1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:16,360 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,160 Speaker 2: This is part two of our episode on Sarah Winnemucca. 6 00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:22,600 Speaker 1: Last time we talked. 7 00:00:22,360 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 2: About her early life and her Northern Piute band's first 8 00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:31,200 Speaker 2: encounters with white people. Where we had left off, a 9 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:34,440 Speaker 2: lot of her people had been moved to Malor Reservation 10 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 2: and their situation there got a lot worse after Major WV. 11 00:00:39,040 --> 00:00:43,239 Speaker 2: Reinhart became Indian agent. There is a gap of a 12 00:00:43,400 --> 00:00:46,199 Speaker 2: year or so in her account at this point, and 13 00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:50,479 Speaker 2: we're starting where her account picks up again. In eighteen 14 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 2: seventy seven or eighteen seventy eight, while Sarah Winnemucca was 15 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:57,160 Speaker 2: living and working at a ranch owned by people named 16 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:01,840 Speaker 2: either Cooley or Corley, several Northern Paiutes traveled to see 17 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:06,440 Speaker 2: her to ask for help. Conditions had continued to deteriorate 18 00:01:06,520 --> 00:01:09,559 Speaker 2: at Malor Reservation and that was where they were living. 19 00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,720 Speaker 2: People were starving and they did not have enough basic supplies, 20 00:01:13,720 --> 00:01:17,679 Speaker 2: including clothing. They thought that Sarah might be able to 21 00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 2: go with them to Camp Harney to ask for help 22 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 2: or maybe even go to Washington, d C. To advocate 23 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:28,480 Speaker 2: on their behalf. But Sarah really did not have any 24 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 2: money at that point to take a trip all the 25 00:01:30,880 --> 00:01:34,920 Speaker 2: way to Washington, since she had already been expelled from 26 00:01:34,959 --> 00:01:39,480 Speaker 2: that same reservation for reporting Reinehart to Camp Harney. She 27 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:42,319 Speaker 2: also thought she might just make things worse if she 28 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:44,679 Speaker 2: tried to go there and talk to them, or that 29 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 2: Reinehart might have her arrested or sent away as soon 30 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 2: as he learned that she was there. So this party left, 31 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:55,360 Speaker 2: but groups of people kept coming to see her. They 32 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:59,320 Speaker 2: came back several times over the following months, and eventually 33 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,240 Speaker 2: somebody told that a lot of her people had been 34 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:07,000 Speaker 2: driven off of the reservation. A group of Payutes and 35 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:10,639 Speaker 2: Bannocks had started camping alongside a river, and they were 36 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 2: trying to survive there just on whatever fish they could catch. 37 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 2: Sarah suggested things that they might try to do to 38 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:23,080 Speaker 2: advocate for themselves, including getting help from the reservation's new interpreter, 39 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 2: but they said that this interpreter just did whatever Reinhart wanted. 40 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:32,760 Speaker 2: So eventually Sarah agreed to return to Malu because of 41 00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:35,480 Speaker 2: the risk of being sent away again. She started meeting 42 00:02:35,480 --> 00:02:39,919 Speaker 2: with people immediately after arriving, including a payute leader named 43 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:44,440 Speaker 2: Egan and a man she identified as Bannock Jack. They 44 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:47,120 Speaker 2: dictated their accounts to her, which she wrote down, and 45 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:51,800 Speaker 2: she started preparing to go to Washington. Egan managed almost 46 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,240 Speaker 2: thirty dollars to help pay for the journey, and she 47 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:56,440 Speaker 2: had about twenty dollars that she had been paid to 48 00:02:56,440 --> 00:03:00,040 Speaker 2: take someone with her when she traveled to Malure. We 49 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 2: planned to raise more money by selling her wagon and 50 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:03,640 Speaker 2: her horses. 51 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:04,720 Speaker 1: Yeah. 52 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:07,959 Speaker 2: Egan had managed to collect this money by asking everyone 53 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:13,080 Speaker 2: to contribute anything that they had available to contribute. Sarah 54 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:15,720 Speaker 2: did not make it to Washington, d C. At this point, 55 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:20,920 Speaker 2: though not long after setting out, she learned that ongoing 56 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,359 Speaker 2: conflict between the Bannock tribe and the United States had 57 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 2: escalated into war. This had originated at Fort Hall in 58 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,360 Speaker 2: southern Idaho, where people were facing a lot of the 59 00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:35,800 Speaker 2: same issues as at Meller, including a lack of food 60 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 2: and basic resources, and progressive loss of ancestral lands and 61 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 2: traditional ways of living. A lot of the people at 62 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:45,640 Speaker 2: Fort Hall had been moved there from very far away 63 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:49,920 Speaker 2: were totally unfamiliar with the area. The introduction of pigs 64 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:53,040 Speaker 2: into this part of North America had also been a 65 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 2: major issue as they dug up and ate the canvas 66 00:03:56,680 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 2: route that was a staple food source. Had begun in 67 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 2: May of eighteen seventy eight with a Bannock force led 68 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 2: by Chief Buffalo Horn, who also had Pyute allies. Fort 69 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:11,840 Speaker 2: Hall was roughly three hundred miles away from Malur, and 70 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:15,800 Speaker 2: while Sarah's brother Natchez and father Winnemucca had tried to 71 00:04:15,880 --> 00:04:20,839 Speaker 2: maintain peace in the region, the conflict had been spreading. Egan, 72 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:23,279 Speaker 2: who we mentioned a moment ago, led a force that 73 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:28,520 Speaker 2: joined the Bannocks, as did Payute spiritual leader Eutes. The 74 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:32,480 Speaker 2: peacemaking efforts of Natchez and Winnemucca meant that there were 75 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:36,760 Speaker 2: already people who considered Sarah's entire family to be enemies 76 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 2: and traders, and people thought this about Sarah herself, especially 77 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:44,880 Speaker 2: after she offered her services to Captain Reuben Bernard of 78 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:48,800 Speaker 2: the US Army. In her mind, what led her to 79 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:52,039 Speaker 2: do this was that the best thing for everyone that 80 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:54,840 Speaker 2: would have the least loss of life would be if 81 00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:59,160 Speaker 2: this war came to a speedy end. So, among other things, 82 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:01,800 Speaker 2: she offered to try to convince Piutes in the area 83 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:05,040 Speaker 2: who had not joined the Banck side to work as 84 00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:08,440 Speaker 2: scouts or as messengers and to help negotiate a truce. 