1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:08,719 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracey V. 4 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:21,160 Speaker 2: This is part two of our latest installment of Unearthed, 6 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:25,599 Speaker 2: talking about things that have been literally and figuratively unearthed 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 2: in July, August and September of twenty twenty four. This 8 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:33,800 Speaker 2: time we have a lot of shipwrecks and some animals, 9 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:39,320 Speaker 2: some artwork, few edibles and potables. As so often happens, 10 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:44,200 Speaker 2: we're starting off with the potpoury things that don't really 11 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:47,280 Speaker 2: fit into a single category, but I thought all of 12 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:48,919 Speaker 2: them were cool and interesting. 13 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 1: Our first two studies relate to the Aboriginal peoples of 14 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:58,080 Speaker 1: Australia and surrounding islands. First, the Gunni Kernai aboriginal elders 15 00:00:58,160 --> 00:01:02,280 Speaker 1: invited archaeologists to exec a cave in the foothills of 16 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:05,560 Speaker 1: the Australian Alps, and their work has found evidence of 17 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:08,560 Speaker 1: a ritual that was passed down orally within the Guennaiknai 18 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:12,840 Speaker 1: community for at least twelve thousand years. The cave wasn't 19 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:15,280 Speaker 1: used as a permanent settlement, but as a site of 20 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:17,400 Speaker 1: retreats and religious practices. 21 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,959 Speaker 2: The physical evidence of this is two sticks made of 22 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 2: casarina wood which were smeared with fat and partially burned. 23 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 2: That combines with aboriginal knowledge about rituals involving preparing and 24 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:35,800 Speaker 2: shaping sticks like these, covering them in fat, and then 25 00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:39,400 Speaker 2: steeking them into the ground near a fire. Although one 26 00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,399 Speaker 2: of these sticks is eleven thousand years old and the 27 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 2: other is about twelve thousand years old, archaeologists who were 28 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 2: involved in this work estimate that the cave has been 29 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 2: used for ritual purposes as for as many as twenty 30 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 2: five thousand years. Researchers estimate that these rituals were passed 31 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:02,000 Speaker 2: down through about five one hundred generations of people living 32 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 2: in this area. 33 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: Together, this provides evidence of one of the oldest known 34 00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: cultural rituals in the world that's still being practiced and 35 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: some of the oldest wooden objects founded in archaeological site 36 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:18,800 Speaker 1: in Australia, and this work has been described as recontextualizing 37 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 1: older research, including archaeological work that was carried out in 38 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: the same area without the permission of the Gunaikronye people 39 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:29,600 Speaker 1: in the nineteen seventies and in the other. 40 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,560 Speaker 2: Study, researchers from the University of Melbourne with the consent 41 00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:38,680 Speaker 2: and support of the Lutruitan Aboriginal community, have studied ancient 42 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:44,600 Speaker 2: people's land stewardship techniques in the traditional territories located on Tasmania. 43 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:49,200 Speaker 2: This research looked at evidence of vegetation both before and 44 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 2: after humans arrived on Tasmania. After arriving in Lutuita, people 45 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 2: used various techniques to manage the landscape and vegetation, including 46 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:05,160 Speaker 2: the application of fire. This provides physical evidence for the 47 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:09,760 Speaker 2: fact that what Europeans described as terra nulius or land 48 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:14,320 Speaker 2: belonging to no one, had really been intentionally managed by 49 00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:18,560 Speaker 2: Aboriginal peoples who created a more open landscape there and 50 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:23,480 Speaker 2: curbed the expansion of the rainforests. This land management also 51 00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:27,560 Speaker 2: happened alongside changes in the climate, so researchers have pointed 52 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:31,640 Speaker 2: out that these findings have some applications to today's world 53 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:36,600 Speaker 2: as well. In twenty twenty two, two lead coffins were 54 00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:40,280 Speaker 2: on earthed at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. One was 55 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:43,520 Speaker 2: identified as belonging to Antoine de la Porte, which we 56 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 2: talked about on Earth at the end of twenty twenty two. 57 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:50,560 Speaker 2: The other's identity was still unknown, although he had been 58 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 2: nicknamed the Horseman because the condition of his body suggested 59 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:57,120 Speaker 2: that he had spent a lot of time writing. Now, 60 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 2: researchers believe he may be poet Joaquim do Ballet, who 61 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:03,520 Speaker 2: died in fifteen sixteen, and that's based on the way 62 00:04:03,560 --> 00:04:06,960 Speaker 2: the remains match up to descriptions of Ballet, including the 63 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:10,960 Speaker 2: fact that he was known for being an equestrian. Next, 64 00:04:11,120 --> 00:04:15,600 Speaker 2: a collector bought a framed scrap of material from Goodwill's 65 00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 2: online thrift store, bidding seventeen hundred dollars on it because 66 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 2: it was described as a piece of George Washington's tent. 67 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 2: It also had a note that this piece had been 68 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:30,760 Speaker 2: displayed at the three hundredth anniversary celebration of the founding 69 00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:35,719 Speaker 2: of Jamestown. This collector told CNN that he did not 70 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:38,640 Speaker 2: tell his wife about this purchase for a while because 71 00:04:38,760 --> 00:04:41,920 Speaker 2: he was afraid that it was not genuine. But it 72 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:45,360 Speaker 2: was genuine. It has now been confirmed to really be 73 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:49,480 Speaker 2: a piece of George Washington's dining tent, so it has 74 00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:52,240 Speaker 2: a value much higher than what he actually paid for it. 75 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 2: This is currently being displayed at the Museum of the 76 00:04:55,320 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 2: American Revolution along with Washington's war tent, which served as 77 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:03,600 Speaker 2: both a sleeping space and an office quarters. This scrap, 78 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 2: since it came from George Washington's dining tent, is a 79 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:10,080 Speaker 2: different tent. That tent is also in the Smithsonian's collection, 80 00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:11,919 Speaker 2: but it's not on public view. 81 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:17,080 Speaker 1: Moving on, an amateur archaeology group in Poland believes they 82 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:21,600 Speaker 1: have found a compass belonging to astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. This 83 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:23,800 Speaker 1: is a compass like a person might use to draw 84 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:27,000 Speaker 1: circles or arcs, not a compass like a person might 85 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: use to tell which way is north. 