exactly, 398 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:42,720 Speaker 1: like droplets that repel each other. Yeah, or sort of 399 00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:45,000 Speaker 1: like a game of connect for you know, you slide 400 00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:47,240 Speaker 1: the pieces in and they stack on top of each other, 401 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:49,320 Speaker 1: and once you got one in a slot, you can't 402 00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:51,399 Speaker 1: get another one in a slot, whereas boson is that 403 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:53,639 Speaker 1: just like slide right past each other, and they're all 404 00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: happy to go down to the very lowest level. So 405 00:21:56,359 --> 00:21:58,880 Speaker 1: you couldn't play connect forward with bosons, they all stack 406 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:01,720 Speaker 1: at the bottom. That would be a hard game to win. 407 00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:05,120 Speaker 1: There's right, unless it's connect one, in which case it's 408 00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:08,680 Speaker 1: over instantly, all right. So einstand and bos figured out 409 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,080 Speaker 1: that if you cool atoms, you make them cold enough, 410 00:22:11,359 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: then with bosons then they all sort of like merge 411 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,280 Speaker 1: together all their wave functions. I think you were telling 412 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:20,120 Speaker 1: me that, like you go over some threshold, like their 413 00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 1: quantum wave functions starts to overlap. The key thing is 414 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: to get them so cold. That's the size of their 415 00:22:26,359 --> 00:22:29,440 Speaker 1: wave function. The thing that controls where they are is 416 00:22:29,480 --> 00:22:33,440 Speaker 1: about the same as the mean difference in the spacing 417 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:36,760 Speaker 1: between them, so that their wave functions actually overlaps. And 418 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:38,840 Speaker 1: you have like atom number one over here and I'm 419 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:41,199 Speaker 1: number two over there. They're not literally on top of 420 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:44,560 Speaker 1: each other, but their wave functions are now over and 421 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:46,000 Speaker 1: the more you can get them on top of each 422 00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:48,760 Speaker 1: other the better. But there's this sort of threshold where 423 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:51,680 Speaker 1: their wave functions are now overlapping. And they think that's 424 00:22:51,680 --> 00:22:54,440 Speaker 1: when the faith transition occurs, and you get this new 425 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:57,880 Speaker 1: weird kind of blob that should behave differently, and we'll 426 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:00,399 Speaker 1: they can do exactly what this thing can do, but 427 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:04,760 Speaker 1: it should behave differently than liquids or gases or solid Oh. 428 00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:07,520 Speaker 1: I see, it's kind of like normally the particles or 429 00:23:07,560 --> 00:23:09,960 Speaker 1: the atoms are are bouncing around, they're moving too fast, 430 00:23:10,080 --> 00:23:12,320 Speaker 1: really far apart from each other. But once you cool it, 431 00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:15,640 Speaker 1: they start to come together and at some point their 432 00:23:15,680 --> 00:23:19,280 Speaker 1: wave functions overlap. They synchronize. I guess is a good 433 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: way to put it. Yeah, they synchronize. They all follow 434 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:24,760 Speaker 1: the same rules, they're all in the same state. They 435 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 1: can have different actual outcomes because remember there's still a 436 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,680 Speaker 1: random element there, but they all have the same wave functions. 437 00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:34,760 Speaker 1: They're all determined by the same fundamental and dynamics. Wait, 438 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:38,080 Speaker 1: there's like one overall wave function that sort of controls 439 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:39,800 Speaker 1: all of them. Yeah, that's right. And you know, there's 440 00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:42,439 Speaker 1: nothing stopping you from writing a wave function down for 441 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:44,720 Speaker 1: two particles that have nothing to do with each other. 442 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:47,480 Speaker 1: But those way functions factorized. It's just like a product 443 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:50,320 Speaker 1: of the two. But when they overlap, when they synchronize, 444 00:23:50,359 --> 00:23:52,439 Speaker 1: like you said, then you have a single wave function 445 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:55,480 Speaker 1: that describes both particles. And so if you get a 446 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:57,919 Speaker 1: bunch of particles you cool them, they will start to 447 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:00,680 Speaker 1: overlap and suddenly it's like you have a giant article. Right, 448 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:03,200 Speaker 1: that's kind of the idea, and that's they're all sort 449 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:06,360 Speaker 1: of like moving together, but they're not really moving, they're 450 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,200 Speaker 1: just sort of existing in a quantum way together. Yes, 451 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:12,720 Speaker 1: and then together they can do quantum things that you 452 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:16,880 Speaker 1: usually can only see on tiny microscopic particles. But now 453 00:24:16,960 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: you can see a giant, millimeter sized blob doing these 454 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:24,640 Speaker 1: quantum things. A giant, like a millimeter sized quantum object. 