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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Uh well,

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Speaker 1: I don't think we've talked about pirates on the podcast

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Speaker 1: in a while. It's been a little bit, you know,

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Speaker 1: we've they've had passing mentions in maybe unearthed episodes or

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Speaker 1: other random stuff, but we have not had an actual

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Speaker 1: whole episode about pirates and more than a year and

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Speaker 1: a half, which is a long time. I mean, I

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Speaker 1: feel like if you look hard enough, any show can

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Speaker 1: become about a pirate. Sure, So today we're going to

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Speaker 1: talk about Henry Every. He's also known as Henry Avery

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Speaker 1: and as Benjamin Bridgeman and as long Ben Avery. And

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Speaker 1: he's been on my short list for a while. And

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Speaker 1: it just said Henry Every and then in parentheses pirate.

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Speaker 1: And I did not write any other indication of what

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Speaker 1: prompted me to put it on there. So it's a

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Speaker 1: mystery why why it caught my attention in the first place.

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Speaker 1: It was not uncharted for because I have not played

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Speaker 1: that game, but I do know that he figures into

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Speaker 1: that game. And in case folks were thinking of writing

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Speaker 1: us to say he was in charted uncharted four. That

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Speaker 1: was not where um. He did, though, carry out what's

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Speaker 1: been described as the most profitable pirate rate in history,

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Speaker 1: and it was also, to be clear, a particularly brutal

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Speaker 1: and horrifying raid and its treatment of the women and

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Speaker 1: the men aboard the rated ship. But I did not

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Speaker 1: know until I got into the research for this that

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Speaker 1: it also became a massive international incident, with Britain later

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Speaker 1: trying to repair its relationship with the Mughal Empire, the

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Speaker 1: target of this raid in a highly publicized, kind of

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Speaker 1: weird series of trials. So we know very little about

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Speaker 1: Henry Every's early life except that he was probably English.

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Speaker 1: He was born sometime in the sixteen fifties. He might

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Speaker 1: have spent some time in the Royal Navy, but sources

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Speaker 1: conflict on whether or not that's actually the case. But

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Speaker 1: he did start working in the slave trade in the

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Speaker 1: early sixteen nineties under a commission from the British Royal

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Speaker 1: Governor of Bermuda. After at least a couple of years

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Speaker 1: as a slave trader, Every was hired as first mate

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Speaker 1: aboard the English vessel Charles the Second in sixteen ninety three,

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Speaker 1: the Charles the Second was a privateering vessel and it

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Speaker 1: had been commissioned to attack French ships and colonies in

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Speaker 1: the Caribbean. UH. If you need to refresher on privateering,

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Speaker 1: these were basically pirates, but pirates operating with government authority

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Speaker 1: to do this piratical work. UH. By May of sixteen

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Speaker 1: ninety four, though the Charles the Second still had not

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Speaker 1: left the coast of Europe and the crew had not

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Speaker 1: been paid for any of their work so far. Naturally,

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Speaker 1: the crew wasn't happy about this situation, and when the

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Speaker 1: ship stopped for supplies at the Spanish port of La Coruna,

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Speaker 1: every let a mutiny. Afterward, the remaining crew elected him

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Speaker 1: their captain. Every renamed the Charles the Second as the Fancy,

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Speaker 1: which is often spelled with a pH and sometimes with

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Speaker 1: an I E, and documents from the time they set

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Speaker 1: a course for Madagascar, following a sailing route that was

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Speaker 1: known as the Pirate Round, which was popular among English

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Speaker 1: pirates starting in the sixteen nineties. Most pirates came into

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Speaker 1: the Pirate Round from the Caribbean and headed southeast, so

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Speaker 1: they were kind of joining in with it from the

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Speaker 1: coast of Europe instead Once it approached Africa, the route

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Speaker 1: shifted south to pass the Cape of Good Hope, and

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Speaker 1: then it turned north again towards Madagascar before turning east

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Speaker 1: to cross the Indian Ocean. The fancies first piratical encounter

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Speaker 1: was with three English ships, which they caught near the

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Speaker 1: Cape Verde Islands, off the coast of West Africa. The

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Speaker 1: Fancy continued down the African coast from there, capturing and

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Speaker 1: plundering ships from France and Denmark. It was sixte by

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Speaker 1: the time every and the Fancy reached Madagascar, and by

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Speaker 1: then the Fancy had a crew of about a hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty men. A whole other collection of other, mostly English,

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Speaker 1: pirates were in the area. When they got there, they

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Speaker 1: were looking for a fleet that was reported to be nearby.

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Speaker 1: This fleet belonged to the Mughal Empire now the Mingal

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Speaker 1: Empire ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from the early

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Speaker 1: sixteenth century into the mid eighteenth century. Sometimes the endpoint

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Speaker 1: is marked a little later than that. By sixteen ninety five,

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Speaker 1: it's territory covered most of what's now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,

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Speaker 1: and Nepal. The Mughal dynasty was wealthy and its emperor

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Speaker 1: in sixteen ninety five was areng Zeb, also known as

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Speaker 1: Muhi al Din Muhammad or as Emperor Alamgir. It was

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Speaker 1: during aren Zeb's reign that the Mughal Empire reached its

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Speaker 1: peak in terms of size and power. Aren Zeb's rule

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Speaker 1: of the empire and the role he played in its

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Speaker 1: history is its own complicated story that we're not going

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Speaker 1: to get into here, but in short, he had a

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Speaker 1: reputation for ruthlessness and for religious persecution of non Muslims

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Speaker 1: in the later part of his reign. The fleet that

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Speaker 1: the pirates were looking for was a large one, and

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Speaker 1: in did twenty five ships, and among them were merchant

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Speaker 1: vessels and escort vessels. Several of the ships were carrying

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Speaker 1: Muslim pilgrims who were returning from the Hajj, and some

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Speaker 1: of the ships in the fleet belonged to the emperor himself.