85 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 2: She tried to convince two Piute men to act as 86 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,960 Speaker 2: messengers and to travel to Camp Harney or to Mallur 87 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:19,280 Speaker 2: and see if authorities there had any news about where 88 00:05:19,279 --> 00:05:23,440 Speaker 2: the Banck force was located. These men refused and also 89 00:05:23,480 --> 00:05:25,960 Speaker 2: told her that they had heard her brother Natchez, had 90 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:30,440 Speaker 2: been killed. So on June thirteenth, eighteen seventy eight, Sarah 91 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,200 Speaker 2: went to Captain Bernard and told him that she would 92 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:36,279 Speaker 2: go and find out where they were herself, along with 93 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 2: a couple of men who had agreed to go with her. 94 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:41,919 Speaker 2: She would bring back her father and any other Piutes 95 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:45,120 Speaker 2: who weren't joining the Bannock's side. 96 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: Although he didn't think she was likely to succeed, Bernard 97 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:51,960 Speaker 1: got approval for this plan from General Oliver o'howard, and 98 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: he gave Sarah a letter with instructions for her to 99 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:58,960 Speaker 1: be provided with horses and help if she needed it. 100 00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:01,880 Speaker 1: It really was not clear whether Sarah was going to 101 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:05,640 Speaker 1: find her father and his people encamped somewhere, or if 102 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:09,040 Speaker 1: they had been taken captive but soon after setting off, 103 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:11,359 Speaker 1: she and the men who were with her, who she 104 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:15,680 Speaker 1: identified as John and George, found a trail that they 105 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:19,400 Speaker 1: thought might belong to a Bannock party or possibly to 106 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:23,960 Speaker 1: her father's people. They followed this trail, they found places 107 00:06:23,960 --> 00:06:27,200 Speaker 1: where people had clearly made camp and spotted a burned 108 00:06:27,279 --> 00:06:31,839 Speaker 1: down ranch along the way. Eventually, as they approached Juniper 109 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:35,480 Speaker 1: Lake in southeastern Oregon, they saw two men who looked 110 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:39,039 Speaker 1: like they were running from something. One of them turned 111 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:41,720 Speaker 1: out to be her brother Lee, who told her that 112 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:45,039 Speaker 1: he and her father and others had all been taken 113 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,039 Speaker 1: prisoner by the Bannocks and were being held about six 114 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:52,200 Speaker 1: miles away. Lee also told her that their brother Natchez, 115 00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: had not been killed. He had been sentenced to death 116 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:59,359 Speaker 1: for aiding the white people, but he had escaped. Sarah 117 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 1: sneaked in to this encampment and found her father. She 118 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: told him to have the women and children start gathering 119 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:07,680 Speaker 1: firewood for the night so they had a reason to 120 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:10,960 Speaker 1: get away from the camp. After it got dark, she 121 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:14,520 Speaker 1: led her father, her brother Lee, and three cousins out 122 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:17,600 Speaker 1: of the camp. Lee worked his way ahead of them 123 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: to get some horses, and he sent his wife Mattie 124 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: back with one for Sarah. In Sarah's words, by that 125 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:27,240 Speaker 1: point quote it was like a dream. I could not 126 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:30,920 Speaker 1: get along at all. I almost fell down at every step, 127 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:32,880 Speaker 1: my father dragging me along. 128 00:07:33,880 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 2: After they all rendezvous at Juniper Lake, they made their 129 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:40,240 Speaker 2: way back to Captain Bernard, some of them on horseback 130 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:43,360 Speaker 2: and some of them on foot, and sometimes being pursued 131 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 2: by the Bannocks. They found food and water wherever they could. 132 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 2: Toward the end of the journey, Sarah and Maddie rode 133 00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:53,040 Speaker 2: ahead to get word to the army that they had 134 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:56,520 Speaker 2: people with them and that they were being pursued. Troops 135 00:07:56,520 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 2: were sent to escort everyone else back. In Sarah's words, quote, 136 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 2: this was the hardest work I ever did for the 137 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:07,360 Speaker 2: government in all my life. The whole round trip from 138 00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:11,200 Speaker 2: ten o'clock June thirteenth up to June fifteenth, arriving back 139 00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 2: at five point thirty pm, having been in the saddle 140 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:18,880 Speaker 2: night and day distance about two hundred and twenty three miles. Yes, 141 00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:21,440 Speaker 2: I went for the government. When the officers could not 142 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:23,800 Speaker 2: get an Indian man or a white man to go 143 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 2: for lover money, I only an Indian woman went and 144 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:32,400 Speaker 2: saved my father and his people. After this, Sarah and 145 00:08:32,480 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 2: Mattie started working as scouts, guides, and interpreters for General Howard. 146 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:40,680 Speaker 2: This meant that they were working against the Bannocks, but 147 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 2: also against bands of their own people that had joined 148 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 2: the Bannocks side. Buffalo Horn had been killed on June eighth, 149 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:51,480 Speaker 2: but battles between the US Army and the Bannocks and 150 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:56,199 Speaker 2: Northern Paiutes and other indigenous allies continued until mid September 151 00:08:56,440 --> 00:09:00,600 Speaker 2: of eighteen seventy eight. Egan was murdered toward the end 152 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,719 Speaker 2: of the war along with some of his family, reportedly 153 00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 2: by a chief from another tribe who hoped to both 154 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:11,720 Speaker 2: collect the bounty and avoid punishment for having joined this uprising. 155 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:17,360 Speaker 2: Outas and his force ultimately surrendered. After the war, the 156 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:20,800 Speaker 2: Northern Piute bands who had not participated were sent to 157 00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:24,000 Speaker 2: Camp Harney, Oregon, and told that from there they would 158 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:27,640 Speaker 2: be sent back to Malure. Sarah encouraged them to go, 159 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:30,800 Speaker 2: but in her words quote some of my people said, 160 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 2: we know there is something wrong. 161 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 1: We don't like to go. But the officers told them 162 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 1: there was nothing to fear. They would be sent to 163 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: the Malor agency. My people asked me over and over again, 164 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:45,679 Speaker 1: I told them I did not know any more than 165 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:49,400 Speaker 1: they did. Therefore I could not say. At last, I said, 166 00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: what need have you to be afraid? You have not 167 00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: done anything. All the officers know that you have acted 168 00:09:56,160 --> 00:09:59,839 Speaker 1: for the whites. General Howard knows all about you. No 169 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,440 Speaker 1: one of you have fought the whites. You have all 170 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 1: done your duty to the whites during the campaign. Her 171 00:10:05,920 --> 00:10:07,839 Speaker 1: brother Natchez also told them the. 172 00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 2: Same thing, but instead of being sent back to Malur, 173 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:16,199 Speaker 2: these Northern Payute bands were sent to the Yakima Reservation 174 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:20,680 Speaker 2: across the Columbia River, roughly three hundred and fifty miles north. 175 00:10:21,679 --> 00:10:25,520 Speaker 2: Sarah felt personally betrayed when she heard about this order. 176 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:28,480 Speaker 2: She was also afraid of what her people would think 177 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 2: of her and whether they would ever trust her again. 178 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:35,079 Speaker 2: The commanding officer told her to keep the information to herself, 179 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 2: but she later confided in Mattie, and Mattie told her 180 00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:41,720 Speaker 2: a quote, Sister, we cannot help it if the white 181 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 2: people won't keep their word. These Piute bands were forced 182 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:48,199 Speaker 2: to make this trip in winter, and they were given 183 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:51,640 Speaker 2: only about a week to prepare. Although she and Mattie 184 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:54,600 Speaker 2: collected as many furs and blankets as they could, they 185 00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:57,800 Speaker 2: didn't have enough clothing to protect themselves from the elements. 