455 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: That's yes, huge, that's huge. Yeah, I mean in a 456 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:31,840 Speaker 1: literal and also significance. And it's not like it has 457 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,160 Speaker 1: great you know, military applications or it's going to revolutionize 458 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:37,600 Speaker 1: the Internet. You're not going to see like Bose Einstein 459 00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,119 Speaker 1: computing or whatever. It's mostly just cool, like, can we 460 00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:44,199 Speaker 1: make a new weird kind of Google, especially one that 461 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: reveals the fundamental quantum nature of the universe in a 462 00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 1: way that's just totally unambiguous and observable. I guess because 463 00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 1: you can look at it. Yeah, people like to see stuff, 464 00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:56,480 Speaker 1: and so here this is quantum mechanics you can see, 465 00:24:56,760 --> 00:24:58,439 Speaker 1: and so what kind of weird stuff can it do? 466 00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:04,040 Speaker 1: Can it's like teleport or well, it can interfere. So 467 00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,160 Speaker 1: you can have like two of these things with different 468 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,760 Speaker 1: way functions, and then you sort of overlap them and 469 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:13,240 Speaker 1: you see an interference pattern. Like rather than having a 470 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:15,720 Speaker 1: single particle and it's got a probability going here or there, 471 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,880 Speaker 1: you get these waves in the blob, You get these 472 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,639 Speaker 1: interference patterns, these patterns of dark and light in the 473 00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:25,840 Speaker 1: single blob, and you can do quantum mechanical tunneling. Yeah, 474 00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:28,920 Speaker 1: that's what I mean by teleporting is that they can 475 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: cross impossible barrier. A single particle can have a way 476 00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:35,280 Speaker 1: function that exists on both sides of a barrier, right 477 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,760 Speaker 1: like in a potential well, and across a barrier to 478 00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:40,919 Speaker 1: the other side of the well. So it can't be 479 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:42,919 Speaker 1: in between, but has a possibility to be on the 480 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,280 Speaker 1: left and the right. We did a whole fun podcast 481 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:48,520 Speaker 1: episode about quantum tunneling and the reason that that can 482 00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:50,680 Speaker 1: happen is that the particle has a probability to be 483 00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:52,720 Speaker 1: on the left and the probability to be on the right. 484 00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: And particles aren't limited to classical paths. They don't have 485 00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:58,680 Speaker 1: to go from where they were to where they are. 486 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,480 Speaker 1: They just have these snap shots. So if your probability 487 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: to be on the left and then on the right later. 488 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:06,119 Speaker 1: That's no problem. You can do that. That's quantum tunnel. 489 00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:08,159 Speaker 1: And so that's why would happen with the blob. It 490 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:10,920 Speaker 1: would suddenly appear on the other side of a wall. Yeah, 491 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: you can have part of the blob on the left 492 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:14,520 Speaker 1: and then suddenly have part of the blob on the right, 493 00:26:14,840 --> 00:26:18,000 Speaker 1: even though it can't go in between. So it can teleport. 494 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:22,960 Speaker 1: So we can do weird. Yeah, quantum teleportation. Sure, So 495 00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:25,160 Speaker 1: you just have to be cool and you can teleport 496 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:29,640 Speaker 1: super duper cool like nano cool. All right, And are 497 00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:33,119 Speaker 1: there any other interesting things that can do or interesting 498 00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:35,400 Speaker 1: applications we can use these for. Well, we talked about 499 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,080 Speaker 1: this once that you can do weird stuff to light. 500 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:41,840 Speaker 1: Bose Einstein condensate, because of its weird properties, can slow 501 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: down light to like the speed of a bicycle. Usually 502 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: light travels, you know, three hundred million meters per second, 503 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:52,240 Speaker 1: but you can slow down light if it goes into 504 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:55,480 Speaker 1: various media and boze Einstein content sates can slow it 505 00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:58,120 Speaker 1: down to like the speed of somebody riding a bicycle. 506 00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:00,600 Speaker 1: And there's a group of Harvor that even was able 507 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:04,440 Speaker 1: to stop light inside of Bose Einstein condensate. Right, Yeah, 508 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:07,439 Speaker 1: we talked about light going in and then bouncing around 509 00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:10,520 Speaker 1: kind of or interacting with the Bose Einstein concert and 510 00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:14,000 Speaker 1: essentially slowing down light. Yeah, slowing down light or even 511 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:16,320 Speaker 1: stopping it. Like they can have a laser pulse go 512 00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:19,080 Speaker 1: into the Bose Einstein condensate and then they can just 513 00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:21,040 Speaker 1: wait and they can move it somewhere else and then 514 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:24,000 Speaker 1: they can have it re emit the exact same laser pulse. 515 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,200 Speaker 1: So that's kind of cool. They're working on using Bose 516 00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:30,480 Speaker 1: Einstein condensates to build an atom laser. So usually you 517 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:33,399 Speaker 1: have a laser made of photons, right, You're shooting beams 518 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,800 Speaker 1: of light made of tiny little photons. But people are 519 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:40,120 Speaker 1: interested in shooting beams of atoms, atoms that are all 520 00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:42,840 Speaker 1: in the same quantum state, and that can do the 521 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:45,360 Speaker 1: same kind of thing as a laser, like enhance and 522 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 1: resonate with each other. And it has all sorts of 523 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:51,119 Speaker 1: weird applications. Plus it just seems kind of cool. And 524 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:55,080 Speaker 1: so people are building atom lasers using Boze Einstein condensates. 