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Speaker 1: The fleet was far too large and powerful for any

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Speaker 1: one pirate ship to take on a loan, which is

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Speaker 1: why this collection of mostly English pirates was working together.

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Speaker 1: One of the other parties involved was Thomas Two, who

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Speaker 1: was from a prominent Newport, Rhode Island family. Two is

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Speaker 1: often described as a pioneer of the pirate round, and

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Speaker 1: like Henry every he had turned pirate after some time

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Speaker 1: as a privateer. He had legitimately bought a share of

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Speaker 1: a ship called the Amity in and when it was

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Speaker 1: tasked with taking a French factory in West Africa, he

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Speaker 1: proposed to the crew that it would be a lot

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Speaker 1: more profitable to turn to piracy than to attack a

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Speaker 1: factory that had no booty to plunder. It was really

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Speaker 1: that simple. He was like, you know what, this whole

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Speaker 1: thing or we're supposed to be attacking this factory's not

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Speaker 1: going to be It's not gonna make so much money.

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Speaker 1: We can make a lot more money we attacked other

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Speaker 1: ships instead. Let's stop working for the man. Was very

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Speaker 1: much like, and this whole let's stop working then for

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Speaker 1: the man. Where is this going to come up later?

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Speaker 1: It was one of the reasons that people had a

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Speaker 1: lot of sympathy for pirates, not necessarily people being attacked

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Speaker 1: by them, but other people had a lot of sympathy

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Speaker 1: for pirates. So twos turned to piracy did not stop

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Speaker 1: officials from working with him. Though. When this raid on

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Speaker 1: the Mughal fleet took place, he was sailing under a

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Speaker 1: letter of mark from the Governor of Bermuda. When the

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Speaker 1: pirates finally spotted a ship from the Mughal fleet, they

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Speaker 1: learned that the rest of the fleet was farther away

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Speaker 1: than they had thought. The first ship they took turned

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Speaker 1: out to be part of the rear guard, so the

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Speaker 1: fastest pirate ships, which included Every and the Fancy, raced ahead.

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Speaker 1: Every encountered the Fat Mammy, which was part of the

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Speaker 1: fleet's escort, and this ship surrendered after a brief firefight,

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Speaker 1: and the Fancy came away with about fifty thousand British

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Speaker 1: pounds worth of gold and silver. This didn't seem like

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Speaker 1: that great the hole once it was divided up among

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Speaker 1: the Fancy's entire crew, so Every decided to keep going

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Speaker 1: and to try to find a bigger prize among the

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Speaker 1: rest of the fleet. He and two other pirate ships

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Speaker 1: spotted the Ganji Sawai on September seven. So you'll sometimes

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Speaker 1: see the Gangs of wi anglicized as the guns Way

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Speaker 1: in documents from the time and also in uncharted four

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Speaker 1: historical I don't expect uncharted for to be historically accurate,

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Speaker 1: by the way, so when I make that joke, I'm

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Speaker 1: not criticizing it was the largest ship in the fleet.

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Speaker 1: It was possibly the largest ship in the entire Mingal Empire,

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Speaker 1: and it was owned by the emperor himself. The emperor

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Speaker 1: also had at least one relative aboard. All those sources

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Speaker 1: disagree about whether his it was his daughter or his granddaughter.

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Speaker 1: These were all relatives who were traveling back from Mecca.

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Speaker 1: And we're going to talk about every encounter with this

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Speaker 1: ship after we first paused for a little sponsor break.

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Speaker 1: The gang was well crude and well armed, with about

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Speaker 1: four hundred riflemen and several cannons. It had more soldiers

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Speaker 1: and armaments than the three pirate ships that were after it,

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Speaker 1: possibly even more than the entire pirate fleet did before.

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Speaker 1: Every and the fastest ships out distanced the rest of them,

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Speaker 1: but every got lucky. The Fancy fired on the Ganji

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Speaker 1: Sawai and at the very start of the battle destroyed

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Speaker 1: its main mast. When the Ganji sa I tried to

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Speaker 1: return fire, one of its artillery pieces exploded. The resulting

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Speaker 1: fire and chaos gave the Fancy time to move in

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Speaker 1: and board the Ganji Sawai, which was captured after some

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Speaker 1: intense hand to hand combat. So that just just this

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Speaker 1: would have been enough to draw the ire of Emperor

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Speaker 1: aren Zeb and the rest of the Mughal Empire. But

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Speaker 1: after taking the ship, the crew of the Fancy also

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Speaker 1: brutalized the people on board. I cannot exaggerate this was horrifying.

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Speaker 1: They stayed with the ship for about a week as

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Speaker 1: they set for as much plunder as they could possibly holloway.

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Speaker 1: During that week, the pirates tortured to the men aboard

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Speaker 1: to try to get information about where their valuables were.

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Speaker 1: They also assaulted and raped many of the women aboard.

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Speaker 1: A British colonial agent for the Mughal Emperor reported that

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Speaker 1: several women aboard the ship took their own lives rather

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Speaker 1: than be raped. Once the crew of the Fancy finally

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Speaker 1: left the Ganji Sawai, they had taken on an immense

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Speaker 1: hall of gold, silver and jewels. It had an estimated

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Speaker 1: worth of three D twenty five thousand to six hundred

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Speaker 1: thousand British pounds at the time, which would be well

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Speaker 1: into the millions today. And then they followed the pirate

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Speaker 1: round back to the Caribbean, where they headed for New

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Speaker 1: Providence Island in the Bahamas, which is home to the

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Speaker 1: Bahamian capital of Nassau. They had heard from other pirates

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Speaker 1: that its governor, Cadwalader Jones would be sympathetic when they

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Speaker 1: got to New Providence Island in March of six six,

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Speaker 1: though Jones was no longer the governor. The new governor

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Speaker 1: was Nicholas Trot, and like it's predecessor, fortunately for these pirates,

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Speaker 1: he was very willing to look the other way if

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Speaker 1: the price was right. So every bribes Trot to make

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Speaker 1: them welcome on the island, and otherwise they didn't really

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Speaker 1: advertise who they were or what they had done. They

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Speaker 1: masqueraded as slave traders, and they traded the fancy for

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Speaker 1: a load of ivory. Trot might have been a little

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Speaker 1: less willing to deal with every if he had known

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Speaker 1: what the pirates had done, or if he had any

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Speaker 1: idea that he was now caught up in an international incident,

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Speaker 1: but he almost certainly didn't. Word reached the Google Empire

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Speaker 1: long before it reached Britain or any of its colonies.

