1 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:10,440 Speaker 1: Orry. Did you know that the Earth has a mysterious 2 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,200 Speaker 1: invisible field protecting it? What do you mean, like a 3 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:16,680 Speaker 1: like a force field? Yeah, basically it protects us from 4 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:20,200 Speaker 1: cognate rays and space weather. And also it's a crazy radiation. 5 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:23,320 Speaker 1: That's amazing. That's like a that's like Star Wars, right, 6 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:26,720 Speaker 1: like all the spaceships have a force field that protects it. 7 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:29,480 Speaker 1: How do we have this field? It's pretty amazing. It's 8 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:34,240 Speaker 1: the Earth's magnetic field. Actually, what is that? Suddenly less 9 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:38,000 Speaker 1: exciting to use its magnetic than a force field. It's 10 00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:41,760 Speaker 1: not very attractive unfortunately. Um no, I mean what do 11 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:44,400 Speaker 1: you mean? It's it's just like the like the North 12 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,080 Speaker 1: pole and the South pole. Is that what you mean? Yeah, 13 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:50,239 Speaker 1: the earths magnetic field serves a really important purpose. But 14 00:00:50,360 --> 00:00:52,159 Speaker 1: what a lot of people don't know about it is 15 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:57,160 Speaker 1: that it's changing. It might not be around forever. Oh 16 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:17,400 Speaker 1: what hm? I am Ran and I'm Daniel, and welcome 17 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explained the universe, in 18 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,640 Speaker 1: which we take everything about the universe and try to 19 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:25,520 Speaker 1: make sure it makes sense to you. Things in the 20 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:28,440 Speaker 1: sky and things under our feet. That's right, all the 21 00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 1: positive things, all the negative things in the universe, all 22 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,120 Speaker 1: the north things and all the South things. That's right. 23 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:37,280 Speaker 1: Today on the program, we're going to ask the question 24 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:45,200 Speaker 1: what's the source of the Earth's magnetic field? Like why 25 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:49,120 Speaker 1: is the Earth a huge cosmic magnet? Right? Like that's 26 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: crazy to think about, like that that's basically what we are. 27 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: We're just the giant flying fridge magnet. That's right, And 28 00:01:57,040 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 1: the Earth is a huge magnet. It's really powerful. Is 29 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 1: that this huge, single magnetic field envelops the entire Earth. 30 00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:07,560 Speaker 1: It protects us from radiation, allows us to navigate, Like 31 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:09,480 Speaker 1: where does it come from? Why does it exist? Are 32 00:02:09,480 --> 00:02:12,040 Speaker 1: we lucky to have one? Does every planet have one? 33 00:02:12,080 --> 00:02:13,639 Speaker 1: Where does it come from? Can we turn it off? 34 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,560 Speaker 1: I have so many questions, and it's super important because 35 00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:21,160 Speaker 1: without the Earth's magnetic field, we would literally be toast, right, 36 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:24,880 Speaker 1: Like we would just get burned to a crisp? Is 37 00:02:24,919 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: that a technically accurate use of the word literally? Like 38 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:30,640 Speaker 1: would you turn into toast? Like? Could I spread butter 39 00:02:30,680 --> 00:02:36,400 Speaker 1: on you and eating for breakfast? Uh? Dina, depends on 40 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: what do you like. I'm not sure I'm into toasted 41 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: Jorge for breakfast. But yeah, without the magnetic field, there 42 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:45,880 Speaker 1: would be a huge amount of radiation that just bombards us. 43 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:48,880 Speaker 1: As we said before, the magnetic field bends the path 44 00:02:48,919 --> 00:02:50,960 Speaker 1: of charged particles. It deflects them, so it doesn't like 45 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:52,639 Speaker 1: stop them. It's not like a force field where it 46 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: goes when it gets fizzled out or anything. It just 47 00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,040 Speaker 1: bends them. But if a charged particles moving really fast, 48 00:02:59,080 --> 00:03:00,840 Speaker 1: then all you need to do is deflect it and 49 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:02,920 Speaker 1: it will go somewhere else instead of write into your 50 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: brain and give you cancer. Right, And it's not just 51 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: like a little bit of charged particles or it's a 52 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,320 Speaker 1: lot like the field is doing a lot right now. Yeah, 53 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:14,920 Speaker 1: it does a lot of work. Without it, we wouldn't 54 00:03:14,919 --> 00:03:17,400 Speaker 1: have an atmosphere, right, we would. We wouldn't be able 55 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:21,200 Speaker 1: to breathe, we would, Really, the earth wouldn't be the same. Yeah, 56 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:22,720 Speaker 1: it does a lot of heavy lifting every day, and 57 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: most people, most people just ignore it. You know, most 58 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:27,560 Speaker 1: people aren't even aware they're aware of everything that's being 59 00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 1: done for them by the magnetic field. Right. Ever, ever, 60 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:32,959 Speaker 1: wonder if it feels resentful, if it's like, man, nobody 61 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 1: ever gives me props. I'm doing all this work here. 62 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:39,560 Speaker 1: Everybody just takes me for granted, right, it should just 63 00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:41,680 Speaker 1: turn itself off for a few days just to teach 64 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 1: us a lesson. Yeah, yeah, I think people do take 65 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:46,360 Speaker 1: it for granted. You know, it's kind of like nobody 66 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: ever pays attention to to which way is north. You 67 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 1: just think that it's always going to point to the 68 00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: same direction. But it's not right exactly. And we've had 69 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,360 Speaker 1: a magnetic field for billions of years. As far as 70 00:03:57,400 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 1: we know, the Earth's magnetic fields formed pretty soon after 71 00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:03,120 Speaker 1: the planet came to be. Okay, yeah, that's that's something 72 00:04:03,160 --> 00:04:06,040 Speaker 1: I didn't know. And in fact, let's let's talk about 73 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: a couple of things that maybe people don't know about 74 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:14,560 Speaker 1: the magnetic field. Some interesting facts about the magnetic field 75 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:19,360 Speaker 1: is that it's not perfectly aligned with our rotational access. 76 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:23,600 Speaker 1: That's that's pretty surprising to me. Yeah, it's off by 77 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 1: about eleven degrees. Right. Yeah. The Earth, it's like it 78 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:30,000 Speaker 1: has two north poles. Right, one is the one it 79 00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:33,360 Speaker 1: spins around. Right, the whole Earth is spinning. Right, Who 80 00:04:33,440 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 1: gives us day and night as the Earth turns towards 81 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:38,560 Speaker 1: and away from the Sun. Yeah, we're spinning. The Earth 82 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:41,000 Speaker 1: is spinning. And so if you put a line through 83 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:45,440 Speaker 1: around where it's spinning, you would get one north pole. 84 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: But you're saying the magnetic north Pole is not aligned 85 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:50,680 Speaker 1: with that one. That's right, it's not exactly aligned with this. 86 00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:55,719 Speaker 1: So if you were standing on the rotational north pole, 87 00:04:55,760 --> 00:04:58,640 Speaker 1: the point around which the Earth is spinning, right, and 88 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:01,800 Speaker 1: you looked at a compass would point away from that place, 89 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,559 Speaker 1: it would say, Nope, you're not at the magnetic north Pole. 90 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:09,040 Speaker 1: Because the wait, so then where the Santa Claus live? 91 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: Does he live in the rotational north Pole or the 92 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:14,160 Speaker 1: magnetic north Pole or does he have two houses? That's 93 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:15,880 Speaker 1: a big secret. I think we should save that for 94 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:20,360 Speaker 1: an entire other podcast. So the magnetic north Pole is 95 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:24,520 Speaker 1: different from the rotational north Pole. They're different by eleven degrees. 96 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:27,080 Speaker 1: And remember it's like three sixty degrees all the way 97 00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,120 Speaker 1: around the circle. Eleven degrees. So it's not a big difference. 