WEBVTT - Matinee Science Playlist, Part 3: ‘Highlander 2’

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff

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<v Speaker 1>Works dot com. Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow

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<v Speaker 1>your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe

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<v Speaker 1>McCormick and Robert. I just have one thing to say,

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<v Speaker 1>and that is remember Highland. Ah, Yes, your home five

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<v Speaker 1>years ago on the planet seized. Yes, you're referring, of course,

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<v Speaker 1>to the film Highlander to one of the most Uh wait,

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<v Speaker 1>you're forgetting the most important part of the title, Highlander

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<v Speaker 1>to coal in the Quickening. I've lost track of all

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<v Speaker 1>the subtitles for this film. There's like because it's like,

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<v Speaker 1>there's Highlander to colon the Quickening, colon the Renegade edition.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, there's been so many cuts of this over

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<v Speaker 1>over time, but for the most part, in this episode,

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<v Speaker 1>we're getting back to the theatrical cut of Highlander two.

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<v Speaker 1>We're talking about Highlander two as presumably somebody we saw

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<v Speaker 1>in the theater when it came out, and then a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of us saw on VHS when it hit our

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<v Speaker 1>local video rental stores. Now, we've been threatening to do

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<v Speaker 1>this episode on Highlander too, Nate, not just threatening. We've

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<v Speaker 1>been promising to do it for probably over a year now,

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<v Speaker 1>and people. Some people say, what are you talking about?

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<v Speaker 1>Why would you do that? And other people say, when

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<v Speaker 1>is the Highlander too episode coming? So that latter group,

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<v Speaker 1>you're about to be very happy that former group. Here

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<v Speaker 1>we are and you're gonna listen and you're gonna like it. Well,

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<v Speaker 1>we're gonna catch up to speed on what the Highlander

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<v Speaker 1>one was all about, what Highlander two was seemingly about,

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<v Speaker 1>and there is going to be discussion of science in

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<v Speaker 1>this episode. There is a lot of science to discussed,

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<v Speaker 1>and in a way this allows us to tackle at

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<v Speaker 1>least a couple of subjects that we've just never covered

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<v Speaker 1>on the show before but are certainly of scientific interest.

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<v Speaker 1>But before we get into all of that, let's just

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<v Speaker 1>go ahead and have a taste from the original theatrical

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<v Speaker 1>trailer for high Islander. To taste the quickening. That has

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<v Speaker 1>some fun. There's centuries among the first nothing could have

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<v Speaker 1>prepared them for quickening. Christopher Lambridge, Sean Connery Highlander too

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<v Speaker 1>quickening alright, well sounds intriguing. Perhaps everyone out there can

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<v Speaker 1>understand a little bit, uh why there was some excitement

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<v Speaker 1>about this film for for fans of the original Highlander.

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<v Speaker 1>Now I will say as concerns of fandom of the

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<v Speaker 1>Original Highlander. The Original Highlander is a very fun movie,

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<v Speaker 1>but it is also also a very bad movie. Well

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<v Speaker 1>it is, it is. I definitely would argue that the

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<v Speaker 1>film is far sillier than a lot of people. Remember, Yes,

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<v Speaker 1>I mean I loved it when I saw it in

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<v Speaker 1>goodness early junior high or whenever I saw The Highlander

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<v Speaker 1>for the first time. I'm just like, this is a

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<v Speaker 1>amazing It's you know, it's it's fantasy, it's it's kind

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<v Speaker 1>of historical, it has all these art wrestling it's good.

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<v Speaker 1>Well did every I don't think I was really a

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<v Speaker 1>fan of wrestling at the time, so I was just

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<v Speaker 1>kind of I kind of glossed over that aspect of it.

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<v Speaker 1>I didn't know who any of those guys were, but

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<v Speaker 1>but I knew who the other guys were, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>Sean Connery. And then then it's this weird uh Christopher

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<v Speaker 1>Lambert or Lambert character, and then the Kurgan played by

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<v Speaker 1>Clancy Brown. I just had a just so much scene

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<v Speaker 1>chewing energy in this film. And then a magnificent score

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<v Speaker 1>by Queen The Queen really ties it all together. But

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<v Speaker 1>it's also just that blood bath of ridiculous acting that

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<v Speaker 1>sells the movie. You've got Christopher Lambert or Chris Stophe Lambert,

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<v Speaker 1>who is doing in Highlander one and two, both of

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<v Speaker 1>which he kind of does like a Peter Laurie sort

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<v Speaker 1>of thing. He's a little bit like, yes, I'm a

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<v Speaker 1>Highlander and he's basically Peter Lori's handsome younger brother. Yes,

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<v Speaker 1>that's that's the kind of vibe I always get off

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<v Speaker 1>of it. But so let's let's rehash who the characters

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<v Speaker 1>are versus the accents. So you've got, uh, Christoph Lambert

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<v Speaker 1>plays a Scotsman and he's got a French accent. That's

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<v Speaker 1>Connor McLoud, right. Sean Connery plays a Spanish Egyptian person,

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<v Speaker 1>but he's got a Scottish accent. That's Ramira. It seems

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<v Speaker 1>a little backwards. But then you've got Clancy Brown who

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<v Speaker 1>plays like a like a Central Asian Russian kind of guy,

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<v Speaker 1>but he has an American accent. Yes, this is definitely

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<v Speaker 1>one of those areas of of of Highlander mythology that

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<v Speaker 1>it it doesn't it doesn't pay off to think too

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<v Speaker 1>hard about it. It gets confusing rather quickly. But let

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<v Speaker 1>me just go ahead and rehash what the basic plot

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<v Speaker 1>is for Highlander one in case you haven't seen it

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<v Speaker 1>before or you've never seen it at all. Okay, so,

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<v Speaker 1>first of all, film came out in nine six, big

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<v Speaker 1>year for genre films. Uh. You know, if you were

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<v Speaker 1>to make a like top ten genre films of eighty six,

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<v Speaker 1>I don't even know that The Highlander would make the cut.

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<v Speaker 1>There were just so many great flicks that came out

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<v Speaker 1>that year. Is that the year of Aliens? Yeah, that

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<v Speaker 1>was the year of you two. I think you you

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<v Speaker 1>entered the world that year. Maybe that's if I recall correctly.

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<v Speaker 1>So in this movie, certain humans are randomly or seemingly

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<v Speaker 1>randomly born imbued with this immortal energy that's kind of

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<v Speaker 1>immortal fire, and that fire can only be snuffed out

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<v Speaker 1>if they're just outright decapitated. And then that fire, that

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<v Speaker 1>that immortal energy can be absorbed by another immortal Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>So they're invincible except for decapitation, right, And they run

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<v Speaker 1>around decapitating each other, right, hunting each other out, kind

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<v Speaker 1>of sensing each other's presence. They're like playing their own game,

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<v Speaker 1>and so they have these magical beings they battle across

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<v Speaker 1>the ages, and the ideas that they're gonna keep doing this.

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<v Speaker 1>They're gonna keep hunting each other down and engaging in

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<v Speaker 1>sword fights, and and one of them wins and absorbs

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<v Speaker 1>all the energy. They're gonna keep doing this until there's

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<v Speaker 1>very few left on the planet, and then those few

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<v Speaker 1>remaining individuals are going to go to some location on

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<v Speaker 1>the Earth ends up being New York City, and this

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<v Speaker 1>is going to be the gathering where the final immortals

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<v Speaker 1>duke get out. There can be only one left at

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<v Speaker 1>the end, and that final immortal is going to have

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<v Speaker 1>all this collected energy of all those deceased immortals, and

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<v Speaker 1>in doing so, he's gonna win the prize. The complete

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<v Speaker 1>allotment of the immortal fire. You will presumably allow them to,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, the wield godlike power, achieve great and terrible

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<v Speaker 1>things depending on their individual temperament. This is like a

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<v Speaker 1>really awesome idea for a fantasy movie that would be

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<v Speaker 1>dreamt up by a high school sophomore. I mean, it's

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<v Speaker 1>there is something wonderful about it, I have to say,

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<v Speaker 1>like the idea of of and I do think that

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<v Speaker 1>there is perhaps a deeper subtext to that that the screenwriter,

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<v Speaker 1>especially director Russell McKay um, was perhaps getting into like

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<v Speaker 1>this is feeling of like outsider individuals, um, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>trying to you know, to find each other and and

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<v Speaker 1>and and and battling for how they're perceived by the world.

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<v Speaker 1>I would love to see somebody do like deeper, read

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<v Speaker 1>some sort of film theory um uh l g B

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<v Speaker 1>t Q reading of Highlander. Um. I myself, I'm not

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<v Speaker 1>a film theorist, but but I would love to read

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<v Speaker 1>the work of somebody who is on this matter. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>I could see that there's some subtexts like that there,

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<v Speaker 1>especially in the first movie. But so you've got literally

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<v Speaker 1>the character Christoph Lambert, with his French accent, plays the

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<v Speaker 1>Scottish Highlander Connor McCloud. Right, he's Connor, He's he is

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<v Speaker 1>our our hero and he we we we we get

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<v Speaker 1>flashbacks from the president. We would find out this is

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<v Speaker 1>how he learned that he was immortal. And then he encounters, uh,

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<v Speaker 1>first the Kurgan, who is out to just decimate him

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<v Speaker 1>and absorb his energy, but that Clancy Brown, right, and

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<v Speaker 1>then he runs into Sean Connery's Ramire's character who schools

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<v Speaker 1>him in the ways of the immortal. He's like, this

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<v Speaker 1>is how we operate this is what we do. This

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<v Speaker 1>is what you need to be careful about. The is

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<v Speaker 1>who you need to beware of, and you know it

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<v Speaker 1>prepares him. But then Kuragan comes along and kills Ramiras

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<v Speaker 1>and uh well, anyway, we get to the end of

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<v Speaker 1>the film. The inevitable final showdown is between Connor McCloud

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<v Speaker 1>and the Kurrigan. They have a ridiculous sword fight that

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<v Speaker 1>goes on forever. Lots of sparks. I mean, Russell McKay

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<v Speaker 1>was was and is one of the great music video

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<v Speaker 1>directors of the nineteen eighties, right Wild Boys, Wild Boys

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<v Speaker 1>from Duran Duran I think he did. He did multiple

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<v Speaker 1>Duran Duran videos. He did Total Eclipse of the Heart. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>so he has this, he always had. This is fantastic

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<v Speaker 1>visual flare and it is in full effect in Highlander.

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<v Speaker 1>I would say that his music video of the Wild Boys,

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<v Speaker 1>for me somehow slightly pre figures the aesthetics of the

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<v Speaker 1>mad Max Fury Road war Boys. Yeah, to a certain

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<v Speaker 1>ex Yeah, I could see that being the case. They're

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<v Speaker 1>they're kind of like violence swinging about in a in

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<v Speaker 1>a grimy industrial future. Absolutely so. Anyway, spoilers for Highlander one.

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<v Speaker 1>He wins Connor wins, spares the world that a terrible

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<v Speaker 1>fate at the hands of the Kurgan, and we're told

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<v Speaker 1>that he gains the ability to read people's thoughts around

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<v Speaker 1>the world. It's kind of tacked on, you know, that's

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<v Speaker 1>certainly the exact nature of the prize is kind of

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<v Speaker 1>an afterthought because the movie is ultimately not about that.

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<v Speaker 1>It's it's about it's about style. It's style over substance.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a fabulous style. But yeah, when at the end

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<v Speaker 1>you have to realize, oh, yeah, he's supposed to win something,

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<v Speaker 1>what is it? Well, now he's psychic and you can

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<v Speaker 1>connect people. I completely forgot that element. All I remember

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<v Speaker 1>about the end is like explosions and queen yes and

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<v Speaker 1>ultimately like that's that's all you needed has to play

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<v Speaker 1>is your fabulous, fabulous soundtrack. Wonderful explosions. Uh, some goofy funds,

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<v Speaker 1>some very some some nice dramatic moments, and some very

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<v Speaker 1>charismatic performances. You know, we'll spend a little bit of time,

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<v Speaker 1>uh having fun with Sean Connery. But but Sean Connery

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<v Speaker 1>was great in Highlander one, like he is he was

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<v Speaker 1>at like peak silver Fox charisma level. Uh and uh.

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<v Speaker 1>And he's just a joy to watch in that film. Oh,

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<v Speaker 1>he's the perfect charismatic yet silly character actor. Yeah. And

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<v Speaker 1>it was well balanced and you know, the Kurgan was appropriate,

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<v Speaker 1>appropriately fearsome. Uh. And everything I feel like Highlander one

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<v Speaker 1>is is ultimately a well balanced cocktail. It is. It

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<v Speaker 1>is a silly but entertaining, stupid movie. Yes, absolutely, and

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<v Speaker 1>it ties everything up at the end. At the end

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<v Speaker 1>of Highlander one, there's no reason to do a sequel.

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<v Speaker 1>There's no reason to do um. Uh. You know a

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<v Speaker 1>two animated films and animated TV shoots show, a hundred

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<v Speaker 1>nineteen episodes of Highlander, the series, twenty two episodes of

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<v Speaker 1>Highlander The Raven, which I've never even heard of. That

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<v Speaker 1>and four additional live action sequels as well. So obviously

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<v Speaker 1>the we we know, nobody can get enough Highlander after

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<v Speaker 1>it's done, quoth the Karragan nevermore. I'm to understand The

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<v Speaker 1>Raven is like an immortals cop show basically. Um that

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<v Speaker 1>I've never seen it, so I can't really vouch for.

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<v Speaker 1>But the TV show I watched a little off and

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<v Speaker 1>that was that was that was pretty good at times.

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<v Speaker 1>That's a great genre direction to take any previously existing

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<v Speaker 1>genre franchise, like you go from Scanners to Scanner cop. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>well it it's a more sensible move. Well that the

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<v Speaker 1>TV series was a more sensible move because they said,

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<v Speaker 1>let's not try and pick up afterwards, Let's just do

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<v Speaker 1>a new character with lots of flashbacks. Each episode is

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<v Speaker 1>a mix of coming to terms with old trauma and

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<v Speaker 1>old enemies or old friends and then um and then

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<v Speaker 1>and then hammering it out in the present or you know,

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<v Speaker 1>sword fighting it out in the present. But that's not

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<v Speaker 1>what they did for Highlander two. The sequel which comes

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<v Speaker 1>out came out, continues where the first film left off. Uh.

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<v Speaker 1>And that's an ambitious task to begin with, especially if

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<v Speaker 1>you insist on fee during Sean Connery in it, which,

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<v Speaker 1>if what I was reading was correct, that was Lambert's insistence.