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Speaker 1: What had happened? The Ganji Sawai struggled into harbor at

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Speaker 1: Surrett without most of its cargo and several of its

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Speaker 1: former passengers about a week after the pirate attack. So

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Speaker 1: people in the Empire were outraged when they learned what

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Speaker 1: every and the other pirates had done. Riots spread throughout

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Speaker 1: the city of Surrett. Many of these riots targeted the

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Speaker 1: offices of the East India Company. There, a mob tried

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Speaker 1: to break in and kill the forty or so e

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Speaker 1: I S agents who were working inside, but the governor,

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Speaker 1: it's him Ad Khan intervened and stopped them. Although the

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Speaker 1: East India Company employees lives were spared, Khan had them

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Speaker 1: all arrested. He also arrested at least three captains from

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Speaker 1: East India Company ships and all the other British subjects

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Speaker 1: that he could find in sur It. It's possible that

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Speaker 1: he thought that the attack on the Ganji Sawai was

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Speaker 1: a conspiracy and that the e I C was somehow

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Speaker 1: behind it. He would not be the only person to

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Speaker 1: think this, which we will talk about it is a

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Speaker 1: little bit more in a bit so from prison, the

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Speaker 1: British captives wrote to Sir John gay Or. Gay Or

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Speaker 1: was a representative of the East India Company and the

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Speaker 1: governor of Bombay, which is now known as Mumbai. Bombay

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Speaker 1: was south of Surat and had been captured by Portugal

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Speaker 1: in fifteen thirty four. It came under British control in

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Speaker 1: sixteen sixty two when Charles the Second of England married

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Speaker 1: Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza. The East India Company was

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Speaker 1: inting it from the monarch and had built its Indian

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Speaker 1: headquarters there. That came up in our Tea episode as

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Speaker 1: well it did. You could do a little ven diagram

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Speaker 1: of the overlapping stuff of this episode. In that one

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Speaker 1: Gayer wrote to the Lords of Trade saying that British

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Speaker 1: subjects had been clapped in irons and were being imprisoned

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Speaker 1: in rooms with boarded up windows. He also reported that

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Speaker 1: one english Man had died of injuries he sustained in

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Speaker 1: the initial melee. So it took a long time for

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Speaker 1: messages to get anywhere at this point in history, and

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Speaker 1: it would be months before Here's communication actually got to London,

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Speaker 1: and the meantime, Emperor aren Zeb shut down for East

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Speaker 1: India Company factories. He ordered an attack on Bombay. Now,

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Speaker 1: if he had done this, an attack probably would have

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Speaker 1: been disastrous for Bombay and for the East India Company

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Speaker 1: as a whole. The e I C And the Mughal

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Speaker 1: Empire had been at war just a few years before

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Speaker 1: in a conflict known as Child's War, and during that

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Speaker 1: time Bombay had been under siege and partly to destroyed.

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Speaker 1: Fortunately for the e I C, an official named Samuel

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Speaker 1: Annesley was able to negotiate a ceasefire, but it was

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Speaker 1: obvious that the Emperor would be more than happy to

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Speaker 1: force the British completely out of India, which would have

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Speaker 1: been catastrophic for British colonies and trading relationships in Asia

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Speaker 1: and the Pacific. So Annesley made the Emperor several promises.

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Speaker 1: He promised that Britain would compensate the Emperor for all

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Speaker 1: his lost property, and that the East India Company would

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Speaker 1: begin providing escorts for all Indian ships headed towards Mecca

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Speaker 1: for the Hajj, and most importantly, he promised that Henry

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Speaker 1: Every would be brought to justice. So this is enough

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Speaker 1: for the Emperor to agree not to attack Bombay, but

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Speaker 1: he also said that he would not allow trade with

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Speaker 1: Britain by the Mughal Empire to resume until everyone was captured,

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Speaker 1: which is a serious economic situation. Extremely uh Sir John

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Speaker 1: Gayer's letter detailing Henry Every's attack on the Mughal fleets,

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Speaker 1: riots and the arrests of British subjects in Surret finally

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Speaker 1: reached London in December of sixteen. Other letters from gay

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Speaker 1: Or Annesley and others arrived even later, in January and

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Speaker 1: May of sixteen ninety six. By the time those last

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Speaker 1: letters arrived, Every had already gotten to New Providence Island

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Speaker 1: and unloaded the fancy. The Lords of Trade had also

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Speaker 1: been succeeded by the Lord's Commissioners of Trade and Plantations,

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Speaker 1: also known as the Board of Trade. They were faced

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Speaker 1: with what to do about Every in the situation with

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Speaker 1: the Mughal Empire at their very first meeting in May

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Speaker 1: of sixteen ninety six. So as Holly just said, this

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Speaker 1: was a serious problem. It was more than just the

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Speaker 1: fact that Henry Every had attacked a ship belonging to

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Speaker 1: the Mughal Emperor, or that he and his men had

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Speaker 1: plundered the ship and brutalized its passengers and the crew.