86 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 2: It's currently unclear whether this compass really did belong to Copernicus. 87 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:37,600 Speaker 2: It was found under the gardens of the arch Cathedral 88 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 2: of Fromburg, which is where Copernicus both worked and lived nearby. 89 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 2: It was also not far from where Copernicus's remains were 90 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 2: found in two thousand and five. This discovery followed some 91 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 2: ground penetrating radar studies that had revealed the presence of 92 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:59,200 Speaker 2: an underground room and three tunnels, and according to legend, 93 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:04,200 Speaker 2: Particus used these secret tunnels to move between the cathedral 94 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:08,400 Speaker 2: and a nearby castle. Even if this compass is not 95 00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 2: Copernicus's compass. It is one of only three such instruments 96 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:16,239 Speaker 2: that have been found in Poland, so it is still 97 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 2: a very rare find. And in our last random find, 98 00:06:20,440 --> 00:06:23,600 Speaker 2: a collection of Viking era objects known as the Galloway 99 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:26,640 Speaker 2: Horde was discovered in twenty fourteen and it's one of 100 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:30,480 Speaker 2: the largest Viking hords ever to be found in Scotland. 101 00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:34,880 Speaker 2: One particular object drew attention in September, a one thy 102 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:38,360 Speaker 2: one hundred year old silver vessel which was found wrapped 103 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:42,679 Speaker 2: in textiles. There were other silver objects in the Galloway Horde, 104 00:06:42,760 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 2: but this one seemed different from the others, with silver 105 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:48,520 Speaker 2: that came from a different place. It was believed to 106 00:06:48,560 --> 00:06:51,240 Speaker 2: have been made in the Carolingian dynasty, but once it 107 00:06:51,279 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 2: had been cleaned it was clear that it was covered 108 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:58,960 Speaker 2: in Zoroastrian iconography. According to new research, it came from Iran, 109 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:03,320 Speaker 2: specifically a mine in central Iran called Knaclach in what 110 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:07,240 Speaker 2: was then the Sasanian Empire. That means that it had 111 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 2: traveled thousands of miles sometime before the year nine hundred 112 00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:15,360 Speaker 2: or so, when the Horde was originally buried. Now we 113 00:07:15,440 --> 00:07:19,680 Speaker 2: will move on to a few animal finds. Research conducted 114 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 2: at the University of Sydney suggests that Australian dingoes may 115 00:07:24,480 --> 00:07:30,480 Speaker 2: have originated in East Asia via Melanesia, rather than previously 116 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:35,640 Speaker 2: proposed origins in either India or Thailand. Researchers studied ancient 117 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:40,520 Speaker 2: dingo remains from western New South Wales using both traditional 118 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 2: and three D geometric morphometric analysis. In addition to suggesting 119 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:49,200 Speaker 2: a different origin for these animals, this research also suggested 120 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 2: that dingoes have gotten larger over time, and that this 121 00:07:53,800 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 2: increase in size predates they're becoming hybridized with domestic dogs. 122 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:03,720 Speaker 2: Aboriginal communities in New South Wales endorsed this research, and 123 00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 2: the Willander Lakes Region World Heritage Aboriginal Advisory Group collaborated 124 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 2: on the use of carbon dating to determine the age 125 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:14,160 Speaker 2: of the ancient dingoes. 126 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: Tangentially related to dogs. A pre Roman cremation burial in 127 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: northern Italy has been found to contain for wolf teeth. 128 00:08:23,400 --> 00:08:25,800 Speaker 1: These had holes drilled into them, so they're believed to 129 00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:29,680 Speaker 1: have been strong onto something for use as pendants. They 130 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:32,960 Speaker 1: may have had some kind of symbolic or spiritual purpose. 131 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,960 Speaker 1: Not much is known about this person, though she was 132 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: believed to have been a woman based on the grave goods, 133 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:43,280 Speaker 1: which included an all, a needle, and a short knife 134 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:45,800 Speaker 1: that would have been used for something like textile work. 135 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 2: And lastly, we have talked a lot on the show 136 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 2: about repatriations of objects from museum collections and other institutions 137 00:08:56,320 --> 00:09:00,280 Speaker 2: to indigenous nations in North America or to nations elsewhere 138 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:04,480 Speaker 2: in the world. And these conversations have usually been about 139 00:09:04,679 --> 00:09:09,000 Speaker 2: ancestral remains and cultural items, and that's in part because 140 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,680 Speaker 2: that's what the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 141 00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:16,120 Speaker 2: here in the United States is focused on. But a 142 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:20,320 Speaker 2: comment published in the journal Nature in June has focused 143 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 2: on something else, which is dinosaur fossils. 144 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 1: This piece is by Craig Howe and Lucas Repel, entitled 145 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:32,040 Speaker 1: why Museums should Repatriate Fossils. It puts nineteenth century fossil 146 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:35,440 Speaker 1: hunting into the context of the ancestral homelands it took 147 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:39,360 Speaker 1: place on. Lucas Repel is the author of Assembling the 148 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: Dinosaur Fossil Hunters, Tycoons and the Making of a Spectacle, 149 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:47,400 Speaker 1: which was published in twenty nineteen and doesn't really explore 150 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:51,440 Speaker 1: how indigenous people approached fossils because at the time, Repel 151 00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:55,000 Speaker 1: did not think he could do that justice. Craig Howe 152 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:58,040 Speaker 1: is founder and director of the Center for American Indian 153 00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 1: Research and Native Studies, and as a citizen of the 154 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:04,720 Speaker 1: Igualais Sioux tribe and also a citizen of the United States. 155 00:10:05,559 --> 00:10:08,679 Speaker 1: This comment in Nature is a result of their collaboration, 156 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:11,480 Speaker 1: as Repelled tried to fill the holes in his knowledge 157 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:14,520 Speaker 1: and collaborate with Indigenous people on the subject. 