186 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:02,160 Speaker 2: Mattie was also making the journey while badly injured after 187 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:04,680 Speaker 2: being thrown from a horse while trying to find a 188 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:08,240 Speaker 2: group of women who had escaped during the night. After 189 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 2: describing Mattie's injury in her book, Sarah wrote, quote, Oh, 190 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:16,040 Speaker 2: for shame, you who are educated by a Christian government 191 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 2: in the art of war, the practice of whose profession 192 00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:24,360 Speaker 2: makes you natural enemies of the savages, so called by you, Yes, you, 193 00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:27,840 Speaker 2: you who call yourselves the great civilization, You who have 194 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:31,040 Speaker 2: knelt upon Plymouth Rock, covenanting with God to make this 195 00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,040 Speaker 2: land the home of the free and the brave. Ah, 196 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 2: Then you rise from your bended knees, and seizing the 197 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 2: welcoming hands of those who are the owners of this land, 198 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:43,720 Speaker 2: which you are not. Your carbines rise upon the bleak shore, 199 00:11:44,120 --> 00:11:48,439 Speaker 2: and your so called civilization sweeps inland from the ocean wave. But, oh, 200 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:51,880 Speaker 2: my God, leaving this pathway marked by crimson lines of 201 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:54,960 Speaker 2: blood and strewed by the bones of two races, the 202 00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:58,280 Speaker 2: interior and the invader. And I am crying out to 203 00:11:58,360 --> 00:12:02,280 Speaker 2: you for justice, yes, pleading for the far off plains 204 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:05,720 Speaker 2: of the West, for the dusky mourner, for whose tears 205 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:08,440 Speaker 2: of love are pleading, for her husband, or for their 206 00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:12,640 Speaker 2: children who are sent far away from them. Your Christian 207 00:12:12,679 --> 00:12:16,360 Speaker 2: minister will hold my people against their will, not because 208 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:19,600 Speaker 2: he loves them, no, far from it, but because it 209 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:23,200 Speaker 2: puts money in his pockets. We will talk about what 210 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 2: happened when they got to Yakima. After a sponsor break, 211 00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 2: the Northern Piute bands who had been sent to Camp Harney, 212 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:44,160 Speaker 2: arrived at Yakima in February of eighteen seventy nine. A 213 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:48,319 Speaker 2: number of people died of exposure or illness along the way, 214 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:52,960 Speaker 2: including two babies who were born during the journey. People 215 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:56,800 Speaker 2: continued to die after arriving at the reservation, both from 216 00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,839 Speaker 2: the ordeal they had just been through and because of 217 00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,600 Speaker 2: the conditions they were in at the reservation. They were 218 00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:05,600 Speaker 2: essentially put in a concentration camp. 219 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: There. 220 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,520 Speaker 2: In Sarah's words quote, they had a kind of shed 221 00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:11,960 Speaker 2: made to put us in. You know what kind of 222 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 2: shed you make for your stock in winter time? It 223 00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:18,320 Speaker 2: was of that kind. All how we did suffer with cold. 224 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,360 Speaker 2: There was no wood, and the snow was waist deep, 225 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 2: and many died off just as cattle or horses do 226 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 2: after traveling so long in the cold. Maddie was one 227 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:30,680 Speaker 2: of the people who died that spring, and within two 228 00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:33,760 Speaker 2: years of their arrival, only four hundred and forty of 229 00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,679 Speaker 2: the five hundred and ten people who had made the journey. 230 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: Were still living. Those who survived faced increasing tension and 231 00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:45,200 Speaker 1: hostility from members of the Yakama Nation, who understandably didn't 232 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,200 Speaker 1: want to lose part of their limited reservation land. 233 00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:52,960 Speaker 2: Sarah sent her brother to San Francisco and then to Washington, 234 00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:56,080 Speaker 2: d c. To try to convince the government to give 235 00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 2: the Payutes a reservation somewhere that was actually within their 236 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 2: ancestral homeland. She also started teaching and working as an interpreter. 237 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:07,880 Speaker 2: Although she found that she was paid a lot less 238 00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:10,520 Speaker 2: working for an Indian agent on a reservation than she 239 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:14,720 Speaker 2: had been working for the military, her pay just wasn't 240 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,160 Speaker 2: enough to cover her board while she was working. She 241 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:21,240 Speaker 2: wrote to Carl Schurz, who was Secretary of the Interior, 242 00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 2: for help, but didn't get a response, so she started 243 00:14:25,480 --> 00:14:28,440 Speaker 2: publicly lecturing again, both to try to get support for 244 00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 2: her people to be able to return home and. 245 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:35,000 Speaker 1: To try to support herself. She started a month long 246 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:38,560 Speaker 1: lecture tour at Platt's Hall in San Francisco in November 247 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: of eighteen seventy nine. Her lectures incorporated Northern Piute oral 248 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:47,240 Speaker 1: tradition with rhetoric that would be approachable for white audiences, 249 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:51,800 Speaker 1: including incorporating humor and satire to make her point about 250 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:55,280 Speaker 1: the plight of her people without making white audience members 251 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:59,800 Speaker 1: feel attacked. She pointedly criticized Reinhardt, who at this point 252 00:14:59,840 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: was trying to get the Pyute bands that hadn't been 253 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:04,920 Speaker 1: caught up in the fallout from the Bannock War to 254 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:09,720 Speaker 1: move back to malure. For many of her public appearances, 255 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:13,840 Speaker 1: Sarah Winnemucca were a costume that was inspired by Indigenous 256 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: styles of clothing. As has been the case with some 257 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:19,520 Speaker 1: of the other Indigenous women that we have talked about 258 00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:22,320 Speaker 1: on the show who tried to advocate for their people 259 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 1: with white audiences, This wasn't what she would have worn 260 00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: in her day to day life among the Northern Piutes. 261 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 1: It incorporated elements from other nations and peoples, but they 262 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 1: were all things that a white audience would recognize as 263 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: Indigenous clothing. This combined with the idea that being Winnemucca's 264 00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:46,200 Speaker 1: daughter made her the equivalent of Payute royalty, so the 265 00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:50,200 Speaker 1: San Francisco Chronicle, for example, called her the Princess Sarah. 266 00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:54,160 Speaker 1: Sometimes her brother or cousins or other family members also 267 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:56,840 Speaker 1: appeared on stage with her in kind of a performance. 