525 00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:58,240 Speaker 1: That is a really weird thing that matter can do. Right, 526 00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:00,359 Speaker 1: I guess it's all because of quantum acount. It's like 527 00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:04,640 Speaker 1: you know, solid gas, liquid plasma. Those you can sort 528 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:09,119 Speaker 1: of imagine from classical physics, right, but this one is 529 00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:12,199 Speaker 1: like a very unique quantum state of matter. Yeah, this 530 00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:15,720 Speaker 1: one you couldn't do if matter really was tiny little 531 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:19,639 Speaker 1: classical balls. So you really need a microscopic quantum understanding 532 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,520 Speaker 1: to make any sense of this. And it's sort of 533 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,399 Speaker 1: awesome that they just use the map to predict it, right, 534 00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:26,960 Speaker 1: to say, like, oh, here's how we think this should work. 535 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:29,199 Speaker 1: I'm really in all of those kinds of accomplishment. This 536 00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:31,879 Speaker 1: is a really interesting story. And so let's get into that. 537 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:35,439 Speaker 1: Einstein and Bows figured out this possible quantum state of 538 00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:39,560 Speaker 1: matter and then it took seventy years to actually sort 539 00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:42,280 Speaker 1: of do it. Yeah, it took seventy years. And the 540 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:44,360 Speaker 1: reason is that they knew it had to be really, 541 00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:48,800 Speaker 1: really cold. And so this basically just traces the technology 542 00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:52,400 Speaker 1: available to make stuff super duper cold. A story of 543 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:55,920 Speaker 1: refrigerations what you're saying, Yeah, it's like the race to 544 00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:57,880 Speaker 1: the South Pole in that sense, right, It's a race 545 00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:01,000 Speaker 1: to the bottom of the temperature scale. How call did 546 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:02,560 Speaker 1: it need to be? It needed to be down to 547 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:07,240 Speaker 1: like nano kelvin, like really nano kelvins, like zero point 548 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:12,880 Speaker 1: zero zero zero twelve zeros one kelvin. Yeah, And very 549 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:14,800 Speaker 1: early on in the race, people were able to do 550 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,040 Speaker 1: stuff like get down to a few degrees kelvin, you know, 551 00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:20,080 Speaker 1: tens of degrees kelvin, and you can do things like 552 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:24,360 Speaker 1: super fluid helium, which we think now has a small 553 00:29:24,440 --> 00:29:27,960 Speaker 1: element of Bose Einstein condensate in it, but people really 554 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 1: wanted to get like a pure Bose Einstein condensate something 555 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:33,880 Speaker 1: where most of the atoms were in that state, so 556 00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: it was like unambiguous, and for that to happen, you 557 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:39,600 Speaker 1: really have to get the whole thing down to really 558 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,800 Speaker 1: really cold temperature, to nano kelvin. And so you're saying 559 00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:44,720 Speaker 1: then that even in the twenties and thirties they could 560 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:47,560 Speaker 1: go down to a few kelvin, but I guess you 561 00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:51,400 Speaker 1: needed like a super special technology to go even further. Yeah, 562 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:54,480 Speaker 1: And so fast forward to like the nineties, and people 563 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:56,840 Speaker 1: have been trying to do this and using various techniques, 564 00:29:56,880 --> 00:29:59,080 Speaker 1: and you know, we had atomic physics and you could 565 00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:02,400 Speaker 1: trap individual a ms and do clever stuff. But people 566 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:05,360 Speaker 1: were struggling, right, they sort of hit a wall, and 567 00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:07,400 Speaker 1: there was a lab at m I T that was 568 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:10,160 Speaker 1: trying to use hydrogen. They're like, let's just start with hydrogen. 569 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:12,880 Speaker 1: And this is Dan Kletner his lab at m I T. 570 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 1: And he sort of hit a wall in the nineties 571 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:18,120 Speaker 1: and couldn't really make much more progress. But that's when 572 00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:21,840 Speaker 1: the breakthrough happened. He couldn't teleport to the other side. Yeah. 573 00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:25,160 Speaker 1: Then people made two really big advances, and there's actually 574 00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:29,280 Speaker 1: his students that made these advances. Two advances were laser 575 00:30:29,360 --> 00:30:34,600 Speaker 1: cooling and magnetic evaporation. Is the two technologies that let 576 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: them super cool these atoms down to the levels they 577 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:41,640 Speaker 1: need to. All great combinations of words that you sound 578 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:46,120 Speaker 1: impressive in the physics sense, magnetic evaporation and laser cooling. 