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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorgey, did you know that we have a planetary

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Speaker 1: defense system? Nice? Does it involve giant lasers? Not that

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Speaker 1: I'm aware of, And how can it work? Well, this

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Speaker 1: is them actually predated the development of lasers by billions

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Speaker 1: of years, and it's actually totally natural or nice? Does

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Speaker 1: that mean it's organic or vegan vegan lasers? Absolutely? No

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Speaker 1: animals were hurt. But it's actually not all good. Now

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Speaker 1: you have me worried. Yeah, it turns out there's a

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Speaker 1: big hole in our planetary defense system. Really, I bet

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Speaker 1: it's our fault. Was it caused by the lasers? No? Actually,

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Speaker 1: the whole is also natural, and it has a really

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Speaker 1: cool name. What's it called. It's called the South Atlantic Anomaly.

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Speaker 1: Hi am or hand a cartoonists and the creator of

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Speaker 1: PhD comics. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm

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Speaker 1: actually not in favor of giant planetary lasers. What do

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Speaker 1: you mean? How can you be anti giant lasers? Aren't

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Speaker 1: all lasers good or at least fun to shoot? Exactly,

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Speaker 1: a giant planetary laser that you build in the first

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Speaker 1: act must be pointed at some planet by Act three.

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Speaker 1: Just in the science Ficing movie you're writing it is,

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Speaker 1: but it's also true. You know, you developed some massive

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Speaker 1: laser cable of defending the Earth. That thing will eventually

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Speaker 1: get pointed at some place on the Earth. Well, um,

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Speaker 1: I mean, if you build it on Earth, it's kind

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Speaker 1: of hard to point it at ourselves. Supervillains will find

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Speaker 1: a way. I see. I guess the ads just see

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Speaker 1: the giant mirror and then we're toasted exactly exactly. That

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Speaker 1: wasn't such a great idea after all. Yeah. Well. Of

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Speaker 1: their podcast, Daniel and Jorge explained the Universe, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio, in which we don't worry so

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Speaker 1: much about zapping aliens with lasers, but instead we like

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Speaker 1: to think about all the mysteries of the universe, all

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Speaker 1: the things that are deep out there, misunderstood, not understood,

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Speaker 1: that are currently being investigated by scientists, and also the

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Speaker 1: things that are nearby, the things right around us that

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Speaker 1: we are still probing. Yeah, because there is a lot

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Speaker 1: of stuff out there in the universe. In fact, the

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Speaker 1: whole universe filled with stuff, and some of it is

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Speaker 1: pretty amazing and incredible to learn about and to discover,

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Speaker 1: but some of it can be kind of harmful. It

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Speaker 1: certainly can be. And there's this consistent story that every

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Speaker 1: time we do something new to explore space, send up

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Speaker 1: a new satellite, build a new kind of telescope, we

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Speaker 1: see something totally unexpected, something that makes scientists go, what

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Speaker 1: are you sure? Did you check your calibrations? And these

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Speaker 1: are wonderful opportunities to learn how the universe works. Every

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Speaker 1: time we get surprised, there's an opportunity to learn something new.

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Speaker 1: So what hap is your movie, Daniel to the scientistico,

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Speaker 1: What that needs more calibration shift DF filters on it? Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: You know the story. Some grads didn't find something weird,

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Speaker 1: his professor doesn't believe him and disregards it, and that

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Speaker 1: ends up being the downfall of humanity. And then somehow

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Speaker 1: the handsome physics professor ends up saving the world wearing

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Speaker 1: a white lab coat. It's the worst movie ever pressing

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Speaker 1: the laser bud, accidentally leaning on the laser button. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: it sometimes seems like we are just as rock floating

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Speaker 1: out in space, and there's a lot of stuff that

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Speaker 1: can happen out there, you know, asteroids or solar winds.

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Speaker 1: There's a lot of stuff sort of coming to get us. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: when you look out into space and you see all

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Speaker 1: those stars. It seems amazing that you can see so

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Speaker 1: far that we can probe the distant depths of the

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Speaker 1: universe and ask questions about what happened billions of years

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Speaker 1: ago in light years away. But what you're looking through

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Speaker 1: is not actually empty. The space between us and those stars,

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Speaker 1: between us and those explosions is not empty. It's full

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Speaker 1: of incredible interactive stuff, and there's a lot to learn

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Speaker 1: just by looking at the things right around our own planet. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we're live in a kind of busy neighborhood, right, I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's not apparent to the eye, but there is a

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Speaker 1: lot of stuff swirling around us. Exactly. Most of the

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Speaker 1: universe is actually invisible. There are neutrinos, there's dark matter,

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Speaker 1: there's all sorts of stuff all around you that you

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Speaker 1: cannot see. So remember, you were only seeing a little

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Speaker 1: slice of the universe, the part that radiates in the

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Speaker 1: visible spectrum that you can detect. Most of the universe

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Speaker 1: is invisible to you. But science has built new kinds

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Speaker 1: of eyeballs, new ways to explore the universe and to

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Speaker 1: reveal what's actually happening. And it turns out that right

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Speaker 1: around our planet. There's some really amazing things swooshing and swirling.

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Speaker 1: So to the on the podcast, we'll be asking the question,

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Speaker 1: what are the Van Allen radiation belts? Now, Daniel? Are these?

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Speaker 1: Is this like a heavy metal rock band? Is in

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Speaker 1: Van Allen? Uh? The name for a rock band van Halen?

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Speaker 1: I'm thinking pen Halien. It's a crossover between heavy metal

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Speaker 1: and karate? Does it involve heavy metals? If you go

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Speaker 1: beyond black belt in karate, then you get like a

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Speaker 1: uranium belt or plutonium belt, and so yes, those would

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Speaker 1: be heavy metal radiation belts. Oh man, we smashed heavy

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Speaker 1: metal and karate for no good reason. Really, that's right.

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Speaker 1: And then you make a band because these are radiation belts.

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Speaker 1: They're not even made out of metal, but those are

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Speaker 1: radioactive metals, you know. But anyway, then you get together

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Speaker 1: with your friends and you have crazy long hair and

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Speaker 1: dance around in leotards, and yes, you can be a

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Speaker 1: heavy metal but yeah. So, apparently there's a lot of

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Speaker 1: stuff going out there in space, especially right around us,

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Speaker 1: and some of this stuff is called the Van Allen

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Speaker 1: radiation belt. So we were wondering how many people out

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Speaker 1: there knew what this was and what their main out

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Speaker 1: that's right, So, as usual, I asked for volunteers on

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Speaker 1: the internet to speculate without any background information about the

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Speaker 1: next set of questions for the podcast. And if you'd

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Speaker 1: like to volunteer and here our own speculation on the podcast,

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Speaker 1: please write to us two questions at Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 1: dot com. I'm not sure it sounds like something that

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Speaker 1: a superhero would wear when he wants to irradiate the

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Speaker 1: bad guy. Man. If you don't ask me about the

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Speaker 1: Van Halen and their belts, probably I could tell you something,

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Speaker 1: But at this moment, I don't know about Van Allen.

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Speaker 1: I vaguely remember this as being like a zone just

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Speaker 1: outside of the planet that's like a zone of energized

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Speaker 1: particles that are kind of held in place by I

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Speaker 1: don't know, the planet's gravitational pool, magnetic pools, something like that,

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Speaker 1: the charge particles from solar winds that are sort of

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Speaker 1: captured in giant expanding halos around the Earth, something like that,

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Speaker 1: or two giant ears sort of mouse ears around the Earth.

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Speaker 1: But I don't know what they do or why they're captured,

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Speaker 1: or what effects they have. It is a ring of

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Speaker 1: radiation somewhere in space around Earth, maybe between Venus or

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Speaker 1: between Mars and Earth, where there's just an intense amount

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Speaker 1: of radiation that would be very uninhabitable. Yeah, even if

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Speaker 1: we had to pass through it, it would cause a

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Speaker 1: lot of damage to electronics or to anyone inside a ship.