268 00:15:57,600 --> 00:16:01,960 Speaker 1: Sarah also continually wrote letters to government and military officials 269 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:06,160 Speaker 1: and to newspapers. She sent a petition to Secretary Sures 270 00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:09,520 Speaker 1: asking for permission for her people to return to Maler 271 00:16:10,160 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: with the reservation placed under the control of Samuel B. 272 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: Parish or someone else who would be sympathetic to them. 273 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,960 Speaker 2: She also started working on a plan to visit Washington 274 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 2: to try to meet with President Rutherford B. Hayes and 275 00:16:23,640 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 2: the Secretary of the Interior. For a time, the federal 276 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:32,480 Speaker 2: government had really discouraged indigenous nations from sending delegations to 277 00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:35,920 Speaker 2: the capital, but in the late nineteenth century, the government 278 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 2: started to see it as an opportunity to sort of 279 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:44,000 Speaker 2: impress indigenous leaders, basically implying that trying to wage war 280 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 2: against a nation with such a capital would be a 281 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:53,320 Speaker 2: useless exercise. Carlisle Indian Industrial School was also established in Carlisle, 282 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 2: Pennsylvania in eighteen seventy nine, so a lot of indigenous 283 00:16:57,280 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 2: leaders who visited the school from farther away. They also 284 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:03,960 Speaker 2: wanted to take the opportunity to visit Washington, about one 285 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:08,440 Speaker 2: hundred miles away from Carlisle. These visits to Washington were 286 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:11,920 Speaker 2: very tightly controlled on the part of the US government, 287 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 2: with indigenous delegations usually being housed at the same hotel, 288 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 2: kept away from reporters, and escorted everywhere they went. The 289 00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:24,920 Speaker 2: Winnemuccas did get to Washington, d c. And they briefly 290 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:28,080 Speaker 2: met with the President. They also had two meetings with 291 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 2: the Secretary of the Interior. Sarah did not wear her 292 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 2: stage costume for these audiences. She wore the kind of 293 00:17:35,280 --> 00:17:38,440 Speaker 2: clothing that would have been expected for a respectable white 294 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:42,440 Speaker 2: woman of the era. At the first meeting, Shurs mostly 295 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:45,840 Speaker 2: asked her for details about the Bannock War, but at 296 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 2: the second meeting, after hearing her make her case, Shrs 297 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 2: told Sarah that the Northern Paiutes who had been sent 298 00:17:51,880 --> 00:17:55,240 Speaker 2: to Yakima would be given permission to return to Malor 299 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:59,399 Speaker 2: Reservation and that they would be given land allotments. He 300 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:01,919 Speaker 2: later all also promised that they would be able to 301 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:04,440 Speaker 2: pick up canvas tents when they reached Lovelock. 302 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:05,000 Speaker 1: Nevada. 303 00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:09,719 Speaker 2: The Winnamaccas arrived back in Nevada on February second of 304 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 2: eighteen eighty and they learned that Reinhart had basically been 305 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:17,760 Speaker 2: running a smear campaign against Sarah Winnemucca in the newspapers 306 00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:21,800 Speaker 2: while they were gone. Then they faced another setback when 307 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:24,000 Speaker 2: they arrived at Lovelock and they tried to pick up 308 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:24,679 Speaker 2: those tents. 309 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:26,000 Speaker 1: They were told that they. 310 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:28,359 Speaker 2: Would not be given any tents and that the only 311 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:32,840 Speaker 2: supplies they could get would be at Melur. Then once 312 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:36,040 Speaker 2: they got to Yakima, the Indian agent there told her 313 00:18:36,119 --> 00:18:39,399 Speaker 2: he had not gotten any kind of letter from Sures 314 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:42,520 Speaker 2: about allowing the Northern Pikes to go back to Malure. 315 00:18:43,320 --> 00:18:46,520 Speaker 2: The letter that Sarah had with her was not enough 316 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,760 Speaker 2: to satisfy him, and he also tried to bribe her 317 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:54,440 Speaker 2: to keep its contents a secret. Shures never followed through 318 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:57,600 Speaker 2: on the tents or on the relocation back to Malur, 319 00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:01,080 Speaker 2: and Mehler Reservation was ultimately disestablished. 320 00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:05,159 Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty one. Sarah briefly met with Rutherford B. 321 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,639 Speaker 1: Hayes again when he was visiting Fort Vancouver, and she 322 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:11,680 Speaker 1: again tried to get approval for her people to leave 323 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:16,320 Speaker 1: Yakima Reservation. He seemed sympathetic to her, but he also 324 00:19:16,359 --> 00:19:20,679 Speaker 1: didn't take any action, so Sarah encouraged her people to 325 00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:24,800 Speaker 1: start what was essentially a campaign of direct action. They 326 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:28,119 Speaker 1: refused to farm, or build houses or do anything that 327 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,399 Speaker 1: was expected of them at Yakima as an act of protest. 328 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:36,400 Speaker 1: This naturally made their living situation a lot harder, and 329 00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:40,399 Speaker 1: it led to Sarah being expelled from the reservation. But 330 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:45,360 Speaker 1: after this some families were given permission to leave. When 331 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:46,080 Speaker 1: Robert H. 332 00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:49,639 Speaker 2: Milroy became Indian agent at the Yakima Reservation in eighteen 333 00:19:49,680 --> 00:19:52,960 Speaker 2: eighty two, he seems to have realized that the Northern 334 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,960 Speaker 2: Pietes would never consider that to be their home. He 335 00:19:57,080 --> 00:20:00,439 Speaker 2: started working with the people who wanted to leave, placed 336 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:04,639 Speaker 2: them at reservations where other Piutes were living, and he 337 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:07,800 Speaker 2: also didn't really try to stop people who just left 338 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,440 Speaker 2: on their own. Over the course of about four years, 339 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 2: all of the remaining Northern Piutes left Yakima Reservation, but 340 00:20:16,119 --> 00:20:19,440 Speaker 2: at that point that was only about half of those 341 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:23,960 Speaker 2: who had arrived there in eighteen seventy nine. On December fifth, 342 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 2: eighteen eighty one, Sarah married Lewis H. Hopkins in San Francisco. 343 00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,879 Speaker 2: On October twenty first of the following year, her father, Winnemucca, 344 00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:36,159 Speaker 2: died after a long illness, and the year after that 345 00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:40,480 Speaker 2: she traveled to Boston. It's likely that people that she 346 00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,320 Speaker 2: had met during her eighteen seventy nine lecture tour in 347 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:47,680 Speaker 2: San Francisco had encouraged her to make this trip. Boston 348 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:51,000 Speaker 2: was known as a home for suffragists and reformers and 349 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:54,800 Speaker 2: other people who might have sympathy for her. After the 350 00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:57,359 Speaker 2: end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, 351 00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,760 Speaker 2: some abolitionists turned their attention to his indigenous people's rights. 352 00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:06,240 Speaker 2: It's not entirely clear whether she might have been specifically 353 00:21:06,359 --> 00:21:10,960 Speaker 2: directed to Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and her sister, Mary Peabody Man, 354 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:14,919 Speaker 2: which I imagine, like some of the other Peabodies in 355 00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 2: this area might have said it Peabody uh. But those 356 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 2: are the two Boston women who became a big part 357 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:24,600 Speaker 2: of Sarah's life and work from this point. Elizabeth Palmer 358 00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 2: Peabody was an educator and part of the Transcendentalist movement, 359 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 2: and is known for starting the first English language kindergarten 360 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:35,080 Speaker 2: in the United States. She came up in our episode 361 00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 2: on Milton Bradley. Mary Peabody Man was a teacher and 362 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,000 Speaker 2: a reformer, and the widow of educator Horace Mann, who 363 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:45,439 Speaker 2: is not the same Horace Man who was friends with 364 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:50,000 Speaker 2: Horace Walpole. With the help of Mary Peabody Man, Sarah 365 00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:54,200 Speaker 2: Winnemucca wrote and published Life among the Piutes, Their Wrongs 366 00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:57,640 Speaker 2: and Claims, which we've been reading from in these episodes. 