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Speaker 1: It was also that Emperor aren Zeb was well convinced

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Speaker 1: that England was a nation of pirates, and histories from

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Speaker 1: the time reflect that belief. In the early eighteenth century,

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Speaker 1: Persian historian Coffee Ka wrote that the East India Company's

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Speaker 1: holdings in Bombay were insignificant and that quote the source

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Speaker 1: of the remaining unstable income of the English is the

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Speaker 1: plunder and capture of the ships going to the House

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Speaker 1: of God at intervals of one to two years. They

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Speaker 1: attacked these ships, not at the time when loaded with

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Speaker 1: grains they proceed to Mecca and Jetta, but when they

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Speaker 1: returned bringing gold, silver, Ibrahemis and Real's. And there was

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Speaker 1: some truth to the Emperor's belief that England was a

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Speaker 1: nation of pirates. Although the British Empire wasn't plundering the

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Speaker 1: Mughal Empire's ships in an official capacity, a lot of

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Speaker 1: the pirates that were plundering in the Caribbean and along

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Speaker 1: the Pirate round were English and for the most part,

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Speaker 1: those pirates left English ships alone. On top of that,

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Speaker 1: multiple British colonial governors had made a habit of either

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Speaker 1: tolerating pirates or actively working with them, so authorities in

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Speaker 1: Britain needed to figure out not only how to repair

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Speaker 1: their relationship with the Mughal Empire, but also know how

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Speaker 1: to send a signal to the rest of the world

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Speaker 1: that the nation would not tolerate piracy. So and then

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Speaker 1: all of this was tied together in the dire economic

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Speaker 1: consequence of the Emperor not allowing the East India Company

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Speaker 1: to operate in his territory anymore. So Britain cann't do

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Speaker 1: anything as dramatic as, for example, summarily executing people suspected

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Speaker 1: of piracy. That probably would have satisfied some of the criticism,

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Speaker 1: but that would also violate British law. So they started

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Speaker 1: with a proclamation issued by the Lord Justices of England

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Speaker 1: on July seventeenth, sixteen nineties six. This proclamation stated that

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Speaker 1: they had received information that Henry Every quote under English colors,

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Speaker 1: acted as a common pirate and robber upon the high seas,

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Speaker 1: and hath presumed, under such color colors to commit several

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Speaker 1: acts of piracy upon the seas of India or Persia,

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Speaker 1: which may occasion great damage to the emergence of England

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Speaker 1: trading into these parts. That's the end of the quote.

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Speaker 1: This proclamation went on to say that every had stolen

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Speaker 1: the ship known as the Charles from the port in Spain,

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Speaker 1: and that and the proclamation commanded Admirals, Captain's governors and

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Speaker 1: the like to capture him, offering a reward of five

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Speaker 1: hundred pounds. Another proclamation followed on August tenth, which included

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Speaker 1: a lot of the same information, and also said that

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Speaker 1: every may now be going under the name Henry Bridgeman.

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Speaker 1: The second proclamation named a number of other alleged pirates

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Speaker 1: as well, and it said that the men may have

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Speaker 1: left the Caribbean and come to Ireland. Yet another proclamation

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Speaker 1: followed on August eighteen six, this one from the Monarch

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Speaker 1: William the Third, also known as William of Orange. It

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Speaker 1: was a proclamation quote for apprehending Henry Every alias Bridgeman,

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Speaker 1: and sundry other pirates. It called every end those sundry

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Speaker 1: other pirates quote open and villainous transgressors, and it ordered

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Speaker 1: essentially every sort of law enforcement and military in existence

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Speaker 1: to seek out and apprehend them. The bounty offered for

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Speaker 1: every was still five pounds sterling, and for the other

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Speaker 1: pirates named it was fifty pounds. This proclamation also indemnified

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Speaker 1: all royal subjects from any quote hazard of slaughter, mutilation,

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Speaker 1: or other acts of violence that they might commit against

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Speaker 1: Avery and his accomplices, and it advised that anyone sheltering

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Speaker 1: or assisting any of the pirates was doing so upon

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Speaker 1: their highest peril. These proclamations made it a point of

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Speaker 1: naming colonial governors among the people compelled to seek out

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Speaker 1: and capture Every, because although it was well known among

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Speaker 1: pirates that a number of colonial governors could be bribed

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Speaker 1: or would otherwise work with them, authorities in London were

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Speaker 1: only starting to become fully aware of how extensive this

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Speaker 1: problem was. The proclamations did not, however, name Thomas two

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Speaker 1: as one of the wanted pirates. Apart from the amity

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Speaker 1: being too slow to keep up with the ships that

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Speaker 1: assaulted the Ganges, why many he was not involved with that.

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Speaker 1: He had been shot and killed while trying to take

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Speaker 1: a different ship in that same Mogal convoy. A handful

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Speaker 1: of men from Every's crew were captured in Ireland, and

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Speaker 1: even though every wasn't among them, this at least gave

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Speaker 1: the Crown someone to put on trial. And we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about that trial after we pause for a

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Speaker 1: sponsor break. Henry Every's captured crew members were tried at

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Speaker 1: the Central Criminal Court a k a. The Old Bailey

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Speaker 1: in October of six and this trial was weird number one,

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Speaker 1: even though it was being tried at the Old Bailey,

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Speaker 1: which is place that has come up before and we've

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Speaker 1: been talking about criminal activity and Brittain during this point.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't being tried under English common law. It was

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Speaker 1: being tried under the jurisdiction of the Admiralty, and this

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Speaker 1: is because common law didn't really cover nautical piracy number two.