98 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:33,040 Speaker 1: If you're in the US or in South America or whatever, 99 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,160 Speaker 1: or in Asia. You can mostly use a compass. It's 100 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:38,360 Speaker 1: going to point pretty close to the top of the 101 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:42,080 Speaker 1: Earth as we think about it rotationally, but not exactly. Wow, 102 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:44,680 Speaker 1: it's a big deal if you're in the north Pole, right, 103 00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:47,159 Speaker 1: I mean eleven degrees must be like a thousand miles 104 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:49,680 Speaker 1: or something. Yeah, as you get closer and closer to 105 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: the North Pole, becomes a bigger and bigger deal. Right, 106 00:05:51,800 --> 00:05:54,040 Speaker 1: So that if you're standing on with the line that 107 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 1: Earth rotates around, it's going to be kind of a 108 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: big deal that the North Pole is far from there. 109 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:00,840 Speaker 1: But if you're far away from like most people are, 110 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:02,960 Speaker 1: most of our listeners are, then it's not really an issue. 111 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:06,040 Speaker 1: But I think it raises the interesting question like why 112 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 1: aren't they aligned? Where does the magnetic field come from? Right, 113 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 1: like a big bar magnet inside the Earth that's got 114 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 1: like knocked over and tilted. Is it something totally different? 115 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: That's what I think. It's it's quite fascinating. Um, so 116 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:20,600 Speaker 1: it's three point four billion years old, meaning that before 117 00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:24,480 Speaker 1: three point four billion years we didn't have a magnetic field. Yeah, 118 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:27,480 Speaker 1: that's right. And it's basically because earlier than that, the 119 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: Earth was just a hot ball of nasty magma and 120 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 1: nothing was really organized. So before that you didn't really 121 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: have all these structures we needed to generate the magnetic field, 122 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:40,359 Speaker 1: and so it's just like a yeah, it's just a 123 00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:44,640 Speaker 1: ball of lava in space, basically a giant level lamp. 124 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:49,119 Speaker 1: Exactly a hot drop of rock. We've got from fridge 125 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: magnet to level lamp. I guess we'll get in more 126 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:54,920 Speaker 1: into how that works. Um, But this is this is 127 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:58,839 Speaker 1: an interesting semantic point, which is that the north pole, 128 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:01,680 Speaker 1: but we call the north pole, is actually the magnetic 129 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,360 Speaker 1: south pole. Yeah. It's one of these things about definitions, right. 130 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,040 Speaker 1: It's like when they discovered electricity. You know, they defined 131 00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:11,840 Speaker 1: positive negative currents, and it turns out that electrons have 132 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: negative charge. Right, it's just a definitional thing. But when 133 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,760 Speaker 1: they first figured all this out, they define north as 134 00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: you know, whichever side of the magnet points towards the 135 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,280 Speaker 1: Earth's north pole. But that actually makes it the south right, 136 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: because the southern the south pole of a magnet will 137 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:31,960 Speaker 1: point towards the north pole of another magnet, right, And 138 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:34,440 Speaker 1: so that's just a definitional thing. But it's kind of funny. 139 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:37,800 Speaker 1: So if you're holding onto your compass, the magnetic north 140 00:07:37,800 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 1: pole of your compass points of course towards the Earth 141 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,720 Speaker 1: north pole. That means Earth north pole is magnetically south right, 142 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: because the north pole of your compass is attracted to it. 143 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: So we should change the name or change the laws 144 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:55,360 Speaker 1: of physics, which one should we do? First? Let's come 145 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: up with better names, right, like not north and south, 146 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: but like apples and oranges, or h I lift four 147 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:06,000 Speaker 1: blocks apple of here? Is that? Is that a general idea? 148 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:09,000 Speaker 1: I always thought it was weird that it was north 149 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:10,800 Speaker 1: and south. I mean, I understand where it comes from. 150 00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 1: It comes from the geographical question where are we in 151 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:16,680 Speaker 1: the Earth rotating and stuff? But from a physics point 152 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:18,120 Speaker 1: of view, you know, we like to think of these 153 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: things is like positive and negative. Right. All the other 154 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:25,440 Speaker 1: charges we think about, like electric charge and gravitational charge 155 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:28,040 Speaker 1: or weak force charge, we all think about those in 156 00:08:28,120 --> 00:08:30,880 Speaker 1: terms of positive negative numbers. So north and South is 157 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: sort of archaic. So if I had to redo it 158 00:08:32,840 --> 00:08:34,679 Speaker 1: all over again, I would just define one of them 159 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:37,080 Speaker 1: is positive and one of them is negative. It's like 160 00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:39,320 Speaker 1: a big magnetic battery. And then we wouldn't be so 161 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:42,480 Speaker 1: concerned about the North Pole not being aligned with the 162 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:44,800 Speaker 1: rotational North Pole. Yeah, we would probably have a big 163 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:47,320 Speaker 1: political question like would you rather have the North pool 164 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: be positive or negative? Right? Everybody, part of everybody probably 165 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: wants to be positive. In the southern hemisphere would argue 166 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:55,560 Speaker 1: we should be positive your guys are so negative up 167 00:08:55,600 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: there here being colonial exactly. That's right, that's right. Okay, 168 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:06,199 Speaker 1: So those are some pretty cool facts about the Earth's 169 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: magnetic field. Um, but now let's talk about what what 170 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:12,760 Speaker 1: what's the source of it? How? How how come we 171 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 1: have a magnetic field and other planets? Stone and I 172 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: think a really important clue there is the fact that 173 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:20,439 Speaker 1: the magnetic field is not static. It's not just like, 174 00:09:20,679 --> 00:09:23,559 Speaker 1: here's the magnetic field. It's always been this way, it's 175 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:26,880 Speaker 1: always gonna be this way. A big clue that the 176 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 1: source of the Earth's magnetic field is something weird and 177 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:33,120 Speaker 1: interesting is that the magnetic field is changing. You know 178 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:36,560 Speaker 1: that the magnetic field is moving. It's moving quite a bit, 179 00:09:37,080 --> 00:09:40,160 Speaker 1: and it's also getting weaker, Like the magnetic field was 180 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: much much stronger when the Romans were in charge of 181 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:48,120 Speaker 1: the world than it is today really and even years ago, 182 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:52,959 Speaker 1: a couple of thousand years and um, eventually it might 183 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: even flip, right, it might be that positive becomes negative, 184 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:59,719 Speaker 1: north becomes south. And so that's quite interesting, right, and 185 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,320 Speaker 1: tell is that there's something really interesting going on making 186 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,080 Speaker 1: that magnetic field. So let's dig into that. Yeah, let's 187 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:08,079 Speaker 1: let's talk about that um. But we were wondering how 188 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: many people out there knew or had this idea that 189 00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: the magnetic field is not something that's given in on Earth. 