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<v Speaker 1>You can't see it at home. But I'm rubbing my

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<v Speaker 1>fingers together in the Money signal, the international gesture for money.

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<v Speaker 1>Of course, Sean Connery is gonna want millions to come

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<v Speaker 1>and reprise his role as Ramirez in this film. Uh.

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<v Speaker 1>And it especially doesn't make sense because he was just

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<v Speaker 1>conclusively murdered in the first time he's been dead for

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<v Speaker 1>centuries first, but they said, all right, we gotta bring

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<v Speaker 1>him back. Okay, if you read a lot about the

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<v Speaker 1>production of this movie, it seems like the creative decisions

0:12:35.679 --> 0:12:39.800
<v Speaker 1>about it were largely very investor driven. So there were

0:12:39.840 --> 0:12:42.240
<v Speaker 1>some sort of like money dudes who were making a

0:12:42.320 --> 0:12:44.600
<v Speaker 1>lot of the calls about what the movie would contain

0:12:44.720 --> 0:12:47.480
<v Speaker 1>and be about. Right, and and then I think it

0:12:47.520 --> 0:12:49.600
<v Speaker 1>seems like a lot of creative decisions ended up being

0:12:49.600 --> 0:12:53.160
<v Speaker 1>made for the wrong reasons. Like I did read that

0:12:53.440 --> 0:12:55.440
<v Speaker 1>Lambert was like, yeah, you gotta bring Connrey on and

0:12:55.480 --> 0:12:57.640
<v Speaker 1>he was great, We had a great time. He should

0:12:57.640 --> 0:13:00.480
<v Speaker 1>be in the sequel. But even though he died, you know,

0:13:00.760 --> 0:13:02.920
<v Speaker 1>and then I'm sure the industry folks were like, yeah,

0:13:03.000 --> 0:13:05.079
<v Speaker 1>Connery is a bankable star, let's get him in there.

0:13:05.880 --> 0:13:10.520
<v Speaker 1>So in order to continue the story of Highlander, it

0:13:10.640 --> 0:13:15.400
<v Speaker 1>is necessary then to expand the mythology, because again it

0:13:15.440 --> 0:13:17.720
<v Speaker 1>was all tied up in a neat little bow. Uh,

0:13:17.760 --> 0:13:21.080
<v Speaker 1>there's no there's nothing left to continue. So they decided

0:13:21.080 --> 0:13:24.600
<v Speaker 1>to come up with a twist, a new way that

0:13:24.679 --> 0:13:27.559
<v Speaker 1>we can expand Highlander into a sequel, and that twist

0:13:28.040 --> 0:13:32.320
<v Speaker 1>was that the immortals are aliens. It's so good. They

0:13:32.360 --> 0:13:35.120
<v Speaker 1>should have just gone with Highlander cop but they didn't.

0:13:35.200 --> 0:13:38.960
<v Speaker 1>Instead they went with aliens. Yeah, and you know I

0:13:39.200 --> 0:13:41.680
<v Speaker 1>and I ultimately think it's not a bad idea. It

0:13:41.679 --> 0:13:44.880
<v Speaker 1>gets a bum rap because most people hated Highlander too,

0:13:45.280 --> 0:13:47.840
<v Speaker 1>But if you've got to come up with something, why

0:13:47.880 --> 0:13:50.960
<v Speaker 1>not aliens? Why not them being beings from another world?

0:13:51.120 --> 0:13:53.400
<v Speaker 1>And it's right there in the Queen theme song. Here

0:13:53.440 --> 0:13:56.200
<v Speaker 1>we are Princess of the Universe, Princes of the Earth,

0:13:56.600 --> 0:13:59.360
<v Speaker 1>Princess of the Universe. Okay, I can see you there.

0:13:59.400 --> 0:14:01.880
<v Speaker 1>I mean, it all depends on how it's handled, right,

0:14:01.960 --> 0:14:04.679
<v Speaker 1>But I think part of the reason people react with

0:14:04.920 --> 0:14:09.400
<v Speaker 1>such uh incredulity to the sudden revelation that they're all

0:14:09.440 --> 0:14:13.000
<v Speaker 1>aliens is literally just the way it's introduced in the film.

0:14:13.040 --> 0:14:15.680
<v Speaker 1>So we're talking about the original Highlander to the quickening,

0:14:15.720 --> 0:14:19.200
<v Speaker 1>the theatrical cut, this has been butchered and edited out

0:14:19.240 --> 0:14:21.760
<v Speaker 1>of these re releases that you can get in digital

0:14:21.760 --> 0:14:24.200
<v Speaker 1>form and on DVD and stuff today, which are now

0:14:24.320 --> 0:14:28.840
<v Speaker 1>they remove references to the alien planet. But so the

0:14:28.880 --> 0:14:32.480
<v Speaker 1>way it's introduced is you've got Christopher Lambert. Uh Lambert

0:14:32.680 --> 0:14:34.760
<v Speaker 1>is an old man makeup sitting at an opera and

0:14:34.760 --> 0:14:37.280
<v Speaker 1>suddenly the camera just like zooms in on him while

0:14:37.360 --> 0:14:40.320
<v Speaker 1>fans are blowing his hair, and he looks confused, and

0:14:40.360 --> 0:14:44.080
<v Speaker 1>you get voiceover from Sean Connery saying, remember Highland of

0:14:44.440 --> 0:14:47.760
<v Speaker 1>your home the planet Zeist, and then it cuts to

0:14:47.880 --> 0:14:52.920
<v Speaker 1>this flashback and he's going, yes, I remember Zeist, and

0:14:53.080 --> 0:14:56.880
<v Speaker 1>it's it's impossible not to laugh while watching this. So

0:14:57.000 --> 0:15:00.120
<v Speaker 1>the basic idea that is then uh presented or on

0:15:00.200 --> 0:15:03.920
<v Speaker 1>in Highland or two uh in the theatrical cut anyway,

0:15:03.960 --> 0:15:08.400
<v Speaker 1>is that the immortals of Earth, we're all exiled immortals

0:15:08.400 --> 0:15:12.960
<v Speaker 1>from another world, planet Zeist, following a failed rebellion, and

0:15:13.000 --> 0:15:16.160
<v Speaker 1>the rebels here that basically the ideas instead of being

0:15:16.160 --> 0:15:17.600
<v Speaker 1>put to death, they're sent to Earth and they have

0:15:17.640 --> 0:15:20.480
<v Speaker 1>to battle each other across time to only one remains,

0:15:20.840 --> 0:15:23.440
<v Speaker 1>and then the winner will have the choice between staying

0:15:23.480 --> 0:15:26.760
<v Speaker 1>on Earth and growing old or returning to Zeist and

0:15:26.920 --> 0:15:31.840
<v Speaker 1>becoming immortal again. Uh. So, I know that's confusing. The

0:15:31.880 --> 0:15:36.160
<v Speaker 1>first one was contrived, so you know there's a lot

0:15:36.400 --> 0:15:39.240
<v Speaker 1>that that doesn't work with that that concept, but but

0:15:39.360 --> 0:15:42.640
<v Speaker 1>I don't know, I still kind of like it. Exiled

0:15:42.680 --> 0:15:45.680
<v Speaker 1>immortals from another world? Fine, uh In the more recent

0:15:45.760 --> 0:15:48.000
<v Speaker 1>cuts of it that you'll find, including one that was

0:15:48.040 --> 0:15:52.240
<v Speaker 1>at least recently on Amazon Prime. They changed it from

0:15:52.720 --> 0:15:57.160
<v Speaker 1>Exiles from Another World to Exiles from the Distant Past.

0:15:57.520 --> 0:16:00.880
<v Speaker 1>So and so, if someone rebels against them, instead of

0:16:00.880 --> 0:16:03.760
<v Speaker 1>sending them to another planet, they send them far into

0:16:03.760 --> 0:16:06.320
<v Speaker 1>the future. We're gonna punish you by sending you to

0:16:06.400 --> 0:16:10.560
<v Speaker 1>a time with indoor plumbing. Oh no, no, don't send

0:16:10.560 --> 0:16:14.680
<v Speaker 1>me to a time after penicillin. But that's that's apparently

0:16:14.680 --> 0:16:18.800
<v Speaker 1>what they did. Um. So, for my money, there there

0:16:18.800 --> 0:16:21.440
<v Speaker 1>are some positives about the film, just to run through

0:16:21.480 --> 0:16:25.400
<v Speaker 1>really quickly. Um And besides the obvious being that I

0:16:25.520 --> 0:16:29.200
<v Speaker 1>enjoy watching bad films, first of all, I would say

0:16:29.200 --> 0:16:31.920
<v Speaker 1>that it was at least ambitious enough to expand and

0:16:31.960 --> 0:16:34.160
<v Speaker 1>take a sci fi twist on the original film rather

0:16:34.200 --> 0:16:37.520
<v Speaker 1>than just redoing it, which is, you know, often the

0:16:37.560 --> 0:16:39.320
<v Speaker 1>way you do a sequel, you're just like, all right,

0:16:39.360 --> 0:16:41.600
<v Speaker 1>do it again, except bigger, and they didn't do that.

0:16:42.400 --> 0:16:45.960
<v Speaker 1>I will say that Russell McKay created an interesting sci

0:16:46.000 --> 0:16:48.320
<v Speaker 1>fi and war look for much of the film. Yeah,

0:16:48.320 --> 0:16:50.280
<v Speaker 1>a couple of the sets are really good. Yeah, there's

0:16:50.400 --> 0:16:53.720
<v Speaker 1>especially you know, the very Blade Runner esque Uh, you know,

0:16:53.840 --> 0:16:57.640
<v Speaker 1>kind of blade runner with more Casablanca heaped on top,

0:16:57.920 --> 0:17:00.680
<v Speaker 1>and then hoverboards and swords. I think these were the

0:17:00.680 --> 0:17:03.160
<v Speaker 1>sets that were built earlier in the production. I mean,

0:17:03.320 --> 0:17:05.320
<v Speaker 1>one of the stories about the production is that the

0:17:05.359 --> 0:17:08.359
<v Speaker 1>movie was made in Argentina. They were like lured there

0:17:08.400 --> 0:17:10.320
<v Speaker 1>because it was like, hey, it's much cheaper to make

0:17:10.320 --> 0:17:12.320
<v Speaker 1>a movie here. You can build elaborate sets and all

0:17:12.320 --> 0:17:14.520
<v Speaker 1>that for half the cost. So they went there, and

0:17:14.560 --> 0:17:17.240
<v Speaker 1>then suddenly there was there was an economic crisis in

0:17:17.359 --> 0:17:20.080
<v Speaker 1>Argentina while they were filming the movie. There was like

0:17:20.160 --> 0:17:22.720
<v Speaker 1>hyper inflation, and then they didn't have any money to

0:17:22.760 --> 0:17:25.359
<v Speaker 1>finish the movie with. Yeah, so so yeah, I guess

0:17:25.400 --> 0:17:27.760
<v Speaker 1>some of the these scenes and some of the sets

0:17:27.960 --> 0:17:30.639
<v Speaker 1>better than others. But but certainly the sequence where the

0:17:30.680 --> 0:17:34.560
<v Speaker 1>assassins from the future show up to fight Old Connor, uh,

0:17:34.760 --> 0:17:38.520
<v Speaker 1>that sequences a lot of fun. I enjoyed that one. Um.

0:17:38.560 --> 0:17:42.400
<v Speaker 1>There's also some goofy scenes with Ramira's buying a suit

0:17:42.560 --> 0:17:45.120
<v Speaker 1>and watching a flight safety video efter he comes back

0:17:45.119 --> 0:17:47.840
<v Speaker 1>from the dead. Highlight of the film is just Sean

0:17:47.920 --> 0:17:51.400
<v Speaker 1>Connery's high jinks in Future Scotland. Yeah, and then there's

0:17:51.760 --> 0:17:55.000
<v Speaker 1>yeah that there's that in addition to that flight safety video,

0:17:55.240 --> 0:17:57.840
<v Speaker 1>there's also and that you only find this in later

0:17:57.880 --> 0:18:01.280
<v Speaker 1>cuts of the film, but there is a fake commercial

0:18:01.400 --> 0:18:03.359
<v Speaker 1>kind of like from you know, something from RoboCop or

0:18:03.400 --> 0:18:08.160
<v Speaker 1>Total Recall for something called Psychic Chef just pops up

0:18:08.200 --> 0:18:11.360
<v Speaker 1>in the middle of the film and it's completely bonkers.

0:18:11.400 --> 0:18:12.919
<v Speaker 1>Like if for anyone out there is a fan of

0:18:12.920 --> 0:18:17.520
<v Speaker 1>the film, Mandy, it's um it's cheddar Goblin esque in criticulousness.

0:18:18.160 --> 0:18:21.400
<v Speaker 1>So it's one of the definite pros to checking out

0:18:21.400 --> 0:18:23.720
<v Speaker 1>a more recent kind of Highlander. Two. I would say

0:18:23.720 --> 0:18:28.040
<v Speaker 1>another huge highlight of the film is the villain Michael Ironside.

0:18:28.280 --> 0:18:31.800
<v Speaker 1>He's this guy from planet Zeist who is their enemy

0:18:31.840 --> 0:18:35.000
<v Speaker 1>who eventually gets tired of waiting on Christoph Lambert to

0:18:35.080 --> 0:18:37.920
<v Speaker 1>just die on Earth and uh and he like goes

0:18:38.000 --> 0:18:40.920
<v Speaker 1>there to fight him. Uh and he you know, there's

0:18:40.960 --> 0:18:43.840
<v Speaker 1>the expression chewing the scenery, but Michael Ironside and this

0:18:43.960 --> 0:18:46.399
<v Speaker 1>is not really he's like a shark, you know, the

0:18:46.400 --> 0:18:49.080
<v Speaker 1>way shark teeth are just always coming out in the

0:18:49.080 --> 0:18:51.600
<v Speaker 1>things they buy it, So he's leaving his teeth all

0:18:51.640 --> 0:18:55.119
<v Speaker 1>over the scenery. Yeah, it's very like skull far Forward

0:18:55.320 --> 0:18:59.719
<v Speaker 1>Scanners esque acting for Michael Ron's side, I saw an

0:18:59.760 --> 0:19:03.919
<v Speaker 1>inner view with him where he basically said, yeah, I

0:19:04.040 --> 0:19:07.000
<v Speaker 1>wasn't a fan of the script. The production was kind

0:19:07.040 --> 0:19:09.520
<v Speaker 1>of a wreck. But I decided like, if I'm going

0:19:09.560 --> 0:19:11.480
<v Speaker 1>to do this, I'm going to be the most memorable

0:19:11.520 --> 0:19:15.040
<v Speaker 1>thing in the film. I'm just gonna go you know, completely,

0:19:15.480 --> 0:19:18.720
<v Speaker 1>you know, crank it up to eleven on the scene shooting. So, yeah,

0:19:18.760 --> 0:19:21.200
<v Speaker 1>he's a he's a tremendous amount of fun. Anytime he's

0:19:21.200 --> 0:19:25.879
<v Speaker 1>on the screen, you can't help but but invest yourself

0:19:25.960 --> 0:19:28.280
<v Speaker 1>and know what he's doing. Oh wait, we haven't even

0:19:28.320 --> 0:19:31.080
<v Speaker 1>mentioned yet the sci fi premise of the movie, have

0:19:31.240 --> 0:19:33.280
<v Speaker 1>we No, we haven't, And this will be something that

0:19:33.320 --> 0:19:37.080
<v Speaker 1>we'll discuss uh later on a little more depth. Because

0:19:37.119 --> 0:19:38.840
<v Speaker 1>one of the ideas here is that what what does

0:19:38.880 --> 0:19:41.199
<v Speaker 1>Connor do with the prize? Right, so he's got this

0:19:41.359 --> 0:19:44.120
<v Speaker 1>great power and wisdom after cutting off all the other

0:19:44.480 --> 0:19:48.040
<v Speaker 1>Zeistian heads we find out that they're from Zeis the heads.