579 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:48,640 Speaker 1: All right, let's get into the details of how they 580 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:52,520 Speaker 1: finally found a Bose Einstein concert and let's talk about 581 00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:54,480 Speaker 1: what awesome things we can do with it. But first 582 00:30:54,560 --> 00:31:10,080 Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. Okay, So there's a raise 583 00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:14,160 Speaker 1: Daniel to get the coldest thing possible so that it 584 00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:19,400 Speaker 1: can snap into the Bose Einstein state of matter, conside, 585 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:22,600 Speaker 1: and so they figured out how to do magnetic evaporation 586 00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:24,880 Speaker 1: to do that. What does that mean. What that means 587 00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 1: is you have a bunch of atoms and you want 588 00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:29,440 Speaker 1: to get it colder. How do you do that? Well, 589 00:31:29,960 --> 00:31:32,840 Speaker 1: one way is to actually make all the atoms each 590 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:36,960 Speaker 1: individually slow down. Another way is to just sort of 591 00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:40,280 Speaker 1: take out its kinetic energy. Yeah, because remember temperature is 592 00:31:40,320 --> 00:31:43,400 Speaker 1: basically kinetic energy. The faster these things are moving, the 593 00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:46,400 Speaker 1: hotter the gas is. The Other way to do it 594 00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:48,920 Speaker 1: is to start with a larger sample and then just 595 00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:52,520 Speaker 1: pick out the slower moving ones, like boil off the 596 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:55,960 Speaker 1: hot parts. Selectively pick out the slow ones. Then you 597 00:31:56,040 --> 00:31:58,800 Speaker 1: end up with somebody which is on average colder than 598 00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:00,920 Speaker 1: what you started, right. That's kind of what happens to 599 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:02,760 Speaker 1: a glass of water when you leave it out right, 600 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,040 Speaker 1: Like it's actually a little bit cooler than ambient temperature 601 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:09,280 Speaker 1: because all the hot water atoms fly off. Yeah, I 602 00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:11,280 Speaker 1: think that's true. Where it's sort of like you know, 603 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:13,440 Speaker 1: say you had a glass of ice water and you 604 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:15,720 Speaker 1: wanted it colder. Well, one thing you do is put 605 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:17,840 Speaker 1: it in the freezer and actually cool it all down. 606 00:32:17,880 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: The other thing is you could just fish the ice 607 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:21,520 Speaker 1: out of it and be like, oh look now I 608 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,760 Speaker 1: have ice, right, and you just leave the hot parts behind. 609 00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:28,040 Speaker 1: So magnetic evaporations sort of works like that. It says, 610 00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:31,000 Speaker 1: let's just pick out the coldest bits, so start with 611 00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:34,240 Speaker 1: more than your need, right, and has a distribution. Some 612 00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,400 Speaker 1: are hot, some are cold, and you pick out the 613 00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:38,440 Speaker 1: cold bits. In the way they do it is they 614 00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:40,960 Speaker 1: put it in a magnetic bowl. So they put it 615 00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:42,680 Speaker 1: in a bowl so that you need to have enough 616 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:45,120 Speaker 1: energy to get out of the bowl, and you just 617 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,080 Speaker 1: let it sit there for a little while and the 618 00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:49,320 Speaker 1: hot ones will get over the lip of the bowl 619 00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:51,400 Speaker 1: and the cold ones will get stuck in the bottom, 620 00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:55,200 Speaker 1: and eventually you're left with only the cold one. Gradually 621 00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:57,600 Speaker 1: lower the sides of the bowl and so they can 622 00:32:57,640 --> 00:33:00,160 Speaker 1: tune the temperature that they get. Well, so that's one 623 00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:02,640 Speaker 1: way to cool example. And then you also said they 624 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:05,360 Speaker 1: can use lasers. Yeah, they use lasers. And this is 625 00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:07,600 Speaker 1: sort of mind blowing because you imagine, if you're gonna 626 00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,200 Speaker 1: cool something down, you probably shouldn't shoot it with high 627 00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:13,680 Speaker 1: energy lasers, right, So this is really counted to it if. 628 00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:15,600 Speaker 1: I don't know how anybody came up with this idea, 629 00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: but the way it works is that you shoot a 630 00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:20,880 Speaker 1: laser at these atoms and you shoot a laser at 631 00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:25,000 Speaker 1: them at just above the energy that they like to absorb. Remember, 632 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: adams can't just absorb any photon. They have to absorb 633 00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:31,960 Speaker 1: photons of certain energies to have this spectrum that they 634 00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:34,400 Speaker 1: can jump up and down to. So they need a 635 00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:37,360 Speaker 1: photon that has exactly the right gap between the energy 636 00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:39,560 Speaker 1: level they're at and the one they can go to. 637 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:43,520 Speaker 1: So if you shine an arbitrary energy laser through a gas, 638 00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:46,160 Speaker 1: probably won't even absorb anything. You have to sort of 639 00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:49,800 Speaker 1: tune the laser to where the gas likes to drink 640 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,080 Speaker 1: its light. But wouldn't that make it absorbed then the light, 641 00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:55,680 Speaker 1: how does that make it give off energy? So what 642 00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:58,360 Speaker 1: they do is they tune the laser to just above 643 00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: where it likes to absorb the light. And what this 644 00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:05,600 Speaker 1: means is that atoms moving towards the laser, we'll see 645 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:09,120 Speaker 1: the laser doppler shifted. It will change the wavelength of 646 00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:11,560 Speaker 1: the light to be the one that they like to absorb. 