367 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:01,439 Speaker 2: This is believed to be the first to autobiography written 368 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:04,720 Speaker 2: by a Native American woman, although some scholars frame it 369 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,439 Speaker 2: more as a work of auto ethnography. It's not a 370 00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:12,919 Speaker 2: book about Sarah Winnemucka's life in isolation. It's interwoven with 371 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:16,879 Speaker 2: the story of the Northern Piute during her lifetime. This 372 00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:20,440 Speaker 2: reflects the Northern Piute worldview. It wouldn't have been. 373 00:22:20,359 --> 00:22:23,680 Speaker 1: Appropriate for her to tell the story of herself alone, 374 00:22:24,119 --> 00:22:26,879 Speaker 1: but beyond that, their oral traditions and their way of 375 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:31,480 Speaker 1: living were all very communal, with families making decisions collaboratively 376 00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,040 Speaker 1: based on consensus and a strong sense of how everyone 377 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:38,960 Speaker 1: in the community was interrelated. This is also one of 378 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:42,200 Speaker 1: the reasons she is sometimes seen as a controversial figure, 379 00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:45,359 Speaker 1: since there were times when she did things and made 380 00:22:45,359 --> 00:22:50,359 Speaker 1: decisions on her own without that consensus. The book begins 381 00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:53,080 Speaker 1: with Sarah's birth and the coming of white people to 382 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: their land, and it ends with Secretary Schurz's unfulfilled pledges 383 00:22:58,119 --> 00:22:59,920 Speaker 1: to allow her people to return to. 384 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,679 Speaker 2: Mary peabody Man wrote the preface to this book and 385 00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:08,760 Speaker 2: added some explanatory footnotes, and she also assembled a lot 386 00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:12,640 Speaker 2: of letters and testimonials about Sarah to include at the end. 387 00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:17,600 Speaker 2: She wrote in the preface quote, finding that in extemporaneous speech, 388 00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,200 Speaker 2: she could only speak at one time of a few points, 389 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,879 Speaker 2: she determined to write out the most important part of 390 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:29,480 Speaker 2: what she wished to say, and fighting with her literary deficiencies, 391 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 2: she loses some of the fervid eloquence which her extraordinary 392 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:36,720 Speaker 2: colloquial command of the English language enables her to utter. 393 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:40,239 Speaker 2: But I am confident that no one would desire that 394 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:45,400 Speaker 2: her own original words should be altered. The relationship between 395 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:49,600 Speaker 2: Mary and Sarah seems to have been collaborative and mutually beneficial. 396 00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:54,320 Speaker 2: Sarah was known for being engaging and well spoken on stage, 397 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 2: but elements of written language were more of a struggle 398 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 2: for her. So Mary helped her with her written English 399 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:03,280 Speaker 2: and with thoughts on how the book would be most 400 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:09,240 Speaker 2: effective for white readers. Sarah also expanded Mary's experience in worldview, 401 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 2: which influenced Mary's work on her novel Juanita, A Romance 402 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:16,879 Speaker 2: of real life in Cuba, fifty years ago. That book 403 00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:21,399 Speaker 2: came out four years later. That novel and advocating for 404 00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:24,800 Speaker 2: the Northern Piutes were Mary's two biggest projects in the 405 00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:28,439 Speaker 2: last years of her life. In addition to helping Sarah 406 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:31,320 Speaker 2: get this book published, the sisters helped her promote it. 407 00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:35,520 Speaker 2: This included Elizabeth Peaboddy writing letters to her connections in 408 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:40,120 Speaker 2: the Transcendentalist movement, including people like Ralph Waldo Emerson, and 409 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:44,679 Speaker 2: Sarah promoted it herself as she continued lecturing around the Northeast, 410 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,280 Speaker 2: doing more than three hundred lectures between the spring of 411 00:24:48,320 --> 00:24:50,880 Speaker 2: eighteen eighty three in the summer of eighteen eighty four. 412 00:24:52,119 --> 00:24:56,520 Speaker 2: It's not entirely clear where her husband was at this 413 00:24:56,680 --> 00:24:59,720 Speaker 2: point and how much he supported all of this public 414 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:00,160 Speaker 2: work work. 415 00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:03,560 Speaker 1: We'll talk more after a sponsor break. 416 00:25:13,359 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 2: In eighteen eighty four, Sarah Winnemucca was back in Washington, 417 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:20,639 Speaker 2: d C. She presented a petition to Congress proposing that 418 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:24,560 Speaker 2: the Northern Pyutes be restored to the Mellor Reservation, including 419 00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:27,399 Speaker 2: those who had been sent to the Yakima Reservation after 420 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:32,080 Speaker 2: the Bannock War. She also spoke before the Senate Subcommittee 421 00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:35,120 Speaker 2: on Indian Affairs on April twenty second of that year. 422 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,280 Speaker 2: She described a lot of what we've talked about so far, 423 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:42,640 Speaker 2: including her tribe's experiences with Reinhart as Indian agent and 424 00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 2: the fact that most of the Payute bands she was 425 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:48,480 Speaker 2: connected to had been forced to move to Yakima even 426 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:52,359 Speaker 2: though they had not participated in the Bannock War. The 427 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:56,240 Speaker 2: land that was part of Mellor had mostly been taken 428 00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,760 Speaker 2: over by white settlers, so she also suggested that a 429 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,320 Speaker 2: whole might be made for them at Fort McDermott, where 430 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,440 Speaker 2: many of them had lived previously, in which the Army 431 00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:08,199 Speaker 2: was expected to abandon. 432 00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: Ultimately, on July sixth, eighteen eighty four, the Senate passed 433 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:16,119 Speaker 1: a bill that allowed the Piutes to return to Pyramid 434 00:26:16,160 --> 00:26:20,359 Speaker 1: Lake Reservation, but much of that land was being inhabited 435 00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,359 Speaker 1: by squatters and nothing was really done to try to 436 00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:27,240 Speaker 1: deal with that. And after this, Sarah also couldn't get 437 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:31,240 Speaker 1: hired as an interpreter or as a teacher. The reasons 438 00:26:31,280 --> 00:26:34,879 Speaker 1: why are mostly speculative, whether it had something to do 439 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:39,000 Speaker 1: with Rheinhardt's smear campaign against her, all her speaking and 440 00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:42,200 Speaker 1: her advocacy, or the fact that she'd been expelled from 441 00:26:42,280 --> 00:26:45,760 Speaker 1: multiple reservations for actions she had taken to try to 442 00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:49,399 Speaker 1: help and protect her people. It's also possible that the 443 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: authorities making these hiring decisions understood that, after everything that 444 00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:57,159 Speaker 1: had happened so far and her public persona as an 445 00:26:57,160 --> 00:27:00,600 Speaker 1: Indian princess, a lot of people among her tribe just 446 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:04,600 Speaker 1: didn't trust her anymore. Sarah was also dealing with a 447 00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:09,439 Speaker 1: personal crisis. Her husband, Lewis, had contracted tuberculosis, and he 448 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:12,280 