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Speaker 1: All right, it's a pretty good guesses. Somebody did they

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Speaker 1: related to the late grade, and I'm awesome. Eddie van Halen,

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Speaker 1: that's right, Eddie van Halen, one of the greatest rock

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Speaker 1: and roll guitarists of all time who recently passed away. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but not everyone seemed to know what it is. Didn't

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Speaker 1: ring a lot of bells for people. Nobody did. Sound

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Speaker 1: like somebody out there has a movie they want to

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Speaker 1: pitch a superhero wearing radiation belts to a radiate the

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Speaker 1: bad guys. Somebody, quote unquote, that's totally not me. A

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Speaker 1: lot like you. You think I would interview myself and

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Speaker 1: then serve my own ideas in these interviews. That's a

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Speaker 1: genius idea. I can't believe I didn't have. Actually, I

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Speaker 1: know you interview your family all the time. I can

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Speaker 1: recognize their voices now, all right, Well, I hadn't had

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Speaker 1: the idea but now, at some point in the future,

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Speaker 1: I will insert myself doing a false accent into one

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Speaker 1: of these, and I'm gonna wait to see if you

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Speaker 1: spot well. Either way, it's a great idea for a

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Speaker 1: sequel for your current science fiction novel. So yeah, So

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Speaker 1: I'm guessing they have something to do with radiation or

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Speaker 1: particles or electrons and pronouns floating out in space, maybe

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Speaker 1: in a circular way, to call it a belt. So, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: what are the Van Allen radiation belts? So exactly as

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Speaker 1: you say, these are huge belts of radioactive particle, not

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Speaker 1: belts around me or around your waist, but around the Earth.

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Speaker 1: So the Earth is spinning and then also spinning around

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Speaker 1: the Earth. Are all these charged particles that are zooming

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Speaker 1: around very high speeds in these well defined regions, these belts,

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Speaker 1: and there's more than one of them. Now, are they

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Speaker 1: going in a circle or are they just hanging out

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Speaker 1: in the form of this circle. Now, they're definitely moving,

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Speaker 1: and they are more in the shape of a donut

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Speaker 1: because they're whizzing around the Earth and they're sort of

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Speaker 1: organized more heavily near the equator. These are sort of

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Speaker 1: amazing because they were a total surprise when they were discovered,

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Speaker 1: and they were one of the first discoveries of the

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Speaker 1: space age. You know, after Sputnik came out, the US

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Speaker 1: was racing and gets stuff up there and send something

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Speaker 1: into space. And it was very primitive in the fifties.

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Speaker 1: We were just sort of like shooting rockets in the

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Speaker 1: space with little devices on them. And the guy Van

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Speaker 1: Allen decided to send up basically a Geiger count and say, like,

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Speaker 1: how much radiation is there in space? And so this

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Speaker 1: was they sent up a satellite like it was a

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Speaker 1: satellite or just a rocket that went up and down.

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Speaker 1: It was a satellite, so it would orbit the Earth

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Speaker 1: and collect a bunch of data over lots of orbits,

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Speaker 1: and on board was a Geiger counter and a tape

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Speaker 1: recorder and the data got beamed down to the Earth

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Speaker 1: using a couple of antennas. But nobody expected there to

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Speaker 1: be much radiation. They thought, you know, space is mostly empty.

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Speaker 1: We're gonna send this up here and we're gonna see

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Speaker 1: the radiation from ground decreasing gradually as it goes up.

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Speaker 1: But instead what they saw was that when you go

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Speaker 1: out into space, there's an incredible amount of radiation. This

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Speaker 1: is the first time people understood that space was basically radioactive.

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Speaker 1: Oh man, and so, but it couldn't have gone up

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Speaker 1: that far, right, So this belt is that close to

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Speaker 1: the Earth. The belt is pretty close to the Earth,

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Speaker 1: and so it's broken up into two main belts. There's

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Speaker 1: the inner Belt and then there's the outer Belt. And

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Speaker 1: the inner belt is not that far above the Earth's surface.

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Speaker 1: It's like one fifth of the radius of the Earth

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Speaker 1: above the Earth's surface, so you don't have to go

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Speaker 1: that high up. Yeah, that is pretty close. It's pretty close,

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Speaker 1: and it stretches out about twice the radius of the Earth,

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Speaker 1: so it's point to to Earth radio. That's the inner Belt. Now,

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Speaker 1: is this belt sort of like near the equator or

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Speaker 1: is it more like an over the shoulder strap or

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Speaker 1: is it like a halo. It's like a really big

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Speaker 1: donut about the same height as the Earth, So there's

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Speaker 1: not very much over the poles, but there's a lot

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Speaker 1: over the equition. It's like if you put the Earth

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Speaker 1: inside of a donut and it just barely fits in

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Speaker 1: the hole. Yeah, exactly. The Earth is sitting in a

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Speaker 1: donut hole of radiation which is whizzing around the Earth

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Speaker 1: at very high speeds and high intensity, and so there's

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Speaker 1: this inner belt, and then weirdly there's a gap, and

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Speaker 1: then there's an outer belt. So there's two belts with

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Speaker 1: like this gap in between them. It's a jelly filled donut.

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Speaker 1: It's like a donut with an extra hole in it.

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Speaker 1: It's like a donut with a donut inside of it

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Speaker 1: and an extra hole inside of that. It's like the

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Speaker 1: ur Duccan of pastries, oh man, And it has radiation

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Speaker 1: and it will kill you if you eat it exactly.

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Speaker 1: And it plays heavy metal music. And so there's this

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Speaker 1: inner belt, and then there's the outer belt, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: occasionally there's a very short lived third belt that lives

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Speaker 1: between that. What what you means short lived, like it's uh,

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Speaker 1: comes on and off, comes on and off, like you'll

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Speaker 1: get it. It'll hang out for like a month or so,

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Speaker 1: and then it will dissipate. The inner belt and the

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Speaker 1: outer belt are pretty stable, the inner belt more stable

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Speaker 1: than outer belt. But this third one comes occasionally and

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Speaker 1: then disappears. And so it's been a bit of a

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Speaker 1: mystery for like the last sixty years. What's making these belts?

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Speaker 1: Why do they come and go sometimes? Why is there

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Speaker 1: a gap in between them, and only recently NASA has

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Speaker 1: been sending up satellites to probe these things and to

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Speaker 1: get some more definitive data, which has led to some

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Speaker 1: pretty interesting answers about what's making these belts, where these

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Speaker 1: particles come from, why they have the weird shapes that

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Speaker 1: they do, And we have a pretty well mapped like

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Speaker 1: we're pretty sure it's a donut shape. What I guess

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Speaker 1: what I mean is like you know, you see it

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Speaker 1: more if you launch a rocket from the equator than

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Speaker 1: if you launch a rocket from the North Pole. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we have a pretty well mapped now. NASA sent out

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Speaker 1: probes in the early Van Allen probes to map these

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Speaker 1: things and get a lot of data, and they found

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Speaker 1: some amazing things like there's this gap between them, and

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Speaker 1: the gap between them is pretty sharp, like the outer

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Speaker 1: belt starts at sort of like a wall. Now when

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Speaker 1: NASA report described it, like the particles and the outer

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Speaker 1: belt look like they're being repelled by a sheet of glass,

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Speaker 1: like a very well defined edge to the inner side

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Speaker 1: of this outer built thing. And these particles that are

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Speaker 1: sort of swirling around like a carousel or are they

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Speaker 1: like I don't know, going around in circles within the doughnut,

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Speaker 1: they are swirling around like all around the Earth or

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Speaker 1: just spinning in place. They are going all around the Earth,

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Speaker 1: so there's sort of like in orbit around the Earth.

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Speaker 1: But the force that's holding them there, of course is

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Speaker 1: not gravity, because gravity is way too weak to hang

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Speaker 1: onto a particle. But yeah, they're all going all the

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Speaker 1: way around the Earth, zooming around at really high speeds. Well,

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Speaker 1: and now, are we the only planet that has them

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Speaker 1: or do we see them on other planets or other

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Speaker 1: things in space? We see them in other planets. Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: for example, has really massive radiation belts, and sort of Saturn,

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Speaker 1: and basically every planet that has any kind of stable

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Speaker 1: magnetic field will have these kinds of particles. Interestingly, the

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Speaker 1: Sun doesn't have radiation belt, mostly because it's magnetic field

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Speaker 1: flips too often. It's got this crazy eleven year cycle

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Speaker 1: where the magnetic field the north and Stuck pole flip

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Speaker 1: every eleven years. And as we'll talk about in a minute,

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Speaker 1: it's really the magnetic field of a planet that makes

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Speaker 1: these belts and creates their structure. And so that's why

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Speaker 1: the Sun doesn't have one. But all the big planets

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Speaker 1: with stable magnetic fields do. Yeah, I figured it had

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Speaker 1: something to do with the magnetic field. But so we

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Speaker 1: can see them in other planets do like, but how

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Speaker 1: but they're invisible. They are, I mean, these are particles,

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Speaker 1: and so you don't see them with the naked eye,

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Speaker 1: but if you're clever, you can detect them. And these

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Speaker 1: particles do occasionally radiate, and so if you look for

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Speaker 1: them carefully, you can certainly see them. And we send

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Speaker 1: probes to those planets. And so I've seen, for example,

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Speaker 1: maps of the radiation belts around Jupiter, and it looks similar.