647 00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:15,200 Speaker 1: So adams moving towards the laser will preferentially absorb this 648 00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:18,640 Speaker 1: laser light, which will slow them down because they're moving 649 00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:20,799 Speaker 1: towards the laser. So you pick the ones that are 650 00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,440 Speaker 1: moving towards the light and you give them a push 651 00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:26,719 Speaker 1: and that basically slows them down a little. And then 652 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:29,759 Speaker 1: the opposite happens for the atoms going the other way. Yes, 653 00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:32,160 Speaker 1: and so what you do is you shoot laser beams 654 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:35,640 Speaker 1: at this thing slightly above the wavelength that they should absorb, 655 00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:38,799 Speaker 1: and that preferentially slows down the atoms moving away from 656 00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,279 Speaker 1: the center of the block. It's like a quantum hack. 657 00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:45,920 Speaker 1: It's really cool. It's mind blowing. And you know, they 658 00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,160 Speaker 1: do absorb this and then they give off the light 659 00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:50,160 Speaker 1: and so they slow back down, but they end up 660 00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:52,520 Speaker 1: going in a different direction. And so you've taken a 661 00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:56,239 Speaker 1: particle which was shooting towards the laser and you've modified 662 00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:58,720 Speaker 1: its angle a little bit, and that in effect slows 663 00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:01,640 Speaker 1: it down because the overall magnitude of its philosophy is 664 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:03,879 Speaker 1: now smaller. I see. It's kind of like a wall 665 00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:06,440 Speaker 1: that slows and Adam down, but only in one direction. Yeah. 666 00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:08,680 Speaker 1: It's like you've got a bunch of sheep and you've got, 667 00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:10,239 Speaker 1: you know, a dog on each side, and it's like 668 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:12,799 Speaker 1: finding the single sheep that are running away from the 669 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:14,840 Speaker 1: herd and sort of like turning them around and pushing 670 00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:17,040 Speaker 1: them back in, and eventually sheep come together and make 671 00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:23,720 Speaker 1: a Bose Einstein content sheep. That's such a bad joke, Danny. 672 00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: All right. So the race was on to be the 673 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,960 Speaker 1: coolest physicist on the planet to get the Bose Einstein 674 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,839 Speaker 1: contestant going. And we were at M I T and 675 00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:36,400 Speaker 1: then somebody discovered these two techniques. Yes, so Dan Kleptner 676 00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:38,520 Speaker 1: was doing it at hydrogen with M I T but 677 00:35:38,560 --> 00:35:41,919 Speaker 1: sort of hit a wall. And then his students went 678 00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:45,200 Speaker 1: out to NIST into you See Boulder and they started 679 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:48,640 Speaker 1: a lab out there. These are Cornell and Wyman. I 680 00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:51,840 Speaker 1: believe it's See You Boulder. Then I just want to 681 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:54,399 Speaker 1: insult the whole campus as people. Thank you. Yeah, I'm 682 00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:56,239 Speaker 1: biased because I'm at the Universe of Californ in this, 683 00:35:56,360 --> 00:35:58,680 Speaker 1: I think, you see. And they had an idea to 684 00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:02,279 Speaker 1: try heavier out of instead of using hydrogen, which had 685 00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:05,120 Speaker 1: this certain interaction between them that made it hard for 686 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:07,279 Speaker 1: them to stay in the magnetic trap. They said, well, 687 00:36:07,320 --> 00:36:10,200 Speaker 1: let's use rubidium. Rubidium is still a boson, but it's 688 00:36:10,239 --> 00:36:14,240 Speaker 1: a little heavier. And so people hadn't tried these heavier 689 00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:18,720 Speaker 1: alkali atoms before, and so they made a better magnetic trap, 690 00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:22,920 Speaker 1: and they had this cool idea to use really cheap lasers, 691 00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:25,160 Speaker 1: like other folks were trying to get their lasers to 692 00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:28,320 Speaker 1: work and buying like a hundred and fifty dollar laser systems. 693 00:36:28,719 --> 00:36:30,399 Speaker 1: But you know, this is the era when you could 694 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,000 Speaker 1: buy like a laser for two dollars because they were 695 00:36:33,040 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 1: in CD players right in DVD readers, laser pointers and 696 00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:39,440 Speaker 1: laser pointers. So lasers have become really cheap. And they 697 00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:41,480 Speaker 1: figured out a way to use really cheap lasers and 698 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:44,279 Speaker 1: that combine them in this cool way to make it 699 00:36:44,360 --> 00:36:47,000 Speaker 1: very flexible but very powerful. So there's sort of like 700 00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:50,600 Speaker 1: this experimental cleverness and they were the first ones to 701 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:54,320 Speaker 1: do it. They combined this magnetic evaporation with this laser 702 00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:58,280 Speaker 1: cooling and it was in that they were able to 703 00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:01,600 Speaker 1: get this thing down to a d seventy nano kelvin 704 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:06,080 Speaker 1: and they actually saw this Bose Einstein condensate in their device. 