Speaker 1: had also run up a bunch of gambling debts and 449 00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:16,359 Speaker 1: then tried to pay them off with forged checks. Sarah 450 00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:18,920 Speaker 1: felt like she had no choice other than to use 451 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:22,399 Speaker 1: money from her book sales and lecture tours, along with 452 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:25,160 Speaker 1: money that the Peabody sisters had raised for the Paiutes, 453 00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:26,840 Speaker 1: to pay those debts off. 454 00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:30,240 Speaker 2: Some of the white reformers she had been working with 455 00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:33,080 Speaker 2: really saw her as the victim in all of this, 456 00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,280 Speaker 2: but others started to suspect that she was some kind 457 00:27:36,280 --> 00:27:40,159 Speaker 2: of a grifter. In eighteen eighty five, Sarah went to 458 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,760 Speaker 2: live with her brother, Natchez, and she started working on 459 00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,800 Speaker 2: a plan to start her own school. The United States 460 00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:50,200 Speaker 2: had started building a system of boarding schools to separate 461 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:54,480 Speaker 2: Indigenous children from their families and cultures. We have talked 462 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:58,440 Speaker 2: about these schools in several previous episodes, including our two 463 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:01,639 Speaker 2: parter on the Fort Shaw Indians School girls basketball team 464 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:06,360 Speaker 2: and our three parter on jim Thorpe. These schools purported 465 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,119 Speaker 2: to teach Indigenous children what they would need to know 466 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:11,320 Speaker 2: to survive in a white world, but they were one 467 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:16,920 Speaker 2: component of an ongoing genocide on reservation. Day schools also 468 00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:20,600 Speaker 2: fulfilled the same purpose as the boarding schools, but without 469 00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:24,480 Speaker 2: sending the children away from their families. Yeah, there's been 470 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:27,760 Speaker 2: a multi year investigation into these schools in recent years, 471 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,360 Speaker 2: and just a couple of days ago as of when 472 00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,760 Speaker 2: we are recording this, President Joe Biden formally apologized for 473 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 2: this boarding school system. Sarah's school was not part of this, 474 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:43,640 Speaker 2: and it was different. Rather than forcing students to speak 475 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:46,760 Speaker 2: only in English and punishing them for speaking their own 476 00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:49,720 Speaker 2: language or observing their own cultural practices the way the 477 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:55,040 Speaker 2: boarding schools did, Sarah's approach was bilingual. Her students would 478 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:57,520 Speaker 2: speak to her in their native language, and then she 479 00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:01,640 Speaker 2: would translate that into English and her words quote, I 480 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 2: attribute the success of my school not to my being 481 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,680 Speaker 2: a scholar and a good teacher, but because I am 482 00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,680 Speaker 2: my own interpreter and my heart is in my work. 483 00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:15,480 Speaker 2: This school was also meant to preserve, not eliminate, Northern 484 00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:19,880 Speaker 2: Paiute traditions and cultural practices among the students. She called 485 00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:23,200 Speaker 2: it the Peabody School for Indian Children. Although I did 486 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 2: read in one source that Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and her 487 00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:28,160 Speaker 2: sister lay they didn't really want it to be named 488 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:31,400 Speaker 2: after them, it did not say specifically why they were 489 00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:32,200 Speaker 2: not comfortable with that. 490 00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: Sarah couldn't get money to build a schoolhouse on land 491 00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:40,160 Speaker 1: on her brother's ranch, so she started with a brushhelter 492 00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:43,800 Speaker 1: with benches for the students to sit on, or they 493 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:46,960 Speaker 1: would sit on the ground and use the benches as desks. 494 00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:50,800 Speaker 1: She hoped her students would teach their parents English and 495 00:29:50,840 --> 00:29:53,040 Speaker 1: how to read and write, and maybe go on to 496 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:57,520 Speaker 1: become teachers themselves, following this same model of preserving their 497 00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:02,120 Speaker 1: language and culture. The boarding schools and on reservation day 498 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:05,600 Speaker 1: schools weren't compulsory yet When she started this school, although 499 00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:09,960 Speaker 1: they would become compulsory later, and Sarah got a lot 500 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,960 Speaker 1: of interest from families who did not want to send 501 00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:16,320 Speaker 1: their children to one of these government schools. In the 502 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:20,240 Speaker 1: spring of eighteen eighty seven, she got hundreds of applications 503 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,960 Speaker 1: that was far more than she could possibly accommodate. But 504 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:27,920 Speaker 1: while she was getting lots of interest and potential students, 505 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:31,280 Speaker 1: she had a lot of trouble getting funding. She was 506 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,040 Speaker 1: basically doing the opposite of what the government wanted in 507 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:40,040 Speaker 1: government funded schools. Most missionary societies that had some kind 508 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: of an interest in education for indigenous students were also 509 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:48,840 Speaker 1: funding schools that were focused on Christianization and assimilation. Although 510 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:51,959 Speaker 1: Sarah had become a Methodist at some point, this was 511 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:55,000 Speaker 1: not the focus of her school at all. 512 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:58,280 Speaker 2: She was also really critical of a lot of missionaries 513 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:01,800 Speaker 2: and a lot of missionary efforts, describing them as being 514 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:06,120 Speaker 2: focused on proselytizing and converting people rather than seeing to 515 00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:07,800 Speaker 2: their basic needs and education. 516 00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:12,840 Speaker 1: Her school faced some other challenges as well. Sarah had 517 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,200 Speaker 1: developed neuralgia, and she had some kind of recurring illness 518 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:19,000 Speaker 1: that may have been malaria, which had been a big 519 00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:23,320 Speaker 1: problem on the Yakima reservation. At one point, a government 520 00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:26,120 Speaker 1: official arrived to try to take her students to a 521 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,160 Speaker 1: boarding school, and she refused to let them. Both the 522 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:34,000 Speaker 1: school and her brother's ranch also faced a financial crisis 523 00:31:34,040 --> 00:31:37,480 Speaker 1: when her husband took their harvest to San Francisco and 524 00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:42,280 Speaker 1: offered Natchez only fifty dollars when he returned. That was 525 00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:45,640 Speaker 1: far less than the crop was worth, and the crop 526 00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:48,600 Speaker 1: had been meant for both their income and their food. 527 00:31:49,560 --> 00:31:52,280 Speaker 1: It seems like after this, Sarah kept the school going, 528 00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:54,640 Speaker 1: at least in part through gambling. 529 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:59,680 Speaker 2: Lewis Hopkins died of malaria on October eighteenth, eighteen eighty seven, 530 00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:03,760 Speaker 2: at the age of thirty eight. That year, Congress passed 531 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:07,920 Speaker 2: the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act authorized the breakup of 532 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:13,080 Speaker 2: reservation land which had been designated for tribes collectively, so 533 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:17,160 Speaker 2: that it could be individually allotted to tribal members instead. 