158 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:18,720 Speaker 2: This is publicly available on the Nature website, and I 159 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:22,240 Speaker 2: really think it is worth reading in full. A lot 160 00:10:22,280 --> 00:10:25,840 Speaker 2: of the discussion of the field of paleontology, including on 161 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:30,719 Speaker 2: our show, has really been focused on European scientific perspectives 162 00:10:31,200 --> 00:10:35,280 Speaker 2: without really considering how the indigenous people who live and 163 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 2: lived on the same land as these fossils think and 164 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 2: thought about them or interpreted them. This piece encourages earth 165 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:47,160 Speaker 2: scientists and earth science institutions to think about how their 166 00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:50,920 Speaker 2: disciplines are connected to colonialism and to take on more 167 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:56,520 Speaker 2: interdisciplinary research that allows true collaboration with the indigenous peoples 168 00:10:56,559 --> 00:11:00,520 Speaker 2: whose homes many of these fossils came from. Some places, 169 00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:05,439 Speaker 2: these excavations literally dug up fossils out of land that 170 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:10,480 Speaker 2: was protected by treaties with these indigenous nations. So it 171 00:11:10,559 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 2: is all spelled out in that publicly available article. And 172 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:16,760 Speaker 2: with that we're going to take a sponsor break, and 173 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:18,839 Speaker 2: then when we come back, we're going to talk about 174 00:11:18,840 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 2: so much art, a lot of art. Next, we have 175 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:34,560 Speaker 2: a few finds that are related to artwork. First, a 176 00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,320 Speaker 2: marble statue of the Greek god Hermes has been found 177 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 2: in the sewer in the ancient city of Heraclea Sintica 178 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:47,040 Speaker 2: in Bulgaria. This is a big statue. It measures six 179 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 2: point eight feet tall and aside from a missing arm, 180 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 2: it's pretty much intact, probably because it was hidden down 181 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:57,360 Speaker 2: in the sewer. Exactly how it came to be there 182 00:11:57,480 --> 00:12:01,200 Speaker 2: isn't totally clear, but there's some speculation that this happened 183 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:06,040 Speaker 2: sometime after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman 184 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:12,000 Speaker 2: Empire and pagan imagery was outlawed. After an earthquake in 185 00:12:12,040 --> 00:12:16,200 Speaker 2: the year three eighty eight, the sewer became disused, and 186 00:12:16,280 --> 00:12:19,480 Speaker 2: it's possible that after that point somebody took this statue 187 00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:23,079 Speaker 2: down there and hid it for safe keeping. The bronze 188 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 2: lie in a venice sculpture that sits atop one of 189 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:29,840 Speaker 2: the two large columns in Venice's Piazza San Marco is 190 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:32,840 Speaker 2: now believed to have come from China, based on lead 191 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:36,120 Speaker 2: isotope studies that show it's made from copper that came 192 00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:40,280 Speaker 2: from the Lower Yansee River. Earlier research had suggested that 193 00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:43,440 Speaker 2: it had come from somewhere in Anatolia in what's now Turkya. 194 00:12:44,040 --> 00:12:46,800 Speaker 2: It's believed that the statue was mounted atop the sculpture 195 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:51,559 Speaker 2: sometime in the thirteenth century, sometime before Marco Polo returned 196 00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 2: to Venice from his journeys in Asia. Next cave painting 197 00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:01,480 Speaker 2: on Indonesia's Siluezi Island. It has been determined to be 198 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:07,040 Speaker 2: fifty one thousand years old, making it now the oldest 199 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:11,240 Speaker 2: known narrative artwork made by humans. It is older than 200 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 2: other oldest narrative artwork that we have talked about before. 201 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:18,720 Speaker 2: This is a reddish painting depicting three people around a 202 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 2: wild pig. Its age was determined using some newly developed 203 00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:28,160 Speaker 2: laser techniques, and this work also concluded that a previous 204 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:31,640 Speaker 2: holder of the oldest known narrative artwork title was actually 205 00:13:31,679 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 2: forty eight thousand years old, not forty four thousand as 206 00:13:34,679 --> 00:13:38,760 Speaker 2: previously believed to be clear this is not the oldest 207 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:42,520 Speaker 2: artwork of any sort. It is just the oldest in 208 00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:45,840 Speaker 2: terms of artwork that seems to be using pictures to 209 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:49,480 Speaker 2: tell some kind of story. We've also got a couple 210 00:13:49,559 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 2: of figurine fines. First, some clay figurines that were made 211 00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 2: roughly thirty thousand years ago seem to have been made 212 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:59,319 Speaker 2: by children in the area that is today part of 213 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,480 Speaker 2: the Czech Republic. These were possibly made by kids who 214 00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 2: were basically shaping it as though it were plato or 215 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,559 Speaker 2: modeling clay, but they weren't necessarily just playing with it. 216 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 2: Some of these figurines were then fired in a hearth, 217 00:14:12,040 --> 00:14:15,600 Speaker 2: and it's possible that these children were essentially novices learning 218 00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:19,280 Speaker 2: to work in ceramics. Some of the unfired objects may 219 00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:22,800 Speaker 2: have been made for practice or just for fun. Our 220 00:14:22,880 --> 00:14:26,600 Speaker 2: other figurine find might really have been a toy. It 221 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:30,160 Speaker 2: was found on a farm in eastern Iceland. Was found 222 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:33,640 Speaker 2: on the floor of what was a ninth century long house, 223 00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:37,840 Speaker 2: and this figurine was clearly meant to be an animal, 224 00:14:37,960 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 2: but it's not clear whether it is supposed to be 225 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:43,440 Speaker 2: a dog, a boar, or a bear. There have been 226 00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:47,880 Speaker 2: some very heated conversations in the comments of some articles 227 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:51,720 Speaker 2: about which animal it probably was. This was carved from 228 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,920 Speaker 2: volcanic stone and one of its ears is broken off. 229 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:57,800 Speaker 2: It's very cute in my opinion. Maybe if it had 230 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,160 Speaker 2: the extra ear it would be a little clearer what 231 00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 2: it is. 232 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 1: Moving on. A conservator has found a self portrait of 233 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,240 Speaker 1: twentieth century English artist Norman Cornish. It's on the back 234 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:13,400 Speaker 1: of another painting. The painting is a work called bar Scene, which, 235 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 1: as the name suggests, is a depiction of a crowded, 236 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:19,280 Speaker 1: dimly lit pub with a group of patrons in their 237 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: beers in the foreground. The brushwork and color layering give 238 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:27,600 Speaker 1: it an almost hazy appearance. A conservator found and removed 239 00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:31,280 Speaker 1: a backboard, and then the self portrait was underneath. The 240 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:35,040 Speaker 1: self portrait has a similarly gritty visual tone, but it's 241 00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:38,720 Speaker 1: oriented in the opposite way of the bar scene. 