0:19:48.280 --> 0:19:50.480
<v Speaker 1>What does he do with it? Well, apparently he becomes

0:19:50.520 --> 0:19:54.119
<v Speaker 1>like an atmospheric or geoscientist of some kind. Yeah, or

0:19:54.119 --> 0:19:57.480
<v Speaker 1>at least he uses his psyche powers to connect important

0:19:57.520 --> 0:20:01.640
<v Speaker 1>people who are and yeah, he ends up bringing them

0:20:01.640 --> 0:20:05.840
<v Speaker 1>together to solve the problem of Earth's depleted ozone layer,

0:20:06.480 --> 0:20:12.160
<v Speaker 1>and ends up called found founding the Shield Corporation, which

0:20:12.400 --> 0:20:16.000
<v Speaker 1>creates these enormous machines that beam some sort of energy

0:20:16.200 --> 0:20:20.879
<v Speaker 1>up into the stratosphere and create an artificial ozone layer

0:20:20.880 --> 0:20:24.520
<v Speaker 1>of sorts, like an energy layer that protects the Earth

0:20:24.760 --> 0:20:28.280
<v Speaker 1>from UV rays but also makes everything. It makes the

0:20:28.280 --> 0:20:33.639
<v Speaker 1>whole world like permanent Casablanca climate, So everything is dark

0:20:33.800 --> 0:20:36.880
<v Speaker 1>and everything is sweaty everywhere all over the Earth. It's

0:20:36.880 --> 0:20:40.359
<v Speaker 1>a perfect way to justify your like dark and war sets. Yeah,

0:20:40.400 --> 0:20:42.159
<v Speaker 1>and it does create this. You can see where they

0:20:42.160 --> 0:20:44.359
<v Speaker 1>were going with this idea of like Connors, this was

0:20:44.400 --> 0:20:48.760
<v Speaker 1>the savior, but now he's he's vilified, you know, which

0:20:48.800 --> 0:20:51.959
<v Speaker 1>is an interesting trope. You know they sometimes rolled out.

0:20:51.960 --> 0:20:54.639
<v Speaker 1>You see shades of that, certainly in uh in the

0:20:54.720 --> 0:20:58.399
<v Speaker 1>Dune saga. But yeah, so now he's this guy that

0:20:58.440 --> 0:21:02.400
<v Speaker 1>people curse because yeah, he's the planet from UH from

0:21:02.600 --> 0:21:04.840
<v Speaker 1>It's it's o's own problem. But then you replaced it

0:21:04.840 --> 0:21:07.560
<v Speaker 1>with this weird thing that nobody likes. I hate sweating.

0:21:07.640 --> 0:21:11.159
<v Speaker 1>I'd rather be burned alive by UV rays. And so

0:21:11.240 --> 0:21:14.760
<v Speaker 1>that's the sci fi in war World that the bulk

0:21:14.800 --> 0:21:17.359
<v Speaker 1>of Highlander two deals with. Okay, well, now that we

0:21:17.440 --> 0:21:21.280
<v Speaker 1>have described perhaps the most awesome bad movie of all time, Like,

0:21:21.640 --> 0:21:23.680
<v Speaker 1>would you say for me, it's like a top five

0:21:23.800 --> 0:21:26.640
<v Speaker 1>all time bad film. Yeah, it's pretty great, and we

0:21:26.720 --> 0:21:28.919
<v Speaker 1>don't even have time to get into all the ways

0:21:29.000 --> 0:21:31.119
<v Speaker 1>that it is is bad and all the ways that

0:21:31.160 --> 0:21:34.720
<v Speaker 1>it's it's it's ultimately fun to watch. But but yeah,

0:21:34.760 --> 0:21:36.120
<v Speaker 1>at the end of the day, it's not a good

0:21:36.119 --> 0:21:38.800
<v Speaker 1>film by anybody's standard. But hey, if you can get

0:21:38.840 --> 0:21:41.480
<v Speaker 1>you one of those pristine VHS tapes that's got the

0:21:41.480 --> 0:21:44.399
<v Speaker 1>original cut, I highly recommended if you're a fan and

0:21:44.440 --> 0:21:47.359
<v Speaker 1>you want to treat yourself to a brain self funeral. Um,

0:21:47.680 --> 0:21:49.919
<v Speaker 1>now we should take a quick break and then when

0:21:49.920 --> 0:21:52.159
<v Speaker 1>we come back, let's start to discuss the science of

0:21:52.240 --> 0:21:57.040
<v Speaker 1>Highlander two. All right, we're back. Yes, we're gonna do it.

0:21:57.080 --> 0:22:00.879
<v Speaker 1>We're going to We're gonna reach into the corpse of

0:22:00.920 --> 0:22:04.320
<v Speaker 1>this movie. We're gonna pull back the ribs and wrench

0:22:04.400 --> 0:22:09.160
<v Speaker 1>out some juicy, um, you know, moist portions of actual

0:22:09.200 --> 0:22:12.879
<v Speaker 1>science to discuss. Wow, where did that description come from?

0:22:12.920 --> 0:22:16.040
<v Speaker 1>That was? I'm riveted. Now I gotta see what we're

0:22:16.040 --> 0:22:19.320
<v Speaker 1>gonna do. Okay, So the first thing that I think

0:22:19.359 --> 0:22:23.920
<v Speaker 1>we should mention is the weirdness of using the the idea.

0:22:23.960 --> 0:22:26.560
<v Speaker 1>I guess this this maybe does go into the first movie.

0:22:26.560 --> 0:22:28.919
<v Speaker 1>I don't recall the use of the phrase the quickening,

0:22:29.800 --> 0:22:31.920
<v Speaker 1>which is the subtitle of the film is Highlander to

0:22:32.080 --> 0:22:35.159
<v Speaker 1>colon the quickening and the quickening? What is it? What

0:22:35.280 --> 0:22:38.600
<v Speaker 1>happens when the quickening is on screen? Are you referring

0:22:38.640 --> 0:22:40.440
<v Speaker 1>to the you know what happens after that one of

0:22:40.480 --> 0:22:42.200
<v Speaker 1>them cuts the other's heads off? Yeah, that seems to

0:22:42.240 --> 0:22:44.480
<v Speaker 1>be what it's referring to, right the I think there's

0:22:44.480 --> 0:22:48.000
<v Speaker 1>something in the first film where Ramirez is encouraging him to,

0:22:48.080 --> 0:22:51.239
<v Speaker 1>like Feele, the quickening of watching an Elk run or

0:22:51.280 --> 0:22:53.520
<v Speaker 1>something like that. But yeah, for the most part, the

0:22:53.560 --> 0:22:58.760
<v Speaker 1>quickening is this is explosive transfer of magical electronic energy

0:22:59.119 --> 0:23:02.480
<v Speaker 1>and or and made it demons from the body of

0:23:02.720 --> 0:23:06.200
<v Speaker 1>the deceased immortal into the body of the living immortal. Yeah,

0:23:06.200 --> 0:23:09.560
<v Speaker 1>it seems to be what happens when one Zeisteon cuts

0:23:09.560 --> 0:23:12.960
<v Speaker 1>another Zysteon's head off, and then suddenly there are just

0:23:13.040 --> 0:23:16.600
<v Speaker 1>lots of sparks and explosions and electrical arcs and the

0:23:17.040 --> 0:23:20.600
<v Speaker 1>decapitate or receives all of the power and wisdom of

0:23:20.640 --> 0:23:27.040
<v Speaker 1>the decapitate. T Yes, it is, I would say, unapologetically orgasmic,

0:23:27.960 --> 0:23:31.119
<v Speaker 1>right is it is? It is a you know, pyrotechnic

0:23:31.320 --> 0:23:34.760
<v Speaker 1>orgasm on the screen every time this occurs. But we

0:23:34.760 --> 0:23:37.560
<v Speaker 1>we should mention. I guess the idea that the quickening

0:23:37.800 --> 0:23:42.280
<v Speaker 1>is actually a term that already had historically relevant meaning

0:23:42.920 --> 0:23:45.800
<v Speaker 1>like too. I want to quote a section from article

0:23:45.840 --> 0:23:48.840
<v Speaker 1>in Slate by the journalist Ruth Graham about the idea

0:23:48.840 --> 0:23:54.320
<v Speaker 1>of the quickening. Quote. Maift thirty seven was a momentous

0:23:54.440 --> 0:23:58.080
<v Speaker 1>day for Jane Seymour, the third wife of Henry the eighth.

0:23:58.560 --> 0:24:01.320
<v Speaker 1>She had been pregnant for some but now it was official.

0:24:01.600 --> 0:24:05.040
<v Speaker 1>Seymour had felt the quickening, the child's first kick in

0:24:05.080 --> 0:24:08.640
<v Speaker 1>her womb. The milestone was announced too much rejoicing in St.

0:24:08.640 --> 0:24:11.960
<v Speaker 1>Paul's Cathedral in London, with bonfires throughout the city and

0:24:12.040 --> 0:24:16.000
<v Speaker 1>celebratory wine distributed to the poor. At Oxford, a preacher

0:24:16.040 --> 0:24:20.080
<v Speaker 1>delivered a sermon to mark the occasion quote upon Trinity Sunday,

0:24:20.200 --> 0:24:23.040
<v Speaker 1>like one given of God, the child quickened in the

0:24:23.080 --> 0:24:27.159
<v Speaker 1>mother's womb. The assembled worshippers praised God and prayed that

0:24:27.200 --> 0:24:30.040
<v Speaker 1>the new baby would be a prince of the universe.

0:24:30.520 --> 0:24:33.359
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. Maybe, I mean, if you're going to

0:24:33.400 --> 0:24:35.040
<v Speaker 1>be a Prince of England at the time, you might

0:24:35.080 --> 0:24:37.480
<v Speaker 1>as well consider yourself a prince of the universe. Right, No,

0:24:37.480 --> 0:24:40.639
<v Speaker 1>no need to undersell. But why all of this hubbub

0:24:40.680 --> 0:24:43.760
<v Speaker 1>about the fact that Jane Seymour had felt a kick? Uh?

0:24:43.840 --> 0:24:47.200
<v Speaker 1>So the quickening literally means when a pregnant woman first

0:24:47.240 --> 0:24:50.160
<v Speaker 1>feels a kick or a movement from the developing fetus.

0:24:50.160 --> 0:24:52.080
<v Speaker 1>And the root of this word in English is the

0:24:52.080 --> 0:24:55.119
<v Speaker 1>word quick meaning alive. Like you know, the phrase of

0:24:55.160 --> 0:24:57.359
<v Speaker 1>the quicken the dead, that's not just a movie title,

0:24:57.359 --> 0:25:01.200
<v Speaker 1>it's a phrase from from the New Testament. As Second Timothy,

0:25:01.240 --> 0:25:04.600
<v Speaker 1>I charged the therefore before God and the Lord Jesus Christ,

0:25:04.640 --> 0:25:07.880
<v Speaker 1>who shall judge the quicken the dead at his appearing

0:25:07.920 --> 0:25:10.320
<v Speaker 1>in his kingdom? So it means judging the living and

0:25:10.359 --> 0:25:13.840
<v Speaker 1>the dead. So, while today the moment of the quickening

0:25:13.920 --> 0:25:18.000
<v Speaker 1>is not really invested with any particular biological significance, it

0:25:18.200 --> 0:25:22.199
<v Speaker 1>used to be considered very important legally, morally, religiously. Like

0:25:22.400 --> 0:25:25.600
<v Speaker 1>Aristotle wrote that the moment of the quickening was the

0:25:25.680 --> 0:25:30.080
<v Speaker 1>moment that the fetus became animated or became alive, And

0:25:30.119 --> 0:25:32.560
<v Speaker 1>many would go on to interpret this, like, especially in

0:25:32.560 --> 0:25:34.840
<v Speaker 1>a lot of Christian traditions, as the moment that the

0:25:34.840 --> 0:25:39.280
<v Speaker 1>fetus received a soul or became alive. All right, Well,

0:25:39.359 --> 0:25:41.000
<v Speaker 1>in that I can see where we could get to

0:25:41.040 --> 0:25:44.000
<v Speaker 1>the to the idea of what's happening with the immortals. Yeah,

0:25:44.080 --> 0:25:47.560
<v Speaker 1>they are absorbing a soul exactly. And and so for

0:25:47.640 --> 0:25:51.640
<v Speaker 1>this reason, like the quickening had very weird legal status,

0:25:51.720 --> 0:25:53.960
<v Speaker 1>especially for us to read back on now, like Graham

0:25:54.040 --> 0:25:57.240
<v Speaker 1>Rights for example, about a precedent in English law where

0:25:57.280 --> 0:26:00.560
<v Speaker 1>if a pregnant woman was condemned to death, like she

0:26:00.640 --> 0:26:03.800
<v Speaker 1>had to be executed, she could be executed if she

0:26:03.840 --> 0:26:06.280
<v Speaker 1>had not yet felt the quickening, but she would be

0:26:06.320 --> 0:26:09.080
<v Speaker 1>given a delay of sentence if she had felt the quickening.