190 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:17,760 Speaker 1: How many people out there knew what's the source of 191 00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:20,200 Speaker 1: the Earth's magnetic field? Yeah? So I went around and 192 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,559 Speaker 1: I asked a bunch of unsuspecting undergrads that you see Irvine, 193 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 1: and said, what do you think about this question? So 194 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:28,959 Speaker 1: before you hear their answers, think to yourself, do you 195 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:31,280 Speaker 1: know where the Earth's magnetic field comes from? Could you 196 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:33,600 Speaker 1: explain it? If you had to build a planet from scratch, 197 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:36,760 Speaker 1: how would you make sure it had a magnetic field? Yeah? 198 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 1: Would you put just a bunch of fridge magnets in 199 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:44,680 Speaker 1: the middle, like a bunch of fridge magnets. Well, here's 200 00:10:44,679 --> 00:10:47,600 Speaker 1: what people had to say. Something to do with the core. 201 00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 1: It's across gravity that atmosphere a little okay, gravity, Um, 202 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: I assume it's the rotation um of the Earth's core. 203 00:11:00,679 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: Is it the core? The core, the Pole's north pole? Softhpore? 204 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: Al Right, pretty I think there's a pretty good credit 205 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: to those students at the University of California, Irvine. Um, 206 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: pretty good, said gravity, it's always gravity. It turns out, 207 00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:23,840 Speaker 1: actually they're not entirely wrong. Gravity as always plays a role. 208 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:26,840 Speaker 1: My favorite answer was the one that said the north 209 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:29,200 Speaker 1: pole in this south pole that gives the magnetic field. 210 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:32,839 Speaker 1: It's like, cool, cool, good, complete, complete answer without actually 211 00:11:32,840 --> 00:11:36,120 Speaker 1: revealing any information. Yeah, and not making fun of these 212 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:37,520 Speaker 1: people of course, you know, I put them on the 213 00:11:37,559 --> 00:11:40,880 Speaker 1: spot answer random physics question. I'm I'm just impressed that 214 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: they were even willing to share their thoughts with me. Yeah, 215 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:46,360 Speaker 1: I know it takes it takes some certain amount of 216 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:51,560 Speaker 1: bravery to talk to you in public, Daniel, I don't 217 00:11:51,559 --> 00:11:54,320 Speaker 1: even know how to respond to that one. Um. No. 218 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:56,280 Speaker 1: I usually try to avoid talking to myself in public 219 00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:00,559 Speaker 1: also for that same reason. Yeah, it's not it's frowned upon. 220 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:03,200 Speaker 1: Um But No, what I mean is a lot of 221 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: people answer they need to have something to do with 222 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,440 Speaker 1: the Earth's core, something about the core and the magma 223 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:13,319 Speaker 1: and the crust, something about the something going on inside 224 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:16,200 Speaker 1: the Earth itself. Yeah. Yeah, And it's like thinking about 225 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:18,679 Speaker 1: the Earth is a big machine, right, which is kind 226 00:12:18,679 --> 00:12:20,720 Speaker 1: of crazy because you walk along the surface of the 227 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:23,079 Speaker 1: Earth and you think of it just as a big rock, right, 228 00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:27,079 Speaker 1: But underneath there are powerful forces and crazy things happening, 229 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:30,000 Speaker 1: and all that is happening in order so that you 230 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,600 Speaker 1: can have a magnetic field. So it's I'm just glad 231 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:34,400 Speaker 1: that people are aware of all the work the Earth 232 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:37,800 Speaker 1: is doing for us. Yeah, there's there's stuff happening inside 233 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:40,840 Speaker 1: the Earth, right, like it's an active machine. It's an 234 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:45,280 Speaker 1: active device. Yeah. Absolutely, it's like a boiling kettle of 235 00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:47,679 Speaker 1: magma and crazy stuff is happening in there. And if 236 00:12:47,679 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: it wasn't, we wouldn't have a magnetic field. So we're 237 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:53,360 Speaker 1: glad to have sort of a young hot planet. Yeah, 238 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:56,120 Speaker 1: well let's get into it, um, but first let's take 239 00:12:56,120 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 1: a quick break. I'm an engineer, and I have to 240 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:14,040 Speaker 1: admit that I don't really understand how magnets work. So 241 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:16,440 Speaker 1: I thought, maybe, welcome to the podcast. He came to 242 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:19,400 Speaker 1: the right place. This sounds like a great episode. I'll 243 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: tune in, UM, But let's take a step back maybe, 244 00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:25,640 Speaker 1: and then talk about the magnets in general. Yeah, magnets 245 00:13:25,679 --> 00:13:27,920 Speaker 1: are really pretty amazing. They're one of my favorite things 246 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:31,240 Speaker 1: because they're like physics that you can see with the 247 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: naked eye. Right, you can see a fridge magnet um 248 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:36,400 Speaker 1: sticking to the wall, you can even get these things 249 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: to push away from each other without touching. It's like 250 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,600 Speaker 1: the first sign of a force that you can really 251 00:13:42,760 --> 00:13:45,800 Speaker 1: play with and identify with. It's it almost looks like magic. 252 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:48,600 Speaker 1: Of course it's not because we understand it, but it 253 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,480 Speaker 1: has something in common with it. Right, it's powerful, it's visceral, 254 00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:53,719 Speaker 1: it's physical. It's right there in front of you. It's 255 00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:57,200 Speaker 1: a lot of fun because most things don't act like magnets, right, Like, 256 00:13:57,320 --> 00:13:59,440 Speaker 1: most things don't stick to the wall. If you put 257 00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:02,880 Speaker 1: them there, those things don't push against you without any 258 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:05,679 Speaker 1: direct line of connection. Right, It's so it's weird. I 259 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: don't know how many things have you tried. I've thrown 260 00:14:07,760 --> 00:14:09,320 Speaker 1: a lot of different things at the wall, and a 261 00:14:09,360 --> 00:14:12,280 Speaker 1: good number of them actually stick. You know, spaghetti sticks 262 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:15,280 Speaker 1: to the wall, sticks to the wall, lasagna sticks to 263 00:14:15,320 --> 00:14:17,200 Speaker 1: the wall, Lots of different kind of foods. Don't you 264 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:18,960 Speaker 1: have young kids? You should be aware of how many 265 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:22,760 Speaker 1: things do actually stick to the wall. Once again, I'll 266 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: i'll them, I'll decline your invitation to visit your house 267 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:30,320 Speaker 1: just where you know, all rubber clothing. It's no big deal. 268 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:33,160 Speaker 1: I mean, just we just hose off after dinner. Um, no, 269 00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 1: you're right, and not everything is a magnet, right, and 270 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,600 Speaker 1: so not everything sticks to sticks to things, and so 271 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 1: let's let's talk about that a little bit. How do 272 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 1: you how does something become a magnet? What makes something 273 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 1: a magnet and something else not a magnet? Right? The 274 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:49,280 Speaker 1: amazing thing is that it's all about electrons. Okay, like 275 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:51,440 Speaker 1: the kind of magnet you're familiar with, you know, a 276 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: fridge magnet and normal like a piece of metal that 277 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:56,880 Speaker 1: has become magnetized that sticks to something. How does that work? Well? 278 00:14:57,280 --> 00:14:59,160 Speaker 1: The way that it becomes a magnet is because it 279 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:02,480 Speaker 1: has bill ends of tiny little magnets inside of it. 280 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:07,720 Speaker 1: Each electron has something we call quantum spin, and it's 281 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:11,080 Speaker 1: not actually spinning around or doing anything physical. It's a 282 00:15:11,120 --> 00:15:14,720 Speaker 1: quantum mechanical property we call its spin, and it generates 283 00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:17,920 Speaker 1: a little magnetic field. So this electron does this weird 284 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:20,640 Speaker 1: thing and it generates a very tiny magnets. So every 285 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 1: electrons is like a little magnet. So it's not actually spinning. 286 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,440 Speaker 1: Physicists of just are spinning it as if it was spinning. 287 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,200 Speaker 1: That's right, it's physics spin. Yeah. We use the word 288 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: spin because the thing it does, the quantum spin has 289 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: a lot of similarity with physical spin. Like the mathematics 290 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,320 Speaker 1: we used to describe physical spin angular momentum. A lot 291 00:15:43,360 --> 00:15:46,000 Speaker 1: of that mathematics can be copied over and applied directly 292 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: to quantum spin. And that's what makes this compelling as 293 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:50,440 Speaker 1: a as a concept, and we should have a whole 294 00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:54,200 Speaker 1: episode about what is quantum spin because it's fascinating. But 295 00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:58,560 Speaker 1: but the point is that each electron itself is like 296 00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: a magnet. It's like a really maney little magnet with 297 00:16:01,840 --> 00:16:05,400 Speaker 1: a with a field as its own little magnetic field. 