705 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:08,200 Speaker 1: What did it look like like? Does it look like 706 00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:10,160 Speaker 1: a blog? Yeah, it looks like a blog. Can you 707 00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:12,040 Speaker 1: actually see it or is it too small? You can 708 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:14,360 Speaker 1: actually see it? It looks like a blob. It's like 709 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:18,960 Speaker 1: millimeters across. It lasted for about fifteen seconds. It had 710 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,480 Speaker 1: like two thousand atoms in it. And you know what 711 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:25,319 Speaker 1: happens is it's getting colder and colder and colder, and 712 00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:27,480 Speaker 1: each atom is sort of doing its own thing. And 713 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:29,200 Speaker 1: when you have a bunch of atoms doing their own thing, 714 00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:31,439 Speaker 1: you get like a distribution, like some are a little faster, 715 00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:33,879 Speaker 1: some a little slower. All of a sudden, when they 716 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:37,600 Speaker 1: crossed this threshold, this temperature threshold, they all snapped into place, 717 00:37:37,840 --> 00:37:40,440 Speaker 1: and we're all doing the same thing. Like they all 718 00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:43,400 Speaker 1: had the same velocity and they were in the same place, 719 00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:47,120 Speaker 1: and they acted like one mega particle. And you can 720 00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:49,520 Speaker 1: see this in their paper. They show like there's a blob, 721 00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:51,520 Speaker 1: there's a blob boom, there's a spike in the middle, 722 00:37:51,920 --> 00:37:54,640 Speaker 1: and that's a phase transition. That's when matters like doing 723 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:58,240 Speaker 1: something really different. That's when it clicks. That's when it clicks. Yeah. 724 00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:00,480 Speaker 1: The sort of tragic thing is that you and see it, 725 00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:03,120 Speaker 1: but the only way to see it is to shine 726 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: a laser at it. Right, this is really small and 727 00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:07,720 Speaker 1: really cold, can just like see it with your naked eye. 728 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:09,600 Speaker 1: So they had to shine a laser at it, which 729 00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:12,560 Speaker 1: destroys it. So they can prove that it's there, but 730 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,919 Speaker 1: only by destroying And is that why it only last 731 00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:18,040 Speaker 1: fifteen seconds because you're trying to look at it at 732 00:38:18,040 --> 00:38:20,080 Speaker 1: the same time, or what's the time limit here? The 733 00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:21,799 Speaker 1: time limb is just how long they can keep this 734 00:38:21,840 --> 00:38:25,200 Speaker 1: thing cold and trapped. Eventually the atoms will fall out 735 00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,160 Speaker 1: of their trap. And the way they made their magnetic 736 00:38:28,239 --> 00:38:30,360 Speaker 1: bowl has a bit of a hole in the bottom 737 00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 1: they had, so they were struggling with that a little bit, 738 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:34,239 Speaker 1: and so it's hard for them to get a lot 739 00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:36,000 Speaker 1: of atoms in there and for it to last a 740 00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:38,320 Speaker 1: long time. It's a leaky bowl, a little bit of 741 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:40,160 Speaker 1: a leaky bowl. But hey, they were the first ones 742 00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:42,320 Speaker 1: to do it. Because at m I T there was 743 00:38:42,360 --> 00:38:45,560 Speaker 1: a follow up lab, a lab led by Wolfgang Keaderly 744 00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:48,600 Speaker 1: that was sort of inheriting what Kleppner had done and 745 00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:50,840 Speaker 1: also trying to use heavier atoms. And there was a 746 00:38:50,920 --> 00:38:53,920 Speaker 1: race between this lab at U C Boulder and this 747 00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:56,719 Speaker 1: lab at M I T, and then also a lab 748 00:38:56,760 --> 00:38:58,880 Speaker 1: at Rice University, where I was happening to be an 749 00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:02,160 Speaker 1: undergraduate at this very moment, right you're telling me you 750 00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:04,560 Speaker 1: knew one of the scientists in this race trying to 751 00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:06,799 Speaker 1: get it to work first. Yeah, so everybody sort of 752 00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:09,000 Speaker 1: figured this out, and everybody knew that like this was 753 00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,320 Speaker 1: going to happen, and it was going to happen soon. Really, 754 00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:13,359 Speaker 1: like everyone knew that they were close to the finish 755 00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:17,240 Speaker 1: because they'd be giving presentations at conferences and these ideas 756 00:39:17,239 --> 00:39:19,680 Speaker 1: have been sort of coalescing, and these guys were the 757 00:39:19,760 --> 00:39:22,080 Speaker 1: leaders in the field, and it was really about like 758 00:39:22,239 --> 00:39:24,840 Speaker 1: making it work and getting it done. So the ideas 759 00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:26,799 Speaker 1: were out there, everybody knew how to do it. There 760 00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:29,400 Speaker 1: are a few slightly different approaches, like the guys that 761 00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:31,600 Speaker 1: m I T had a cool way to plug the 762 00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:35,240 Speaker 1: hole in the bottom of their magnetic well using another laser, 763 00:39:35,480 --> 00:39:37,600 Speaker 1: and the guys at Rice course, and the guys at 764 00:39:37,680 --> 00:39:40,200 Speaker 1: Rice were using lithium to try to get it done. 765 00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:43,080 Speaker 1: And I remember at this time because I was taking 766 00:39:43,239 --> 00:39:47,080 Speaker 1: thermodynamics as a physics major and the person teaching it 767 00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:50,000 Speaker 1: was Professor Randy Hewlett, and he was engaged in this 768 00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:53,240 Speaker 1: three way race for the Nobel Prize. These three labs 769 00:39:53,239 --> 00:39:55,360 Speaker 1: were all trying to make this happen at the same time. 770 00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:59,160 Speaker 1: I remember specifically because he almost never showed up to class, 771 00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:01,880 Speaker 1: like he was off giving talks, or he was in 772 00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:04,800 Speaker 1: the lab, or he sent his grad student or canceled lecture. 