242 00:15:38,760 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 2: This work is being exhibited at the Bow's Museum in 243 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:45,880 Speaker 2: Barnard Castle, County Durham until January of twenty twenty five, 244 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:50,440 Speaker 2: and according to news reports, museum staff will be rotating 245 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:53,520 Speaker 2: the painting throughout the day so that people can see 246 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:56,520 Speaker 2: what's on each side of it. Although because of the 247 00:15:56,520 --> 00:15:59,320 Speaker 2: way things work. One of the sides will always be 248 00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:00,000 Speaker 2: upside down. 249 00:16:00,280 --> 00:16:03,920 Speaker 1: I love it. We have a couple of discoveries related 250 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:08,760 Speaker 1: to the colors used in paintings. One today, Vince Avengo's 251 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:13,600 Speaker 1: irises look very blue, but X ray fluorescent spectroscopy studies 252 00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: have confirmed that they were originally much more purple. This 253 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,800 Speaker 1: research was undertaken by conservators at the Getty Center in 254 00:16:20,840 --> 00:16:23,720 Speaker 1: Los Angeles while the center was closed at the beginning 255 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:27,560 Speaker 1: of the COVID nineteen pandemic. This study suggests that he 256 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:30,920 Speaker 1: made the paint for these irises by mixing reds and blues. 257 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,440 Speaker 1: One of the red pigments was geranium lake, which is 258 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:39,320 Speaker 1: an organic pigment that fades really quickly through exposure. There's 259 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:42,800 Speaker 1: been previous research into geranium lake and how it fades, 260 00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:44,640 Speaker 1: and it was known to be one of the pigments 261 00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: that Vincenvengo and his contemporaries used in their work. This 262 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:53,280 Speaker 1: research is part of an exhibition called Ultraviolet New Light 263 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,800 Speaker 1: on Vango's Irises, which is ongoing at the Center until 264 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:02,080 Speaker 1: January of twenty twenty five. Research published in the journal 265 00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:06,320 Speaker 1: Heritage Science has pinpointed what was used to give Rembrandts 266 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:09,800 Speaker 1: The Night Watch a golden glow and that it was 267 00:17:09,880 --> 00:17:15,120 Speaker 1: pigments containing arsenic sulfide. This was part of ongoing study 268 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:19,840 Speaker 1: carried out by Reich's Museum in Amsterdam. Conservators had thought 269 00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:24,680 Speaker 1: that an arsenic containing mineral was involved in this golden pigmentation, 270 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:29,880 Speaker 1: but they had expected to find traces of something called orpament, 271 00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:35,160 Speaker 1: which Rembrandt was known to have used in later paintings. Instead, 272 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: they found one called pararelgar, which is a naturally occurring 273 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:44,520 Speaker 1: arsenic sulfide. Conservators working at the National Gallery in London 274 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:47,639 Speaker 1: have found evidence of a number of alterations made to 275 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: Peter Paul Rubens's The Judgment of Paris. Those alterations were 276 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,880 Speaker 1: made in the years after the artist's death. This work 277 00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:58,840 Speaker 1: depicts a moment from Greek mythology, in which Eiris, the 278 00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:01,679 Speaker 1: goddess of discord, has offered a golden apple to the 279 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:05,760 Speaker 1: fairest goddess, with Juno, Minerva, and Venus fighting over who 280 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:09,280 Speaker 1: should get it. The painting depicts the moment that Paris, 281 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:12,200 Speaker 1: who has been called on to determine the winner, offers 282 00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:17,000 Speaker 1: the apple to Venus. Rubens died in sixteen forty and 283 00:18:17,119 --> 00:18:21,680 Speaker 1: between sixteen seventy six and seventeen twenty one, someone possibly 284 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 1: a French artist, toned down some of the eroticism in 285 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: this artwork, although without actually obscuring the nude figures. This 286 00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:35,480 Speaker 1: included removing a depiction of a cherub that was tugging 287 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:40,080 Speaker 1: on Minerva's shift, and adjusting the clothing and positioning of 288 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:44,760 Speaker 1: both Paris and Mercury, who is standing behind Paris. This 289 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:48,760 Speaker 1: work also examined alterations that Rubens actually did make himself 290 00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:53,639 Speaker 1: while he was still alive. Eventually, conservators decided to restore 291 00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:57,439 Speaker 1: parts of the painting back to Rubens's own work, but 292 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:00,320 Speaker 1: they left some of the alterations there as sort of 293 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: part of the history of the piece. An art historian 294 00:19:04,359 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 1: who consults for Sathabes was browsing social media and spoted 295 00:19:08,119 --> 00:19:10,440 Speaker 1: a picture that had been posted from a reception in 296 00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:14,119 Speaker 1: a room in shire Hall and Warwick in July, and 297 00:19:14,119 --> 00:19:17,040 Speaker 1: that conservator realized that a painting in the background of 298 00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:20,600 Speaker 1: the photo was a missing portrait of King Henry the eighth. 299 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,720 Speaker 1: Tapestry maker Ralph Sheldon commissioned this painting in the fifteen 300 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:28,119 Speaker 1: nineties and it originally hung in his home, but it 301 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,640 Speaker 1: later disappeared. Shire Hall is less than fifteen miles from 302 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:37,359 Speaker 1: where Sheldon's home stood. Yeah, it went away from the record, 303 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:40,600 Speaker 1: but it did not go far. This painting was part 304 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 1: of a set of twenty two, all of them in 305 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,840 Speaker 1: frames that were arched at the top because they were 306 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:49,840 Speaker 1: meant to be part of an architectural freeze. This portrait 307 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:53,560 Speaker 1: matches the composition of the other surviving paintings from the 308 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:56,760 Speaker 1: set that we know where they are. The frames are 309 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 1: a match as well, and there are some other details 310 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 1: that are just stala. An assessor working for an auction 311 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,320 Speaker 1: house in London found ten signed prints by Salvador Dali 312 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:11,639 Speaker 1: and five lithographs by Tayot Tobias. They had been in 313 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:16,320 Speaker 1: the client's garage, basically forgotten about for roughly five decades. 