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Speaker 1: The reason they decided to hold a trial under the

356
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Speaker 1: jurisdiction of the Admiralty at the Old Bailey rather than

357
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Speaker 1: through the Admiralty Court was so that the British citizenry

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Speaker 1: would have the same access to the proceedings as they

359
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Speaker 1: would for any other criminal matter. Since part of the

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Speaker 1: purpose was to send a message that the British Empire

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Speaker 1: would not tolerate piracy, they needed public proceedings and public interest,

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Speaker 1: not a closed door session of the Admiralty Court. They

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Speaker 1: also needed the Mughal Emperor to hear all of the

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Speaker 1: details of the conviction and execution of the pirates. Even

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Speaker 1: with the admiralties involvement, though, everything was operating a lot

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Speaker 1: like any other trial at the Old Bailey. The prosecutors

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Speaker 1: were all legal professionals, but the defendants were all on

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Speaker 1: their own in terms of representation. The trial opened on

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Speaker 1: October nineteen and Henry every was named in the indictment,

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Speaker 1: even though he was still at large. Two witnesses who

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Speaker 1: were former members of Every's crew, provided extensive detail about

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Speaker 1: the incident, but the questioning also went well beyond just

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Speaker 1: what had happened with the Mughal fleet. This try ill

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Speaker 1: was an opportunity for authorities to learn more about the

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Speaker 1: practice of piracy, and a lot of the testimony was

376
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Speaker 1: more about that than about the Ganji so Wi. It

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Speaker 1: was basically like they said, Okay, you know, it would

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Speaker 1: be great is if we could get a better handle

379
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,280
Speaker 1: on what all's going on with these pirates. So let's

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Speaker 1: try to establish a whole narrative of the pirate situation

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Speaker 1: rather than just investigating this one thing. So this testimony

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Speaker 1: demonstrated unequivocally that the men on trial had all committed piracy.

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Speaker 1: But when the jury returned a verdict, they acquitted all

384
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Speaker 1: of them. That didn't go how they were hoping. No

385
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Speaker 1: at this was a problem and it was a complete

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Speaker 1: shock to the various authorities involved. On top of failing

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Speaker 1: to deliver a guilty verdict to try to satisfy the

388
00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:50,879
Speaker 1: Mughal Emperor, the proceedings also publicly aired a lot of

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Speaker 1: evidence that multiple British colonial governors were actively working with

390
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Speaker 1: and harboring pirates. So this whole carefully choreographed trial at

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Speaker 1: the Old Bayle just something of a pr move had

392
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Speaker 1: done the opposite of what it was supposed to do.

393
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Speaker 1: It did not send the message that Britain wouldn't tolerate pirates.

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Speaker 1: It created a public record that in fact they did.

395
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Speaker 1: It was also a good example of how the people

396
00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:16,760
Speaker 1: were responsible for this proceeding were pretty out of touch

397
00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:21,280
Speaker 1: with the ordinary British citizenry. Basically, people really liked pirates.

398
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Speaker 1: Some of this was because of privateers like Sir Francis

399
00:22:24,680 --> 00:22:27,679
Speaker 1: Drake and Sir Henry Morgan, who had official and unofficial

400
00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:30,520
Speaker 1: support of the Crown and their harassment and plundering of

401
00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:34,120
Speaker 1: Spanish ships and colonies. Spain considered both of these men

402
00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:36,680
Speaker 1: to be pirates, but in Britain both of them had

403
00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:39,960
Speaker 1: been knighted, Drake by Queen Elizabeth the First and Morgan

404
00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:43,760
Speaker 1: by King Charles the Second. In the public eye, they

405
00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:47,280
Speaker 1: had said an example of pirates as noble patriots who

406
00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:51,000
Speaker 1: only targeted Britain's enemies. But it wasn't just about people

407
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,440
Speaker 1: like Drake and Morgan. Henry every himself had also become

408
00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:57,919
Speaker 1: a folk hero Not long after he commandeered the Charles

409
00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:00,959
Speaker 1: the Second, someone had written a broadside ballot about it,

410
00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:05,520
Speaker 1: first published by theophilist Lewis in six The ballad was

411
00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:08,600
Speaker 1: framed as something that every had written himself and then

412
00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:11,119
Speaker 1: sent back to shore with one of the mutineers. That

413
00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,960
Speaker 1: is certainly a fanciful fabrication, but the details in the

414
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,920
Speaker 1: ballad are close enough to the historical record that it's

415
00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:20,720
Speaker 1: likely that whoever wrote the ballad heard about the mutiny

416
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,160
Speaker 1: from someone who was actually there. Ballad was not obscure.

417
00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,680
Speaker 1: Some of the wives of sailors aboard the Child's a

418
00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:32,000
Speaker 1: Second had fouled a complaint against James Hoblin, the merchant

419
00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:34,240
Speaker 1: who owned the ship. This was way back before it

420
00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:37,199
Speaker 1: was turned into a pirate ship. They claimed that he

421
00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:41,359
Speaker 1: was traitorously enslaving their husbands, and in the case that

422
00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,040
Speaker 1: came up before the Privy Council on August sixteenth of

423
00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:49,440
Speaker 1: sixteen four, Hoblin submitted a copy of this broadside ballad

424
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:52,080
Speaker 1: as part of the documents in his defense. Like this

425
00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:54,840
Speaker 1: was not a thing nobody had ever heard of before,

426
00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,560
Speaker 1: were singing the song a lot. It was also a

427
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:02,480
Speaker 1: pretty clear sign of how popular opinion viewed Henry Every.

428
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:07,160
Speaker 1: In printing, it's titled a copy of Verses composed by

429
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:11,120
Speaker 1: Captain Henry Every lately gone to see to seek his fortune,

430
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Speaker 1: And it starts, Come, all you brave boys whose courage

431
00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:17,199
Speaker 1: is bold, will you venture with me? I'll glut you

432
00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:20,560
Speaker 1: with gold. Make haste onto Corona. A ship you will

433
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:24,879
Speaker 1: find that's called the Fancy will pleasure your mind. Captain

434
00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:27,280
Speaker 1: Every is in her and calls her his own. He

435
00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,560
Speaker 1: will box her about boys before he has done French,

436
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:34,080
Speaker 1: Spaniard and Portuguese the Heathen. Likewise, he has made a

437
00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:38,000
Speaker 1: war with them, until that he dies after ten more

438
00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:41,160
Speaker 1: verses of very high spirited promises, of all the far

439
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,560
Speaker 1: off places that Every plans to see and plunder if necessary.