298 00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:08,760 Speaker 1: And in some kinds of materials, the way the electrons 299 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: are organized in their shells, etcetera. Gives you an overall 300 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: magnetic field for the atom. Okay, and some of them 301 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 1: that they don't just cancel out you get nothing um 302 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:20,080 Speaker 1: and some of them you do get little magnets for 303 00:16:20,120 --> 00:16:23,000 Speaker 1: the atom. And then in some of those atoms they 304 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:24,920 Speaker 1: like to organize in a way so all the magnetic 305 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:27,480 Speaker 1: fields are aligned. So, for example, in iron and a 306 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:31,160 Speaker 1: lot of metals have these properties that you can align 307 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 1: all the little magnetic fields of the atoms so they 308 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: point in the same way. So when you have a 309 00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:39,360 Speaker 1: piece of magnet like a chunk of metal that sticks 310 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:42,080 Speaker 1: to your fridge. The reason it has a magnetic field 311 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:45,000 Speaker 1: is because all those tiny little magnetic fields are all 312 00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:47,000 Speaker 1: going in the same direction, so they add up to 313 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: kind of a big magnetic field. You have another piece 314 00:16:50,240 --> 00:16:53,400 Speaker 1: of metal, it's not magnetized, and all they're just sort 315 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:55,680 Speaker 1: of scrambled. They're all in different directions. So there are 316 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:57,400 Speaker 1: magnetic fields in there, but they're all just sort of 317 00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 1: canceling each other out. And it's not just metals. I 318 00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:03,080 Speaker 1: mean you and I and the chair, riman, this wooden chair, 319 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:07,000 Speaker 1: theman it's it also has these billions of tiny little magnets. 320 00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:08,560 Speaker 1: But the problem is they're not all pointing in the 321 00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:11,440 Speaker 1: same directions, so they all cancel out, and so overall 322 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:13,920 Speaker 1: it's not a magnetic thing. Yeah, exactly. You have to 323 00:17:14,359 --> 00:17:16,800 Speaker 1: be magnetic. You need to have these little magnetic fields, 324 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,080 Speaker 1: and you have to have a structure where the substance 325 00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:20,920 Speaker 1: likes to organize in a way so they all point 326 00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,840 Speaker 1: in the same direction. Um, so we're all magnetic. We 327 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:28,919 Speaker 1: all have magnetic personalities. You want me to tell you 328 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 1: you're a magnetic dude, You're a magnetic dude. That's about um. 329 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 1: And that's how something can become a magnet also, right, 330 00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:37,520 Speaker 1: Like you have a normal piece of metal and it 331 00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:39,719 Speaker 1: sits next to a magnet for a long time, Right, 332 00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,800 Speaker 1: how does that become a magnet? Well, the first magnet 333 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:45,680 Speaker 1: is aligning all the little magnets in the other one. 334 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:48,840 Speaker 1: It's pushing them in the same direction, so eventually becomes 335 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:52,520 Speaker 1: a magnet itself. But let's um, let's see if we 336 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:56,159 Speaker 1: can get into maybe a little bit more so, what 337 00:17:56,240 --> 00:18:00,200 Speaker 1: does it mean that each electron is like a little magnet? Why? 338 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:04,560 Speaker 1: White White said? Why does the electron have a field? 339 00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:06,600 Speaker 1: You know, like white white and it white, it a 340 00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:10,639 Speaker 1: pointed field. Well, there's a very close connection between electricity 341 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:13,080 Speaker 1: and magnetism, right. In fact, we think of them as 342 00:18:13,119 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: one theory electromagnetism, and there's a lot of connections, like 343 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:21,000 Speaker 1: anytime you get electricity moving in a circle, that makes 344 00:18:21,040 --> 00:18:24,760 Speaker 1: a magnetic field, okay, and and the other it works 345 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:27,520 Speaker 1: in the other direction to any magnetic field that changes 346 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:31,560 Speaker 1: in time will generate electric currents. So we think of 347 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: these things electricity and magnetism is sort of separate. Turns 348 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:37,560 Speaker 1: out they're really closely connected. They're really just two sides 349 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:39,920 Speaker 1: of the same coin. And That's why it's not really 350 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:42,840 Speaker 1: surprising that the electron, which is like the most basic 351 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: charged particle we have, could generate electric fields because in 352 00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:49,720 Speaker 1: the end, it's a charge and it's not physically spinning, 353 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:52,080 Speaker 1: but it has quantum spin, and so you can think 354 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:54,800 Speaker 1: of it as like having a small quantum magnetic field. 355 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:57,679 Speaker 1: It really is a quantum mechanical effect, Like every fridge 356 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,479 Speaker 1: magnet is a quantum mechanical effect. Wow. So it's just 357 00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:04,880 Speaker 1: something kind of embedded in the laws of the universe, 358 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,200 Speaker 1: is that whenever you have something with charge, like an electron, 359 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:11,520 Speaker 1: is just sort of automatically, by the laws of physics, 360 00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:16,240 Speaker 1: associated with a magnetic field. Yeah, charges plus motion gives 361 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:19,080 Speaker 1: you magnetic fields. In this case, the motion is the 362 00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:22,560 Speaker 1: quantum spin, right, And that's how you can make a 363 00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:26,720 Speaker 1: non permanent magnet, right, Like that's how you make electromagnets exactly. 364 00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:29,040 Speaker 1: So there's a little electrons, they spin and they make 365 00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:31,320 Speaker 1: their own little magnetic field. But you can also do 366 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:32,919 Speaker 1: something else with them, is that you can move them 367 00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:35,520 Speaker 1: in a circle, right, make a loop of wire and 368 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,880 Speaker 1: pass electricity through it, and it generates a magnetic field. Why, well, 369 00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:42,359 Speaker 1: that's just one of the Maxwell's equations. That's one of 370 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: the laws of electricity and magneticism that currents moving in 371 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:50,360 Speaker 1: a circle will generate a magnetic field, because magnetic fields 372 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 1: and currents are very closely connected. As I said before, 373 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:55,080 Speaker 1: there's just really two parts of the same thing. This 374 00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:58,960 Speaker 1: is pervasive quantum field that that fills the universe. Right 375 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:01,680 Speaker 1: that let's just up into the electro magnetism at any 376 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:06,760 Speaker 1: point and moving charges through it will generate the magnetic field, right. 