0:26:10.160 --> 0:26:13.080
<v Speaker 1>I can't have an imagine like ramires As as a

0:26:13.160 --> 0:26:18.920
<v Speaker 1>lawyer then defending your honor, my client only absorbed the

0:26:19.000 --> 0:26:23.840
<v Speaker 1>quickening after he knocked the futuristic a shassion off the train,

0:26:23.920 --> 0:26:26.639
<v Speaker 1>and then the train ran over his neck. So I

0:26:26.680 --> 0:26:31.720
<v Speaker 1>would argue that this was a case of accidental quickening. Yeah, anyway,

0:26:31.920 --> 0:26:34.160
<v Speaker 1>this makes a kind of odd choice of terms though

0:26:34.200 --> 0:26:36.960
<v Speaker 1>for for a movie about like alien swordsman cutting off

0:26:37.000 --> 0:26:40.720
<v Speaker 1>each other's heads, Like, I guess the idea of receiving

0:26:40.720 --> 0:26:43.560
<v Speaker 1>a soul or receiving a life essence at a certain

0:26:43.640 --> 0:26:46.080
<v Speaker 1>moment like that could be in there. Also. I don't

0:26:46.119 --> 0:26:48.399
<v Speaker 1>know if it's just a coincidence, maybe like he just

0:26:48.520 --> 0:26:52.080
<v Speaker 1>independently Whoever the writer was arrived at the h the

0:26:52.160 --> 0:26:55.080
<v Speaker 1>idea of the quickening after thinking about the word quick

0:26:55.119 --> 0:26:58.160
<v Speaker 1>meaning living, living essence or something. I mean, you gotta

0:26:58.160 --> 0:27:01.080
<v Speaker 1>call it something, right. Maybe for a while they just

0:27:01.480 --> 0:27:05.920
<v Speaker 1>referred to it as the sparky explode e uh, post

0:27:06.040 --> 0:27:11.119
<v Speaker 1>decapitation brain orgasm. I don't know. Um quickening rolls off

0:27:11.119 --> 0:27:19.400
<v Speaker 1>the tongue a little easier, the decapagasming, Yes, the decephalizagasming. Now,

0:27:19.760 --> 0:27:21.439
<v Speaker 1>I want to talk a little bit about just the

0:27:21.480 --> 0:27:25.719
<v Speaker 1>idea of immortality and mortality, Okay, And we've we've covered

0:27:25.880 --> 0:27:27.760
<v Speaker 1>aspects of this on the show before. We did a

0:27:27.760 --> 0:27:31.080
<v Speaker 1>two parter um in the last year, I believe about

0:27:31.160 --> 0:27:34.760
<v Speaker 1>the desire for immortality. Yeah, and where we talked about

0:27:34.800 --> 0:27:39.240
<v Speaker 1>like what is the biological reality about why animals age?

0:27:40.119 --> 0:27:42.440
<v Speaker 1>Why do animals grow old and die? Like why don't

0:27:42.560 --> 0:27:44.639
<v Speaker 1>you know, why don't our our bodies just have us

0:27:44.680 --> 0:27:47.280
<v Speaker 1>live forever? And the answer to that is generally that

0:27:47.359 --> 0:27:50.640
<v Speaker 1>there's what's sort of known as antagonistic pleotropies. There are

0:27:51.080 --> 0:27:54.440
<v Speaker 1>forces within the genome that are driving fitness in multiple

0:27:54.480 --> 0:27:58.280
<v Speaker 1>different directions, and it just turns out that nature doesn't

0:27:58.440 --> 0:28:01.520
<v Speaker 1>see a whole lot of advance age and extending human

0:28:01.560 --> 0:28:04.479
<v Speaker 1>lifespans over a long period of time. And so when

0:28:04.560 --> 0:28:08.120
<v Speaker 1>there's a gene that, say, like, maybe prevents cancer when

0:28:08.160 --> 0:28:12.159
<v Speaker 1>you're young, but also happens to lead to deterioration of

0:28:12.200 --> 0:28:16.320
<v Speaker 1>the body and death of old age later on, natural

0:28:16.359 --> 0:28:18.400
<v Speaker 1>selection doesn't care a whole lot about the old age.

0:28:18.440 --> 0:28:21.480
<v Speaker 1>It cares more about preventing cancer when you're young, so

0:28:21.680 --> 0:28:24.800
<v Speaker 1>it just selects for that and rarely sees what happens

0:28:24.840 --> 0:28:27.400
<v Speaker 1>in old age because there's a lot of natural mortality

0:28:27.680 --> 0:28:31.720
<v Speaker 1>throughout the span of a life anyway. Right, So it's

0:28:32.000 --> 0:28:35.439
<v Speaker 1>on one level, it's difficult to come up with an

0:28:35.600 --> 0:28:40.720
<v Speaker 1>argument for for how biologically immortal creature would work within

0:28:40.800 --> 0:28:45.840
<v Speaker 1>a given um environment. However, we do have a few

0:28:45.880 --> 0:28:49.600
<v Speaker 1>possible examples, the main one being that of the hydra,

0:28:50.280 --> 0:28:55.760
<v Speaker 1>the real world hydra, not the mythical hydra um, because

0:28:56.200 --> 0:29:00.160
<v Speaker 1>you know, these are hardy, regenerative creatures that evolved to

0:29:00.240 --> 0:29:04.080
<v Speaker 1>thrive in a in harsh war like environments, perhaps not

0:29:04.240 --> 0:29:07.400
<v Speaker 1>unlike our our planet Zeist. It seems like we all

0:29:07.560 --> 0:29:13.200
<v Speaker 1>are are all male species of of immortal swordsmen, are

0:29:13.240 --> 0:29:16.720
<v Speaker 1>in a constant state of war. Uh So maybe we

0:29:16.760 --> 0:29:19.480
<v Speaker 1>can compare them to the hydra a little bit. Yeah,

0:29:19.560 --> 0:29:25.000
<v Speaker 1>Hydrozoa's ice danum. And it's worth noting that, uh that

0:29:25.280 --> 0:29:30.000
<v Speaker 1>even with biologically immortal or or you know, possibly biological

0:29:30.040 --> 0:29:33.080
<v Speaker 1>immortal organisms, they still live in a dangerous world that

0:29:33.120 --> 0:29:36.720
<v Speaker 1>will inevitably kill them. Like nobody's saying, oh, hydras live forever. No,

0:29:36.840 --> 0:29:40.600
<v Speaker 1>hydras still don't live tremendously long. They'll die for any

0:29:40.640 --> 0:29:44.760
<v Speaker 1>number of reasons. But there have been there have been

0:29:45.200 --> 0:29:49.000
<v Speaker 1>experimental observations that have have shown that in in in

0:29:49.080 --> 0:29:52.440
<v Speaker 1>certain lab situations, they live far longer than we thought,

0:29:52.440 --> 0:29:56.440
<v Speaker 1>and they don't appear to age. Uh So, you know,

0:29:56.520 --> 0:30:00.080
<v Speaker 1>we could maybe look to some parallels there for our

0:30:00.000 --> 0:30:04.840
<v Speaker 1>our fictional magical swordsman from another planet. Um. You know

0:30:04.880 --> 0:30:09.440
<v Speaker 1>that that's this is the basic pitch behind the biologically

0:30:09.520 --> 0:30:14.160
<v Speaker 1>immortal Adrien's an alien fictional alien species in the culture

0:30:14.200 --> 0:30:17.720
<v Speaker 1>novels by Nim Banks that I've mentioned probably several times

0:30:17.760 --> 0:30:20.320
<v Speaker 1>in the show at this point. The idea is that

0:30:20.440 --> 0:30:24.280
<v Speaker 1>they emerged in a very competitive, very harsh environment that

0:30:24.360 --> 0:30:28.800
<v Speaker 1>they ultimately ended up mastering, but they retained this biological

0:30:28.880 --> 0:30:33.360
<v Speaker 1>immortality as being just a part of their their physiology. Now,

0:30:33.400 --> 0:30:35.680
<v Speaker 1>it's hard to say for sure, but it makes me

0:30:35.960 --> 0:30:38.360
<v Speaker 1>I mean, I tend to think that wherever you are,

0:30:38.400 --> 0:30:41.880
<v Speaker 1>you'd probably have, even on an alien planet, some similar

0:30:41.960 --> 0:30:45.560
<v Speaker 1>natural selection forces at play. As long as you have

0:30:45.640 --> 0:30:50.440
<v Speaker 1>the same basic principles of evolution working, you probably wouldn't

0:30:50.440 --> 0:30:53.880
<v Speaker 1>have many large organisms having any kind of mechanism that

0:30:53.960 --> 0:30:57.640
<v Speaker 1>favored immortality, just because, much like on Earth, there wouldn't

0:30:57.640 --> 0:31:01.000
<v Speaker 1>be much reason for natural selection to still elect it. Now,

0:31:01.040 --> 0:31:03.680
<v Speaker 1>the other big possibility, and this is probably the more

0:31:03.720 --> 0:31:05.600
<v Speaker 1>likely possibility if we're trying to come up with a

0:31:05.680 --> 0:31:09.520
<v Speaker 1>reason that the immortals of Zeist are indeed immortal, is

0:31:09.560 --> 0:31:12.720
<v Speaker 1>that perhaps they engineered it. Because certainly they just seem

0:31:12.760 --> 0:31:14.880
<v Speaker 1>to be running around the desert fighting the swords and

0:31:14.960 --> 0:31:17.280
<v Speaker 1>using some sort of guns. I can't remember if they're

0:31:17.360 --> 0:31:22.880
<v Speaker 1>laser laser guns. Yeah, so they have some advanced technology,

0:31:22.960 --> 0:31:27.840
<v Speaker 1>and they have the technology to either exile individuals to

0:31:27.880 --> 0:31:32.040
<v Speaker 1>another planet or to the to the distant future, so

0:31:32.920 --> 0:31:35.400
<v Speaker 1>it doesn't seem impossible that they would have also figured

0:31:35.400 --> 0:31:39.560
<v Speaker 1>out a way to make themselves biologically immortal um or

0:31:39.600 --> 0:31:44.600
<v Speaker 1>technologically and technologically immortal artificially. So at any rate, it's

0:31:44.600 --> 0:31:47.960
<v Speaker 1>also worth noting that again that there are no female

0:31:47.960 --> 0:31:51.320
<v Speaker 1>immortals that we see in Highlander two. I tend to

0:31:51.320 --> 0:31:53.000
<v Speaker 1>think this has more to do with just sort of

0:31:53.040 --> 0:31:56.680
<v Speaker 1>like sexist envisioning of story tropes than to do with

0:31:56.720 --> 0:32:01.360
<v Speaker 1>the their biological ideas about Zeist or they reproduce via

0:32:01.440 --> 0:32:04.760
<v Speaker 1>a sexual budding like the Hydra. Okay, you know, we

0:32:04.840 --> 0:32:08.360
<v Speaker 1>never we don't see we never see a scene where

0:32:08.400 --> 0:32:12.400
<v Speaker 1>Sean Connery buds additional Sean conneries. But who knows. Well,

0:32:12.440 --> 0:32:14.200
<v Speaker 1>I mean, I would point out that you could very

0:32:14.200 --> 0:32:18.800
<v Speaker 1>well say the Highlander films are buddy films christof Lambert

0:32:18.880 --> 0:32:21.720
<v Speaker 1>and Sean Connery. I mean, if that's that, they should

0:32:21.720 --> 0:32:25.160
<v Speaker 1>have had their own buddy cop series. Chiefs says, I'm

0:32:25.200 --> 0:32:30.520
<v Speaker 1>taking it too personal, No Islander, We've got to stop him. Hey,

0:32:30.560 --> 0:32:32.560
<v Speaker 1>I'm so that would have That would have been great, though,

0:32:32.560 --> 0:32:35.240
<v Speaker 1>can you be a buddy cop without budding. I don't

0:32:35.240 --> 0:32:38.520
<v Speaker 1>know several others Riggs and MYRTA manage it all right, Well,

0:32:38.600 --> 0:32:40.840
<v Speaker 1>let's let's move on to decapitation. What do you have

0:32:40.880 --> 0:32:43.960
<v Speaker 1>for us in the way of decapitation science. Well, I

0:32:44.000 --> 0:32:46.640
<v Speaker 1>was wondering, you know, is there an animal that does

0:32:46.680 --> 0:32:49.880
<v Speaker 1>the Zeist thing, that does the immortal thing, that wanders

0:32:49.880 --> 0:32:52.240
<v Speaker 1>the earth in search of combat with enemies who can

0:32:52.240 --> 0:32:55.240
<v Speaker 1>supply it with the quickening if and only if it

0:32:55.360 --> 0:32:58.880
<v Speaker 1>kills them by decapitation? And I, you know, at first,

0:32:58.920 --> 0:33:00.800
<v Speaker 1>I was like coming up with a blank. I was like, no,

0:33:01.000 --> 0:33:03.240
<v Speaker 1>I don't think there's really anything like that out there. Actually,

0:33:03.280 --> 0:33:08.240
<v Speaker 1>decapitation just does not seem very common in the animal kingdom. Yeah,

0:33:08.320 --> 0:33:11.640
<v Speaker 1>it's a it's it's one of those things that happens

0:33:11.680 --> 0:33:14.160
<v Speaker 1>all the time in movies. And I believe is it

0:33:14.240 --> 0:33:18.960
<v Speaker 1>appears easier to do in films, um, but you're really

0:33:18.960 --> 0:33:20.400
<v Speaker 1>having to You're having to cut through a lot of

0:33:20.600 --> 0:33:23.520
<v Speaker 1>material there. And to what end if you're an animal? Right,

0:33:23.560 --> 0:33:25.640
<v Speaker 1>what's the point. Normally, if you're an animal, you're not

0:33:25.680 --> 0:33:27.920
<v Speaker 1>like trying to make your enemy or your prey like

0:33:28.120 --> 0:33:30.160
<v Speaker 1>get a quick death as if it's like a you know,

0:33:30.200 --> 0:33:33.240
<v Speaker 1>a judicial execution or something. It's not the guillotine here.

