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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, We're rerunning two episodes today in Troy the

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Speaker 1: show Greetings everyone, Welcome to this day in History class,

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Speaker 1: where we bring you a new tidbit from history every day.

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Speaker 1: The day was March four nine. Susan La Flesh graduated

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Speaker 1: as valedictorian from medical school, and she became the first

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Speaker 1: Native American woman to earn a medical degree in the

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Speaker 1: United States. Susan was born in eighteen sixty five and

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Speaker 1: what is now in Nebraska. Her father was Joseph la Flesh,

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Speaker 1: also known as iron I, and her mother was Mary

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Speaker 1: Gail also known as One Woman. Susan had a mixed

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Speaker 1: heritage of indigenous peoples, but her family was enrolled as Omaha,

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Speaker 1: a Midwestern Native American tribe. When Susan was born. They

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Speaker 1: lived on a reservation in modern day northeastern Nebraska, and

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Speaker 1: during the reservation there were plenty of instances that exposed

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Speaker 1: the need for better health care and Susan's desire to

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Speaker 1: become a doctor. When she was eight, she tended to

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Speaker 1: a dying woman who had called for an agency doctor

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Speaker 1: who didn't show up, and her father had to have

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Speaker 1: a leg amputated after an injury went untreated but Susan

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Speaker 1: at first would go on to become a teacher. She

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Speaker 1: attended the Elizabeth Institute for Young Ladies in New Jersey,

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Speaker 1: and then she returned to the reservation to teach at

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Speaker 1: the Presbyterian Mission School. But in eighteen eighty three, Alice

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Speaker 1: Cunningham Fletcher, an ethnologist who was close to Susan's brother,

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Speaker 1: Francis That's sick. Susan helped take care of her, and

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Speaker 1: Fletcher encouraged her to study medicine, so Susan began attending

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Speaker 1: the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in eighteen eighty four.

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Speaker 1: The school had began accepting indigenous students with a goal

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Speaker 1: of assimilating them into white culture, but regardless, Susan graduated

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Speaker 1: second in her class. In eight six, Martha Waldron, the

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Speaker 1: resident physician at Hampton Institute, had also encouraged Susan to

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Speaker 1: study medicine. She was accepted to the Women's Medical College

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Speaker 1: of Pennsylvania, but she couldn't attend because there was no

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Speaker 1: more money in the school scholarship fund by then and

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Speaker 1: she couldn't afford to pay tuition out of pocket. But

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Speaker 1: it turned out that she had a lot of people

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Speaker 1: on her side. The Connecticut Indian Association, which advocated for

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Speaker 1: the rights of Native people and favored assimilation, raised funds

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Speaker 1: from its members for Susan's education, and it asked for

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Speaker 1: donations through the Hartford Koran. In one letter Susan herself

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Speaker 1: wrote appealing for donations, she said, I feel that as

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Speaker 1: a physician I can do a great deal more than

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Speaker 1: as a mere teacher. For the home is the foundation

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Speaker 1: of all things for the Indians, and my work I

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Speaker 1: hope will be chiefly in the homes of my people.

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Speaker 1: The U s Office of Indian Affairs also gave Susan

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Speaker 1: money one hundred and sixty seven dollars a year. That

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Speaker 1: grant made her the first student to get federal aid

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Speaker 1: for college, so now that she had the funds to

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Speaker 1: do so, she started medical school in October eighteen eighty six.

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Speaker 1: After she graduated on March fourteenth, eighteen eighty nine, Susan

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Speaker 1: finished an internship she had had in Philadelphia, then returned

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Speaker 1: home to her reservation to be a doctor. Back on

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Speaker 1: the reservation, Dr La Flesh worked competently and compassionately, and

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Speaker 1: she soon gained the trust of her patients. In eighteen ninety,

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Speaker 1: at age twenty four, she became the official Bureau of

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Speaker 1: Indian Affairs position. She treated illnesses and counseled people on

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Speaker 1: their health, but she also assisted people who didn't know

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Speaker 1: English and campaigned for temperance. In eighteen ninety four, she

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Speaker 1: married Henry Pocott, who was a member of the Yankton

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Speaker 1: Western Dakota people. From there, Dr Pocott started a medical

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Speaker 1: office in her home, became a field matron, and began

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Speaker 1: advocating for public health and Native American rights, and in

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Speaker 1: nineteen thirteen she opened a hospital in Walt Hill, Nebraska,

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Speaker 1: with money she had raised herself. But pain she'd been

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Speaker 1: having for years grew worse, and operations she had uncovered

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Speaker 1: a poor prognosis. She died in nineteen fifteen of what

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Speaker 1: they believed at the time to be bone cancer, but

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Speaker 1: she managed to make a difference across many fields, leaving

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Speaker 1: her mark on education, medicine, public health, and Indigenous rights.