377 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:09,040 Speaker 1: And it's so it's kind of like if you take 378 00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: a bunch of electrons and you get them to go 379 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:13,960 Speaker 1: and move in a circle, they all sort of aligne 380 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,960 Speaker 1: and add up to create all of their little magnetic 381 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,480 Speaker 1: fields to create a big magnetic field in the center 382 00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:23,960 Speaker 1: of the circle. No, it's not their personal magnetic fields 383 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:26,159 Speaker 1: like the ones that come from their quantum spin. It's 384 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:29,159 Speaker 1: the fact that they're moving in a circle generates the 385 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,600 Speaker 1: magnetic field in the center. So they still have their 386 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,720 Speaker 1: own little fields from their quantum spin, but it's their 387 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:38,359 Speaker 1: motion in a circle. The current moving in a circle 388 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:43,960 Speaker 1: will generate a magnetic field as well. But why um? 389 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:49,159 Speaker 1: But why the deep question? Man? I think the um 390 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:51,960 Speaker 1: there's a technical way to think about that question, which is, 391 00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:54,960 Speaker 1: look at the equations that describe it. And those equations 392 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,800 Speaker 1: have symmetry in them. They're called Maxwell's equations. You can 393 00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:59,960 Speaker 1: google them and look at them, and they show you 394 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:03,240 Speaker 1: that electric fields and magnetic fields really are connected. But 395 00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 1: I think the intuitive way to think about it is 396 00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:08,320 Speaker 1: just as part of one, right it. Don't think that 397 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: moving currents generates magnetic fields, like this one kind of 398 00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:15,080 Speaker 1: thing generates this other kind of thing. Just think of 399 00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:18,919 Speaker 1: them as part of one combined thing. Right. There's a 400 00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: close connection between electric fields and magnetic fields, and a 401 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: fascinating insight comes from thinking about how electric and magnetic 402 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: fields change if you look at them from different velocities. Like, 403 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:31,359 Speaker 1: if you have an electron at rest, it mostly gives 404 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:33,960 Speaker 1: you an electric field. Right, It's a very small magnetic 405 00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:36,320 Speaker 1: field because of its quantum Spinlet's ignore that for now. 406 00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,080 Speaker 1: But somebody else driving by, they see that electron not 407 00:21:40,160 --> 00:21:42,639 Speaker 1: at rest, they see it is moving, right, and moving 408 00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:46,359 Speaker 1: charges give magnetic fields. So if you're at rest with 409 00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:49,200 Speaker 1: respect to the electron, you mostly see it an electric field. 410 00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:51,439 Speaker 1: If you're in motion with respect to the electron, you 411 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:54,600 Speaker 1: see an electric field and a magnetic field. This really 412 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 1: is a clue that the two are different parts of 413 00:21:56,920 --> 00:21:59,359 Speaker 1: the same thing, and you see different parts of it 414 00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:01,960 Speaker 1: if you're moving at different speeds, so they really can't 415 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:09,320 Speaker 1: be separated. They're really just two parts of the same beast. Oh. Okay, 416 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:12,800 Speaker 1: so that's magnets um there. They can either be permanent, 417 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:15,840 Speaker 1: meaning that it's just the electrons inside of the material 418 00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:20,080 Speaker 1: adding up to make a big magnetic field, or you 419 00:22:20,119 --> 00:22:23,119 Speaker 1: can also make it field by moving electrons around in 420 00:22:23,160 --> 00:22:26,280 Speaker 1: a circle. Okay, So so the Earth is which of 421 00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:28,560 Speaker 1: the two? Is the Earth a permanent magnet or is 422 00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:31,280 Speaker 1: it like a like an electric motor. Well, it's a 423 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:33,439 Speaker 1: great question. For a while, we didn't know because it 424 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:36,200 Speaker 1: could have been that the Earth had basically a bunch 425 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:38,520 Speaker 1: of permanent magnets buried in it, right, because you know, 426 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 1: there is this crust and it's got a lot of rock, 427 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,240 Speaker 1: and a lot of those rocks are metallic, and you 428 00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 1: might imagine maybe there's just a bunch of magnets and 429 00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 1: they all got a line somehow. Right. Yeah, that wouldn't 430 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:49,960 Speaker 1: make sense, right, it would make some sense, right, You 431 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:51,760 Speaker 1: can imagine that happening, and then the Sun has a 432 00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 1: big magnetic field, so you can imagine maybe the Sun 433 00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,679 Speaker 1: magnetized the Earth. And well, before we go too far 434 00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:59,440 Speaker 1: into that crazy speculation, the answer is no, the Earth 435 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,080 Speaker 1: is not permanent magnet um and we know that because 436 00:23:03,320 --> 00:23:06,200 Speaker 1: the earth magnetic field seems to penetrate from the core right, 437 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,400 Speaker 1: not from the crust, and also because it's changing. It's 438 00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:12,320 Speaker 1: not static. It's not the same all the time, and 439 00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:14,760 Speaker 1: a permanent magnet by definition, it would be permanent right 440 00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: if it was. If it came from a bunch of 441 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,800 Speaker 1: buried magnets inside the Earth, then those wouldn't be changing. 442 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,679 Speaker 1: In fact, we do see the earth magnetic field changing. 443 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:25,960 Speaker 1: So how fast is it changing? Is it changing by 444 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,600 Speaker 1: the hour or by the one thousand years? It's more 445 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:32,400 Speaker 1: on the thousands of years schedule, but we don't really know. Um. 446 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,160 Speaker 1: The amazing thing is that we can see the history 447 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:38,040 Speaker 1: of the Earth's magnetic field. And the way we can 448 00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:41,080 Speaker 1: do that is that we um we look at magnets 449 00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:44,920 Speaker 1: being generated over time on the sea floor. So there's 450 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:48,679 Speaker 1: these like volcanoes that spit up magma and lava and 451 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:51,159 Speaker 1: stuff on the floor of the ocean, and what happens 452 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 1: when they come up the floor of the ocean is 453 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 1: of course they cool very quickly because you know all 454 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,879 Speaker 1: that cold water and lava, and it cools very quickly. 455 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,399 Speaker 1: But the lava is sometimes magnetic, right, has a bunch 456 00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:04,800 Speaker 1: of little magnets in it, And so what happens before 457 00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,200 Speaker 1: they cool is they get aligned with the Earth's magnetic 458 00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:10,560 Speaker 1: field and then they get frozen. So each of those 459 00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: rocks is like a picture of the strength and the 460 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:17,600 Speaker 1: direction of the magnetic field when it was formed. I 461 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:19,040 Speaker 1: was about to ask you how we know have we 462 00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:22,520 Speaker 1: been measuring the magnetic field in our history books, But 463 00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:24,719 Speaker 1: we don't have to it. It's kind of embedded in 464 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:28,120 Speaker 1: the Earth itself. The history of that it's really amazing. 465 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:32,760 Speaker 1: And because the volcanoes underwater just continuously spew this stuff out, 466 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:36,720 Speaker 1: we have this like unbroken record of the strength and 467 00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: the direction of the earth magnetic field over thousands and 468 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:43,800 Speaker 1: thousands and millions of years. And that's the crazy thing 469 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: is that not only is the earth magnetic field changing, 470 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,359 Speaker 1: like it's getting weaker and it's sliding off the north 471 00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:54,040 Speaker 1: pole a little bit. It used to point the other way. What, yeah, 472 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,320 Speaker 1: like one eight degrees. Yeah, exactly, like if you jumped 473 00:24:58,320 --> 00:25:00,760 Speaker 1: into a time machine with a compass. Today and went 474 00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:03,480 Speaker 1: back eight hundred thousand years the compass with point in 475 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: the other direction. Okay, so there's stuff going on and 476 00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:08,560 Speaker 1: it's changing, which means that the Earth is not a 477 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: permanent magnet. We're not a giant fridge magnet floating through space. Um, 478 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:15,679 Speaker 1: so what's going on in there? What's what's what's causing 479 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:18,400 Speaker 1: the field? Then inside the Earth? Yeah, well it's kind 480 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:20,879 Speaker 1: of a mess, um. But you know, the one option 481 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:22,639 Speaker 1: is permanent magnets. If it's not, that has to be 482 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: a current, right. You need some sort of charges moving 483 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:27,919 Speaker 1: in a