314 00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:19,880 Speaker 1: These were scheduled to be auctioned off on September thirtieth, 315 00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:22,720 Speaker 1: which is just the day before we record this, so 316 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:24,919 Speaker 1: we don't have an update on that sale. 317 00:20:25,840 --> 00:20:28,760 Speaker 2: I do kind of wish my life were such that 318 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:31,320 Speaker 2: I should I could just forget that I had ten 319 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:37,000 Speaker 2: signed Salvador Dali, right, Not that I think that's great 320 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,840 Speaker 2: to just forget about, but I don't know. Similarly, an 321 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:45,760 Speaker 2: auction assessor discovered portrait of a girl which is attributed 322 00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 2: to Rembrandts at an estate in Camden, Maine. This painting 323 00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 2: was tucked away in an attic, also apparently forgotten, along 324 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:58,560 Speaker 2: with various family heirlooms and other assorted works of art. 325 00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:01,280 Speaker 2: There is a late on the back of this one 326 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:04,399 Speaker 2: noting that it was loaned to the Philadelphia Museum of 327 00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:08,919 Speaker 2: Art in nineteen seventy. This painting has been put up 328 00:21:08,960 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 2: for auction and it sold to a European collector for 329 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:16,720 Speaker 2: one point four one million dollars. Archaeologists in Turkia have 330 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:21,720 Speaker 2: unearthed Milifiori glass panels during excavations at the ancient Lycean 331 00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:25,440 Speaker 2: city of Myra. This find is part of ongoing work 332 00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 2: at what was the site of the city's port, and 333 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 2: while there have been discoveries of Milifiori vessels, these are 334 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:35,720 Speaker 2: the first Millifiori panels to be found in Turkia. These 335 00:21:35,760 --> 00:21:39,080 Speaker 2: panels were part of the customs area, and archaeologists have 336 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:43,080 Speaker 2: also found glass rosettes that were probably made to complement them, 337 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:48,760 Speaker 2: suggesting that this is a very opulent and really impressive building. Currently, 338 00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 2: though many of these panels are in very small pieces. 339 00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:55,520 Speaker 2: One of the Archaeologists working on the project said that 340 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:58,399 Speaker 2: dozens of people have been working to reassemble them like 341 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 2: a giant puzzle, with a only twenty or thirty percent 342 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 2: of them close to one hundred percent complete by early September. Next, 343 00:22:07,119 --> 00:22:11,520 Speaker 2: painting by pasted podcast subject Artemisia Gentileski that has not 344 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:15,800 Speaker 2: been seen publicly since the seventeenth century is now on 345 00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:19,480 Speaker 2: display at the Kemble Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. 346 00:22:20,119 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 2: This painting is called Penitent Mary Magdalen, and it was 347 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:26,879 Speaker 2: probably commissioned by a duke who was serving as the 348 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:31,920 Speaker 2: Spanish ambassador in Rome. This painting remained in the duke's 349 00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:34,959 Speaker 2: home after his death. It was passed down through his family, 350 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:37,400 Speaker 2: but at some point it just kind of disappeared from 351 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 2: the record before showing up at an auction in two 352 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:43,560 Speaker 2: thousand and one. 353 00:22:42,359 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: More than a decade ago. Matt Winter, at the time 354 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:49,000 Speaker 1: eleven years old, was looking for interesting fines at a 355 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:52,920 Speaker 1: local dump when he saw an interesting painting in someone's car. 356 00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:56,680 Speaker 1: He asked if he could have it, got permission, took 357 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:58,399 Speaker 1: it home, and put it away with all of his 358 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:02,800 Speaker 1: other discoveries. Now that painting is confirmed to be a 359 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:07,399 Speaker 1: print of Outbrecht Durer's woodcut engraving Night Death and the Devil, 360 00:23:07,640 --> 00:23:10,600 Speaker 1: which dates back to fifteen thirteen and is one of 361 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:15,480 Speaker 1: Durer's three master engravings. There are other prints of this work, 362 00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:18,359 Speaker 1: but there's a scratch visible in this one that means 363 00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:22,160 Speaker 1: it was made from the original woodcut. This one sold 364 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 1: at auction for more than twenty six thousand pounds. 365 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:28,920 Speaker 2: A lot of the headlines about this are like painting 366 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 2: found by eleven year old discovered to be sixteenth century masterpiece, 367 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:37,960 Speaker 2: and it's like, yes, while that is technically correct, the 368 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:41,920 Speaker 2: eleven year old is now a grown up. They sort 369 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 2: of seem like you're gonna hear interviews with a small 370 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 2: child and not a small child anymore. In twenty twenty two, 371 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:54,000 Speaker 2: staff at Fairmont's Chateau Laurier hotel in Ottawa, Canada realized 372 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:58,440 Speaker 2: their photo of Winston Churchill had been swapped for a copy. 373 00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:02,120 Speaker 2: If you've seen a picture of Winston Churchill, you've probably 374 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:05,159 Speaker 2: seen this one. It's known as the Roaring Lion, and 375 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 2: it features Churchill staring directly into the camera. The photographer, 376 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,600 Speaker 2: use of Karsh, lived at the hotel with his wife 377 00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 2: for many years, and that's why they had the photo 378 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:19,880 Speaker 2: in their collection. According to Karsh's account, Churchill's extremely stern 379 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,640 Speaker 2: expression in this photograph is because he had given Karsh 380 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:26,439 Speaker 2: one shot to take the photo, but he would not 381 00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:29,560 Speaker 2: put down his cigar, and the photo is from the 382 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:33,040 Speaker 2: moment just after Karsh physically took it out of his mouth. 383 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:37,639 Speaker 1: The photo has now been recovered. It turned out the 384 00:24:37,680 --> 00:24:41,120 Speaker 1: original photo had been sold by Sathaby's in twenty twenty two, 385 00:24:41,640 --> 00:24:44,240 Speaker 1: but before the hotel knew the original had been stolen 386 00:24:44,359 --> 00:24:48,119 Speaker 1: and swapped with a copy. Charges have been filed against 387 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:50,760 Speaker 1: the person believed to have made the swap and sold 388 00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:55,199 Speaker 1: the painting. Yeah, they eventually spotted the swap after seeing 389 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:57,600 Speaker 1: other pictures that people had taken. There was like, that 390 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:01,400 Speaker 1: does not look great. We will do another sponsor break 391 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: and then we will come back for a bunch of shipwrecks. 