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Speaker 1: It's like a big fat doughnut, although in that case

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Speaker 1: that it's more like a really big basketball inside a

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Speaker 1: small inner tube because the grenition belt is not as

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Speaker 1: tall as Jupiter. It's more focused around the equator. In

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Speaker 1: that sense, m now doesn't also have jelly in it,

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Speaker 1: or maybe it's a different kind of jelly, or maybe

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Speaker 1: it's a cream donut. It's actually kind of stormy, you know,

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Speaker 1: because Jupiter is crazy on the surface that it's always

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Speaker 1: getting mixed up and colorful. So maybe it's like maybe

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Speaker 1: it's like different kinds of jelly. It's more like sprinkles,

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Speaker 1: all right, Well, let's get into where these radiation belts

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Speaker 1: could be coming from and why they're important, where are

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Speaker 1: they protecting us from? But first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 1: All right, Daniel, we're talking about the Van Allen radiation belts,

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Speaker 1: which I guess there are pretty important to the Earth

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Speaker 1: and they must be doing some sort of protecting because

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Speaker 1: we talked about um them being a planetary defense system,

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Speaker 1: maybe better than lasers, and they form a big charged donut,

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Speaker 1: radioactive donut around the Earth. So I guess the big

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Speaker 1: question is where do they come from? Yeah, actually they

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Speaker 1: got stuck in our planet tarry defense system. We have

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Speaker 1: this awesome planetary defense system which is basically just our

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Speaker 1: magnetic field. And you know, the magnetic field is generated

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Speaker 1: by like crazy slashing hot melted metal inside the Earth

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Speaker 1: rotating it like different speeds than the Earth does, and

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Speaker 1: it creates this enormous magnetic field. And anytime a charge

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Speaker 1: particle comes towards the Earth, the magnetic field does its

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Speaker 1: job and bends it. So the reason that we're not

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Speaker 1: like constantly inundated with radiation from space produced from supernovas

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Speaker 1: or from our sun is because the magnetic field. But

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Speaker 1: the radiation belts themselves are basically like particles that got

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Speaker 1: trapped in our magnetic field. Instead of getting like deflected

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Speaker 1: and pinging off somewhere else or funneling up and going

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Speaker 1: to become northern Southern lights, they get trapped around the

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Speaker 1: center and they get stuck basically in orbit around the

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Speaker 1: planet interesting forever. Or do they just sort of like

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Speaker 1: circle around and then shoot off. Well, it's different from

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Speaker 1: the two different stories. The inner radiation belt is much

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Speaker 1: more stable. Those are particles that are sort of like

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Speaker 1: tightly bound into the Earth and it's really pretty fixed now.

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Speaker 1: They don't stay in there forever. They can impact the atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: they can get knocked out. It's a little chaotic, but

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Speaker 1: the lifetime inside the radiation belt can be pretty long.

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Speaker 1: The outer one, though, it is much more like a

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Speaker 1: free form cloud. It's further away from the Earth, the

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Speaker 1: magnetic field is weaker, it's more controlled by the stuff

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Speaker 1: outside the Earth and like the solar winds, so that

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Speaker 1: has sort of a fluffy outer edge and things can

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Speaker 1: come and leave much more quickly. But the inner one

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Speaker 1: is much more tightly bound. I see, it's sort of

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Speaker 1: like bugs trapped in your windshield, Like your windshield protects

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Speaker 1: you from the bugs, but when when the bugs hit it,

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Speaker 1: they kind of get stuck there. Exactly exactly. If the

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Speaker 1: bugs were like orbiting your car at very very high speeds,

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Speaker 1: it would be a perfect analogy. Well, I guess I

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Speaker 1: mean they get stuck in our sort of protective shell

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Speaker 1: of a magnetic field. Yeah, exactly, the thing that's protecting

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Speaker 1: us gets them stuck on our surface. Yeah, we need

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Speaker 1: some giant windshield pipers. Actually, we'll talk about that. There

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Speaker 1: are some really cool ideas for how to use the

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Speaker 1: amount of radiation stuck in these belts. So what are

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Speaker 1: these belts mostly made out of? And you might imagine

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Speaker 1: that most of the particles and belts just come from

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Speaker 1: the Sun, because you know, the Sun pumps out a

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Speaker 1: huge amount of radiation protons and electrons and a few

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Speaker 1: other things. But interestingly, the stuff and the inner parts

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Speaker 1: of the belt is not mostly from our solar system.

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Speaker 1: A lot of that stuff comes from cosmic rays and

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Speaker 1: it has to be really high energy to get all

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Speaker 1: the way down towards the Earth. How far down towards

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Speaker 1: the Earth depends on how much energy you have, because

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Speaker 1: the higher energy particles aren't deflected as much by the

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Speaker 1: magnetic field. So in this inner belt we mostly have

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Speaker 1: protons that are really high energy that have come from

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Speaker 1: cosmic ray collisions where the cosmic rays have come from,

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Speaker 1: like somewhere else deep in the galaxy. Wow, So our

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Speaker 1: magnetic field is that strong that it can deflect super

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Speaker 1: high energy particles from deep in space that well, it

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Speaker 1: certainly can not all of them, right, And some of

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Speaker 1: these particles, the really super dupe or highest energy particles,

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Speaker 1: they definitely make it through the magnetic field and hit

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere and create showers. And that's a whole fascinating

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Speaker 1: area of study that we've talked about. Where are these

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Speaker 1: cosmic grates coming from? And so we're sort of glad

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Speaker 1: that some of them make it through, But those are

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Speaker 1: really rare, right. The frequency of the particles drops really

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Speaker 1: quickly as the energy goes up. So the very high

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Speaker 1: energy ones can penetrate through the magnetic field and get

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Speaker 1: to Earth, but there aren't very many of them. The

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Speaker 1: lower energy ones is much more of them, but they're

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Speaker 1: more easily deflected by the magnetic field. So there's a

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Speaker 1: whole spectrum there. So it's electrons and protons. That doesn't

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Speaker 1: sound too harmful. I guess doesn't. It's mostly protons in

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Speaker 1: the inner one. But these protons have a lot of energy,

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Speaker 1: and for example, one of these protons can penetrate like

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Speaker 1: more than a centimeter of lead, and so you definitely

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Speaker 1: do not want to get hit by this shower of protons. Well, yeah, protons,

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Speaker 1: I guess are the ones that can give your cancer, right,

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Speaker 1: I mean they go in and they mess up your DNA. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they are tiny bullets and they will tear through your

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Speaker 1: body and messed up up and rupture cells and mess

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Speaker 1: up your DNA. And there's a lot of these things

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Speaker 1: that you know, the flux is really intense. You know,

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Speaker 1: it's like millions per square centimeter per second, and the

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Speaker 1: numbers are even higher for electrons, and so it's a

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Speaker 1: really intense amount of radiation. And that's because it just

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Speaker 1: sort of builds up, you know, like cosmic rade, just

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Speaker 1: keep coming and keep refreshing it. And so it's a

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Speaker 1: constant source of radiation. You need those windshield wipers upstack.

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Speaker 1: And yeah, it's a lot of bugs out there in space.

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Speaker 1: But I guess what do you compare it to. Is it,

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Speaker 1: I don't know, like a pet scan here on Earth

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Speaker 1: or is it much more intense than that. These are

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Speaker 1: much more dangerous than a PET scan, which is carefully

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Speaker 1: tuned to give you the minimum amount of ionizing radiation necessary.

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Speaker 1: The intensities here are just much much higher and much

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Speaker 1: more dangerous. But you know, it's not just protons up there.

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Speaker 1: There are also some electrons, And until recently, nobody really

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Speaker 1: understood like, are these electrons also coming from cosmic rays

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Speaker 1: or is there some other source of them. People were

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Speaker 1: sort of confused because they didn't really understand and the

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00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:03,480
Speaker 1: energy spectrum of the electrons, and so they couldn't really

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Speaker 1: tell where they were coming from. They didn't look like

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Speaker 1: they were coming from the sun. They didn't look like

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Speaker 1: they were coming from the sun, and they didn't really

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Speaker 1: believe that they were coming from cosmic rays. But then

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Speaker 1: there was a really cool experiment done by a bunch

401
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Speaker 1: of students at you see Boulder. They sent up a

402
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Speaker 1: tiny little device to measure this radiation. They attached it

403
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Speaker 1: to one of these little CubeSats. You know how they

404
00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,320
Speaker 1: can set up these tiny little satellites with little devices

405
00:21:26,359 --> 00:21:29,000
Speaker 1: on them. So they built this thing. It's like the

406
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Speaker 1: size of a burrito, and we've about ten pounds and

407
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Speaker 1: they called it REPTILE, which stands for Relativistic Electron and

408
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Speaker 1: Proton Telescope Integrated Little Experiment, which is a pretty cute acronym.