0:33:33.400 --> 0:33:35.240
<v Speaker 1>You're trying to eat them or you're trying to fight

0:33:35.320 --> 0:33:39.800
<v Speaker 1>them off or something. But as always, as always, nature

0:33:39.880 --> 0:33:43.520
<v Speaker 1>is weirder than fiction. So I present for your consideration

0:33:43.880 --> 0:33:48.200
<v Speaker 1>an insect, a highlander insect. It is a genus of

0:33:48.360 --> 0:33:53.040
<v Speaker 1>forward fly, known scientifically as suit acton. Now, I was

0:33:53.080 --> 0:33:56.120
<v Speaker 1>wondering what this means for like, false pseudo means false,

0:33:56.160 --> 0:33:59.920
<v Speaker 1>so false Acteon acton is a figure from Greek Man

0:34:00.120 --> 0:34:02.640
<v Speaker 1>who was a herdsman who got torn apart by his

0:34:02.680 --> 0:34:06.960
<v Speaker 1>own hounds. Oh, yes, there's some paintings that depict this. Yeah,

0:34:07.160 --> 0:34:09.560
<v Speaker 1>I'm not sure what significance that has there. Maybe acting

0:34:09.640 --> 0:34:12.160
<v Speaker 1>on is another type of fly or animal that it's like,

0:34:12.640 --> 0:34:15.560
<v Speaker 1>maybe a false mimic of an outward appearance. I couldn't

0:34:15.600 --> 0:34:18.640
<v Speaker 1>figure that out. But despite the scientific name, I will

0:34:18.640 --> 0:34:21.279
<v Speaker 1>propose hereafter we call it either I don't know, we

0:34:21.280 --> 0:34:23.520
<v Speaker 1>can pick from a few of the highlander fly, the

0:34:23.640 --> 0:34:26.560
<v Speaker 1>zeist fly, or maybe the quickening fly, or if you

0:34:26.560 --> 0:34:28.800
<v Speaker 1>can think of a better one, I'm still open. The

0:34:28.880 --> 0:34:34.040
<v Speaker 1>Connor McFly A little back to the future bridge there.

0:34:34.280 --> 0:34:36.919
<v Speaker 1>So here's how it goes. You've got these flies from

0:34:36.920 --> 0:34:40.120
<v Speaker 1>the family for a day, and they're they're pretty familiar

0:34:40.160 --> 0:34:42.560
<v Speaker 1>to us. We can see them buzzing around food sources

0:34:42.600 --> 0:34:46.040
<v Speaker 1>as pests. We often mistakenly call them fruit flies. They're

0:34:46.040 --> 0:34:49.440
<v Speaker 1>not fruit flies, but the genus sued Acteon is different.

0:34:49.680 --> 0:34:55.040
<v Speaker 1>These flies are parasitoids, their reproductive parasites that attack ants,

0:34:55.239 --> 0:34:58.880
<v Speaker 1>especially ants in the genus sullen Opsis, which includes the

0:34:58.960 --> 0:35:02.640
<v Speaker 1>invasive red fire ant Solenopsis invicta, which we've talked about

0:35:02.640 --> 0:35:05.279
<v Speaker 1>plenty on the show before, and the black imported fire

0:35:05.320 --> 0:35:10.080
<v Speaker 1>ant Solenopsis ricktieri. So species of this fly can be

0:35:10.080 --> 0:35:12.640
<v Speaker 1>found throughout the world. In the United States, you'll mainly

0:35:12.680 --> 0:35:15.440
<v Speaker 1>find them, I think in the Southeast, like the Texas,

0:35:15.480 --> 0:35:18.200
<v Speaker 1>through the Deep South in Florida in those areas, and

0:35:18.320 --> 0:35:22.600
<v Speaker 1>the process of their parasitism is amazing. Robert, I've included

0:35:22.680 --> 0:35:24.600
<v Speaker 1>some images for you to look at as we go

0:35:24.680 --> 0:35:27.600
<v Speaker 1>along here, so feel free to comment sharing with the

0:35:27.640 --> 0:35:30.520
<v Speaker 1>listeners in any color that strikes you here, but absolutely

0:35:30.920 --> 0:35:33.359
<v Speaker 1>uh So. First of all, you've got a female suit

0:35:33.400 --> 0:35:36.319
<v Speaker 1>act on or highlander fly. She mates and so now

0:35:36.320 --> 0:35:39.200
<v Speaker 1>she's got fertilized eggs, and what she does is she

0:35:39.280 --> 0:35:42.360
<v Speaker 1>will find a fire ant of the particular species that

0:35:42.400 --> 0:35:46.200
<v Speaker 1>she can parasitize. So certain species of this genus of

0:35:46.320 --> 0:35:50.440
<v Speaker 1>fly attack generally a certain species of ant, And so

0:35:50.520 --> 0:35:52.839
<v Speaker 1>she'll find the right kind of aunt, and she'll fly

0:35:52.960 --> 0:35:56.760
<v Speaker 1>around above groups of worker ants during their foraging behavior,

0:35:57.239 --> 0:35:59.760
<v Speaker 1>and then suddenly, when the time is right, she swoops

0:35:59.760 --> 0:36:02.359
<v Speaker 1>down on and stabs one of the ants with her

0:36:02.440 --> 0:36:06.480
<v Speaker 1>external ovipositor. And I've got some close up micrographs of

0:36:06.520 --> 0:36:09.319
<v Speaker 1>these ovipositors for you to look at, Robert. I love

0:36:09.400 --> 0:36:12.239
<v Speaker 1>these things because they look so metal. They're straight out

0:36:12.239 --> 0:36:15.120
<v Speaker 1>of like a Mortal Kombat game. Oh yeah. One of

0:36:15.120 --> 0:36:17.719
<v Speaker 1>them in particular does remind me a bit of the

0:36:17.800 --> 0:36:21.120
<v Speaker 1>Kurgan's sword from the first Highlighter film. Oh yeah, I

0:36:21.160 --> 0:36:22.759
<v Speaker 1>forget what that looks like. Oh it's kind of got

0:36:22.800 --> 0:36:25.759
<v Speaker 1>claws on it, doesn't it. So I guess she's this

0:36:25.800 --> 0:36:27.960
<v Speaker 1>is kind of the sword fight portion. She is like

0:36:28.080 --> 0:36:30.719
<v Speaker 1>the Kurgans. She flies in with the sword and stabs

0:36:31.440 --> 0:36:35.040
<v Speaker 1>instead of immediately decapitating. But we're getting there. So then

0:36:35.120 --> 0:36:39.160
<v Speaker 1>with the ovipositor, she injects an egg into the ants thorax,

0:36:39.640 --> 0:36:42.360
<v Speaker 1>and the egg develops within the ant, and then the

0:36:42.440 --> 0:36:46.319
<v Speaker 1>larva hatches, and from here the larva travels into the

0:36:46.360 --> 0:36:51.600
<v Speaker 1>ant's head and waits there consuming material inside the ant's head.

0:36:51.680 --> 0:36:55.080
<v Speaker 1>It consumes hema lymph, and hema lymph is the invertebrate

0:36:55.120 --> 0:36:58.799
<v Speaker 1>equivalent of blood. So imagine this thing basically going inside

0:36:58.840 --> 0:37:01.360
<v Speaker 1>your head and then sit there and drinking your blood.

0:37:01.960 --> 0:37:05.920
<v Speaker 1>But it also, over time eats the ant's brain, and

0:37:06.040 --> 0:37:08.520
<v Speaker 1>this causes the ant, i've read in reports to kind

0:37:08.520 --> 0:37:11.080
<v Speaker 1>of wander around zombie like. This is, of course, not

0:37:11.120 --> 0:37:15.120
<v Speaker 1>the only parasite that can affect an ant's nervous system

0:37:15.200 --> 0:37:18.760
<v Speaker 1>and cause it to wander around and strange zombie like behavior,

0:37:19.280 --> 0:37:21.880
<v Speaker 1>but it did make me wonder. So when does the

0:37:21.920 --> 0:37:25.680
<v Speaker 1>ant first feel the quickening inside its own head? Oh?

0:37:25.719 --> 0:37:27.560
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. That's a tough one. We'll come back

0:37:27.560 --> 0:37:29.440
<v Speaker 1>to it then. So anyway, when it's time for the

0:37:29.520 --> 0:37:33.920
<v Speaker 1>larva to pupate, it secretes an enzyme that dissolves the

0:37:33.960 --> 0:37:38.360
<v Speaker 1>connective membrane of the ants exoskeleton, particularly at the site

0:37:38.440 --> 0:37:42.759
<v Speaker 1>where the ant's head connects to its thorax. Basically, it

0:37:42.880 --> 0:37:47.360
<v Speaker 1>is externally digesting the ant's neck, and while that enzyme

0:37:47.400 --> 0:37:49.840
<v Speaker 1>is doing its work, the larvae continues to eat the

0:37:49.880 --> 0:37:52.520
<v Speaker 1>stuff inside the ant's head, and then the ants head

0:37:52.719 --> 0:37:57.040
<v Speaker 1>falls off, so that here is the decapitation ant's head

0:37:57.160 --> 0:38:01.280
<v Speaker 1>off the larva is inside it. So the larva inside

0:38:01.280 --> 0:38:04.440
<v Speaker 1>the severed head shoves the ant's mouthparts out of the

0:38:04.480 --> 0:38:08.400
<v Speaker 1>severed head, and the fly pupa extends to fill different

0:38:08.440 --> 0:38:10.960
<v Speaker 1>cavities in the ant head, especially like it extends to

0:38:11.080 --> 0:38:13.920
<v Speaker 1>fill in the oral cavity with part of its plate,

0:38:14.560 --> 0:38:17.240
<v Speaker 1>and then it's it sends out a couple of spikes

0:38:17.280 --> 0:38:19.880
<v Speaker 1>that stabs these spikes out through the sides of the

0:38:19.920 --> 0:38:23.760
<v Speaker 1>ant head, and these are respiratory horns like breathing tubes.

0:38:24.239 --> 0:38:25.960
<v Speaker 1>And then after maybe like two to four or two

0:38:26.000 --> 0:38:29.239
<v Speaker 1>to six weeks, an adult fly will just burst out

0:38:29.239 --> 0:38:31.920
<v Speaker 1>of the ant head like you know, hello, there can

0:38:31.920 --> 0:38:34.600
<v Speaker 1>be only one. And I've got I've got a picture

0:38:34.640 --> 0:38:37.640
<v Speaker 1>of it bursting out here down below. And I must say,

0:38:37.680 --> 0:38:40.560
<v Speaker 1>this little larva popping out of the ant head like

0:38:40.600 --> 0:38:44.040
<v Speaker 1>a smashed pumpkin is so cute. It's got huge eyes,

0:38:44.160 --> 0:38:46.719
<v Speaker 1>it's got little little wiggly things. I don't know what

0:38:46.800 --> 0:38:49.399
<v Speaker 1>those are. Yeah, it's just kind of like busting out

0:38:49.400 --> 0:38:52.280
<v Speaker 1>of the face. I like just a like a baby

0:38:52.360 --> 0:38:55.120
<v Speaker 1>crawled out of your face? Right? Did they ever go

0:38:55.200 --> 0:38:57.600
<v Speaker 1>there in the sequels to the Alien franchise later in

0:38:57.640 --> 0:39:00.560
<v Speaker 1>Alien movies where their face bursters. No, But I believe

0:39:00.600 --> 0:39:04.200
<v Speaker 1>one of those Peter Jackson early Gorefest films of his

0:39:04.400 --> 0:39:07.160
<v Speaker 1>there's a scene where like a baby like evil zombie

0:39:07.200 --> 0:39:09.560
<v Speaker 1>baby rips its way out of an old lady's face.

0:39:09.600 --> 0:39:13.600
<v Speaker 1>I think, sick. Yeah, yeah, by all accounts, sick indeed.

0:39:13.800 --> 0:39:15.560
<v Speaker 1>You know, maybe it takes a kind of dark sense

0:39:15.560 --> 0:39:18.480
<v Speaker 1>of humor to appreciate this, but I see when there's

0:39:18.560 --> 0:39:21.879
<v Speaker 1>one photo where the the ant's head has fallen off

0:39:21.920 --> 0:39:24.600
<v Speaker 1>of its body, and it appears that the ant is

0:39:24.640 --> 0:39:27.520
<v Speaker 1>sort of like feeling around for its head with its

0:39:27.560 --> 0:39:30.239
<v Speaker 1>four limbs, like where did my head go? This? It

0:39:30.280 --> 0:39:33.160
<v Speaker 1>reminds me once again of the Certainly, there are lots

0:39:33.160 --> 0:39:36.560
<v Speaker 1>of cartoons where people's heads come off and they you know,

0:39:36.600 --> 0:39:40.360
<v Speaker 1>they reach around for them. But the fieries in Labyrinth,

0:39:40.520 --> 0:39:45.719
<v Speaker 1>the Nightmarck orange creatures who take their own heads and

0:39:45.760 --> 0:39:49.040
<v Speaker 1>limbs off and throw them around and and nix and

0:39:49.080 --> 0:39:52.520
<v Speaker 1>match them and want to do the same thing to uh,

0:39:52.640 --> 0:39:57.279
<v Speaker 1>to us, to to our our protagonist. Uh yeah, those

0:39:57.320 --> 0:39:59.719
<v Speaker 1>are those are some nightmare creatures for sure. You know,

0:39:59.719 --> 0:40:01.839
<v Speaker 1>I to go back and watch The Labyrinth again. It's

0:40:01.880 --> 0:40:04.560
<v Speaker 1>been so I barely remember it. Oh yeah, it's it's

0:40:04.600 --> 0:40:07.360
<v Speaker 1>it's quite good. It's a classic. I mean it's no

0:40:07.440 --> 0:40:12.600
<v Speaker 1>Highlander too does have a queen soundtrack. Uh no, but

0:40:12.680 --> 0:40:15.359
<v Speaker 1>it has a tape with Bowie soundtrack. I think that

0:40:15.480 --> 0:40:18.000
<v Speaker 1>I think that that suffices. But anyway, so back to

0:40:18.000 --> 0:40:20.640
<v Speaker 1>the Highlander flies, the suit Acteon. So these flies have

0:40:20.680 --> 0:40:25.800
<v Speaker 1>actually been deployed intentionally in some areas for invasive fire

0:40:25.840 --> 0:40:28.160
<v Speaker 1>ant control. So it's kind of like if you had

0:40:28.200 --> 0:40:32.800
<v Speaker 1>a problem with invasive Michael ironside populations and they're ravaging

0:40:32.800 --> 0:40:35.560
<v Speaker 1>your local ecosystem, what do you do while you release

0:40:35.680 --> 0:40:38.840
<v Speaker 1>a population of christof lamberts to keep it in check,

0:40:38.920 --> 0:40:42.839
<v Speaker 1>going out and decapitating all of your invasive Michael ironsides.