773 00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:06,960 Speaker 1: At the time, I was like, what is this guy 774 00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,800 Speaker 1: doing these things? He's so important. He was racing to 775 00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:13,279 Speaker 1: get the Nobel Prize. He wasn't on the clock. He 776 00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:16,040 Speaker 1: was on the clock where you know, days and weeks 777 00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:18,920 Speaker 1: make a difference between winning the Nobel Prize and just 778 00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:24,279 Speaker 1: being like also mentioned on the podcast years later by 779 00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:27,799 Speaker 1: one of your students that you ignored. Oh no, but 780 00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:31,000 Speaker 1: if the people at T Boulder did it first, who 781 00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,280 Speaker 1: got the Nobel Prize? We'll see you Boulder did it first. 782 00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:35,480 Speaker 1: And then M I T did it a couple of 783 00:40:35,480 --> 00:40:37,839 Speaker 1: months later, and they put out their paper. I think 784 00:40:37,840 --> 00:40:39,239 Speaker 1: this is so M I T. They put out their 785 00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:42,640 Speaker 1: paper the Monday after Thanksgiving, which means they must have 786 00:40:42,640 --> 00:40:48,399 Speaker 1: worked all Thanksgiving. Break them. Yeah, it was a few 787 00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:50,839 Speaker 1: months later, but it was a lot bigger, Like they 788 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:53,239 Speaker 1: plugged that hole and they were able to get a 789 00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,520 Speaker 1: lot of atoms like you know, many many more atoms 790 00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:59,160 Speaker 1: that lasted a lot longer than to see you Boulder one. 791 00:40:59,160 --> 00:41:01,000 Speaker 1: So it was really like a big step forward in 792 00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:04,560 Speaker 1: another demonstration, and then you know, Rice did it also 793 00:41:04,680 --> 00:41:07,760 Speaker 1: in lithium. But it was later, and so they didn't 794 00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,480 Speaker 1: get included in the Nobel Prize. They went to MT 795 00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:16,239 Speaker 1: and see you Boulder, but Rice just got a cold gas. Well, 796 00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:18,560 Speaker 1: but Rice did it. They just did it even later, 797 00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:21,279 Speaker 1: and so the Nobel price compantee said, all right, we'll 798 00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:24,000 Speaker 1: cut it off at a couple of months after the discovery. 799 00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:26,920 Speaker 1: That kind of it seems a little totally arbitrary, but 800 00:41:26,960 --> 00:41:29,600 Speaker 1: there is this rule about Nobel Prizes you can only 801 00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:32,160 Speaker 1: share it among three people. And so there are two 802 00:41:32,160 --> 00:41:35,440 Speaker 1: p I s leading the lab at SEU Boulder slash 803 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,440 Speaker 1: Mist and one leading the lab at m I T 804 00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:41,479 Speaker 1: And so that was sort of a natural cut off. Yeah, man, 805 00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:44,520 Speaker 1: you know, so you know, if those grad students in 806 00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:46,960 Speaker 1: the lab at Rice had just worked over Thanksgiving or 807 00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:50,120 Speaker 1: giving up their Christmas break or not taking vacation, or 808 00:41:50,120 --> 00:41:53,319 Speaker 1: if they didn't have to teach your class, maybe they 809 00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:55,080 Speaker 1: didn't have to grade. Like, oh, I almost got it, 810 00:41:55,120 --> 00:41:57,560 Speaker 1: but I gotta go teach this freshman the physics class. 811 00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:00,640 Speaker 1: I gotta grade this sloppy homework. May in I can't 812 00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:02,920 Speaker 1: even read this, writing up all night trying to decide 813 00:42:02,960 --> 00:42:06,279 Speaker 1: for this kid's homework. So basically, Daniel you're claimed to fame. 814 00:42:06,360 --> 00:42:09,280 Speaker 1: Is that not only did you know the second place 815 00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:12,279 Speaker 1: finisher for the both iceland concept, you were maybe a 816 00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:17,600 Speaker 1: participant slowing this person down. I definitely had interactions with 817 00:42:17,640 --> 00:42:20,799 Speaker 1: this person. No. I I know Randy Hewlett. He's a 818 00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:24,040 Speaker 1: great physicist and I admire him, and he's a great teacher, 819 00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,440 Speaker 1: and I think it's exciting to be on the forefront 820 00:42:26,520 --> 00:42:28,839 Speaker 1: and so close to the cutting edge. I do have 821 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:32,200 Speaker 1: some sympathy for being so close and not quite being 822 00:42:32,239 --> 00:42:34,640 Speaker 1: included in the upper echelon of folks who win the 823 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:37,239 Speaker 1: Nobel Prize. Yeah, I mean it seems kind of arbitrary, right, 824 00:42:37,680 --> 00:42:40,080 Speaker 1: Like you get the Nobel Prize, you don't get the prize, 825 00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:41,680 Speaker 1: but they were all sort of in it together. Yeah, 826 00:42:41,719 --> 00:42:43,799 Speaker 1: And what's really the difference between a few months here 827 00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:45,440 Speaker 1: or there. I think a lot of times people in 828 00:42:45,480 --> 00:42:48,439 Speaker 1: science make way too big a deal about somebody who's 829 00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:50,960 Speaker 1: one day ahead or the second day. You know, it's 830 00:42:50,960 --> 00:42:53,920 Speaker 1: important that everybody has done their own individual work. If 831 00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:56,000 Speaker 1: somebody has published a result and you just go and 832 00:42:56,239 --> 00:43:00,000 Speaker 1: replicate it, that's not the same thing as individual independent 833 00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:03,560 Speaker 1: in contribution. These are different lines of research, different ideas, 834 00:43:03,880 --> 00:43:07,920 Speaker 1: different strategies, really independent efforts that were in parallel. Sure, 835 00:43:07,920 --> 00:43:10,320 Speaker 1: one finished a few weeks or months ahead of the other, 836 00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:13,200 Speaker 1: but they all made contributions around the same time. So 837 00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:15,960 Speaker 1: in a better world, we would have recognized all of 838 00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:18,560 Speaker 1: them and think about his accomplishments. I mean, he taught you, 839 00:43:18,760 --> 00:43:21,880 Speaker 1: and now here you are teaching thousands and thousands and 840 00:43:21,880 --> 00:43:24,560 Speaker 1: thousands of people. Yeah, that's a I hope that's enough 841 00:43:24,560 --> 00:43:26,560 Speaker 1: for you. You didn't get to meet the King of Sweden. 