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Speaker 1: And they got some really interesting cutting edge data. So

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Speaker 1: this is like a science experiment done by students at

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Speaker 1: a university to actually learn something about the nature of

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Speaker 1: the radiation around us. And what did they learn. They

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Speaker 1: showed that the energy of these electrons is actually totally

414
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Speaker 1: consistent with the spectrum you would expect from cosmic rays.

415
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Speaker 1: So it happens is cosmic rays come in and it

416
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Speaker 1: hits some particle and you get a bunch of neutrons

417
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Speaker 1: flying out. Neutrons don't last forever on their own, they

418
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Speaker 1: fall apart, they turn to a proton and an electron.

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Speaker 1: So they think that the source of these electrons is

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Speaker 1: actually the same as the source of the protons, because

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Speaker 1: the spectrum of the energy of the electrons looks exactly

422
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Speaker 1: like you would expect from this mechanism from cosmic rays. Now,

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Speaker 1: are these the ones coming from the Sun or from

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Speaker 1: some mysterious far away object. These are not the ones

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Speaker 1: coming from the Sun. These are probably coming from supernova

426
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Speaker 1: and something else far away in our galaxy because they're

427
00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:37,359
Speaker 1: too high energy to reliably be coming from the Sun.

428
00:22:38,119 --> 00:22:40,359
Speaker 1: So it's sort of awesome because we're like catching these

429
00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:43,480
Speaker 1: things from supernova from other stars deep in our galaxy.

430
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:46,920
Speaker 1: We're slurping them up and storing them in our radiation belt.

431
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:49,080
Speaker 1: It's sort of awesome. I mean, yes, it's deadly and

432
00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:51,560
Speaker 1: it's dangerous, but it's also kind of cool and exotic.

433
00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:54,840
Speaker 1: It's like picking up a shell from a beach and wondering,

434
00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:58,240
Speaker 1: like where in the planet that shell came from? Yeah, exactly,

435
00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:01,280
Speaker 1: And so we could have this collection protons electrons around

436
00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:04,119
Speaker 1: the Earth, each one from a different place in the galaxy. Right,

437
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:07,119
Speaker 1: What a cool set of souvenirs. And so that's the

438
00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:09,560
Speaker 1: inner bell and is the outer belt sort of the

439
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:12,800
Speaker 1: saying just fluffier or does they actually have jelly in it?

440
00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:15,520
Speaker 1: And can you make it in with your barrito, your

441
00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:19,480
Speaker 1: reptile reptile barritos eating doughnuts. The outer one is actually

442
00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,800
Speaker 1: quite different. It's mostly electrons. The inner one is mostly

443
00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:26,200
Speaker 1: protons and the outer one is mostly electrons. Interesting, you now,

444
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:28,600
Speaker 1: what would make the difference. Why it would it be different, Well,

445
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,160
Speaker 1: the protons have more momentum, right if you can speed

446
00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:33,879
Speaker 1: up a proton higher energies because it has more mass

447
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:36,920
Speaker 1: for the same charge, it doesn't radiate that energy off

448
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,960
Speaker 1: as quickly, and so that's why protons tend to penetrate

449
00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:42,639
Speaker 1: into the inner belt more than electrons do. It's the

450
00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:46,040
Speaker 1: same reason why we have proton colliders instead of electron colliders.

451
00:23:46,320 --> 00:23:48,800
Speaker 1: You accelerate electrons to really high speeds, they tend to

452
00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:52,520
Speaker 1: mostly radiate that energy off by giving off photons. Protons

453
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:54,560
Speaker 1: don't do that as much, so it's easier to get

454
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:56,920
Speaker 1: them to have a lot of energy. So the outer

455
00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,639
Speaker 1: belt is mostly electrons that couldn't penetrate to the inner belt,

456
00:24:01,119 --> 00:24:03,719
Speaker 1: but still coming from the same source cosmic ray. Well,

457
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:05,840
Speaker 1: they don't actually think it comes from cosmic rays because

458
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,600
Speaker 1: the outer belt actually varies a lot more so the

459
00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:11,119
Speaker 1: outer belt if you watch it, it changes quickly, like

460
00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:13,400
Speaker 1: on the time scales of days and weeks. It grows,

461
00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,800
Speaker 1: it shrinks, it changes shape really and you shouldn't see

462
00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:19,160
Speaker 1: this kind of thing if the source is cosmic rays.

463
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,359
Speaker 1: Cosmic rays are pretty steady when you're averaging over a

464
00:24:22,359 --> 00:24:24,880
Speaker 1: lot of supernovas and a lot of activity from lots

465
00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:27,479
Speaker 1: of different stars and so on. Average there's you know,

466
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:30,480
Speaker 1: some seasonal variations, but not on the time scales that

467
00:24:30,520 --> 00:24:33,320
Speaker 1: we're seeing. So people have been wondering what is the

468
00:24:33,359 --> 00:24:36,480
Speaker 1: source of this outer belt. It's not cosmic rays. Is

469
00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:39,719
Speaker 1: it like, you know, plasma that's floating around the Solar System?

470
00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:43,119
Speaker 1: Is it something else? Is it like you know, driving

471
00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:46,560
Speaker 1: through a cloud of bugs kind of like? Is that

472
00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,440
Speaker 1: that's what you mean? Right? Like? Maybe out there in space,

473
00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:53,240
Speaker 1: are there are clouds of electrons that we sometimes go through? Yeah, exactly.

474
00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,640
Speaker 1: And so what it looks like is that the magnetic

475
00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:00,080
Speaker 1: field is actually tearing atoms apart atoms of stuff that

476
00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:02,199
Speaker 1: are just floating out there in the Solar System, and

477
00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:05,920
Speaker 1: then yanking the electrons and actually accelerating them. And so

478
00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:08,159
Speaker 1: the source of most of these electrons is not like

479
00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:11,800
Speaker 1: interstellar plasma or something else. It's actually neutral items that

480
00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:15,119
Speaker 1: are getting torn apart to create these protons and electrons,

481
00:25:15,119 --> 00:25:18,200
Speaker 1: and then then the electrons get accelerated and turned into

482
00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:21,440
Speaker 1: this outer cloud. Wow, I think I have new respect

483
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:24,479
Speaker 1: for magnetic field. It's like out there ripping it up.

484
00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:26,480
Speaker 1: It's doing a lot. Yeah, it's doing a lot. And

485
00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:29,919
Speaker 1: it's also really buffeted by solar storms. So if you

486
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,959
Speaker 1: have like a lot of activity on the Sun, like

487
00:25:32,160 --> 00:25:35,200
Speaker 1: there's a huge objection of material, or you know, something

488
00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:37,240
Speaker 1: happens on the surface of the Sun, then you've got

489
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:40,119
Speaker 1: a huge dump of particles towards the Earth. So the

490
00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:42,840
Speaker 1: solar wind is not constant, it's varying a lot. We

491
00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:45,400
Speaker 1: call this solar weather. When there's a lot of activity,

492
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:48,560
Speaker 1: you call it a solar storm, which is awesome potential

493
00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:51,440
Speaker 1: title from my science fiction movie. And it can really

494
00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,600
Speaker 1: change the shape of this It can like wash away

495
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:55,919
Speaker 1: part of this outer belt. It can contribute to it.

496
00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:58,720
Speaker 1: So this outer belt is much more dynamic. It fluctuates

497
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:01,040
Speaker 1: a lot more. What do you call a sunny day

498
00:26:01,080 --> 00:26:05,800
Speaker 1: in a solar weather forecast? Extra sunny? Bad news toast

499
00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:10,560
Speaker 1: for toast, burnt toast exactly. Well, I guess my one

500
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:14,879
Speaker 1: question is, so these are particles trapped in our magnetic field.

501
00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:17,520
Speaker 1: Does that mean that like the protons are going one

502
00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,040
Speaker 1: way around the Earth and all those electrons are going

503
00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:23,159
Speaker 1: the other way? Did they go along depending on their charge?

504
00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,119
Speaker 1: Like it'd be cool if you know we actually have

505
00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:29,080
Speaker 1: in that ring of stuff there's like two massesive particles

506
00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:31,359
Speaker 1: going opposite ways. Yeah, you know, I hadn't thought about

507
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:33,960
Speaker 1: that before. I think you're right though, because, as you say,

508
00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:36,679
Speaker 1: magnetic fields bends particles based on their charge, but it

509
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:40,040
Speaker 1: bends positive particles and negative particles in the other direction,

510
00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:42,719
Speaker 1: which is why, for example of the collider, we actually

511
00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:45,480
Speaker 1: have two beams. We have a beam of protons going

512
00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:47,840
Speaker 1: one when a beam going the other way. They have

513
00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:51,320
Speaker 1: to have different magnets to bend in opposite directions, and

514
00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:53,120
Speaker 1: so I think you're right. I think the opposite charge

515
00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:55,080
Speaker 1: would lead them to go the other directions. So I

516
00:26:55,119 --> 00:26:57,800
Speaker 1: think protons are probably circling the Earth in the other

517
00:26:57,840 --> 00:27:01,040
Speaker 1: direction from electrons. Yeah. Interesting, So it's like a double belt.