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Speaker 1: I'm each step Coote, and hopefully you know a little

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Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you'd

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Speaker 1: like to learn more about Pocott, you can listen to

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Speaker 1: the episode of Stuff you missed in History class called

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Speaker 1: Dr Susan La flesh Pa. You can learn more about

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Speaker 1: history by following us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. At

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Speaker 1: t d I h C podcast. We'll be back with

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Speaker 1: more history tomorrow. Hello everybody, I'm Eves and you're tuned

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Speaker 1: into This Day in History Class, a show where we

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Speaker 1: travel back in time, one day at a time. The

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Speaker 1: day was March nine hundred. US President William McKinley signed

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Speaker 1: the Gold Standard Act, which made gold the soul standard

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Speaker 1: for redeeming paper money. The Gold Reserve Act of four

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Speaker 1: transferred gold and goal certificates from the Federal Reserve Bank

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Speaker 1: to the U. S. Treasury. Gold and silver have long

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Speaker 1: been monetary standards around the world. The Coinage Act of

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Speaker 1: seventeen ninety two made the US silver dollar the country's

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Speaker 1: standard unit of money, penning its value to the value

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Speaker 1: of the Spanish silver dollar. It established a U. S

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Speaker 1: mint or, a place where coins are made, and it

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Speaker 1: regulated the coins of the U. S. Coins were minted

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Speaker 1: from gold, silver, and copper. The Act also established a

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Speaker 1: decimal system for US currency. It allowed people to have

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Speaker 1: gold or silver bullyond coined at the mint or exchange

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Speaker 1: for the equivalent value of coin for free. From eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty one to eighteen sixty two. During the American Civil War,

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Speaker 1: the US issued demand notes, a type of paper money,

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Speaker 1: but in eighteen sixty two, the United States Note, also

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Speaker 1: known as the Legal Tender Note, replaced demand notes. They

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Speaker 1: were issued as fiat money, or money that was not

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Speaker 1: convertible into coin or specie of equivalent value. That meant

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Speaker 1: that the money was backed only by the government's promised

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Speaker 1: to redeem them. But the National Banking Acts of eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty three and eighteen sixty four established a national bank

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Speaker 1: system and a national currency backed by government securities held

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Speaker 1: by other banks. They also established the Office of the

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Speaker 1: Comptroller of the Currency. The coin Ish Act of eighteen

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Speaker 1: seventy three demonetized silver, effectively ending bi metallism in the

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Speaker 1: US and putting the country on the gold standard. That

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Speaker 1: meant that a fixed price of gold was used to

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Speaker 1: determine the value of currency. Throughout the late eighteen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: people frequently raised the issue of returning to a bimetallic

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Speaker 1: monetary standard when on March fourteenth, nineteen hundred, the Gold

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Speaker 1: Standard Act went into effect. The Gold Standard Act set

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Speaker 1: the value of gold at twenty dollars in sixty seven

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Speaker 1: cents per troy ounce. Troy wade is a system used

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Speaker 1: mostly for precious metals and gym that is based on

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Speaker 1: a pound of twelve ounces. The Act also valued the

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Speaker 1: dollar at twenty five point eight grains of gold, but

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Speaker 1: as the Great Depression ramped up in the early nineteen thirties,

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Speaker 1: the US put measures in place to combat its effects.

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Speaker 1: In April of nineteen thirty three, President Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Speaker 1: issued Executive Order sixty one oh two, the Order forbade

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Speaker 1: quote the hoarding of gold coin, gold bull yonn, and

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Speaker 1: gold certificates within the continental United States. All people, businesses,

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Speaker 1: and banks had to deliver their gold and gold certificates

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Speaker 1: to the Federal Reserve in exchange for twenty dollars in

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Speaker 1: sixty seven cents. The next year, the Gold Reserve Act

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Speaker 1: was passed. Federal Reserve banks were ordered to hand their

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Speaker 1: supply of gold over to the U. S Treasury. Roosevelt

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Speaker 1: changed the value of gold from twenty dollars and sixty

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Speaker 1: seven cents per troy ounce to thirty five dollars per

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Speaker 1: troy ounce, which devalued the US dollar. At this point,

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Speaker 1: gold was no longer a currency in the US. It

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Speaker 1: was now a commodity. Now, the US uses Federal Reserve

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Speaker 1: notes as bank notes, though some people have suggested a

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Speaker 1: return to the goal standard, Economists suggests that this would

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Speaker 1: hurt the country's economy. I'm Eve Defcote and hopefully you

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Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.

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Speaker 1: Have a hard time staying present as you mindlessly scrolled

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Speaker 1: through social media. Lucky for you were stuck in the

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Speaker 1: past at t d i h C podcast on Facebook, Instagram,

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Speaker 1: and Twitter, or if you want to get a little

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Speaker 1: more fancy, you can send us an email at this

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Speaker 1: day at I heart media dot com. Thanks again for

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Speaker 1: listening and have a fantastic twenty four hours until we

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Speaker 1: see you again. For more podcasts from I heart Radio,

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