440
00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:48,560
Speaker 1: It ends quote, now this is the course I intend

441
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,280
Speaker 1: for to steer my false hearted nation. To you. I

442
00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:55,040
Speaker 1: declare I have done thee no wrong. Thou must me forgive.

443
00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:58,880
Speaker 1: The sword shall maintain me as long as I live.

444
00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:02,639
Speaker 1: So with all that in mind, in hindsight, it is

445
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:06,040
Speaker 1: not really all that surprising that the jury acquitted Every's

446
00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:08,800
Speaker 1: crew members. They were pirates, and in the public eye,

447
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,879
Speaker 1: pirates were somewhere on a spectrum between folk hero and

448
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:17,320
Speaker 1: noble patriot, just also some romanticism in the whole thing. Uh.

449
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:21,159
Speaker 1: The jury also was not particularly sympathetic to the Mughal Emperor,

450
00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:23,639
Speaker 1: who was a Muslim foreigner on the other side of

451
00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:27,959
Speaker 1: the world. So the Admiralty, the British East India Company,

452
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,720
Speaker 1: and the British government were all terrified that the Emperor

453
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:32,840
Speaker 1: was going to learn about the pirates acquittal and that

454
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:35,280
Speaker 1: it would just confirm his suspicion that England was a

455
00:25:35,359 --> 00:25:39,800
Speaker 1: nation of pirates. So they turned to Sir Charles Hedges,

456
00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,520
Speaker 1: chief Justice of the High Court of the Admiralty, to

457
00:25:42,760 --> 00:25:47,240
Speaker 1: arrange another trial on a second set of charges, this

458
00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:50,520
Speaker 1: time relating to the mutiny aboard the Charles the Second

459
00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:54,480
Speaker 1: rather than the attack on the Mughal fleet. This was

460
00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,080
Speaker 1: great because he would allow them to try the men again,

461
00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:00,560
Speaker 1: but it was not ideal because the Emperor definitely wasn't

462
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,639
Speaker 1: going to be satisfied with a conviction for mere mutiny,

463
00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:06,000
Speaker 1: of which he was not the victim. So in the

464
00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:11,000
Speaker 1: second trial, the prosecution, again in a very carefully choreographed proceeding,

465
00:26:11,440 --> 00:26:15,200
Speaker 1: tried to establish the legal idea that mutiny was theft

466
00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:18,199
Speaker 1: and that theft on the High Seas was piracy, so

467
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:22,080
Speaker 1: therefore mutiny was piracy, but that the men were being

468
00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:25,240
Speaker 1: tried for mutiny, not piracy, so this was not an

469
00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:29,480
Speaker 1: issue of double jeopardy. This was some mental gymnastics, and

470
00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,359
Speaker 1: it's even reflected in the official court record from this

471
00:26:32,520 --> 00:26:36,919
Speaker 1: second trial, which ends the summation of the previous trial

472
00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,440
Speaker 1: with quote the jury, contrary to the expectation of the court,

473
00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:44,040
Speaker 1: brought in all prisoners not guilty, whereupon the session was

474
00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:47,000
Speaker 1: adjourned to Saturday, the thirty one of October, and the

475
00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:51,720
Speaker 1: prisoners were committed upon a new warrant for several other piracies.

476
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,639
Speaker 1: In the second trial, the prosecution talked to the jury

477
00:26:55,680 --> 00:26:58,960
Speaker 1: a lot about how bad piracy was and how Britain

478
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:01,040
Speaker 1: looked to the rest of the world. In that moment.

479
00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:04,879
Speaker 1: Chief Justice Hedges also described what would happen if the

480
00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:08,760
Speaker 1: pirates were acquitted once again, quote the barbarous nations will

481
00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:12,440
Speaker 1: reproach us as being a harbor, receptacle and a nest

482
00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:15,560
Speaker 1: of pirates, and our friends will wonder to hear that

483
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:18,919
Speaker 1: the enemies of merchants and of mankind should find a

484
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:23,600
Speaker 1: sanctuary in this ancient place of trade. Nay, we ourselves

485
00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:27,199
Speaker 1: cannot but confess that all kingdoms and countries who have

486
00:27:27,280 --> 00:27:30,800
Speaker 1: suffered by English pirates, may, for want of redress, in

487
00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:34,439
Speaker 1: the ordinary course, have the pretense of justice and the

488
00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:37,240
Speaker 1: color of the laws of nations to justify their making

489
00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:41,600
Speaker 1: reprisals upon our merchants wheresoever they shall meet them upon

490
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,320
Speaker 1: the seas. In case you missed it, the Chief Justice

491
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,399
Speaker 1: just called the Mughal Empire a barbarous nation in court.

492
00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:52,679
Speaker 1: Ah uh. And even after this whole speech that was

493
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,760
Speaker 1: clearly designed to sway the jury, he went on to

494
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:57,680
Speaker 1: say that he was in fact not trying to sway

495
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:02,560
Speaker 1: the jury. So this time the jury convicted all of

496
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,040
Speaker 1: the men and they were all hanged on November fifteen,

497
00:28:05,080 --> 00:28:08,359
Speaker 1: sixteen ninety six. And with that done, and with a

498
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:12,520
Speaker 1: lot of reparations paid, the Emperor of the Mughal Empire

499
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,959
Speaker 1: reluctantly allowed the East India Company to resume its activities

500
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,680
Speaker 1: in his territory. The proceedings of the trials were collected

501
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,760
Speaker 1: and printed at seven Stars of Ludgate Street, which was

502
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:27,240
Speaker 1: owned by one of London's largest printers and booksellers, the Everingham's.

503
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,720
Speaker 1: There are still copies of it in more than forty libraries.

504
00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:34,280
Speaker 1: Although it was very widely distributed and widely read, it

505
00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:37,760
Speaker 1: did not really shift public opinion on Henry Every or

506
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,800
Speaker 1: in fact of pirates in general. Having this thing printed

507
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,280
Speaker 1: and widely distributed was part of the plan from the beginning.