circle to generate a magnetic field. So what 484 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,399 Speaker 1: could be doing that. It's not like somebody built a 485 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:34,120 Speaker 1: huge machine made of wires down under the ground, right. Instead, 486 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,800 Speaker 1: what we have a sort of basic picture of what's 487 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:38,800 Speaker 1: inside the Earth is you have the crust which we're 488 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:42,560 Speaker 1: standing on. Under that, there's a big liquid layer of 489 00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:46,160 Speaker 1: various rocks and metals, and then there's a solid core, right, 490 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,640 Speaker 1: and that liquid layer is sloshing around. There's a lot 491 00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: of heat that's coming up from the gravitation of pressure 492 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 1: and from the radiation of all the crazy stuff inside 493 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:57,680 Speaker 1: the Earth. It's keeping that sort of bubbling and frothing 494 00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 1: it's like a big soup of liquid little and basically 495 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,720 Speaker 1: the currents in that soup of liquid metal are what's 496 00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:08,119 Speaker 1: generating the magnetic field. So all those electrons in that 497 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:11,720 Speaker 1: soup moving around in a circle is what creates the 498 00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:15,119 Speaker 1: earth magnetic field. Yeah, if you take something that can 499 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:18,440 Speaker 1: conduct electricity, like iron, and you melt it down right 500 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:21,159 Speaker 1: and you slosh it around in a circle, you'll be 501 00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:24,480 Speaker 1: generating little magnetic fields because you have electrons and they're 502 00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:27,560 Speaker 1: moving in a circle. Right. And it's a little bit 503 00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:29,880 Speaker 1: more complicated than that, because it's not like the liquid 504 00:26:29,880 --> 00:26:32,240 Speaker 1: inside the Earth is just slowly moving in a circle 505 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:35,240 Speaker 1: and that generates the magnetic field. It's much more turbulent 506 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,480 Speaker 1: than that. Right. This convection going on is it's things 507 00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:40,800 Speaker 1: that are dense fall and things that are light bubble 508 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:43,399 Speaker 1: up to the top and that's making all of this swirling. 509 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,560 Speaker 1: And there's this cool effect called a dynamo. And what 510 00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:49,240 Speaker 1: happens is you get a little magnetic field from some 511 00:26:49,320 --> 00:26:53,480 Speaker 1: initial swirling, and because electricity and magnetism are so closely connected, 512 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:58,120 Speaker 1: that magnetic field will push electrons around. Right. Like we said, 513 00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:01,600 Speaker 1: the magnetic field of the Earth deflects charged particles. Right. Well, 514 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:03,800 Speaker 1: when you get a magnetic field started in the Earth, 515 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,359 Speaker 1: it builds on itself because the motion of the electrons 516 00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:10,400 Speaker 1: gives you a magnetic field. That magnetic field pushes those 517 00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:13,480 Speaker 1: electrons around even more, which gives you more magnetic field. 518 00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:17,040 Speaker 1: So it's sort of a feedback effect, like a perpetual 519 00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: motion machine, kind of like feedback. Yeah. The source of 520 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:24,000 Speaker 1: energy is that you have this all this heat that's 521 00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: coming from the gravitational pressure the Earth being squeezed by 522 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,040 Speaker 1: its own stuff and the radiation. So it's not like 523 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,440 Speaker 1: a perpetual motion machine because it's constantly being fed energy, right, 524 00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:36,000 Speaker 1: So it's more like a like a bubbling cauldron of 525 00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:39,720 Speaker 1: stuff right that generates these magnetic fields, and and its 526 00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,640 Speaker 1: motion is sort of related to the Earth's rotation, right, 527 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: I mean it's um like the Earth spinning is kind 528 00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:49,240 Speaker 1: of what creates these currents going in a certain direction, 529 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:52,960 Speaker 1: which is why the magnetic field is sort of aligned 530 00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:57,520 Speaker 1: with this rotational access of the Earth. Yeah, exactly, these 531 00:27:57,520 --> 00:28:02,160 Speaker 1: currents are the Earth movie relative to its liquid core. Right. 532 00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 1: If you ever held like a you know, a ball 533 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,280 Speaker 1: that has liquid inside of it, you know they don't 534 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:09,480 Speaker 1: roll normally, right, If you have a ball half filled 535 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:11,920 Speaker 1: with liquid, you roll across your garage floor, it's gonna 536 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,000 Speaker 1: go all wonky and be really unpredictable, right, And if 537 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,159 Speaker 1: you spin it, similar things happen, and so it creates 538 00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:19,919 Speaker 1: crazy currents inside of it. And so this this is 539 00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,639 Speaker 1: like it's hot and it's bubbling and it's spinning. So 540 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:25,480 Speaker 1: you definitely get lots of really complex fluid dynamics going 541 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,159 Speaker 1: on inside there. But it's related to the spinning, but 542 00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,280 Speaker 1: it's not completely dependent on the spinning, which is why 543 00:28:32,280 --> 00:28:35,200 Speaker 1: it's the two axes are not aligned, that's right, Yeah, 544 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:39,240 Speaker 1: but they're definitely related, right, definitely related. But you know 545 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:41,560 Speaker 1: what's generating the magnetic field? The short version is that 546 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:45,360 Speaker 1: it's you know, spinning hot liquids inside the earth, spinning 547 00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: magnetic conducting liquids inside the Earth are generating our magnetic field, 548 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: which is crazy, right. Yeah, the Earth is is hot, 549 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:56,040 Speaker 1: it's magnetic, it's attractive. It's amazing to me that it's 550 00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:58,240 Speaker 1: stable at all. You know that that would like not 551 00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,760 Speaker 1: just be pointing. And also it's a in the directions, 552 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,320 Speaker 1: you know, like you watch a pot of water bubble, right, 553 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:05,760 Speaker 1: and it's crazy, it's going crazy all the time is 554 00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:08,959 Speaker 1: this direction in that direction? Then somehow the Earth's magnetic 555 00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:12,800 Speaker 1: field is surprisingly stable, given given all the craziness that's 556 00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:15,960 Speaker 1: happening under our feet. Well, let's talk about that, but 557 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:30,640 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. Let's get into that 558 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:33,000 Speaker 1: is it stable? Because you said earlier that it it 559 00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:36,160 Speaker 1: flipped a long time ago and it's moving over thousands 560 00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:40,440 Speaker 1: of years, that that doesn't seem super stable. Our magnetic 561 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 1: field is remarkably stable compared to others, Like the magnetic 562 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:47,360 Speaker 1: field of the Sun. It flips direction every eleven years 563 00:29:47,480 --> 00:29:51,640 Speaker 1: very regularly. What. Yeah, the Sun's magnetic field like has 564 00:29:51,680 --> 00:29:54,160 Speaker 1: a huge impact on the solar system like where to 565 00:29:54,280 --> 00:29:56,360 Speaker 1: charge particles go and how does the solar wind blow 566 00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:58,160 Speaker 1: and all this kind of stuff, and every eleven years 567 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,600 Speaker 1: it just flips flips. What causes it to flip? I 568 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: mean on Earth, what causes our field to flip? We 569 00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: don't really understand it, um, But the short version is 570 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,040 Speaker 1: that it's a big hot mess and it's sort of unstable, 571 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:14,880 Speaker 1: and so you know, it's mostly supporting itself and you 572 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,520 Speaker 1: get a feedback effect. But these things can be crazy. 573 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:19,960 Speaker 1: It's like when you roll that half filled ball across 574 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,160 Speaker 1: your garage floor. Sometimes it mostly roll straight. Sometimes it 575 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:27,000 Speaker 1: does a crazy loop. And so if one little random 576 00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:29,040 Speaker 1: thing happens, it can push it sort of off course. 