392 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:17,320 Speaker 1: Time for a number of shipwrecks. First, divers off the 393 00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: coast of the island of Antikythera have found another shipwreck 394 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:24,119 Speaker 1: about two hundred meters away from the one that was 395 00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:28,600 Speaker 1: carrying the ancient device now known as the Antikythera mechanism. 396 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:30,720 Speaker 1: It is not yet. 397 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,120 Speaker 2: Clear whether there is any connection between this newly discovered 398 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:38,240 Speaker 2: shipwreck and the other one dives at the quote original 399 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:42,800 Speaker 2: Antikythera shipwreck have also included part of a marble sculpture 400 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:47,280 Speaker 2: that was brought up. This head may depict Hercules, and 401 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,119 Speaker 2: it might be a match for a headless statue that 402 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:54,400 Speaker 2: was found at the site in nineteen hundred. Research all 403 00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:58,120 Speaker 2: around here is really ongoing, as is research into the 404 00:25:58,160 --> 00:26:01,879 Speaker 2: antikytherra mechanism, with the latest studies on that related to 405 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:06,040 Speaker 2: figuring out details of missing and broken parts to figure 406 00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:08,199 Speaker 2: out what they should have looked like. 407 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:11,840 Speaker 1: We will never be done with the device. A shipwreck 408 00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:14,359 Speaker 1: found off the coast of Sweden dates back to the 409 00:26:14,480 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 1: nineteenth century and it was full of bottles of sparkling wine, 410 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:20,920 Speaker 1: some of which look from the outside like they still 411 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,960 Speaker 1: have their bubbles. There were also clay bottles of mineral water, 412 00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:29,520 Speaker 1: which were probably considered to be more valuable than the wine. Currently, 413 00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:32,040 Speaker 1: none of this has been brought to the surface. There's 414 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:35,199 Speaker 1: an administrative process that has to take place now that 415 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,879 Speaker 1: the find has been reported to Swedish authorities. There is 416 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:41,520 Speaker 1: some speculation that this ship was on the way to 417 00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:45,480 Speaker 1: deliver goods to Tsar Alexander the Second. The wreck of 418 00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: the Margaret A. Muir has been found in Lake Michigan 419 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:53,119 Speaker 1: using a homemade side scan sonar device and then cross 420 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,399 Speaker 1: referencing those findings with historical records and a three D 421 00:26:56,520 --> 00:26:59,119 Speaker 1: bottle that was made of the wreck. This is a 422 00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,160 Speaker 1: vessel that sank in a storm in eighteen ninety three 423 00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:07,040 Speaker 1: while carrying salts from Bay City, Michigan to South Chicago, Illinois. 424 00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:12,080 Speaker 1: Although the seven crew who were aboard survived this wreck, 425 00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:17,159 Speaker 1: the captain's dog sadly did not. Also, we've talked a 426 00:27:17,280 --> 00:27:20,439 Speaker 1: lot about shipwrecks in Lake Michigan over the years, and 427 00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,440 Speaker 1: efforts have been underway to make the wreck sites in 428 00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:29,040 Speaker 1: Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary safer and easier to navigate. 429 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:33,040 Speaker 1: Boys and mooring lines have been installed near nineteen of 430 00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:36,239 Speaker 1: the most popular reck sites, helping divers find them more 431 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:39,160 Speaker 1: quickly and giving boats a place to tie up without 432 00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:42,680 Speaker 1: damaging the wrecks with their anchors. Although some of these 433 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:45,680 Speaker 1: wrecks are as much as three hundred feet deep. Four 434 00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:47,720 Speaker 1: of the boys were installed at rex that are in 435 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:51,280 Speaker 1: shallow water to include people who are exploring with kayaks 436 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:52,520 Speaker 1: and snorkeling gear. 437 00:27:53,680 --> 00:27:56,720 Speaker 2: Next, a robotic survey has taken place at the wreck 438 00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:00,560 Speaker 2: of the San Jose off the coast of Columbia. The 439 00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:03,919 Speaker 2: San Jose has come up on several installments of Unearthed. 440 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:06,560 Speaker 2: It was a Spanish ship that was sunk by the 441 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:10,320 Speaker 2: British Navy in seventeen oh eight, and there's been ongoing 442 00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 2: debate about exactly who should claim the wreck and anything 443 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:17,960 Speaker 2: it contains, with contenders including Columbia where the ship sank, 444 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:22,159 Speaker 2: Spain which owned the ship, Indigenous nations who mined and 445 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:24,560 Speaker 2: produced a lot of the goods that were aboard the ship, 446 00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:27,720 Speaker 2: and a US based salvage company that says to have 447 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:30,200 Speaker 2: been the first to find the ship decades before its 448 00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:35,359 Speaker 2: discovery was announced. This time, a robot was used to 449 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,040 Speaker 2: survey the wreck. That was the first time there has 450 00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:42,160 Speaker 2: been a robotic survey, and finds there include the ship's 451 00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:47,400 Speaker 2: anchor and various cargo. A rostrum or battering ram has 452 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:50,400 Speaker 2: been found on the seafloor west of Sicily and brought 453 00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,840 Speaker 2: to a facility for further study. It's believed to have 454 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:55,959 Speaker 2: been attached to a ship that was involved in the 455 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,320 Speaker 2: final battle of the First Punic War, which ended in 456 00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:03,080 Speaker 2: two forty one one BCE, along with twenty five others 457 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:06,520 Speaker 2: that have been found in the same area. A shipwreck 458 00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:09,200 Speaker 2: off the coast of Scotland is believed to have been 459 00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:13,320 Speaker 2: the HMS Hawk, a Royal Navy warship that was torpedoed 460 00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 2: during World War One on October fifteenth, nineteen fourteen. Divers 461 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:23,520 Speaker 2: who reached this wreck described it as virtually intact, although 462 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,920 Speaker 2: as of August they were awaiting confirmation of whether this 463 00:29:27,080 --> 00:29:30,640 Speaker 2: really is the Hawk or not. The Hawk was one 464 00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 2: of the first Royal Navy vessels to be destroyed by 465 00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:37,400 Speaker 2: a U boat in World War One. At that point, 466 00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:40,360 Speaker 2: the use of submarines in warfare was still a pretty 467 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 2: new innovation and the British were still trying to figure 468 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:44,440 Speaker 2: out how to deal with it. 469 00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:47,960 Speaker 1: Three World War Two shipwrecks have been found off the 470 00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,360 Speaker 1: coast of the Aleutian Islands, which were involved in Japan's 471 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:55,240 Speaker 1: attempt to invade Alaska in nineteen forty two. Two of 472 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:58,880 Speaker 1: the ships were Japanese freighters that were sunk by American bombers. 