508
00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:44,760
Speaker 1: They were like, Okay, we're gonna have this trial. It's

509
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,640
Speaker 1: gonna be very public trial. They're gonna totally condemn all

510
00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:50,080
Speaker 1: of these pirates, and then we're gonna print all of

511
00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:52,840
Speaker 1: the stuff from the trial so that everyone can read

512
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:55,120
Speaker 1: it whenever they want. It didn't. It didn't really go

513
00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:58,960
Speaker 1: quite as planned. Instead of everybody deciding that Henry every

514
00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:01,800
Speaker 1: was a terrible and not rious pirate that had, you know,

515
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:04,120
Speaker 1: brutalized a whole lot of people on a ship that

516
00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:06,840
Speaker 1: he had rated, he continued to be the hero and

517
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:10,400
Speaker 1: a number of works of fiction. There was The Life

518
00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:14,360
Speaker 1: and Adventures of Captain John Avery by a pseudonymous captain

519
00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:19,040
Speaker 1: Adrian von Broke in seventeen o nine. Seventeen thirteen saw

520
00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:22,200
Speaker 1: the play The Successful Pirate, written by Charles Johnson and

521
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:26,080
Speaker 1: performed in London for several years. The King of Pirates

522
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:29,320
Speaker 1: being an account of famous enterprises of Captain Avery. The

523
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:32,800
Speaker 1: mock King of Madagascar with his Rambles and Piracies, wherein

524
00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:36,320
Speaker 1: all the sham accounts formerly published of him are Detected,

525
00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:40,680
Speaker 1: was written in seventeen nineteen. It's often attributed to Daniel Dafoe.

526
00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:46,680
Speaker 1: Snappy title uh Every is also, unsurprisingly a prominent feature

527
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:49,400
Speaker 1: in A General History of Pirates, which came out in

528
00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:52,880
Speaker 1: seventeen twenty four under the name Captain Charles Johnson, but

529
00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:57,120
Speaker 1: is also often attributed to either Daniel Dafoe or Nathaniel Missed.

530
00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:01,240
Speaker 1: This colossally popular book on pirates is cited in many

531
00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:04,880
Speaker 1: biographies and histories, but it is definitely not an authoritative

532
00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:08,200
Speaker 1: work of nonfiction. We talk a little bit more about

533
00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:11,360
Speaker 1: it in our past episode on an Bonnie and Mary read.

534
00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:14,480
Speaker 1: Henry Avery is the first pirate that's discussed in it,

535
00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:18,000
Speaker 1: and that ballad that we talked about and and read

536
00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:21,600
Speaker 1: parts of earlier survived through oral folks singing for more

537
00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:24,280
Speaker 1: than two hundred years. I mean, there were print copies

538
00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:27,080
Speaker 1: of it still. You can still find very old copies

539
00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:29,480
Speaker 1: of the original broadside, But the way that people were

540
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:34,480
Speaker 1: passing it was by singing for two hundred years. In

541
00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:38,640
Speaker 1: spite of an international manhunt, Henry Every was never seen again.

542
00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:42,480
Speaker 1: No one knows exactly what happened to him. Most of

543
00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:45,080
Speaker 1: these works of fiction contend that he married the Mughal

544
00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:49,680
Speaker 1: emperor's daughter and established his own kingdom in Madagascar. It's

545
00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:51,640
Speaker 1: more likely that he made his way back to England

546
00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:54,840
Speaker 1: to try to hide himself from that international manhunt and

547
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:58,920
Speaker 1: died there in poverty. And Britain's very public announcements of

548
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,800
Speaker 1: a crackdown on pirus they didn't have that much of

549
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:05,480
Speaker 1: an effect on piracy either. The golden age of piracy,

550
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:08,160
Speaker 1: which this incident happened kind of in the middle of,

551
00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:11,480
Speaker 1: continued on for more than thirty years, and this was

552
00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:15,200
Speaker 1: also a temporary blip in the East India Company's activities,

553
00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:17,880
Speaker 1: and what's now India. The e I C went on too,

554
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:21,520
Speaker 1: sees huge amounts of territory on the Indian subcontinent, and

555
00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:25,200
Speaker 1: it operated until eighteen seventy four. A bunch of those

556
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:28,080
Speaker 1: later events have come up in other podcasts on the show,

557
00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:30,960
Speaker 1: most recently in our one about the East India Company

558
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:35,400
Speaker 1: stealing te secrets from China to then grow the tea

559
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:40,680
Speaker 1: in India. Oh, East India Company, in the middle of

560
00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:44,440
Speaker 1: a lot of problems, a lot a lot of problems

561
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,040
Speaker 1: when I started this whole thing with the idea of

562
00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: what will do a pirate. We haven't talked about a

563
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:53,920
Speaker 1: pirate in a while. I was not expecting a weird, convoluted,

564
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:57,880
Speaker 1: uh legal pr move to be in the third act

565
00:31:57,920 --> 00:31:59,880
Speaker 1: of the show. Yeah, that's kind of the best part

566
00:32:00,360 --> 00:32:02,560
Speaker 1: of the story. I mean, the whole It's tragic because

567
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:05,240
Speaker 1: I want to acknowledge that horrible things were done, but

568
00:32:05,320 --> 00:32:07,840
Speaker 1: I love the idea that they cooked up this whole thing,

569
00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:11,400
Speaker 1: not thinking for a minute that people would behave counter

570
00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:14,200
Speaker 1: to how they anticipated, Like there was no plan B there.

571
00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:17,600
Speaker 1: They were totally like, you're going to convict these pirates,

572
00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:24,800
Speaker 1: And that was like, you, guys, that's a listener mail

573
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:26,840
Speaker 1: I do. I have two pieces of listener mail from

574
00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:28,959
Speaker 1: folks who sent us a picture of something that they

575
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,240
Speaker 1: saw or did, and they're both very brief. The first

576
00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:35,080
Speaker 1: is from Emily, and Emily says, dear Holly and Tracy.