577 00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:32,560 Speaker 1: That can build on itself and feedback in the wrong direction. 578 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:36,680 Speaker 1: So these are instabilities from equilibrium and when that happened. 579 00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:38,840 Speaker 1: Once that happens, it can very quickly go off course. 580 00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:41,680 Speaker 1: Imagine you're like driving your car down the freeway at 581 00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:45,360 Speaker 1: ninety you know everything's going fine and and your and 582 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,280 Speaker 1: your and it's all good. Suddenly a tire pops right 583 00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:50,920 Speaker 1: and you're flipping over, or you veer, you know, your 584 00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:52,680 Speaker 1: kid makes the noise in the back seat, and you 585 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:54,560 Speaker 1: pull your hand on the steering wheel a little bit, 586 00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: you start going in the wrong direction. It's suddenly very 587 00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,360 Speaker 1: hard to get back on track driving smoothly right. It's 588 00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:02,920 Speaker 1: sort of like that with the magnetic field. One little 589 00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:06,160 Speaker 1: random effect, one little random occurrence can sort of build 590 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:09,120 Speaker 1: on itself and make things go crazy, and eventually things 591 00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: can even flip over and go the other direction. It's 592 00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:15,720 Speaker 1: kind of like a chaotic system. Absolutely, absolutely, that's the word. 593 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:18,120 Speaker 1: It's a chaotic system. So what happens when it flips 594 00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:21,080 Speaker 1: is it is does it just happen overnight, Like one day, 595 00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,160 Speaker 1: who I'll see my compass point in one way and 596 00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:27,080 Speaker 1: then suddenly else seet flip pointed the other way. Or 597 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: does it build over hundreds of years? Well, Um, the 598 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:33,000 Speaker 1: fossil record we have is not very precise down to 599 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:35,600 Speaker 1: like them the minute or the year or something. Um. 600 00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:37,600 Speaker 1: But as far as we can tell, it doesn't happen overnight. 601 00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:40,440 Speaker 1: You know, these things are all geological time scales, so 602 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:43,240 Speaker 1: it takes a little while. Um. But the interesting thing 603 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:46,840 Speaker 1: about the earth magnetic field is that the periods of 604 00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:49,800 Speaker 1: flipping are not predictable as far as we can tell. Like, 605 00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:53,720 Speaker 1: sometimes it will flip, like you know, every hundred thousand 606 00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,520 Speaker 1: years it will flip, and sometimes it'll go fifty million 607 00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,840 Speaker 1: years without flipping. But does it flip one eight degrees 608 00:31:59,920 --> 00:32:03,520 Speaker 1: or can it flip sideways? It's flips usually so that 609 00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:09,720 Speaker 1: the north pole is at your house yet Clause, I've 610 00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:12,920 Speaker 1: always thought you kind of look like Santa Claus. Yeah, 611 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:18,280 Speaker 1: the Chinese Panamanian version of Santa Claus. Many people don't 612 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:21,960 Speaker 1: have the actual historical origin of Santa Claus everything, like 613 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,680 Speaker 1: everything else, we've just stole in our culture. Um. No, 614 00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:29,360 Speaker 1: it's it's um. There are too, more stable set situations, 615 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:31,840 Speaker 1: and one is um, you know, the north pole, on 616 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:34,240 Speaker 1: the Earth's rotational north pole, and the other one is 617 00:32:34,280 --> 00:32:37,640 Speaker 1: on the Earth's rotational south pole. I see. Those are 618 00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:40,040 Speaker 1: the stable coming because they sort of aligned with the 619 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:43,080 Speaker 1: spinning of the Earth. Exactly. It can't just be random 620 00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: because the spinning of the Earth does play a role 621 00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:48,480 Speaker 1: in generating those currents and maintaining them. Oh, I see, 622 00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:51,000 Speaker 1: but maybe there's a few thousand years in between where 623 00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:54,080 Speaker 1: it's sort of wandering around the Earth. Yeah, exactly, and 624 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:57,920 Speaker 1: it can drift, and that's what's actually happening right now. Like, 625 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:02,600 Speaker 1: right now, the Earth's magnetic pole is moving forty kilometers 626 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:08,200 Speaker 1: per year. Forty kilometers. Wow. Yet I was stunned. It's fast, right, 627 00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:10,680 Speaker 1: I mean you might think, well, forty kilometers per years 628 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:12,320 Speaker 1: not a lot of meters per second, and that's true, 629 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:15,560 Speaker 1: but you know that adds up over a bunch of years. 630 00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:18,080 Speaker 1: And not only that, but it's getting weaker, right, It's 631 00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:22,000 Speaker 1: getting weaker every year by several Percentum. We don't know 632 00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:24,480 Speaker 1: what's going to happen because we can't predict these things, 633 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:26,160 Speaker 1: but you know, if you do sort of like a 634 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:30,080 Speaker 1: trivial straight line trajectory, then it's getting weaker and weaker 635 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,360 Speaker 1: and it might eventually flip. You know, we we have 636 00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:35,719 Speaker 1: records from earlier times when humanity was around, and like 637 00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:38,600 Speaker 1: the Romans, they had a magnetic field that was twice 638 00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:41,880 Speaker 1: as strong as ours is. So it's definitely active. It's 639 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:43,880 Speaker 1: not like it's right now just hanging out like things 640 00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 1: are happening. The magnetic field and the thousand years could 641 00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: be different dramatically than it is today. So if I 642 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:52,200 Speaker 1: took just like a regular compass and I sat it 643 00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:55,400 Speaker 1: on my table, and I filmed it for you know, 644 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,040 Speaker 1: a couple of years, and then I spit up the 645 00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:00,800 Speaker 1: video fast forward, I would to see it. You might 646 00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:03,160 Speaker 1: see it drift a little bit. Yeah, yeah, if you 647 00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:05,360 Speaker 1: wait long enough and you're far far enough north, then yeah, 648 00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:07,280 Speaker 1: you could see the compass drift a little bit exactly. 649 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:10,160 Speaker 1: And you know, I wonder about things like animals. You know, 650 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:13,319 Speaker 1: a lot of animals use the magnetic fields for navigation. Right. 651 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:15,400 Speaker 1: We've recently figured out that, like birds, some of them 652 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:18,359 Speaker 1: can see magnetic fields and use them to help figure 653 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:20,760 Speaker 1: out where to go. I wonder if that like totally 654 00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,920 Speaker 1: screws up the birds. Yeah, well forty kilometers a year, 655 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,160 Speaker 1: and it's it's a lot. I mean, that means Santa 656 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:29,840 Speaker 1: Claus every year has to move forty kilometers, has to 657 00:34:29,920 --> 00:34:33,200 Speaker 1: pack everything up the whole factory. Moving sucks, so it's 658 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:35,240 Speaker 1: such a drag. And if you've got all that stuff 659 00:34:35,239 --> 00:34:37,160 Speaker 1: in the workshop, at least he's got a little little 660 00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:39,680 Speaker 1: elves to help him, right, Yeah, maybe that's why he 661 00:34:39,719 --> 00:34:43,280 Speaker 1: has it helves, you know, just to help him move. Originally, 662 00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:45,120 Speaker 1: that's why he contracted the elves. But I mean it's 663 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:47,399 Speaker 1: not it's not a little bit. It's forty kilometers. Every 664 00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:50,480 Speaker 1: year you have to pick up move forty kilometers and 665 00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:53,960 Speaker 1: that's where the new north pole would be, the magnetic pole. 666 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,360 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly, Yeah, okay, And you said it's getting weaker, 667 00:34:57,680 --> 00:35:00,120 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly, it's getting weaker. Also, it's like just not 668 00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:03,560 Speaker 1: as strong. Um thousand years ago it was stronger than 669 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:05,520 Speaker 1: it is today, and every year it's getting a little weaker. 