0:40:43.200 --> 0:40:45.680
<v Speaker 1>And this works out because the specifics of at least

0:40:45.719 --> 0:40:48.600
<v Speaker 1>some species of the suit Acteon make them unlikely to

0:40:48.640 --> 0:40:51.200
<v Speaker 1>be a human pest. Like, they do not seem to

0:40:51.200 --> 0:40:53.640
<v Speaker 1>be attracted to the kinds of things that normally make

0:40:53.680 --> 0:40:57.320
<v Speaker 1>a fly past. They're not really attracted to carry in feces, fruits,

0:40:57.400 --> 0:41:01.400
<v Speaker 1>or human foods. M So more challenging to trigger the

0:41:01.440 --> 0:41:03.879
<v Speaker 1>gathering here, that's what you're saying, I guess. So, yeah,

0:41:03.960 --> 0:41:05.359
<v Speaker 1>how do you get them all in the same place?

0:41:05.360 --> 0:41:07.240
<v Speaker 1>I guess you just gather a lot of fire ants.

0:41:07.440 --> 0:41:09.800
<v Speaker 1>Another thing that that's funny I found, Uh, I guess

0:41:09.960 --> 0:41:12.800
<v Speaker 1>because of this potential to act as like pest control.

0:41:13.600 --> 0:41:15.960
<v Speaker 1>When you google this genus, you will find hits for

0:41:16.000 --> 0:41:20.359
<v Speaker 1>posts like where can I buy ant decapitating flies? They're

0:41:20.440 --> 0:41:24.080
<v Speaker 1>like international suppliers who will ship to you? Or what?

0:41:24.800 --> 0:41:28.520
<v Speaker 1>Another random but maybe interesting fact, apparently, the sex of

0:41:28.560 --> 0:41:32.560
<v Speaker 1>the emerging highlander fly will be determined by the size

0:41:32.640 --> 0:41:35.400
<v Speaker 1>of the ant head that gets cut off. So you

0:41:35.480 --> 0:41:37.839
<v Speaker 1>cut off a bigger aunt head, you get a female fly.

0:41:38.120 --> 0:41:39.960
<v Speaker 1>You cut off a smaller ant head, you get a

0:41:39.960 --> 0:41:43.600
<v Speaker 1>mail fly. Oh wow. So it's like the older, the immortal,

0:41:43.680 --> 0:41:46.200
<v Speaker 1>you know, the more quickenings within them, the more room

0:41:46.280 --> 0:41:50.080
<v Speaker 1>for growth. I'm reaching, but I'm trying to continue the

0:41:50.080 --> 0:41:53.520
<v Speaker 1>connection here now. I admire your your dedication. By the way,

0:41:53.719 --> 0:41:55.960
<v Speaker 1>if you want to read more, the University of Florida

0:41:56.080 --> 0:41:59.200
<v Speaker 1>Entomology department website as a great page with references on

0:41:59.280 --> 0:42:03.240
<v Speaker 1>the sud Acton genus. Uh. It's it's a wild ride.

0:42:03.360 --> 0:42:05.040
<v Speaker 1>All Right, we're gonna take one more break and when

0:42:05.040 --> 0:42:07.800
<v Speaker 1>we come back, we're going to talk about the ozone layer.

0:42:08.239 --> 0:42:12.360
<v Speaker 1>Thank alright, we're back. So, as we discussed earlier, one

0:42:12.400 --> 0:42:15.960
<v Speaker 1>of the major plot elements in Highlander two is the

0:42:16.040 --> 0:42:20.200
<v Speaker 1>idea that the Earth's ozone layer was was terribly depleted

0:42:20.280 --> 0:42:24.879
<v Speaker 1>and Connor McCloud uh founded the Shield Corporation, which which

0:42:25.600 --> 0:42:30.920
<v Speaker 1>created these enormous like uh you know sci fi energy um,

0:42:31.600 --> 0:42:34.319
<v Speaker 1>the pyramid pyramids ye, that are shooting some sort of

0:42:34.360 --> 0:42:38.320
<v Speaker 1>beam up into the sky and creating an artificial ozone

0:42:38.360 --> 0:42:41.920
<v Speaker 1>layer and artificial shield that is protecting the Earth against

0:42:41.960 --> 0:42:46.279
<v Speaker 1>harmful UV rays. But it makes everything like dark and

0:42:46.360 --> 0:42:49.000
<v Speaker 1>human except I must say this does not actually apply

0:42:49.120 --> 0:42:51.480
<v Speaker 1>in every scene, Like when you showed the scenes with

0:42:51.520 --> 0:42:56.239
<v Speaker 1>Sean Connery in Scotland. Scotland's fine, everything looks normal, but

0:42:56.520 --> 0:42:59.920
<v Speaker 1>which is which is generally so not what you'd expect

0:43:00.000 --> 0:43:03.120
<v Speaker 1>from Scotland, right, But yeah, so the world is all

0:43:03.200 --> 0:43:06.279
<v Speaker 1>dark and humid, and it's a classic case of like

0:43:06.400 --> 0:43:09.160
<v Speaker 1>the heroic character who does something to save the world

0:43:09.200 --> 0:43:12.759
<v Speaker 1>and is totally unappreciated. Everybody hates him for it. There's

0:43:12.800 --> 0:43:16.480
<v Speaker 1>a scene where where Christopher Lambert in Old Man Makeup

0:43:16.600 --> 0:43:18.480
<v Speaker 1>is like at a bar getting a drink in this

0:43:18.600 --> 0:43:21.319
<v Speaker 1>angry lady in a polka dot dress runs up to

0:43:21.440 --> 0:43:23.600
<v Speaker 1>him and tries to hit him, and it's like, yo

0:43:23.719 --> 0:43:28.399
<v Speaker 1>felt the sky with that puke. Alright, well, let's talk

0:43:28.400 --> 0:43:31.120
<v Speaker 1>about the puke in the sky. Um, let's talk about

0:43:31.120 --> 0:43:35.440
<v Speaker 1>the ozone layer. So, first of all, ozone or try oxygen,

0:43:35.640 --> 0:43:39.120
<v Speaker 1>is an inorganic molecule, and on the surface of the planet,

0:43:39.320 --> 0:43:42.239
<v Speaker 1>it's a pale blue gas and it's a pollutant. But

0:43:42.400 --> 0:43:46.120
<v Speaker 1>most of the Earth's ozone isn't down here. Nine of

0:43:46.200 --> 0:43:49.720
<v Speaker 1>it is up in the stratosphere, ten to thirty miles

0:43:49.760 --> 0:43:53.719
<v Speaker 1>sixty kilometers above the surface. It's just a small part

0:43:53.800 --> 0:43:56.960
<v Speaker 1>of the atmosphere up there, and it's mostly oxygen and nitrogen.

0:43:57.840 --> 0:44:01.000
<v Speaker 1>But but in the stratosphere it blocks the worst and

0:44:01.080 --> 0:44:06.480
<v Speaker 1>most energetic ultraviolet light wave lengths, namely UVC and UVB.

0:44:07.640 --> 0:44:11.239
<v Speaker 1>These uh these particles absorbed the UV waves and heat up,

0:44:11.280 --> 0:44:13.719
<v Speaker 1>as does the oxygen. And for this reason, the stratosphere

0:44:14.239 --> 0:44:17.400
<v Speaker 1>heats up the higher that you go, so temperatures that

0:44:18.160 --> 0:44:21.480
<v Speaker 1>increase from an average of negative sixty degrees fahrenheit or

0:44:21.480 --> 0:44:25.680
<v Speaker 1>negative fifty one degree celsius at the tropopas to a

0:44:25.760 --> 0:44:29.200
<v Speaker 1>maximum of about five degrees fahrenheit or negative fifteen degrees

0:44:29.239 --> 0:44:32.200
<v Speaker 1>celsius at the top of the stratosphere. And that's because

0:44:32.280 --> 0:44:35.359
<v Speaker 1>of the ozone being bombarded by the UV radiation from

0:44:35.400 --> 0:44:38.160
<v Speaker 1>space right, and so it plays an important role. It

0:44:38.400 --> 0:44:42.759
<v Speaker 1>is a shield. The ozone layer is a shield, um

0:44:42.880 --> 0:44:46.080
<v Speaker 1>and it's especially important to us mortals down here or

0:44:46.800 --> 0:44:49.160
<v Speaker 1>you know, life itself. Now, when I was a little kid,

0:44:49.280 --> 0:44:52.640
<v Speaker 1>I remember the depletion of the ozone layer being essentially

0:44:52.680 --> 0:44:56.640
<v Speaker 1>like the biggest environmental issue. I remember that from like

0:44:56.680 --> 0:45:00.319
<v Speaker 1>the late eighties and early nineties absolutely, and that's I mean,

0:45:00.320 --> 0:45:02.799
<v Speaker 1>that is what this film is coming out of, uh

0:45:02.840 --> 0:45:05.520
<v Speaker 1>and that is reflected in this film's themes. So, in

0:45:05.560 --> 0:45:08.799
<v Speaker 1>the late nineteen seventies, scientists realized that ozone levels over

0:45:08.840 --> 0:45:13.280
<v Speaker 1>Antarctica were dropping. Record low levels were occurring every spring.

0:45:14.120 --> 0:45:17.319
<v Speaker 1>In they figured out why it was due to the

0:45:17.360 --> 0:45:22.200
<v Speaker 1>release of chlorofluoro carbons or c f c's in the

0:45:22.239 --> 0:45:25.799
<v Speaker 1>atmosphere and these chemical compounds or things that we were

0:45:25.880 --> 0:45:30.280
<v Speaker 1>using them in in air conditioning, aerosol spray cans, cleaning products,

0:45:30.320 --> 0:45:33.400
<v Speaker 1>and the manufacture of things like styrofoam, right, And I

0:45:33.440 --> 0:45:36.920
<v Speaker 1>believe specifically it was the chlorine component of the chloroflora

0:45:36.960 --> 0:45:41.719
<v Speaker 1>carbons that was especially damaging to ozone levels because it

0:45:41.760 --> 0:45:44.640
<v Speaker 1>would the CFCs would go up in the atmosphere and

0:45:44.640 --> 0:45:47.040
<v Speaker 1>then then the chlorine ions would come off of them

0:45:47.080 --> 0:45:50.440
<v Speaker 1>and bond with other molecules and it would eventually lead

0:45:50.520 --> 0:45:54.000
<v Speaker 1>to ozone depletion. That's right. Yeah, the CFCs were drifting

0:45:54.040 --> 0:45:56.160
<v Speaker 1>up into the stratosphere and then the CFCs would be

0:45:56.239 --> 0:46:00.080
<v Speaker 1>broken apart by UV radiation releasing the chlorine. Now, it

0:46:00.120 --> 0:46:02.719
<v Speaker 1>was only popping up in the spring because there are

0:46:02.760 --> 0:46:07.520
<v Speaker 1>seasonal factors that influence ozone levels over the Antarctic at Arctic,

0:46:07.600 --> 0:46:09.640
<v Speaker 1>so it's really only popping up during that one period

0:46:09.640 --> 0:46:12.840
<v Speaker 1>of time, and the Arctic wasn't affected due to a

0:46:12.880 --> 0:46:17.200
<v Speaker 1>fewer icy clouds and other climate factors. Now there's a

0:46:17.280 --> 0:46:21.920
<v Speaker 1>dystopian version of this story. Uh, there's a dystopian timeline

0:46:21.960 --> 0:46:27.000
<v Speaker 1>extending from the nineteen eighties. Uh. Ultimately a fiction, and

0:46:27.040 --> 0:46:31.200
<v Speaker 1>it doesn't involve immortal swordsmen at all. It was partially

0:46:31.239 --> 0:46:35.120
<v Speaker 1>foreseen in the nineteen eighties and then in two thousand nine, UH.

0:46:35.320 --> 0:46:39.680
<v Speaker 1>Goddard Space Flight Center scientist Paul Newman uh ransom computer

0:46:39.760 --> 0:46:43.480
<v Speaker 1>simulations to see what would have happened? What? What kind

0:46:43.520 --> 0:46:47.000
<v Speaker 1>of what? What might we have seen if we had

0:46:47.040 --> 0:46:51.560
<v Speaker 1>done absolutely nothing, If there had been uh no concerted

0:46:51.600 --> 0:46:54.919
<v Speaker 1>efforts to to do something about the depleted ozone layer,

0:46:54.920 --> 0:46:57.040
<v Speaker 1>if there's been no connor McCloud, what would the future

0:46:57.040 --> 0:47:00.920
<v Speaker 1>have been like? And according to Newman's model, if humans

0:47:00.920 --> 0:47:04.560
<v Speaker 1>had done nothing about it, if we'd stubbornly continued pumping

0:47:04.600 --> 0:47:09.520
<v Speaker 1>these CFCs into the atmosphere. Uh. He said that we'd

0:47:09.520 --> 0:47:13.800
<v Speaker 1>find ourselves ultimately in the year by the way Highlander

0:47:13.840 --> 0:47:17.759
<v Speaker 1>two takes place in what's going to happen when we

0:47:17.800 --> 0:47:23.640
<v Speaker 1>get there? Well? Anyway, with two thirds of the Earth's

0:47:23.640 --> 0:47:27.399
<v Speaker 1>ozone layer gone, we'd have a permanent ozone hole over

0:47:27.440 --> 0:47:31.600
<v Speaker 1>the Antarctic and the Arctic, and UV radiation in mid

0:47:31.680 --> 0:47:34.640
<v Speaker 1>latitude cities like Washington, d C would be enough to

0:47:34.680 --> 0:47:37.480
<v Speaker 1>give you a sunburn in a mere five minutes of exposure.