577
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:37,360
Speaker 1: Flying home from a conference this weekend, I caught up

578
00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:41,440
Speaker 1: on podcast episodes, including the two parter about Sadako Sasaki's

579
00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:44,600
Speaker 1: Thousand Cranes. While listening to the second part, I noticed

580
00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:46,680
Speaker 1: that the girl in the seat next to me was

581
00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:49,000
Speaker 1: playing with her napkin. I zoned out for a while,

582
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,280
Speaker 1: started on another episode, and when I looked back, she

583
00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:53,959
Speaker 1: could turned her napkin into a cute or agami crane.

584
00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:57,440
Speaker 1: So appropriate and odd. I just had to share congratulations

585
00:32:57,520 --> 00:33:00,600
Speaker 1: on the thousand plus episodes. I work as a pub historian.

586
00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:03,560
Speaker 1: Will be starting a doctoral program in American history this fall.

587
00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:05,320
Speaker 1: Even so, there are plenty of things that I missed

588
00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:08,440
Speaker 1: in history class. Thanks for all you do, Emily. Thank you, Emily,

589
00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:13,160
Speaker 1: what a fun little oddity to just happen spontaneously while

590
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,719
Speaker 1: on an airplane. And also thank you for going into

591
00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:21,120
Speaker 1: public history as a field. It is very needed, it is.

592
00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:23,240
Speaker 1: Have I ever told you that Brian and I always

593
00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:25,480
Speaker 1: carry a crane with each of us when we fly? Oh?

594
00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:27,800
Speaker 1: Good luck. I didn't know that, so when she first

595
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:29,520
Speaker 1: said that, I was like, oh, maybe someone else does it.

596
00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:31,280
Speaker 1: Before I opened the email and I just saw a

597
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:33,080
Speaker 1: crane on a plane as a subject line, I was

598
00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:36,520
Speaker 1: like me too, Oh no, this is different. That's so great. Though.

599
00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:40,440
Speaker 1: The other one is from Sarah, and this one's titled

600
00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:43,680
Speaker 1: Pink Butter, and Sarah says, Hey, there, so I'm a

601
00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:45,760
Speaker 1: new listener, and let me tell you I've always had

602
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:47,880
Speaker 1: a love of history. My manager told me to check

603
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:49,959
Speaker 1: you guys out, and I'm so glad she did. I've

604
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,080
Speaker 1: been working my way through the episodes and I know

605
00:33:52,160 --> 00:33:54,760
Speaker 1: this may be super late. However, your episode on Butter

606
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:58,200
Speaker 1: versus Margarine was my absolute favorite. When a pasta say

607
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:01,120
Speaker 1: I love that one to you. Thank you. I recently

608
00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:03,320
Speaker 1: held a party where we were discussing how to take

609
00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:06,400
Speaker 1: the chemicals out of our lives, and this episode inspired

610
00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:08,799
Speaker 1: me to make pink butter. I made it in my

611
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:11,280
Speaker 1: stand mixeder and dyed it pink with some beet juice,

612
00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:13,480
Speaker 1: and while it is not super vibrant and pink, I

613
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:15,680
Speaker 1: thought it was cute enough as a party hand out.

614
00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:18,399
Speaker 1: Thank you so much for the inspiration. I cannot wait

615
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:21,960
Speaker 1: to hear future episodes Sarah. And Sarah sent a picture

616
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,480
Speaker 1: of her pink butter. Sarah, I have follow up questions, okay,

617
00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:29,200
Speaker 1: because I love beat. You love beats a lot. I

618
00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:32,200
Speaker 1: super love beats. So I wonder if the butter had

619
00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:36,160
Speaker 1: like a nice beat, subtle flavor to it and it

620
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,120
Speaker 1: was delicious in a new way, because that would be

621
00:34:39,160 --> 00:34:42,440
Speaker 1: some good saute. I think with the nice sweetness of

622
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:44,680
Speaker 1: beat in it well and It reminded me of I

623
00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:48,000
Speaker 1: have friends who sometimes will make compounded butters or they

624
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,399
Speaker 1: will fold all kinds of amazing things into their butter.

625
00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:54,000
Speaker 1: And one time they made, uh, like a bloody mary.

626
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,000
Speaker 1: It was not an alcoholic butter. I know this is

627
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,400
Speaker 1: not your thing. Holly's making the worst space because bloody

628
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,960
Speaker 1: Mary's are not They are not foll ranks. Anything tomato

629
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,440
Speaker 1: based is pretty far up. Yeah, it was. It was

630
00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:08,359
Speaker 1: the spice, like the blend of spices that you can

631
00:35:08,480 --> 00:35:11,000
Speaker 1: use in your in your bloody was that was folded

632
00:35:11,040 --> 00:35:14,520
Speaker 1: into it. Um, and then they may that's the one

633
00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:16,680
Speaker 1: I remember. That was the one that I put all

634
00:35:16,719 --> 00:35:19,719
Speaker 1: over my toast every morning, um, while we were all

635
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:23,280
Speaker 1: on a vacation together. So thank you both for sending

636
00:35:23,320 --> 00:35:25,239
Speaker 1: us these notes and for sending us these pictures of

637
00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:28,360
Speaker 1: things that you saw or did in life. That is awesome.

638
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:30,600
Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, we're a

639
00:35:30,719 --> 00:35:33,279
Speaker 1: history podcast that how Stuff Works dot com and we

640
00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:36,319
Speaker 1: are also all over social media. Missed in History that

641
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:40,800
Speaker 1: is our name, on Facebook and Twitter and Instagram and pinterest. Uh.

642
00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:42,919
Speaker 1: You can also come to our website, which is missed

643
00:35:42,920 --> 00:35:45,759
Speaker 1: in History dot com, where you will find show notes

644
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:47,799
Speaker 1: for all the all the episodes Holly and I have

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