518
00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 1: It's like a double belt and they can wave to

519
00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:06,920
Speaker 1: each other as they pass right race around the Earth

520
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:11,520
Speaker 1: still trapped here, yes, and then sort of amazingly, there's

521
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:14,320
Speaker 1: this gap in between them. It's not like it's a

522
00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:17,600
Speaker 1: gradual change from protons to electrons. That's what you might

523
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:21,040
Speaker 1: expect that like higher energy particles penetrate more deeply and

524
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:24,119
Speaker 1: you get more protons near the surface and more electrons

525
00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:27,520
Speaker 1: further away, and it's a smooth variation. But no, there's

526
00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:29,280
Speaker 1: a gap, and there is like a shell like the

527
00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,439
Speaker 1: inside of this outer belt is like a wall, and

528
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:35,119
Speaker 1: then there's almost nothing for a little while between the

529
00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:37,800
Speaker 1: inner and outer belts. Wow, what do they think it's

530
00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:41,320
Speaker 1: causing this sudden gap? They think it's actually radiation from

531
00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:45,240
Speaker 1: the Earth. If you send photons up out into space,

532
00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:48,359
Speaker 1: then it basically scatters those electrons, It pushes them out

533
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,840
Speaker 1: further into space. And so the kind of radiation you

534
00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,560
Speaker 1: need the right energy to bounce those electrons away from

535
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,960
Speaker 1: the Earth is like at radio waves, and so if

536
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,280
Speaker 1: you beamed a bunch of radio waves from the Earth,

537
00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:03,000
Speaker 1: you could like push some of that radiation back out

538
00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:06,200
Speaker 1: into space. What are you saying our TV and radio

539
00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:09,840
Speaker 1: signals are pushing these elightrons out? Yes, they are a

540
00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:13,119
Speaker 1: little bit, but mostly it's not coming from our broadcast

541
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,680
Speaker 1: or from this podcast. Mostly it's coming from lightning. When

542
00:28:16,680 --> 00:28:19,040
Speaker 1: you have lightning in clouds, it generates a lot of

543
00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:22,000
Speaker 1: photons that's what you see, but also generates photons and

544
00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:25,200
Speaker 1: spectrums you cannot see. It generates a lot of radio waves,

545
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:27,919
Speaker 1: which is one reason why, like electrical storms make it

546
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:30,600
Speaker 1: hard to listen to the radio. And so a lot

547
00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:33,320
Speaker 1: of the reason that there's this inner wall to the

548
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,880
Speaker 1: outer belt is because of radio waves from lightning pushing

549
00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:41,240
Speaker 1: those electrons out into space. Wow, that's wild. It's pretty crazy. Yeah.

550
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:43,880
Speaker 1: I was gonna say, maybe now that everything's going digital,

551
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:48,800
Speaker 1: we'll see uh decrease in the radio signals. But but

552
00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:51,040
Speaker 1: now they're getting more storms due to climate change, we

553
00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:55,720
Speaker 1: might actually seem more lightning. Oh man, it's all connected,

554
00:28:56,120 --> 00:28:59,240
Speaker 1: it's all. And so tell me about the third belt.

555
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,080
Speaker 1: There's a third belt that is sometimes there and sometimes not. Yea.

556
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:03,920
Speaker 1: So for a long time people thought there was only

557
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:06,760
Speaker 1: two belts, and then NASA sent up these probes in

558
00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:11,360
Speaker 1: like and they found a surprise. They found this third pocket.

559
00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:14,040
Speaker 1: It's between the first belt and the third belt, right

560
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:16,880
Speaker 1: in this like safety zone in between them, and people

561
00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:19,840
Speaker 1: were surprised to see it. It's in between between the

562
00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:23,280
Speaker 1: two belts. Yeah, exactly, So like another layer of jelly

563
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,360
Speaker 1: right inside your crown nut or whatever it is that

564
00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:27,920
Speaker 1: we're building this crazy pastry physics concoction. And I think

565
00:29:27,960 --> 00:29:30,640
Speaker 1: it's a pro nut because it's got protons in it,

566
00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,240
Speaker 1: electro nuts, And it was right there in between, like

567
00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:36,920
Speaker 1: in the safe zone where people hadn't seen radiation before,

568
00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:39,360
Speaker 1: and that was sort of surprising. And then they were

569
00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:43,200
Speaker 1: surprised again because it disappeared. And so there's this third

570
00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:47,120
Speaker 1: belt sometimes comes and doesn't last for very long. Is

571
00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:50,080
Speaker 1: it seasonal or is it random? It's actually it's seasonal,

572
00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:52,320
Speaker 1: but not based on Earth seasons. It comes from the

573
00:29:52,360 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 1: solar storms. So sometimes the Sun will send like a

574
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:59,000
Speaker 1: huge wave of particles towards the Earth, and some of

575
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,240
Speaker 1: them will get like as this lightning belt and past

576
00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:04,800
Speaker 1: the magnetic field and end up stuck in the safe

577
00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:07,560
Speaker 1: zone and slash around for a little while before they

578
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:10,440
Speaker 1: get cleared out. Or maybe they joined the other belt

579
00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:12,960
Speaker 1: so I'll get kind of smoothed at some point. Yeah,

580
00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,320
Speaker 1: maybe they get slurped down to the lower belt or

581
00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:17,720
Speaker 1: ejected out into the outer belt. But the name that

582
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,760
Speaker 1: scientists have for this kind of event when the Sun

583
00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:23,560
Speaker 1: like really pours particles at us, it's pretty awesome. It's

584
00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:30,400
Speaker 1: called a space tsunami. No, what that sounds like, I

585
00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:34,120
Speaker 1: don't know, like a Japanese anime maybe, or it sounds

586
00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:38,200
Speaker 1: like a Japanese anime. I definitely want to watch space tsunami,

587
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:41,760
Speaker 1: meaning like suddenly the Sun is acting up and so

588
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:44,840
Speaker 1: it sends a huge wave of stuff at us. Yeah, exactly. See,

589
00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:48,200
Speaker 1: it's a perfect name because it immediately describes exactly what

590
00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:50,120
Speaker 1: he's talking about. What I want to go as far

591
00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:52,560
Speaker 1: as perfect Daniel, I would come, maybe call it a

592
00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:57,520
Speaker 1: solar tsunami. That sounds better, A solar tsunami, all right, Yeah,

593
00:30:57,720 --> 00:30:59,680
Speaker 1: but it's spelled with a T. It's like T s

594
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:04,040
Speaker 1: bell a R solar tsunami. I like it, all right.

595
00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:06,600
Speaker 1: So that's where they think that this third belt comes

596
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:08,840
Speaker 1: from them, is when the sun is acting up and

597
00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:12,120
Speaker 1: and so. But what makes the particles get trapped in between?

598
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:14,360
Speaker 1: Why wouldn't they go to the outer belts? Yeah, I

599
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:16,719
Speaker 1: guess it's you know, some fraction of the particles end

600
00:31:16,760 --> 00:31:18,080
Speaker 1: up in the inner belt and some of them in

601
00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:20,040
Speaker 1: the outer belt. But there are also some fraction that

602
00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,000
Speaker 1: can push past this sort of lightning barrier, that have

603
00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:26,040
Speaker 1: more energy than can be sustained in the outer belt

604
00:31:26,240 --> 00:31:29,239
Speaker 1: and penetrate past that lightning barrier, but don't quite have

605
00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:31,480
Speaker 1: enough to get to the inner belt, and then you know,

606
00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:34,360
Speaker 1: eventually they get cleared. You don't have this constant source

607
00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:36,360
Speaker 1: of stuff. The reason we don't have a constant third

608
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:38,960
Speaker 1: belt in there is you don't have a constant influx,

609
00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:41,520
Speaker 1: and you do have a process that's clearing them out.