0:47:38.239 --> 0:47:43.640
<v Speaker 1>DNA mutating UV radiation levels would be up sixty uh,

0:47:43.920 --> 0:47:48.719
<v Speaker 1>greatly increasing cancer rates and impacting numerous organisms. Yeah, I

0:47:48.719 --> 0:47:51.719
<v Speaker 1>imagine that would that would really hurt the environment and

0:47:51.800 --> 0:47:55.279
<v Speaker 1>ecosystems too. And and indeed, this is this is the

0:47:55.560 --> 0:47:58.200
<v Speaker 1>sort of dystopian world week we kind of see reflected

0:47:58.239 --> 0:48:01.880
<v Speaker 1>in Highlander two, you know, when the fear of this

0:48:01.920 --> 0:48:07.200
<v Speaker 1>world right, and yet somehow humanity avoided this right as

0:48:07.239 --> 0:48:11.800
<v Speaker 1>if a psychic French Scotsman unified our minds uh and

0:48:12.000 --> 0:48:15.239
<v Speaker 1>and and caused seventy countries to come together and enact

0:48:15.440 --> 0:48:18.799
<v Speaker 1>the Montreal Protocol, which is what happened in nine six,

0:48:18.840 --> 0:48:22.880
<v Speaker 1>mind you, the year that Highlander one came out. Absolutely

0:48:22.880 --> 0:48:24.920
<v Speaker 1>no connection between the two, but it did occur. In

0:48:25.920 --> 0:48:28.960
<v Speaker 1>so there actually was a massive effort kind of like

0:48:29.080 --> 0:48:33.120
<v Speaker 1>Connor McCloud shield, except instead of putting a barrier in place,

0:48:33.239 --> 0:48:35.799
<v Speaker 1>what they were trying to do was stop harming the

0:48:35.840 --> 0:48:38.400
<v Speaker 1>ozone layer to begin with. Right, The scientists presented the

0:48:38.440 --> 0:48:40.719
<v Speaker 1>case and they said, look, here's the evidence, and it

0:48:40.840 --> 0:48:43.320
<v Speaker 1>is it's CFCs that are doing it. If we stopped

0:48:43.400 --> 0:48:46.960
<v Speaker 1>producing CFCs, or we at least, you know, tightened down

0:48:46.960 --> 0:48:50.799
<v Speaker 1>our regulations of CFC's, we can stop this process. And

0:48:50.880 --> 0:48:54.120
<v Speaker 1>so they set some goals reduced CFC production by t

0:48:54.840 --> 0:49:00.120
<v Speaker 1>by by and the targets were subsequently strengthened, banning the

0:49:00.120 --> 0:49:04.839
<v Speaker 1>worst CFC offenders by and stiffly regulating them. And as

0:49:04.840 --> 0:49:08.640
<v Speaker 1>it stands today, the ozone layer is recovering and should

0:49:08.719 --> 0:49:12.600
<v Speaker 1>fully recover by Yeah, and I should point out we're

0:49:12.600 --> 0:49:16.480
<v Speaker 1>actually now seeing direct evidence of the of the recovery

0:49:16.520 --> 0:49:20.040
<v Speaker 1>of the ozone layer hole over the Antarctic. Like I

0:49:20.120 --> 0:49:24.000
<v Speaker 1>was looking at a NASA press release about this direct evidence,

0:49:24.360 --> 0:49:27.680
<v Speaker 1>and there was a measuring instrument called the Microwave Limbs

0:49:27.680 --> 0:49:31.000
<v Speaker 1>Sounder MLS aboard the AURA satellite. It was used to

0:49:31.040 --> 0:49:34.560
<v Speaker 1>measure ozone depletion levels and or measure chlorine I think,

0:49:34.800 --> 0:49:37.319
<v Speaker 1>and it showed from two thousand five to eighteen there

0:49:37.360 --> 0:49:40.960
<v Speaker 1>was a net of about twenty percent reduction of ozone depletion.

0:49:41.120 --> 0:49:44.120
<v Speaker 1>So it is actually recovering. Things are getting better, and

0:49:44.160 --> 0:49:46.760
<v Speaker 1>we know this directly now, Yeah, I mean, it's ultimately

0:49:46.800 --> 0:49:49.840
<v Speaker 1>an inspiring success story. It's uh, you know, it's not

0:49:49.960 --> 0:49:52.799
<v Speaker 1>one to one with the problem of human caused climate change,

0:49:52.960 --> 0:49:57.359
<v Speaker 1>but it demonstrates our potential to enact change based on

0:49:57.360 --> 0:50:01.359
<v Speaker 1>our on sound scientific consensus, to to change the way

0:50:01.440 --> 0:50:04.239
<v Speaker 1>we're approaching the world, to cut back on what we're

0:50:04.239 --> 0:50:07.720
<v Speaker 1>doing to it, and and see some recovery take place.

0:50:07.760 --> 0:50:10.280
<v Speaker 1>Like it, it can be done. People. We've done it before.

0:50:10.920 --> 0:50:12.919
<v Speaker 1>It just makes me worry what would have happened if

0:50:13.000 --> 0:50:17.600
<v Speaker 1>there had been as much money behind attacking that scientific

0:50:17.640 --> 0:50:21.120
<v Speaker 1>consensus as there is on the consensus about climate change, right, yeah,

0:50:21.200 --> 0:50:24.680
<v Speaker 1>or if it had been politicized to the accident that

0:50:24.640 --> 0:50:27.719
<v Speaker 1>the climate change has has unfortunately been politicized, we could

0:50:27.760 --> 0:50:30.520
<v Speaker 1>be living in a world a heard right now? Yeah, alright,

0:50:30.560 --> 0:50:33.759
<v Speaker 1>so so speaking of a world of heard, Okay, so

0:50:33.800 --> 0:50:37.080
<v Speaker 1>all this squares rather nicely with what we see in

0:50:37.120 --> 0:50:40.200
<v Speaker 1>Highland or two. You know, clearly again it was this.

0:50:40.360 --> 0:50:42.960
<v Speaker 1>This story emerged from this time of great concern over

0:50:42.960 --> 0:50:45.200
<v Speaker 1>the ozone layer. You can see where the idea for

0:50:45.280 --> 0:50:48.320
<v Speaker 1>the movie came from exactly so, because you know, faced

0:50:48.320 --> 0:50:51.279
<v Speaker 1>with environmental challenges, Connor decided to do something about it,

0:50:51.840 --> 0:50:56.399
<v Speaker 1>partially preventing the dystopian vision we related earlier. And at

0:50:56.400 --> 0:50:58.880
<v Speaker 1>the same time, the movie deals with the self healing

0:50:58.960 --> 0:51:01.320
<v Speaker 1>nature of the ozone like here, because there's this whole

0:51:01.600 --> 0:51:03.560
<v Speaker 1>uh we didn't even really get into this, but there's

0:51:03.600 --> 0:51:06.000
<v Speaker 1>a there are some freedom fighters who believe that the

0:51:06.040 --> 0:51:09.880
<v Speaker 1>Shield Corporation doesn't need to exist anymore, that the ozone

0:51:09.920 --> 0:51:12.040
<v Speaker 1>layer is fixed itself, and then the shields are just

0:51:12.160 --> 0:51:16.120
<v Speaker 1>keeping us in this permanent noir world for no reason.

0:51:16.960 --> 0:51:19.319
<v Speaker 1>And and it turns out that that's the case, right,

0:51:19.360 --> 0:51:22.040
<v Speaker 1>that the Shield Corporation is evil now and must be stopped.

0:51:22.280 --> 0:51:25.839
<v Speaker 1>Like Virginia Madson plays a scientist and eco terrorist who

0:51:25.880 --> 0:51:29.520
<v Speaker 1>believes that the ozone levels are normal and that we

0:51:29.560 --> 0:51:32.000
<v Speaker 1>need we no longer need the Shield. Yeah, so it

0:51:32.040 --> 0:51:37.399
<v Speaker 1>would seem that Connor also managed to ban CFCs as

0:51:37.400 --> 0:51:41.880
<v Speaker 1>well as creating this artificial shield. Um but but but

0:51:41.920 --> 0:51:44.400
<v Speaker 1>it did make me wonder what could we do with

0:51:44.480 --> 0:51:47.480
<v Speaker 1>an artificial ozone layer? Like what sort is there any

0:51:47.520 --> 0:51:51.400
<v Speaker 1>research out there about about how we might you know,

0:51:51.440 --> 0:51:54.040
<v Speaker 1>fix it? If is there anything like the shield that

0:51:54.120 --> 0:51:58.080
<v Speaker 1>we see in Highlander two in scientific literature? Well, I

0:51:58.080 --> 0:52:00.400
<v Speaker 1>mean you see this kind of reaction to certain thing,

0:52:00.520 --> 0:52:04.160
<v Speaker 1>like you often hear people say about climate change, like, well,

0:52:05.120 --> 0:52:07.080
<v Speaker 1>it would just be too hard to get people to

0:52:07.160 --> 0:52:10.239
<v Speaker 1>stop burning fossil fuels and releasing all this carbon into

0:52:10.280 --> 0:52:12.600
<v Speaker 1>the atmosphere. What we need to do instead is focus

0:52:12.680 --> 0:52:15.560
<v Speaker 1>all of our scientific efforts on coming up with ways

0:52:15.680 --> 0:52:19.840
<v Speaker 1>to like counteract climate change. There is geo hacking scheme.

0:52:19.960 --> 0:52:22.200
<v Speaker 1>I would say, based on what I've read, do not

0:52:22.320 --> 0:52:25.160
<v Speaker 1>put all your hope in this like, if you want

0:52:25.200 --> 0:52:27.279
<v Speaker 1>a good way to deal with the climate change, is

0:52:27.400 --> 0:52:30.560
<v Speaker 1>you you should be thinking about reducing emissions, not depending

0:52:30.600 --> 0:52:33.880
<v Speaker 1>on some savior technology to come along and geoengineer the

0:52:33.880 --> 0:52:37.120
<v Speaker 1>world back to good health. And yet, knowing, you know,

0:52:37.120 --> 0:52:41.200
<v Speaker 1>knowing scientists, I figured, well, somebody has surely Cureainly somebody

0:52:41.360 --> 0:52:45.440
<v Speaker 1>presented some sort of geo hacking measure for ozone layer depletion.

0:52:45.480 --> 0:52:47.440
<v Speaker 1>Why I stopped cutting ourselves when we can invent a

0:52:47.440 --> 0:52:49.600
<v Speaker 1>really good band aid? Well, you know, but I mean,

0:52:49.800 --> 0:52:51.920
<v Speaker 1>certainly there's a value in sort of something in the

0:52:51.960 --> 0:52:56.319
<v Speaker 1>scientific exploration of a measures as well. Yeah, having having

0:52:56.320 --> 0:52:58.520
<v Speaker 1>a plan B is worthwhile. So I hunted around and

0:52:58.600 --> 0:53:02.120
<v Speaker 1>I found the work of a Russian physicist by the

0:53:02.200 --> 0:53:07.920
<v Speaker 1>name of Alexander gurvek Born, presumably still alive, based on

0:53:08.160 --> 0:53:11.960
<v Speaker 1>what I could gather, and he proposed this idea in

0:53:12.120 --> 0:53:16.960
<v Speaker 1>nineteen eighty um the the idea of of generating an

0:53:17.040 --> 0:53:20.880
<v Speaker 1>artificial ozone layer or a o L refers to it,

0:53:21.480 --> 0:53:23.759
<v Speaker 1>but then in later papers he refers to it as

0:53:23.800 --> 0:53:28.520
<v Speaker 1>an artificially ionized region or an ai R. He's an

0:53:28.560 --> 0:53:32.840
<v Speaker 1>interesting guy. He argued that among the various high energy

0:53:32.880 --> 0:53:36.640
<v Speaker 1>proposals to deal with ozone layer loss. Quote. The most

0:53:36.719 --> 0:53:40.000
<v Speaker 1>promising approach is connected with the creation of an artificial

0:53:40.040 --> 0:53:45.120
<v Speaker 1>ionized region in the atmosphere by microwave discharges. Okay, well

0:53:45.120 --> 0:53:46.799
<v Speaker 1>that's funny because in the movie you see like a

0:53:46.840 --> 0:53:49.799
<v Speaker 1>big pyramid that's like shooting some beam of energy into

0:53:49.880 --> 0:53:52.640
<v Speaker 1>the sky. It doesn't say what that is. Presumably it

0:53:52.680 --> 0:53:54.919
<v Speaker 1>could be microwaves, So I guess it's visible in the movie,

0:53:54.920 --> 0:53:57.560
<v Speaker 1>and micro raves wouldn't be visible. Yeah, what I'm about

0:53:57.560 --> 0:54:00.360
<v Speaker 1>to explain here does not match up with what we

0:54:00.400 --> 0:54:03.080
<v Speaker 1>see in the film. But you can see where, for instance,

0:54:03.280 --> 0:54:05.560
<v Speaker 1>the screen radier writer might have read about it, like

0:54:05.640 --> 0:54:08.520
<v Speaker 1>might have read something and say popular science, like a

0:54:08.560 --> 0:54:13.080
<v Speaker 1>blurb about this paper and then use that in the screenplay.

0:54:13.400 --> 0:54:15.920
<v Speaker 1>So he wrote about this numerous times during his career

0:54:16.040 --> 0:54:18.360
<v Speaker 1>and uh and even carry out a few experiments to

0:54:18.400 --> 0:54:21.760
<v Speaker 1>sort of present how it would work. And he argues

0:54:21.840 --> 0:54:24.960
<v Speaker 1>that it's possible in principle, but would be difficult and

0:54:25.000 --> 0:54:28.120
<v Speaker 1>we require a lot more development, certainly to reach, you know,

0:54:28.400 --> 0:54:33.719
<v Speaker 1>the level that we could actually counter ozone depletion. But

0:54:33.760 --> 0:54:38.160
<v Speaker 1>the basic idea here behind his his his notion is

0:54:38.239 --> 0:54:41.800
<v Speaker 1>that ozone normally forms in the stratosphere via the combine

0:54:41.880 --> 0:54:47.400
<v Speaker 1>nation of atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen by solar radiation,

0:54:47.760 --> 0:54:52.280
<v Speaker 1>which of course also destroys but basically the solar radiation

0:54:52.320 --> 0:54:56.800
<v Speaker 1>causes a triple collision UH. And so Gouvek proposed beefing

0:54:56.880 --> 0:55:00.480
<v Speaker 1>up ozone creation by the use of microwave radiation, and

0:55:00.520 --> 0:55:02.440
<v Speaker 1>he points out that there are three key reasons to

0:55:02.480 --> 0:55:05.200
<v Speaker 1>depend on microwaves in this kind of scenario. First of all,

0:55:05.239 --> 0:55:08.960
<v Speaker 1>the energy can be transferred for considerable distances in the

0:55:09.000 --> 0:55:11.839
<v Speaker 1>air almost without losses because you're gonna want to beam

0:55:11.840 --> 0:55:14.880
<v Speaker 1>it up to the stratosphere to the energy can be

0:55:14.920 --> 0:55:17.600
<v Speaker 1>focused in the given region of the atmosphere to achieve

0:55:17.640 --> 0:55:21.600
<v Speaker 1>the necessary effect. And then three different regimes of the

0:55:21.640 --> 0:55:24.560
<v Speaker 1>microwave source can be used, which gives the opportunity to

0:55:24.600 --> 0:55:28.560
<v Speaker 1>achieve the necessary optimum conditions. So the idea here is

0:55:28.600 --> 0:55:32.839
<v Speaker 1>to create an artificially ionized region or air rather than

0:55:32.880 --> 0:55:35.680
<v Speaker 1>a shield. And while you could localize the effect you know,

0:55:35.760 --> 0:55:37.680
<v Speaker 1>point out to a pointing out a particular area in

0:55:37.680 --> 0:55:40.960
<v Speaker 1>the stratosphere, the ozone you create with then spread around

0:55:41.080 --> 0:55:45.680
<v Speaker 1>due to winds and turbulent diffusion up in the stratosphere.