473 00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:02,840 Speaker 1: The third it was an American cable ship, the SS Dellwood, 474 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,960 Speaker 1: which was involved in efforts to reinforce defenses around Alaska 475 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:12,480 Speaker 1: after that invasion had been repelled and lastly for the shipwrecks. 476 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,080 Speaker 1: Lilione was a French ship that was designed for both 477 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:20,000 Speaker 1: passenger and mail service. It made its first voyage from 478 00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:23,320 Speaker 1: La Have to New York successfully in eighteen fifty six, 479 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:26,680 Speaker 1: but then it sank off the coast of Massachusetts on 480 00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:30,520 Speaker 1: its return voyage after colliding with another ship called the 481 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:34,600 Speaker 1: Adriatic in the fog. According to reports from the time, 482 00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:38,440 Speaker 1: this wreck was caused by confusion over lights, as has 483 00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 1: been the case with multiple other shipwrecks we have talked 484 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:46,720 Speaker 1: about on the show. The Adriatic had accidentally extinguished one 485 00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:49,600 Speaker 1: of its lights, and when that light was ReLit, the 486 00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 1: crew realized that Lillionee was on a collision course with it. 487 00:30:54,120 --> 00:30:58,240 Speaker 1: More than one hundred passengers and crew died aboard Lilionee, 488 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:01,680 Speaker 1: while the Adriatic was able to get to Gloucester, Massachusetts 489 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:05,880 Speaker 1: for repairs. Lelionae did not stop after the collision, so 490 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:09,000 Speaker 1: some accounts described this as a hit and run incident, 491 00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:12,000 Speaker 1: although the crew of the Adriatic apparently thought the French 492 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,480 Speaker 1: ship was still seaworthy and three days passed before it 493 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:16,440 Speaker 1: actually sank. 494 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:20,520 Speaker 2: The wreck of Lelone was discovered off the coast of 495 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:26,080 Speaker 2: Massachusetts after sonar scans followed by dives to investigate possible wreckage. 496 00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:30,160 Speaker 2: Much of this wreck has deteriorated at this point, so 497 00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:33,960 Speaker 2: the identification came after trying to piece together clues from 498 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:38,640 Speaker 2: various parts of this wreckage, including a steam engine cylinder 499 00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:42,840 Speaker 2: and rigging from the sales that it was also equipped with. 500 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:48,320 Speaker 1: And now let's move on to edibles and potables. Archaeologists 501 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:51,520 Speaker 1: from Washington University in Saint Louis and the University of 502 00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:55,200 Speaker 1: Pittsburgh have worked in collaboration with the National Museums of 503 00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:59,240 Speaker 1: Kenya to find the earliest evidence of plant farming discovered 504 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:03,680 Speaker 1: in interior East Africa. So far, this region has long 505 00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:06,920 Speaker 1: been believed to be important to the early development of farming, 506 00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:10,680 Speaker 1: but finding actual evidence of that has been difficult, in 507 00:32:10,760 --> 00:32:14,720 Speaker 1: part because ancient plant remains often aren't preserved very well 508 00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:19,400 Speaker 1: in the archaeobotanical record. This time, though, they found a 509 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,960 Speaker 1: variety of crop remains representing an array of plants that 510 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,240 Speaker 1: were introduced from different parts of Africa over a period 511 00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:30,320 Speaker 1: of time. This included remnants of cowpee, which is the 512 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:33,360 Speaker 1: earliest known arrival of a domestic crop in the area. 513 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:37,760 Speaker 1: These likely arrived with Bantu speaking peoples who migrated into 514 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,960 Speaker 1: the area from Central Africa. 515 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:45,680 Speaker 2: A giant slab of bog butter was found during excavation 516 00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 2: work out a farm in County Donegal and Ireland. This 517 00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:53,400 Speaker 2: bog butter weighs somewhere between twenty two kilograms and twenty 518 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:56,920 Speaker 2: five kilograms, making it one of the biggest blumps of 519 00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:01,840 Speaker 2: bog butter in Ireland. Sent to the National Museum of 520 00:33:01,880 --> 00:33:04,440 Speaker 2: Ireland and there are hopes that after some study it 521 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:09,520 Speaker 2: will eventually be returned and displayed at the Kilcluney Dolman Center. 522 00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:12,680 Speaker 2: We haven't talked about bog butter in a while, but 523 00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:15,880 Speaker 2: it is a dairy product placed in the bog, either 524 00:33:15,960 --> 00:33:20,160 Speaker 2: to preserve it or possibly for ceremonial or religious reasons. 525 00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:24,440 Speaker 2: Archaeologist Paula Harvey visited the site and was quoted as 526 00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:26,760 Speaker 2: saying that she tried a sliver of it and that 527 00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:31,440 Speaker 2: it tasted like unsalted butter. Paula doing what I would not. 528 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:34,280 Speaker 2: I still stand by my don't eat bog butter stance. 529 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:37,400 Speaker 2: I think we used to have that on a shirt 530 00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:40,400 Speaker 2: and may still. I don't know, but one of our 531 00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,800 Speaker 2: very sweet listeners brought me a shirt that he had 532 00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:45,680 Speaker 2: made when we did a show in New York that said, 533 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:48,960 Speaker 2: don't eat bog butter. That's what I'm thinking about. So yes, 534 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,520 Speaker 2: that is what I'm thinking about. Research published in the 535 00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 2: journal Antiquity suggests that kumara or sweet potato, was present 536 00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:01,480 Speaker 2: in Altaroa, New Zealand sometime between twelve ninety and thirteen 537 00:34:01,560 --> 00:34:04,680 Speaker 2: eighty five, which is about the same time as these 538 00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:08,680 Speaker 2: islands were first settled. This is the first time evidence 539 00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:12,080 Speaker 2: has been found of sweet potato cultivation in New Zealand 540 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:15,800 Speaker 2: prior to about the year fourteen hundred, and it also 541 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:21,040 Speaker 2: aligns with the earliest evidence of sweet potato cultivation elsewhere 542 00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:25,000 Speaker 2: in Polynesia. It was already known that the sweet potato 543 00:34:25,160 --> 00:34:28,600 Speaker 2: was an important food source throughout Polynesia, but it hasn't 544 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:31,479 Speaker 2: been as clear exactly how it spread through this part 545 00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:35,400 Speaker 2: of the Pacific and how much intentional human cultivation and 546 00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:39,480 