610
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:44,840
Speaker 1: All right, well that's super fascinating. Let's get into why

611
00:31:44,880 --> 00:31:48,120
Speaker 1: these belts are important or why they point to something

612
00:31:48,160 --> 00:31:59,160
Speaker 1: important about our magnetic field. First, let's take another quick break,

613
00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:08,760
Speaker 1: all right, Daniel, the Van Allen radiation belts, not the

614
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:12,160
Speaker 1: Van Halen radiation built although they are pretty there's a

615
00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:15,200
Speaker 1: lot of lightning involved here in an electricity and decadent

616
00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:17,400
Speaker 1: lifestyle of donuts. So I feel like it's so it's

617
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:19,560
Speaker 1: sort of a tribute to evan Halen. I think if

618
00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:21,880
Speaker 1: van Halen had been around, the next album would have

619
00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:25,920
Speaker 1: been called Solar Tsunami. That does sound like a heavy

620
00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:30,000
Speaker 1: metal album name. Yeah. Yeah, And these things are fascinating,

621
00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:33,320
Speaker 1: not just because you know, scientifically we're always interested when

622
00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:35,840
Speaker 1: we see something new because it raises questions why is

623
00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:38,000
Speaker 1: this happening? Why is it not happening? But also there

624
00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:41,440
Speaker 1: are lots of practical imvocations to these things. Yeah, these

625
00:32:41,520 --> 00:32:43,800
Speaker 1: belts are important, Like are they useful to us in

626
00:32:43,840 --> 00:32:46,560
Speaker 1: any way? Well, they could actually be useful. You know,

627
00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:49,440
Speaker 1: these are particles zooming around at really high speeds, and

628
00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:52,400
Speaker 1: there's not just protons and not just electrons. There are

629
00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:55,880
Speaker 1: also some anti matter there. You know, some cosmic rays

630
00:32:55,960 --> 00:32:59,640
Speaker 1: are anti matter, and sometimes collisions of cosmic rays on

631
00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:03,880
Speaker 1: the Earth atmosphere create antimatter, and so there is antimatter

632
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,920
Speaker 1: up there trapped in these fields sort of slurping around

633
00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:09,880
Speaker 1: and antimatter. It's pretty useful stuff. I mean, you could

634
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:14,240
Speaker 1: fuel like a matter antimatter reactor using antimatter, but it's

635
00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:17,800
Speaker 1: pretty hard to make antimatter. Wait, these clouds, these belts

636
00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:20,640
Speaker 1: have anti matter in them. They do. They have some

637
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:24,160
Speaker 1: anti protons, so they're protons swirling around in one direction,

638
00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:27,520
Speaker 1: but going around the other direction. There's some anti protons,

639
00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:30,640
Speaker 1: don't They hit the regular protons and and explode and

640
00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:33,440
Speaker 1: and annihilate. They certainly do. And as intense as the

641
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:36,120
Speaker 1: flux is, you know, it's also pretty dilute. If you

642
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,880
Speaker 1: shoot one proton and another proton, you're not likely to

643
00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:40,920
Speaker 1: actually get a collision. You have to have like a

644
00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:43,360
Speaker 1: little cloud of them really smash into each other just

645
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,120
Speaker 1: to have one or two collisions. Like the Hadron collider,

646
00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:49,200
Speaker 1: we collide bunches of ten to the ten protons against

647
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:52,840
Speaker 1: each other sometimes get one to five collisions. So it's

648
00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:55,320
Speaker 1: not that easy actually to shoot a tiny particle at

649
00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:58,080
Speaker 1: another one, But aren't they opposite charge, so so don't

650
00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:00,840
Speaker 1: they attract each other? They do, but they're also moving

651
00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:03,400
Speaker 1: at really high speeds. It's like you're driving down the

652
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,080
Speaker 1: freeway and you see somebody really attractive going the other way.

653
00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:08,600
Speaker 1: Maybe you shot your phone number really fast as they

654
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:10,839
Speaker 1: go by, but you know the chances of actually making

655
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:15,320
Speaker 1: a connection for small. I've never tried that dating method, Daniel.

656
00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:20,480
Speaker 1: Is that how physicists approached their love life, Well, there's

657
00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:22,040
Speaker 1: a reason you haven't met a lot of people who

658
00:34:22,120 --> 00:34:23,680
Speaker 1: met their spouse that way, because I don't think it

659
00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:30,239
Speaker 1: works in the highway, the highway of love anyway. There

660
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:34,600
Speaker 1: are some antiprotons out there, and antiprotons are not easy

661
00:34:34,640 --> 00:34:37,200
Speaker 1: to make. Like we've made some ancern in order to study,

662
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:41,080
Speaker 1: but we have like pico grams of antimatter we've made

663
00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:43,719
Speaker 1: over years and years and years. But up in these

664
00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:46,719
Speaker 1: belts is a lot more antimatter than we've ever made

665
00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:49,680
Speaker 1: here on Earth. So you can imagine like scooping some

666
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:52,279
Speaker 1: of it up and using it to fuel your expedition

667
00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:55,399
Speaker 1: to a neighboring star by by pouring it into your

668
00:34:55,719 --> 00:35:01,080
Speaker 1: antimatter powered spaceship. I guess antimatters like volatile. It's like

669
00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:03,640
Speaker 1: you can use it as something to burn to give

670
00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:06,080
Speaker 1: your energy exactly. You combine it with matter and it

671
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:10,480
Speaker 1: turns a into energy, into electricity or whatever you need.

672
00:35:10,920 --> 00:35:13,360
Speaker 1: And that's much more efficient than any other kind of

673
00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:16,480
Speaker 1: fuel we have, even like fusion or fission or anything

674
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:19,719
Speaker 1: else is not nearly as efficient as antimatter. And it

675
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:21,759
Speaker 1: matters of great source of fuel. I mean, there's lots

676
00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:24,520
Speaker 1: of practical questions there about can you bottle it? And

677
00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:26,839
Speaker 1: can you safely store it? And will your ship blow up?

678
00:35:26,840 --> 00:35:31,040
Speaker 1: And stuff like this. Yes, small, small practical matters dot

679
00:35:31,040 --> 00:35:34,319
Speaker 1: dot dot, like will you die in the process. I'm

680
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:38,040
Speaker 1: sure if we invite our guitarist slash engineer on board,

681
00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:41,200
Speaker 1: you know, Eddie van Halen slash van Allen will figure

682
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,520
Speaker 1: this out for us. All right. So it's so it's

683
00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:46,719
Speaker 1: something that now NASA is actually considering, like going out

684
00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:50,919
Speaker 1: there and catching some of these shooting stars or shooting antermatter. Yeah,

685
00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:53,920
Speaker 1: but you know, considering is pretty broad. NASA considers a

686
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:56,160
Speaker 1: lot of stuff because that's sort of their job to

687
00:35:56,239 --> 00:35:58,800
Speaker 1: think broadly and crazily. They have this group called the

688
00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:02,520
Speaker 1: NASA Institute or advanced concepts, which you know, makes me

689
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:05,360
Speaker 1: think of just like people literally throwing stuff against the

690
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:07,640
Speaker 1: walls to see if it will stick. And that's great

691
00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:10,080
Speaker 1: and I love that kind of like blue sky brainstorming

692
00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:12,840
Speaker 1: to see maybe this could be a good thing. Mostly

693
00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,840
Speaker 1: though it's dangerous, Like mostly the radiation belts are a

694
00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:19,520
Speaker 1: big annoyance. When we send astronauts up into space or

695
00:36:19,560 --> 00:36:22,280
Speaker 1: even just satellites up into space, we're sending them through

696
00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:25,200
Speaker 1: these radiation belts, and it can be quite deadly. Yeah,

697
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:28,040
Speaker 1: are they like more dangerous and regular cosmic race or

698
00:36:28,080 --> 00:36:30,160
Speaker 1: do you consider them cosmic race because I know we've

699
00:36:30,160 --> 00:36:34,400
Speaker 1: talked about like astronauts and space stations needing shielding and

700
00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:37,880
Speaker 1: sun block on them to keep them safe. Is this

701
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:40,759
Speaker 1: all part of, you know, just like the regular thing

702
00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:43,480
Speaker 1: you have to watch out for in space or does

703
00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:46,160
Speaker 1: it only come up in certain situations. You definitely have

704
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:48,760
Speaker 1: to watch after cosmic race whenever you're in space, because

705
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 1: you don't have the protection of the Earth's atmosphere or

706
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:54,040
Speaker 1: our magnetic field. But this is a spot with really

707
00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:57,280
Speaker 1: intense radiations, one of the most dangerous places in space,

708
00:36:57,760 --> 00:36:59,239
Speaker 1: so you have to be really careful when you go

709
00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:02,640
Speaker 1: through it. You know, there are billions of electrons per

710
00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:06,879
Speaker 1: square centimeter per second flying through these clouds, and these

711
00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:09,520
Speaker 1: protons are really high energy. Like I said, they can

712
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:13,359
Speaker 1: penetrate even like a centimeter of lead, and so this

713
00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:15,600
Speaker 1: is pretty crazy stuff. So you don't want to spend

714
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:17,960
Speaker 1: a lot of time in these belts. I see. Now

715
00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:20,840
Speaker 1: you are like Space Shuttle and space stations kind of

716
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:23,720
Speaker 1: watch out to try to stay clear of these radiation

717
00:37:23,760 --> 00:37:25,840
Speaker 1: belts or they always in them. No, they try to

718
00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:28,040
Speaker 1: stay clear of them. There's this safe zone and you

719
00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:30,440
Speaker 1: try to go above them and below them, and so

720
00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:31,960
Speaker 1: you definitely don't want to spend a lot of time

721
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:34,239
Speaker 1: hanging out in these radiation belts. You want to avoid that,

722
00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:36,360
Speaker 1: you know, if you care about the life cycle of

723
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:40,480
Speaker 1: your astronauts, which we do, but also for your satellites,

724
00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:42,520
Speaker 1: if you don't want jelly all over your space station,

725
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:46,680
Speaker 1: also for your satellites. Right, these can damage delicate electronics,

726
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,160
Speaker 1: and so you don't want a really high flux of

727
00:37:49,239 --> 00:37:53,440
Speaker 1: protons tearing through your delicate electronics or your solar panels

728
00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:55,879
Speaker 1: for any reason, even if there's nobody living on your

729
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:58,719
Speaker 1: space station or on your satellite. Yeah, you're saying that

730
00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:04,160
Speaker 1: they also inner here with our wireless communications here on Earth. Absolutely, yeah.