842 00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:29,120 Speaker 1: You got to be talked about on my podcast. All right, 843 00:43:29,160 --> 00:43:31,960 Speaker 1: Well that was pretty exciting for such a cool topic, 844 00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:36,759 Speaker 1: such a chill topic. Yeah, and so people are continuing 845 00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:39,640 Speaker 1: and now they make Bose Einstein condensates all the time. 846 00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:43,080 Speaker 1: They even made it once on the space station, kidding like, 847 00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,480 Speaker 1: you can make a Bose Einstein maker that you can 848 00:43:46,480 --> 00:43:48,920 Speaker 1: take to space. Yeah, exactly. They put together a lab 849 00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:51,800 Speaker 1: on the International Space Station that made a Bose Einstein 850 00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,799 Speaker 1: condensate in space, which is pretty cool. Could they also 851 00:43:55,840 --> 00:44:00,520 Speaker 1: make bar garded and smooth only on Fridays? Very cool 852 00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:02,560 Speaker 1: that Bose and Einstein thought of this and that it 853 00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:05,360 Speaker 1: actually came to pass. That's pretty awesome. And now it 854 00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:07,520 Speaker 1: gives us a new window, a new kind of stuff 855 00:44:07,560 --> 00:44:10,040 Speaker 1: to poke and to play with. And you know, now 856 00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:12,160 Speaker 1: we can make these things and they last a long time, 857 00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:14,319 Speaker 1: so you can do things like stir them and make 858 00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:18,360 Speaker 1: vortices in them, and watch quantum vortices be created and 859 00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:21,319 Speaker 1: overlap them and and launch them into each other, and 860 00:44:21,360 --> 00:44:25,240 Speaker 1: see interference effects on macroscopic objects. So you can recreate 861 00:44:25,239 --> 00:44:28,120 Speaker 1: a lot of the cool quantum mechanical experiments that used 862 00:44:28,120 --> 00:44:31,880 Speaker 1: to only work on tiny, invisible microscopic particles. Now you 863 00:44:31,880 --> 00:44:35,760 Speaker 1: can do them on macroscopic blobs of stuff. That's pretty amazing. 864 00:44:35,920 --> 00:44:37,839 Speaker 1: So are there any other states of matter we should 865 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:39,920 Speaker 1: be looking out for or that we might discover in 866 00:44:39,960 --> 00:44:41,920 Speaker 1: the future. You know, there are lots of other states 867 00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:45,160 Speaker 1: of matter that people theorize about, you know, tetracorks and 868 00:44:45,200 --> 00:44:49,040 Speaker 1: hexa corks and all sorts of weird combinations. Because matter 869 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,480 Speaker 1: is complex and it has lots of really complicated interactions 870 00:44:52,760 --> 00:44:56,120 Speaker 1: and in various configurations and pressure and density. You know, 871 00:44:56,160 --> 00:44:58,120 Speaker 1: you can do all sorts of weird stuff, like we 872 00:44:58,239 --> 00:45:01,000 Speaker 1: talked about quirk matter and strang age matter. You know, 873 00:45:01,040 --> 00:45:03,360 Speaker 1: what might happen in the core of a neutron star. 874 00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:05,720 Speaker 1: And I'm sure there are lots of things we haven't 875 00:45:05,760 --> 00:45:09,000 Speaker 1: even imagined. One day, I hope we'll discover something before 876 00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:10,840 Speaker 1: we think about it, so we'll have a triumph for 877 00:45:10,960 --> 00:45:14,400 Speaker 1: experimental physics rather than just for theoretical physics. Well, and 878 00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:16,520 Speaker 1: maybe somebody out there listening could be the person to 879 00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:19,399 Speaker 1: discover this new state of matter. That's right. There's lots 880 00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,360 Speaker 1: more to discover, lots more weird kinds of good that 881 00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,200 Speaker 1: we can make matter to do. And hopefully you'll start 882 00:45:25,239 --> 00:45:28,960 Speaker 1: a lab and zap matter into doing something weird and 883 00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:33,600 Speaker 1: then chill out with your Nobel Prize and your Margarita 884 00:45:33,920 --> 00:45:36,719 Speaker 1: or at or your silver Bibel Prize. What did you 885 00:45:36,760 --> 00:45:43,680 Speaker 1: call it, the Plywood Nobel Prize? Plywood not as valuable, 886 00:45:43,719 --> 00:45:46,239 Speaker 1: but very tough. It's very hearty, that's right. Yeah, and 887 00:45:46,280 --> 00:45:49,640 Speaker 1: it's got the description written in a sharpie. All right. Well, 888 00:45:49,680 --> 00:45:51,440 Speaker 1: we hope you enjoyed that, and you we hope that 889 00:45:51,520 --> 00:45:55,080 Speaker 1: you joined this amazing race to discover new kinds of matter. 890 00:45:55,160 --> 00:45:57,759 Speaker 1: And thanks for listening. If you're interested in hearing more 891 00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:00,000 Speaker 1: about this kind of stuff, please send us a suggestion 892 00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:02,960 Speaker 1: two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com and come 893 00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:05,800 Speaker 1: interact with us. We're on Twitter at Dale and Jorge 894 00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:08,680 Speaker 1: where we answer questions and make jokes, so come and 895 00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:11,560 Speaker 1: check us out. Thanks for joining us, see you next time. 896 00:46:19,280 --> 00:46:22,160 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained. 897 00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:25,080 Speaker 1: The Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. Or 898 00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:28,120 Speaker 1: more podcast from my heart Radio, visit the I heart 899 00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:31,799 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 900 00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:32,560 Speaker 1: favorite shows.