534 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,160 Speaker 2: Sarah had written to Senator Henry L. Dawes with a 535 00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,960 Speaker 2: number of suggested changes to this bill. One of them 536 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:28,280 Speaker 2: was that she argued that chiefs of each tribe should 537 00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:31,280 Speaker 2: be the ones to decide how to allot the land, 538 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:34,920 Speaker 2: since they would know the most about who would benefit 539 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,000 Speaker 2: from that. They would definitely know more than somebody like 540 00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:42,360 Speaker 2: the Secretary of the Interior. These suggested changes were not 541 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:46,640 Speaker 2: incorporated into the bill. Though Sarah thought the Dawes Act 542 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:49,720 Speaker 2: would help her people, and Senator Dawes was one of 543 00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:52,440 Speaker 2: the people that she thought had been honest and fair 544 00:32:52,520 --> 00:32:56,760 Speaker 2: with her. But the DAWs Act was catastrophic. Between eighteen 545 00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,160 Speaker 2: eighty seven and nineteen thirty four, roughly sixty percent of 546 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:03,640 Speaker 2: land that had belonged to Indigenous nations and people had 547 00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:07,320 Speaker 2: passed out of Indigenous communities, nearly all of it going 548 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:11,080 Speaker 2: to white people. And of course that was the reservation 549 00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:14,959 Speaker 2: land that Indigenous nations had been left with after centuries 550 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:20,719 Speaker 2: of subtler colonialism, conquest, and genocide. The late eighteen eighties 551 00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:23,840 Speaker 2: was also when the spiritual movement known as the Ghost 552 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:29,080 Speaker 2: Dance was evolving among indigenous peoples in parts of North America. 553 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 2: This is an entirely separate topic. We cannot possibly do 554 00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:36,640 Speaker 2: justice to it in a couple of sentences in this episode. 555 00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:39,280 Speaker 2: There's an episode in the archive, but it's from prior 556 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:42,080 Speaker 2: hosts and it's only twelve minutes long. This was a 557 00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:46,280 Speaker 2: movement that involved religion and spirituality, and as its name 558 00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:50,760 Speaker 2: suggests there was ritual dancing involved. One of the prophecies 559 00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:54,520 Speaker 2: associated with this involved the idea of like the end 560 00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,720 Speaker 2: of the white person. It had a lot of influences 561 00:33:57,920 --> 00:34:02,160 Speaker 2: of both indigenous culture and religion, and also the other 562 00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:05,720 Speaker 2: nineteenth century spiritual and religious movements that were going on. 563 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:10,000 Speaker 2: They all came together. Sarah and her brother Natchez were 564 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:13,200 Speaker 2: not directly involved in the Ghost Dance movement, but they 565 00:34:13,239 --> 00:34:16,880 Speaker 2: did know about it. It arose in Northern Pyete Bands 566 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,920 Speaker 2: in Nevada, and it spread to other tribes and nations, 567 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:24,480 Speaker 2: including the Lakota, for various reasons, including that idea of 568 00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:27,279 Speaker 2: an almost end of the world, ending of the white 569 00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:30,400 Speaker 2: person focus on some of the prophecy around this. The 570 00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:33,520 Speaker 2: United States found this movement to be a threat. It 571 00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:35,880 Speaker 2: was not the kind of threat the United States imagined 572 00:34:35,880 --> 00:34:38,440 Speaker 2: it to be, but the government thought it was a threat, 573 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:42,600 Speaker 2: and they deployed troops in response, and this ultimately led 574 00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,440 Speaker 2: to the massacre at Wounded Knee on December twenty eighth 575 00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:48,560 Speaker 2: of eighteen ninety, in which US troops killed more than 576 00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:53,320 Speaker 2: two hundred and fifty Lakota. Sarah was afraid something similar 577 00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:56,960 Speaker 2: might happen to her people, since she could read English. 578 00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,680 Speaker 2: She knew how the ghost dance movement and the massacre 579 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:05,080 Speaker 2: were being covered in white newspapers, and it was highly sensationalized. 580 00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:09,440 Speaker 2: She also personally knew Colonel James W. Forsyth from the 581 00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:12,920 Speaker 2: Bannock War. He was in command of the seventh Cavalry 582 00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:16,200 Speaker 2: at Wounded Knee, So she tried to warn people of 583 00:35:16,239 --> 00:35:20,400 Speaker 2: the possible danger, and the response to her efforts was mixed. 584 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:24,800 Speaker 2: She faced hostility from white newspapers for daring to suggest 585 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:28,600 Speaker 2: that there was a possible threat. Some piut bands started 586 00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:32,040 Speaker 2: keeping watch for army soldiers, but others thought that Sarah 587 00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:36,920 Speaker 2: was just once again accommodating white society rather than standing 588 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:40,799 Speaker 2: with her own people. Less than a year after the 589 00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:45,440 Speaker 2: Wounded Knee massacre, on August sixteenth, eighteen ninety one, Sarah 590 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:48,600 Speaker 2: Winemaka died at her sister Elma's house at the age 591 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:52,960 Speaker 2: of forty seven. A lot of sources give her cause 592 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:57,840 Speaker 2: of death as tuberculosis contracted from her late husband, but 593 00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:02,040 Speaker 2: most accounts of the last of her life don't suggest 594 00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:05,799 Speaker 2: that she was seriously ill, as she would have been 595 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:10,680 Speaker 2: if she were dying of tuberculosis at that time. Biographer 596 00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:14,480 Speaker 2: Sally Zanjani cites the work of Patricia Stewart and her 597 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:19,439 Speaker 2: exploration of whether Sarah may have been poisoned, either accidentally 598 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:24,640 Speaker 2: or intentionally. The coroner, Joe Sherwood, gave Sarah's cause of 599 00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:29,160 Speaker 2: death as too much choke cherry wine. That is also 600 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:33,560 Speaker 2: what he listed for Elma's late husband after he also 601 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:38,319 Speaker 2: died suddenly in eighteen ninety nine. Now, Sherwood did not 602 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:42,279 Speaker 2: have any medical training. He had no formal training to 603 00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:45,040 Speaker 2: be a coroner. He was just kind of the guy 604 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:48,799 Speaker 2: who said he was the coroner. And it's possible that 605 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:52,080 Speaker 2: he just put too much choke cherry wine on people's 606 00:36:52,120 --> 00:36:55,759 Speaker 2: death certificates when there was no obvious cause as to 607 00:36:55,800 --> 00:37:00,080 Speaker 2: the cause of death, or it is possible that there 608 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:01,720 Speaker 2: was something in the wine. 609 00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:05,799 Speaker 1: Sarah Winnemucca was still well known at the time of 610 00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:09,160 Speaker 1: her death. The New York Times ran an obituary for 611 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:12,880 Speaker 1: her on October twenty seventh, eighteen ninety one, calling her 612 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:16,880 Speaker 1: the Piute Princess and describing her as a remarkable woman. 