731
00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:06,480
Speaker 1: I mean it's a huge source of radiation. And so

732
00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:09,040
Speaker 1: when there's like a solar storm and these things get

733
00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:12,920
Speaker 1: bigger and more dramatic than these particles bouncing around everywhere,

734
00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:16,360
Speaker 1: and some of our wireless communication strategy rely on bouncing

735
00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:19,200
Speaker 1: off the top of the atmosphere or like sending radio

736
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,520
Speaker 1: waves up and having them bounce back. And so this

737
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:23,959
Speaker 1: can be interfered with when there's a lot of extra

738
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,600
Speaker 1: activity in the van Allen radiation belts. Sounds like a

739
00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:29,200
Speaker 1: little bit of a nuisance actually, sort of like a

740
00:38:29,239 --> 00:38:33,640
Speaker 1: byproduct of pro taking ourselves. Like the bugs in the windshield,

741
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:36,080
Speaker 1: could we wipe them off the windshield at some point?

742
00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:39,000
Speaker 1: Wouldn't that make things safer in space? Yeah? And people

743
00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:42,240
Speaker 1: are working on this stuff. And there's two totally crazy

744
00:38:42,360 --> 00:38:45,880
Speaker 1: sounding ideas for how to like cleanse the planet of

745
00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:49,160
Speaker 1: these things giant wipers, giant wipers thinking one of them

746
00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,200
Speaker 1: literally is giant wipers. And so what they're gonna do

747
00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:53,840
Speaker 1: is they're going to send something up it's called the

748
00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:56,920
Speaker 1: high volt system, and you have a satellite which is

749
00:38:56,960 --> 00:39:00,320
Speaker 1: like a really long wire behind it, and the fires

750
00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:03,120
Speaker 1: held it really high voltage and so basically just what

751
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:06,000
Speaker 1: it is a white It's literally a space wiper, you know,

752
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,120
Speaker 1: it's the kind of thing you would see in spaceballs.

753
00:39:08,120 --> 00:39:10,600
Speaker 1: But it would like fly around the planet with this

754
00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:13,960
Speaker 1: high voltage tether and that would be strong enough just

755
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,759
Speaker 1: like kick these particles out of their geomagnetic orbit and

756
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:20,600
Speaker 1: then they would just drift off into space. And they

757
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:22,520
Speaker 1: estimate that just like fly this thing around for a

758
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:24,600
Speaker 1: couple of months, a few months of wiping, and you

759
00:39:24,719 --> 00:39:32,240
Speaker 1: reduced the radiation belt. No way, what that is a

760
00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:35,359
Speaker 1: pretty sense sensible idea actually to be honest and just

761
00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:38,680
Speaker 1: wipe them off. Yeah, just repel them. It's like you're

762
00:39:38,680 --> 00:39:41,360
Speaker 1: repelling them kind of right, Yeah, you're repelling them exactly.

763
00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:43,200
Speaker 1: It sounds a little crazy. I mean, you have this

764
00:39:43,360 --> 00:39:46,120
Speaker 1: really long tether, really high voltage. It could fry like

765
00:39:46,239 --> 00:39:48,840
Speaker 1: you know, a person or a satellite. But you know,

766
00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:50,440
Speaker 1: if you think about where you're going and where all

767
00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:52,879
Speaker 1: the other satellites are and and manage all that, then

768
00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,920
Speaker 1: I suppose it could work. Now would that help us

769
00:39:55,920 --> 00:39:58,600
Speaker 1: if we got rid of these radiation belts? Would it

770
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:01,719
Speaker 1: make life easier for everyone in general? Yeah, it would

771
00:40:01,719 --> 00:40:04,879
Speaker 1: reduce danger to satellites and two astronauts and that kind

772
00:40:04,880 --> 00:40:08,880
Speaker 1: of stuff. They have another system that's not quite as bonkers,

773
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,279
Speaker 1: maybe not as fun, and that's just to beam a

774
00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:13,919
Speaker 1: bunch of radio waves out into space. Like we talked

775
00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:17,080
Speaker 1: about how radio waves from lightning helped keep the radiation

776
00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:19,120
Speaker 1: belts from getting closer to the Earth and they create

777
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:21,960
Speaker 1: this safe zone. So if you just like pumped up

778
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:24,879
Speaker 1: the radio waves that we were broadcasting, you could help

779
00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:27,880
Speaker 1: penetrate these radiation belts and cleanse them. You can like

780
00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:30,239
Speaker 1: puncture them, create a leak, and some of them would

781
00:40:30,280 --> 00:40:33,879
Speaker 1: flow out. Wait wait, wait, so radio ways are light right? Yeah?

782
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:35,920
Speaker 1: Radio ways are lights? Are you're saying we can shoot

783
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,880
Speaker 1: lasers at the radio lasers? Yeah? Or we could just

784
00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:44,200
Speaker 1: you know, broadcast this podcast in laser form of out

785
00:40:44,239 --> 00:40:48,680
Speaker 1: into space. Our voices right now could be helping to cleanse,

786
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:53,040
Speaker 1: give the Earth a little bit of a cleanse. Shoot electrons, shoot,

787
00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:55,400
Speaker 1: get out of here, Get out of here. Yeah, this

788
00:40:55,440 --> 00:41:03,600
Speaker 1: part will be especially ifficially nice job. But there are

789
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:06,360
Speaker 1: people up there in Alaska building these things and exploring

790
00:41:06,360 --> 00:41:08,880
Speaker 1: this to see, like can we pump enough radio ways

791
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,279
Speaker 1: out past the Earth to help actually push away some

792
00:41:12,360 --> 00:41:15,200
Speaker 1: of this radiation. There's a real thing people are actually

793
00:41:15,280 --> 00:41:18,600
Speaker 1: doing right now. I wonder if there's some like these

794
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:22,279
Speaker 1: belts accumulate over time or is it pretty stable right now,

795
00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:24,719
Speaker 1: because I wonder if like it might get worse, it

796
00:41:24,840 --> 00:41:26,839
Speaker 1: might get worse. You know, we've been studying with them

797
00:41:26,840 --> 00:41:29,520
Speaker 1: for about sixty years since they were discovered, but only

798
00:41:29,520 --> 00:41:31,719
Speaker 1: in the last ten years we have really a lot

799
00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:35,000
Speaker 1: of specific data. They're just sort of mysterious for decades

800
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:37,319
Speaker 1: and decades, and in the last ten years we've been

801
00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:40,160
Speaker 1: sending up satellites to get better pictures of what's out

802
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:42,800
Speaker 1: there and how it's changing. And that's when we, for example,

803
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:45,399
Speaker 1: we learned that there's this third belt, and so it's

804
00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:48,319
Speaker 1: kind of new to have like a detailed, concrete map

805
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,640
Speaker 1: of these radiation belts. So we don't have a lot

806
00:41:50,680 --> 00:41:53,799
Speaker 1: of depth of our time information. We think the inner

807
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:55,840
Speaker 1: belt is pretty stable and the outer one is a

808
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:58,040
Speaker 1: bit more fuzzy, but it could be that there are

809
00:41:58,520 --> 00:42:01,840
Speaker 1: longer cycles were unaware. Do you think it's helping or

810
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:05,640
Speaker 1: do you think it's maybe killing our magnetic field on Earth,

811
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:08,400
Speaker 1: because that could be a problem. That would be a problem.