Speaker 2: management were involved. But it does suggest that sweet potato 547 00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,719 Speaker 2: was introduced and grown in New Zealand soon after it 548 00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:46,360 Speaker 2: was settled, challenging earlier assumptions that the first people to 549 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:50,759 Speaker 2: settle New Zealand mainly foraged and fished, and in other 550 00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:55,120 Speaker 2: potato news researchers in Utah have been studying the four 551 00:34:55,280 --> 00:35:01,000 Speaker 2: Corners potato tracing where it was grown, cultivated, carried, and introduced, 552 00:35:01,520 --> 00:35:05,240 Speaker 2: and their research suggests that these potatoes were basically carried 553 00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:10,000 Speaker 2: in multiple directions and introduced in multiple places as it 554 00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:14,000 Speaker 2: was being domesticated into a food crop. This potato is 555 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:18,360 Speaker 2: really high in protein, calcium, magnesium, and iron, and one 556 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:22,120 Speaker 2: tuber can be used to grow six hundred more tubers 557 00:35:22,160 --> 00:35:25,120 Speaker 2: over a period of about four months, so this was 558 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:28,320 Speaker 2: already known to be a nutrition staple and a valuable 559 00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:33,440 Speaker 2: trade good. Some accounts described this potato as a lost sister, 560 00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:37,720 Speaker 2: joining the three sisters of maize, beans and squash in 561 00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:43,479 Speaker 2: indigenous food cultivation. And lastly, researchers have analyzed DNA from 562 00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:46,200 Speaker 2: ancient cheese samples that were found on some of the 563 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:50,120 Speaker 2: Tarum Basin mummies in China which date back to about 564 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:54,239 Speaker 2: thirty six hundred years, and they found evidence of bacteria 565 00:35:54,320 --> 00:35:58,320 Speaker 2: and fungi that are often found in kaffir today. Kaffir, 566 00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:01,320 Speaker 2: in case you didn't know, is a ermented dairy product 567 00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:08,160 Speaker 2: and kaffir cultures contain multiple species of probiotic bacteria and yeast. Previously, 568 00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,760 Speaker 2: it was believed that kafir were originated in the Northern 569 00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:16,440 Speaker 2: Caucasus mountains, but one of the Lactobacillis strains that was 570 00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:20,040 Speaker 2: found in this research has more in common with Tibetan 571 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:24,640 Speaker 2: strains of the bacterium, so it's possible that Kafir had 572 00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:28,240 Speaker 2: multiple origin points. This is also one of the oldest 573 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:31,440 Speaker 2: examples of cheese to be found, suggesting that kafir has 574 00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:34,160 Speaker 2: a history going back more than thirty five hundred years. 575 00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:37,799 Speaker 2: And before we close this installment of Unearthed, we have 576 00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:41,000 Speaker 2: for the first time in quite a while, a historically 577 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:45,680 Speaker 2: relevant exhumation. Between nineteen thirty five and nineteen thirty eight, 578 00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:49,680 Speaker 2: twelve people were killed and dismembered in Cleveland, most of 579 00:36:49,719 --> 00:36:52,920 Speaker 2: them in the same general area. They're believed to be 580 00:36:52,960 --> 00:36:55,520 Speaker 2: the victims of one serial killer who has come to 581 00:36:55,560 --> 00:36:57,760 Speaker 2: be known as the Cleveland Torso Killer. 582 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:01,560 Speaker 1: Many of these people were living on the fringes of society, 583 00:37:01,640 --> 00:37:05,879 Speaker 1: and only two of their bodies were conclusively identified. Yeah, 584 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:08,400 Speaker 1: these killings have long been on my list for like 585 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:12,000 Speaker 1: a possible maybe in October episode and it just has 586 00:37:12,040 --> 00:37:17,320 Speaker 1: not happened. In July, the local Medical Examiner's office started 587 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:21,040 Speaker 1: work to examine some of these unknown victims who were 588 00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:24,959 Speaker 1: buried in unmarked graves in a potter's field. They hope 589 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,600 Speaker 1: to work with the DNA Doe Project, which is an 590 00:37:27,680 --> 00:37:32,000 Speaker 1: organization that tries to confirm the identities of unknown persons. 591 00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:36,120 Speaker 1: Got to end with a little scary something at the end, right, 592 00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:37,360 Speaker 1: it's Halloween season. 593 00:37:37,719 --> 00:37:40,719 Speaker 2: It is Halloween season, and it's also been a really 594 00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:43,520 Speaker 2: long time since we have had like a historically relevant 595 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:46,799 Speaker 2: exhumation to talk about. Do you have a little bit 596 00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:49,600 Speaker 2: of listener mail? I do have a little bit of 597 00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:54,040 Speaker 2: listener mail. So this is from Samantha. Samantha wrote, Hi, 598 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:57,640 Speaker 2: Holly and Tracy. Just a funny note. In the Charlotte 599 00:37:57,640 --> 00:38:02,160 Speaker 2: Cooper sterary episode, you all mentioned another player named Lottie Dodd. 600 00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:05,439 Speaker 2: For whatever reason, my brain kept hearing her name as 601 00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:08,000 Speaker 2: Lotti da and it made me chuckle every time, but 602 00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:10,120 Speaker 2: not too loudly as my three year old was sleeping 603 00:38:10,160 --> 00:38:13,239 Speaker 2: in the backseat. Anyway, not much else to add to 604 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:14,920 Speaker 2: this one, but thought you might get a kick out 605 00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:18,640 Speaker 2: of that. Hope you're well, Samantha, Samantha, You're in good company. 606 00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:21,800 Speaker 2: I also thought as I was writing that that trying 607 00:38:21,840 --> 00:38:24,200 Speaker 2: to say the name Lottie Dodd was going to sound 608 00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:27,279 Speaker 2: like we were saying Lotti da. And then when we 609 00:38:27,280 --> 00:38:30,279 Speaker 2: were doing we listened to each episode before we publish it. 610 00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:33,719 Speaker 2: So when we were doing that, like QA listen, I 611 00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:36,399 Speaker 2: was like, sure, does sound like we said Lottie Dah. 612 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:40,320 Speaker 1: I was too busy thinking about lot Dodd, the namoidian 613 00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:42,040 Speaker 1: character from The Phantom Menace. 614 00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:47,080 Speaker 2: I think that's one of those names that like to 615 00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:51,680 Speaker 2: really really enunciate. It probably also would have sounded odd 616 00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:53,759 Speaker 2: and awkward, So thank you so much. It gave me 617 00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:57,160 Speaker 2: a chance to giggle over that again. Uh. If you 618 00:38:57,160 --> 00:38:59,279 Speaker 2: would like to write to us about this or any 619 00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:03,480 Speaker 2: other podcast, we're at History Podcasts iHeartRadio dot com and 620 00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:07,040 Speaker 2: you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app 621 00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:14,360 Speaker 2: and wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff 622 00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,160 Speaker 2: you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 623 00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:22,120 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 624 00:39:22,239 --> 00:39:24,280 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.