613 00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:22,120 Speaker 2: A historical marker for Sarah Winnemucca was placed at McDermott 614 00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:28,040 Speaker 2: Indian Reservation in nineteen seventy one. Fort McDermott was designated 615 00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:31,719 Speaker 2: as an Indian agency after the military stopped its operations 616 00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:35,200 Speaker 2: there in eighteen ninety nine, and it formally became a 617 00:37:35,239 --> 00:37:38,920 Speaker 2: reservation in nineteen thirty six. That was something that Sarah 618 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:42,560 Speaker 2: Winnemuca had been advocating for, but that formal designation didn't 619 00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:46,040 Speaker 2: happen until after her death. Today this is the home 620 00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:50,399 Speaker 2: of the Fort McDermott Pyute and Shoshone tribe. There are 621 00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:54,200 Speaker 2: other Northern Pyute tribes and bands still today, and other 622 00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:57,960 Speaker 2: reservations for the Northern Piute in addition to Fort McDermott, 623 00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:01,000 Speaker 2: and of course also not everyone one who is Northern 624 00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:05,720 Speaker 2: Paiute lives at a reservation. In nineteen ninety three, Sarah 625 00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:09,200 Speaker 2: Winnemucca was inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame. 626 00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:12,279 Speaker 2: In two thousand and five, the state of Nevada gave 627 00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:15,640 Speaker 2: a statue of her to the National Statuary Hall collection 628 00:38:16,080 --> 00:38:19,400 Speaker 2: at the Capitol Building in Washington, d C. Which accepts 629 00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 2: two statues from each state. There was some controversy about this, 630 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:26,480 Speaker 2: as there are still people who consider her to be 631 00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:31,280 Speaker 2: an assimilationist or even a trader. Members of her family 632 00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:34,040 Speaker 2: were involved in the statue's creation to make sure it 633 00:38:34,120 --> 00:38:35,520 Speaker 2: looked like they thought. 634 00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,880 Speaker 1: She would have wanted. It was designed by Benjamin Victor, 635 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:42,799 Speaker 1: inspired by a photograph of her. She's wearing what would 636 00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:45,440 Speaker 1: have been her stage dress with fringe that looks like 637 00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:47,840 Speaker 1: it's blowing in the wind, and she is holding a 638 00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:50,600 Speaker 1: book in one hand and a shell flower in the other. 639 00:38:52,120 --> 00:38:57,480 Speaker 2: And that is Sarahwinnamucca, who I admire in a lot 640 00:38:57,520 --> 00:38:59,600 Speaker 2: of ways. And I think there are some ways for 641 00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:02,520 Speaker 2: she was ahead of her time and others that are 642 00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:04,520 Speaker 2: more complicated, which I'm sure we'll talk some more about 643 00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:09,719 Speaker 2: on Friday. I also have some listener mail. This is 644 00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:12,680 Speaker 2: from Karina, and I was a little alarmed by the 645 00:39:12,719 --> 00:39:15,600 Speaker 2: subject line because the subject line says, I think you 646 00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:17,640 Speaker 2: might be stalking me, and I was like, oh no, 647 00:39:17,719 --> 00:39:20,360 Speaker 2: what have I done that? There's nothing to be alarmed. 648 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:24,640 Speaker 2: Karina wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy. As an avid listener 649 00:39:24,680 --> 00:39:26,799 Speaker 2: of the show for many years, a history lover, thank 650 00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:29,040 Speaker 2: you for all you do and teaching me about historical 651 00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:33,239 Speaker 2: events and figures from across the world that without you 652 00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:36,000 Speaker 2: I would remain ignorant of despite the fact that I 653 00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:39,040 Speaker 2: live in the UK. However, sometimes I find the topics 654 00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:42,600 Speaker 2: you pick about UK history so accurately mirror my life 655 00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:45,640 Speaker 2: and experiences that I have to ask, are you actually 656 00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:48,959 Speaker 2: stalking me? I am, of course joking. Your recent two 657 00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:52,480 Speaker 2: parter on the iconic Horace Walpole prompted me to write 658 00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:55,200 Speaker 2: in though, as in some ways he has a big 659 00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,320 Speaker 2: influence on my life, I'm very familiar with his beloved 660 00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,520 Speaker 2: Gothic villa, Strawberry Hillhouse. Yes, I actually went to Saint 661 00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:04,359 Speaker 2: Mary's University, which is adjacent to the house. They are 662 00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:07,600 Speaker 2: literally neighbors, and spent three years living and studying there. 663 00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:11,640 Speaker 2: It is just as splendid and quirky as you imagine. 664 00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,040 Speaker 2: In fact, some of our lectures and meetings were held 665 00:40:14,120 --> 00:40:16,640 Speaker 2: in a suite within Strawberry Hill House, which if you 666 00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:20,320 Speaker 2: looked closely, featured elements from the Castle of Otranto, including 667 00:40:20,360 --> 00:40:24,680 Speaker 2: a miniature helmet incorporated into the fireplace. We of course 668 00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:26,880 Speaker 2: studied the Castle of a Toronto as part of our 669 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:29,759 Speaker 2: Gothic literature course, and it was truly something special to 670 00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:31,680 Speaker 2: be reading a novel in the same place it was 671 00:40:31,719 --> 00:40:35,239 Speaker 2: written centuries before, and to study Gothic literature at the 672 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:39,279 Speaker 2: very birthplace of the genre. The house has had a 673 00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:42,000 Speaker 2: renovation in recent years and is still open to visitors 674 00:40:42,040 --> 00:40:44,160 Speaker 2: just as it was in Walpole's time. It is only 675 00:40:44,239 --> 00:40:47,280 Speaker 2: around thirty five minutes on the train from central London. 676 00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:48,680 Speaker 1: The station is even. 677 00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:51,600 Speaker 2: Called Strawberry Hill and is totally worth a visit if 678 00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:54,359 Speaker 2: you are ever in the UK. I'm afraid I don't 679 00:40:54,360 --> 00:40:59,240 Speaker 2: have any pictures to share for the pet tax. Karina 680 00:40:59,280 --> 00:41:01,160 Speaker 2: goes on to talk about living in a place surrounded 681 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:05,680 Speaker 2: by deer, pheasants, rabbits, squirrels, horses and farm animals. Below 682 00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:09,160 Speaker 2: is a picture of the autumnal view from our patio door. 683 00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:12,480 Speaker 2: I also have an adorable toddler who keeps me busy 684 00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:14,759 Speaker 2: and enjoys listening to your podcast with me on lung 685 00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:17,480 Speaker 2: car rides. She sometimes falls asleep while listening, but don't 686 00:41:17,480 --> 00:41:20,560 Speaker 2: take it personally anyway. Thanks for all you do. You 687 00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:24,680 Speaker 2: both help keep history alive. Lots of love, Karina. I 688 00:41:24,719 --> 00:41:30,200 Speaker 2: love all of this about having your college classes dreamy, 689 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:35,440 Speaker 2: Strawberry Hillhouse dreamy. And I love this view off of 690 00:41:35,680 --> 00:41:41,160 Speaker 2: the back patio of the house looking out at a woodland. 691 00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:44,080 Speaker 2: This looks like it happened maybe in the late fall, 692 00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:47,200 Speaker 2: early winter. A lot of the trees don't have their 693 00:41:47,239 --> 00:41:51,319 Speaker 2: foliage anymore. And I will also say if you want 694 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:55,319 Speaker 2: to send pictures of deer, pheasants, rabbits, squirrels, horses, and 695 00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:58,839 Speaker 2: farm animals, that is also great. 696 00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:01,799 Speaker 1: I took a little trip to. 697 00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:06,279 Speaker 2: The Delaware River Valley area of New York a couple 698 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:09,879 Speaker 2: months ago, and boy did I take so many pictures of. 699 00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:12,200 Speaker 1: Deer because they were everywhere. 700 00:42:14,360 --> 00:42:16,439 Speaker 2: So thank you so much for this email. If you'd 701 00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:18,200 Speaker 2: like to send us a note about this or any 702 00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:21,520 Speaker 2: other podcast, or at History podcast at iHeartRadio dot com, 703 00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:25,840 Speaker 2: and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio 704 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:30,520 Speaker 2: app or wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. 705 00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:37,520 Speaker 2: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 706 00:42:37,840 --> 00:42:42,440 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 707 00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:44,879 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.