812
00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:10,520
Speaker 1: But I think our magnetic field is pretty robust. I mean,

813
00:42:10,560 --> 00:42:13,080
Speaker 1: it's generated inside the Earth, and so I don't think

814
00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:15,120
Speaker 1: there's any danger that these particles are going to use

815
00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:17,640
Speaker 1: it up or or damage it in any way. But

816
00:42:17,719 --> 00:42:20,640
Speaker 1: you know, our magnetic field actually does have a weakness

817
00:42:20,640 --> 00:42:25,640
Speaker 1: to it, what like an achilles heel or kryptonite weakness, Yeah,

818
00:42:26,239 --> 00:42:30,840
Speaker 1: just like that. No, it's much more like an achilles

819
00:42:30,880 --> 00:42:33,640
Speaker 1: heel because you know that the Earth spins, of course,

820
00:42:33,960 --> 00:42:37,960
Speaker 1: but that the Earth's magnetic axis doesn't exactly match the

821
00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:41,839
Speaker 1: rotational axis, right, Like the physical north pole around which

822
00:42:41,840 --> 00:42:44,239
Speaker 1: the Earth spins is not in the same place as

823
00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:46,680
Speaker 1: the magnetic north pole. Right, it's a little skewed, it's

824
00:42:46,719 --> 00:42:49,359
Speaker 1: a little tilted, it's a little skewed. Yeah. But there's

825
00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,280
Speaker 1: another shift which is important, which is that the center

826
00:42:52,360 --> 00:42:54,880
Speaker 1: at the magnetic field, Like if you drew a line

827
00:42:55,360 --> 00:42:58,839
Speaker 1: through the magnetic north and South poles that doesn't line

828
00:42:58,880 --> 00:43:01,040
Speaker 1: up with the center of the Earth. That's shifted a

829
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:03,799
Speaker 1: little bit so, and that creates a hole in the

830
00:43:03,840 --> 00:43:06,279
Speaker 1: magnetic field. It means that in some places on the

831
00:43:06,320 --> 00:43:08,839
Speaker 1: surface of the Earth, the magnetic field is weaker than

832
00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:11,440
Speaker 1: other places, Like if you're on the spot on the

833
00:43:11,480 --> 00:43:13,840
Speaker 1: Earth where the center of the magnetic field is on

834
00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:16,200
Speaker 1: the other side of the center of the Earth, then

835
00:43:16,239 --> 00:43:19,239
Speaker 1: you're further from the source of the magnetic field, and

836
00:43:19,239 --> 00:43:22,000
Speaker 1: so the magnetic field is weaker. So on one side

837
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,440
Speaker 1: of the Earth, the magnetic field is a little bit stronger,

838
00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:26,600
Speaker 1: and on the other side it's a little bit weaker.

839
00:43:27,239 --> 00:43:30,360
Speaker 1: And where it's weaker, these radiation belts dip down closer

840
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:33,120
Speaker 1: to the surface of the Earth because they're not as repelled. Yeah,

841
00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:35,600
Speaker 1: because they're not as repelled. And so this is called

842
00:43:35,640 --> 00:43:39,160
Speaker 1: the South Atlantic anomaly because this is basically like a

843
00:43:39,239 --> 00:43:41,759
Speaker 1: hole in the magnetic field. It's not technically a hole,

844
00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,360
Speaker 1: is more like a weakness over the South Atlantic. It's

845
00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:47,520
Speaker 1: over the ocean, but it extends out to you know,

846
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:51,080
Speaker 1: like Argentina and Brazil, and that's where the magnetic field

847
00:43:51,120 --> 00:43:53,160
Speaker 1: is a little bit weaker, and these radiation belts come

848
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,000
Speaker 1: the closest to the Earth. Oh, and it turns with

849
00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:58,360
Speaker 1: the Earth to right, because I guess our magnetic field

850
00:43:58,560 --> 00:44:00,600
Speaker 1: turns with the Earth. Yeah, it's ends with the Earth.

851
00:44:00,760 --> 00:44:02,319
Speaker 1: And it has a real effect, you know, Like I

852
00:44:02,400 --> 00:44:05,000
Speaker 1: used to do sigence with this FIRMI telescope that would

853
00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:06,839
Speaker 1: take pictures of the center of the galaxy and look

854
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:09,360
Speaker 1: for dark matter. But anytime it passed anywhere near the

855
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:12,520
Speaker 1: South Atlantic anomaly, it just saw craziness. Like you just

856
00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:14,960
Speaker 1: couldn't do any signs. It was just like bathed in radiation.

857
00:44:15,719 --> 00:44:18,080
Speaker 1: And so we have like special parts of our code

858
00:44:18,080 --> 00:44:20,560
Speaker 1: were like, are you near Brazil. If so, you know,

859
00:44:20,680 --> 00:44:24,440
Speaker 1: throw away the data, turn on the windshield wipers exactly

860
00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:29,200
Speaker 1: exactly because you are hitting a lot of bugs. Pretty interesting.

861
00:44:29,280 --> 00:44:32,120
Speaker 1: So it sort of sounds like the byproduct of staying

862
00:44:32,160 --> 00:44:35,160
Speaker 1: safe in space, you know, it's just all the stuff

863
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:39,200
Speaker 1: we collect as we go through or the Solar system. Yeah. Absolutely,

864
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:42,160
Speaker 1: we would much prefer to have these radiation belts orbiting

865
00:44:42,160 --> 00:44:45,359
Speaker 1: our Earth then have that radiation deposited on the Earth. Right,

866
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:47,000
Speaker 1: as you say, it's better to have the bugs on

867
00:44:47,040 --> 00:44:50,520
Speaker 1: the windshield than in your teeth. But it'd be nice

868
00:44:50,520 --> 00:44:52,840
Speaker 1: to turn those wipers on occasionally and sort of cleanse

869
00:44:52,880 --> 00:44:55,320
Speaker 1: ourselves because it's right there and it's zooming around and

870
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:58,360
Speaker 1: it's high flux and it's quite deadly or not. The

871
00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:00,839
Speaker 1: wind chill weapers maybe collect in a way, like you said,

872
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:03,480
Speaker 1: it might be possible to collect them and use them

873
00:45:03,520 --> 00:45:06,319
Speaker 1: for something good. Yeah, it would be pretty awesome if

874
00:45:06,360 --> 00:45:09,520
Speaker 1: we were creating antimatter with the Earth and collecting it

875
00:45:09,560 --> 00:45:12,400
Speaker 1: and using it to travel to other stars. That would

876
00:45:12,400 --> 00:45:14,759
Speaker 1: be pretty cool, right, or even power things here on Earth,

877
00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:19,560
Speaker 1: like could we have antimatter solar panels in space and

878
00:45:19,560 --> 00:45:22,200
Speaker 1: then you transmit the charge through a giant wire to

879
00:45:22,320 --> 00:45:27,160
Speaker 1: Earth which also elsee win She'll quibier debris. I want

880
00:45:27,160 --> 00:45:29,759
Speaker 1: to see this movie for sure, and I want to

881
00:45:29,760 --> 00:45:33,040
Speaker 1: eat donuts while doing heavy metal radiation karate chops while

882
00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:35,480
Speaker 1: we're doing it. There you go, you can do it all, Daniel,

883
00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:42,600
Speaker 1: All right, Well, it's again just an interesting lesson just

884
00:45:42,880 --> 00:45:44,920
Speaker 1: about all the things that are out there in space

885
00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:47,680
Speaker 1: that we can't see but are there, and they're doing

886
00:45:47,760 --> 00:45:51,000
Speaker 1: some amazing physics in the process and telling us a

887
00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:54,759
Speaker 1: lot about our son and about what's in space. That's right,

888
00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:57,279
Speaker 1: and it reminds you that there's a lot of accessible

889
00:45:57,320 --> 00:45:59,840
Speaker 1: mysteries right here on Earth. There are amazing things have

890
00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:02,400
Speaker 1: spending in black holes, and supernova is really far away,

891
00:46:02,640 --> 00:46:04,239
Speaker 1: but there are still a lot of things we have

892
00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:07,000
Speaker 1: left to figure out about the way the universe works

893
00:46:07,239 --> 00:46:09,680
Speaker 1: and what's going on in our very own neighborhood. Yeah,

894
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:11,839
Speaker 1: so think about it. Thanks, time you look up up

895
00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:14,520
Speaker 1: into the sky at night or even during the day,

896
00:46:15,120 --> 00:46:18,920
Speaker 1: there's there are that there are giant donuts in the sky.

897
00:46:19,920 --> 00:46:30,200
Speaker 1: Just don't take a bite. Thanks for listening and remember that.

898
00:46:30,320 --> 00:46:33,040
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of

899
00:46:33,160 --> 00:46:36,520
Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. Or more podcast from my Heart Radio.

900
00:46:36,680 --> 00:46:40,280
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901
00:46:40,360 --> 00:46:42,040
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