670 00:35:05,640 --> 00:35:07,440 Speaker 1: And we don't know what's going to happen. Next year. 671 00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:11,200 Speaker 1: It might like drift back towards the rotational north pole 672 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,759 Speaker 1: and get stronger. Right, these things are unpredictable. But there 673 00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:16,560 Speaker 1: are a bunch of people working on this and they 674 00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:20,440 Speaker 1: have really complex computer simulations that describe like all of 675 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:24,400 Speaker 1: the physics we think is happening inside the Earth and um, 676 00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:27,960 Speaker 1: until recently those simulations didn't agree with what we were seeing. 677 00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:31,080 Speaker 1: But now they're more sophisticated and they can model all 678 00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:34,120 Speaker 1: the complexities and the simulations are pretty good, so we 679 00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:37,080 Speaker 1: think we have some understanding of all the crazy effects 680 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:39,240 Speaker 1: that are happening in there. And they even do predict 681 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:42,520 Speaker 1: things like the earth magnetic field flipping. They can't specifically 682 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:44,680 Speaker 1: predict when our magnetic field is going to flip, but 683 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,040 Speaker 1: you know, they have a computer model in which sometimes 684 00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:49,600 Speaker 1: they see it flip. Right, But this idea that it's 685 00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:53,319 Speaker 1: protecting us and keeping our atmosphere in place, we don't 686 00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:55,400 Speaker 1: need to worry about that, right, Like it's getting weaker, 687 00:35:55,400 --> 00:36:00,320 Speaker 1: but it's not going away. Should we worry? Sort of 688 00:36:00,320 --> 00:36:05,320 Speaker 1: a deeper philosophical question, you know, in general, in general, 689 00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:10,759 Speaker 1: should we worried? My Jewish grandmother says, yes, Um, I 690 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:14,239 Speaker 1: think we're not likely to lose our magnetic field. Right. 691 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,400 Speaker 1: Look at a planet like Mars, right, Mars used to 692 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 1: have magnetic field, but it doesn't anymore, and the reason 693 00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,680 Speaker 1: is that it's insides have gone quiet, right, it's cooled, 694 00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:26,120 Speaker 1: and it no longer has like a lot of crazy 695 00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:28,799 Speaker 1: stuff happening on its inside. So it lost its magnetic field. 696 00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:31,640 Speaker 1: That's not likely to happen to the Earth anytime soon. 697 00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:34,040 Speaker 1: And so we're gonna have some sort of magnetic field 698 00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:37,320 Speaker 1: protecting us from space. It may be stronger, maybe weaker, 699 00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:40,000 Speaker 1: may point in another direction, but we're still we're likely 700 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:42,520 Speaker 1: to still keep this force field. Okay, so I don't 701 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:47,720 Speaker 1: need to stockbell on sun block or refrigerator magnets silver panels. 702 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:51,080 Speaker 1: I wonder if how how many refrigerator magnets would take 703 00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:55,280 Speaker 1: to protect yourself from cosmic rays? All those a tinfoil 704 00:36:55,360 --> 00:36:57,600 Speaker 1: had people a little do they know it's fridge magnets. 705 00:36:57,680 --> 00:36:59,879 Speaker 1: You gotta put them on. He put them on your head. 706 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:05,720 Speaker 1: We're gonna spawn a whole generation of refrigerator magnet hat people. Now, Yeah, 707 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:08,040 Speaker 1: we should sell those in our store. Oh my gosh, 708 00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:13,800 Speaker 1: let's sell refrigerator magnet hats. Force field had personal force field, 709 00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:17,400 Speaker 1: had the well and and actually would be real science. 710 00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:19,520 Speaker 1: It really does generate a force field, and it really 711 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:23,640 Speaker 1: does deflect radiation. Yeah, oh my gosh, somebody get the 712 00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:26,279 Speaker 1: lawyers on that. Yeah, we need to open Daniel and 713 00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:42,000 Speaker 1: Jorhe dot com slash store, ap slash Crazy Science Protection Store. Alright, well, um, 714 00:37:42,080 --> 00:37:44,400 Speaker 1: let's take a step back here. I mean, it's pretty 715 00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:48,520 Speaker 1: amazing to think that our planet is currently in our 716 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:51,760 Speaker 1: Solar system. It's special because we have this magnetic field 717 00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:54,759 Speaker 1: and and without it there wouldn't really be any life 718 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:56,320 Speaker 1: on it, that's right. But you know a lot of 719 00:37:56,360 --> 00:37:59,399 Speaker 1: planets have bangnetic fields. Jupiter has one, all the big 720 00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:02,400 Speaker 1: gas giants have one. Basically any planet that's rotating and 721 00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:05,360 Speaker 1: has stuff going on inside it has a magnetic field. 722 00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:07,640 Speaker 1: So we expect that a lot of rocky planets out 723 00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:11,240 Speaker 1: there probably have met magnetic fields. And that's absolutely essential. 724 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:14,879 Speaker 1: Mars is sort of unusual, right, Mars and Venus also 725 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,759 Speaker 1: doesn't happen, right, Yeah, that's what I mean. Yeah, And 726 00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:20,560 Speaker 1: and we have and it helps us have an atmosphere 727 00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,440 Speaker 1: in life, and so we really wouldn't be here without 728 00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:26,799 Speaker 1: the Earth magnetic field. No props to the magnetic field, man, 729 00:38:26,880 --> 00:38:29,879 Speaker 1: it's absolutely essential. Yeah, And without it would blow away 730 00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:32,719 Speaker 1: our atmosphere, right, The solar wind wouldn't be deflected, it 731 00:38:32,719 --> 00:38:35,200 Speaker 1: would rob us of atmosphere slowly over time, like what 732 00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:39,160 Speaker 1: happened to Mars. So it's definitely very important. And you know, 733 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:40,759 Speaker 1: we still have a lot of learned to learn about 734 00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:44,280 Speaker 1: the sort of extra planetary magnetic fields. Like I would 735 00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:47,520 Speaker 1: love to understand why the Sun's magnetic field flips so 736 00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:51,080 Speaker 1: regularly and so dramatically every eleven years. It's a mystery. 737 00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:52,799 Speaker 1: And you know, we even have moons out there in 738 00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:55,799 Speaker 1: the Solar System with magnetic fields. Our moon doesn't seem 739 00:38:55,840 --> 00:38:57,719 Speaker 1: to have one because it's basically a lump of rock. 740 00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:00,520 Speaker 1: It might have had one earlier in its lifetime. Um, 741 00:39:00,520 --> 00:39:04,160 Speaker 1: but like Ganymede, is big enough to have like stuff 742 00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:06,560 Speaker 1: going on inside it to have its own magnetic field. 743 00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,560 Speaker 1: So it's sort of like a property of a planet 744 00:39:08,560 --> 00:39:10,960 Speaker 1: when he gets like big enough, you know, exactly when 745 00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:13,239 Speaker 1: you're a real planet, you have a magnetic field. Yeah, 746 00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:16,520 Speaker 1: it's amazing to think that at the scale the Solar System, 747 00:39:16,680 --> 00:39:19,480 Speaker 1: things are kind of chaotic, right, and the Solar System 748 00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,360 Speaker 1: is changing all the time, and it's doing crazy stuff, 749 00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,319 Speaker 1: it's flipping its fields. It's yeah, the Earth is not 750 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:27,399 Speaker 1: just a rock, right, it's a it's like a really 751 00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:30,160 Speaker 1: big machine doing crazy stuff out there in space for us. 752 00:39:30,560 --> 00:39:33,280 Speaker 1: All right, I hope you found that an attractive topic 753 00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:40,520 Speaker 1: with two magnetic personalities current importance. I hope that charged 754 00:39:40,560 --> 00:39:44,719 Speaker 1: you up for your day. Yeah, and maybe next time 755 00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:47,000 Speaker 1: you go out there and you think about the fact 756 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:52,640 Speaker 1: that you're swimming in this amazing and unpredictable field that 757 00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:55,799 Speaker 1: is protecting the earth. Yeah, so go out there and 758 00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:59,160 Speaker 1: get the fields for your magnetic field. Thanks for joining us, 759 00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:09,200 Speaker 1: so your next night. If you still have a question 760 00:40:09,239 --> 00:40:12,680 Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 761 00:40:12,719 --> 00:40:14,880 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 762 00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:18,640 Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's 763 00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:22,080 Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 764 00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:32,280 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com.