0:55:46.120 --> 0:55:48.880
<v Speaker 1>So he continued to work on this idea well up

0:55:48.920 --> 0:55:52.560
<v Speaker 1>into the two thousands. Uh Uh, it's it's a again

0:55:53.160 --> 0:55:55.399
<v Speaker 1>as far as I understand it, and certainly a lot

0:55:55.440 --> 0:55:57.520
<v Speaker 1>of the paper I was looking at what consisted of

0:55:57.600 --> 0:56:01.200
<v Speaker 1>equations and stuff, and you know, breakdowns of what's happening

0:56:01.520 --> 0:56:04.799
<v Speaker 1>would be happening happening at a molecular level. But are

0:56:04.840 --> 0:56:09.160
<v Speaker 1>you saying that you're not an atmospheric physicist. Yeah, I'm sorry. Uh,

0:56:09.400 --> 0:56:11.960
<v Speaker 1>in this discussion of Highlander two, I have to reveal that.

0:56:12.239 --> 0:56:15.520
<v Speaker 1>But but yeah, basically, the idea is that this would

0:56:15.640 --> 0:56:18.520
<v Speaker 1>be a way to produce more ozone to make up

0:56:18.560 --> 0:56:22.400
<v Speaker 1>for ozone depletion, and he makes what seems to be

0:56:22.440 --> 0:56:25.680
<v Speaker 1>a strong case that that we could conceivably do it.

0:56:26.000 --> 0:56:28.439
<v Speaker 1>You can certainly see the kind of thinking that would

0:56:28.520 --> 0:56:31.160
<v Speaker 1>lead to this contingency. I'm glad we didn't have to

0:56:31.239 --> 0:56:34.000
<v Speaker 1>depend on this exactly. Yeah, we're very fortunate that we

0:56:34.040 --> 0:56:36.799
<v Speaker 1>put in place protocols to just allow the atmosphere or

0:56:36.840 --> 0:56:39.839
<v Speaker 1>the ozone layer to fix itself naturally. I mean, one

0:56:39.880 --> 0:56:42.640
<v Speaker 1>reason is maybe it's just a Highlander two working on

0:56:42.719 --> 0:56:45.399
<v Speaker 1>my brain, But I always do worry about all these

0:56:45.440 --> 0:56:48.960
<v Speaker 1>proposed massive geoengineering projects that say, you know, we're going

0:56:49.040 --> 0:56:51.440
<v Speaker 1>to do X, y or Z with Earth's atmosphere, like

0:56:51.480 --> 0:56:55.680
<v Speaker 1>the idea of counteracting climate change by injecting sulfate particles

0:56:55.719 --> 0:56:58.120
<v Speaker 1>into the atmosphere or something like that to reflect you

0:56:58.160 --> 0:57:03.239
<v Speaker 1>know this, So, I don't know what the scientific consensus

0:57:03.400 --> 0:57:06.759
<v Speaker 1>is on how effective that would actually be or or

0:57:06.800 --> 0:57:09.160
<v Speaker 1>whether it's a good idea. I tend to suspect that

0:57:09.200 --> 0:57:11.600
<v Speaker 1>it doesn't have a lot of support. But just the

0:57:11.640 --> 0:57:14.560
<v Speaker 1>idea of trying things like that on the one Earth

0:57:14.640 --> 0:57:18.560
<v Speaker 1>we have seems very scary. Absolutely now. At the same time,

0:57:18.680 --> 0:57:21.600
<v Speaker 1>if we if we could do something like the shield

0:57:21.680 --> 0:57:24.160
<v Speaker 1>that we see in Highlander two, that would of course

0:57:24.200 --> 0:57:27.840
<v Speaker 1>be tremendously helpful, especially as we consider the possibility of

0:57:27.960 --> 0:57:31.800
<v Speaker 1>one day um sending people to other worlds and setting

0:57:31.880 --> 0:57:35.360
<v Speaker 1>up you know, colonies there. Like if you if you

0:57:35.480 --> 0:57:39.920
<v Speaker 1>had the technology to create a radiation blocking shield, you know,

0:57:40.080 --> 0:57:43.000
<v Speaker 1>install that thing on Mars, install that thing on the Moon,

0:57:43.080 --> 0:57:46.560
<v Speaker 1>install it anywhere you need to try and house people

0:57:46.680 --> 0:57:49.240
<v Speaker 1>off the planet. Yeah, have like a portable shield kit

0:57:49.400 --> 0:57:53.040
<v Speaker 1>that goes with you wherever you go. Yeah. So you know,

0:57:53.480 --> 0:57:56.720
<v Speaker 1>in that regard, this sci fi Technologyan sci fi technology

0:57:56.760 --> 0:57:59.400
<v Speaker 1>always has a lot of of advantages, right because you

0:57:59.400 --> 0:58:02.160
<v Speaker 1>don't actually have to develop it. It's just it's there,

0:58:02.160 --> 0:58:05.439
<v Speaker 1>it's ready to go. But but certainly if we could,

0:58:05.480 --> 0:58:07.440
<v Speaker 1>if we could pull something off like we see in

0:58:07.440 --> 0:58:10.000
<v Speaker 1>the film, it would it would be tremendously useful, to

0:58:10.080 --> 0:58:13.360
<v Speaker 1>say nothing of hoverboards which are also in highland or two.

0:58:14.160 --> 0:58:16.200
<v Speaker 1>You know, I always wonder about like what is the

0:58:16.920 --> 0:58:20.280
<v Speaker 1>what is the cost benefit thing of of talking a

0:58:20.320 --> 0:58:24.400
<v Speaker 1>lot about like, you know, geoengineering contingencies for what if

0:58:24.440 --> 0:58:27.480
<v Speaker 1>we we've got some massive environmental problem that that could

0:58:27.480 --> 0:58:31.440
<v Speaker 1>really harm human human civilization, Uh, if we don't stop

0:58:31.560 --> 0:58:34.960
<v Speaker 1>doing X. And meanwhile, we've got some people working on

0:58:35.040 --> 0:58:38.920
<v Speaker 1>why saying maybe possibly why could protect us if we

0:58:39.000 --> 0:58:43.600
<v Speaker 1>don't stop doing X. Does talking about the potential geoengineering

0:58:43.640 --> 0:58:47.880
<v Speaker 1>solution or whatever like reduce people's incentive to say, stop

0:58:47.920 --> 0:58:51.520
<v Speaker 1>producing chlorofluora carbons or stop producing carbon emissions, Like I

0:58:51.560 --> 0:58:54.040
<v Speaker 1>don't know the answer, Well, I don't know. I'm always

0:58:54.200 --> 0:58:56.800
<v Speaker 1>I'm continually perplexed by this because it's it's one of

0:58:56.800 --> 0:59:02.040
<v Speaker 1>these things where you see humanities potential, you know, confounding

0:59:02.080 --> 0:59:05.880
<v Speaker 1>potential to both refuse to change and be and and

0:59:05.920 --> 0:59:09.320
<v Speaker 1>still be open to dramatic change, like the kind of

0:59:09.360 --> 0:59:13.560
<v Speaker 1>the kind of human will that that very reasonably would think, well,

0:59:13.560 --> 0:59:15.640
<v Speaker 1>I don't want to get rid of my hair spray,

0:59:15.680 --> 0:59:17.920
<v Speaker 1>but I I guess I might be open to the

0:59:18.080 --> 0:59:22.040
<v Speaker 1>entire world being clothed in sweaty darkness all the time. Yeah,

0:59:22.200 --> 0:59:24.120
<v Speaker 1>I could, I could change. I could get used to that,

0:59:24.240 --> 0:59:27.200
<v Speaker 1>but like, but I'm totally not gonna budge on this

0:59:27.320 --> 0:59:30.080
<v Speaker 1>other issue. It's the it's the change of right now

0:59:30.240 --> 0:59:32.480
<v Speaker 1>versus the change of years from now. Yeah, and we

0:59:32.520 --> 0:59:34.320
<v Speaker 1>see this on a personal level all the time. To

0:59:34.480 --> 0:59:37.440
<v Speaker 1>like you can imagine someone thinking, well, I really, I

0:59:37.480 --> 0:59:40.200
<v Speaker 1>know my doctor told me I need to change my diet,

0:59:40.280 --> 0:59:42.520
<v Speaker 1>but sorry, I'm not I'm not going to do that.

0:59:42.560 --> 0:59:45.880
<v Speaker 1>But maybe I'll start running every day and then that

0:59:45.920 --> 0:59:48.920
<v Speaker 1>will counterbalance the crap that I eat, you know, or

0:59:49.240 --> 0:59:52.040
<v Speaker 1>mayage in these exercises on an individual level all the time,

0:59:52.280 --> 0:59:55.000
<v Speaker 1>very similar to that, like somebody thinks, well, my doctor

0:59:55.000 --> 0:59:57.280
<v Speaker 1>told me I need to change my day, but maybe

0:59:57.320 --> 1:00:00.680
<v Speaker 1>in ten years doctors will come up with a pill

1:00:00.960 --> 1:00:03.200
<v Speaker 1>that I can just take to make me healthy and

1:00:03.240 --> 1:00:05.720
<v Speaker 1>that will be that'll That's kind of like the shield option. Right,

1:00:05.960 --> 1:00:09.120
<v Speaker 1>you've got a sort of like counteracting contingency that you're

1:00:09.160 --> 1:00:12.560
<v Speaker 1>just really crossing your fingers for. And but you know

1:00:12.680 --> 1:00:15.800
<v Speaker 1>you shouldn't do that. That's not a good idea. Yeah,

1:00:16.520 --> 1:00:20.600
<v Speaker 1>I mean medical technology, technology in general continues to uh

1:00:20.640 --> 1:00:23.840
<v Speaker 1>to advance often in in in very uh you know,

1:00:24.120 --> 1:00:27.760
<v Speaker 1>at a very alarming rate. But you absolutely can't book

1:00:27.760 --> 1:00:30.520
<v Speaker 1>on it. You know, you can't say, well, I'm sure

1:00:30.600 --> 1:00:33.240
<v Speaker 1>somebody will figure it out. I'm just gonna keep along

1:00:33.240 --> 1:00:35.840
<v Speaker 1>this path and we'll see what happens. Maybe maybe someone

1:00:35.840 --> 1:00:37.720
<v Speaker 1>will come up with a magical shield to protect the

1:00:37.760 --> 1:00:42.360
<v Speaker 1>planet and in protecting it, I mean protect it from us, maybe,

1:00:42.400 --> 1:00:45.480
<v Speaker 1>but don't count on it. Just regulate the dang hairspray.

1:00:45.560 --> 1:00:49.160
<v Speaker 1>I mean, come on, yeah, now that I think about Highlands,

1:00:49.200 --> 1:00:52.800
<v Speaker 1>who really does have a mangled environmental message? Like what

1:00:53.200 --> 1:00:55.120
<v Speaker 1>that's not really I guess it's not really trying to

1:00:55.120 --> 1:00:59.120
<v Speaker 1>say anything. I should not even try to decipher what

1:00:59.200 --> 1:01:02.880
<v Speaker 1>it might be saying ing about environmentalism. But it's otherwise

1:01:02.920 --> 1:01:09.640
<v Speaker 1>so lucid, Yes, or Robert, I'm glad we finally did it.

1:01:09.760 --> 1:01:11.760
<v Speaker 1>This is an episode on one of the best bad

1:01:11.840 --> 1:01:14.720
<v Speaker 1>movies of all time, And if you have never seen

1:01:14.760 --> 1:01:18.240
<v Speaker 1>the original Highlander two, you can find yourself. I don't

1:01:18.280 --> 1:01:20.080
<v Speaker 1>know how is the best way to find yourself a

1:01:20.120 --> 1:01:22.320
<v Speaker 1>copy of the original cut, because I don't think you

1:01:22.360 --> 1:01:24.600
<v Speaker 1>can get it in the United States at least well,

1:01:24.720 --> 1:01:27.560
<v Speaker 1>we had to depend on your VHS copy for for

1:01:27.640 --> 1:01:29.080
<v Speaker 1>us to watch it. And then, like I said, the

1:01:29.200 --> 1:01:33.240
<v Speaker 1>version I watched on Amazon Prime last month, uh is

1:01:33.320 --> 1:01:35.200
<v Speaker 1>a different cut of the film. I mean, it's still

1:01:35.240 --> 1:01:37.800
<v Speaker 1>enjoyable in some respects. You still get to see that,

1:01:37.920 --> 1:01:40.400
<v Speaker 1>you know, the visual flare of the director is still

1:01:40.480 --> 1:01:43.640
<v Speaker 1>very much on the screen, but no Zeist. It's less

1:01:43.680 --> 1:01:48.160
<v Speaker 1>manically incoherent. Yeah, they remix things in an attempt to

1:01:48.320 --> 1:01:51.680
<v Speaker 1>give it more um coherence, but I'm not sure it

1:01:51.800 --> 1:01:55.720
<v Speaker 1>really succeeds. But hey, if nothing else, you still get

1:01:55.720 --> 1:01:58.240
<v Speaker 1>that cool sword fight in the in the you know,

1:01:58.320 --> 1:02:01.200
<v Speaker 1>the city with the train and the the flying punks

1:02:01.240 --> 1:02:05.560
<v Speaker 1>on their their their their hoverboards. So that's always a win.

1:02:06.000 --> 1:02:07.960
<v Speaker 1>I don't know if we should pat ourselves on the

1:02:07.960 --> 1:02:10.000
<v Speaker 1>back too much, but I think we did a better

1:02:10.080 --> 1:02:12.880
<v Speaker 1>job of finding good scientific angles on Highland or two

1:02:12.920 --> 1:02:15.400
<v Speaker 1>than I expected we could. I know, imagine what we

1:02:15.440 --> 1:02:19.280
<v Speaker 1>could do with a real science fiction film. You know,

1:02:19.320 --> 1:02:21.479
<v Speaker 1>but which brings us that we did one of these

1:02:21.480 --> 1:02:24.479
<v Speaker 1>on two thousand one of Space Odyssey several months back,

1:02:24.680 --> 1:02:27.440
<v Speaker 1>and now that we've we we've gotten Highlander two out

1:02:27.440 --> 1:02:29.280
<v Speaker 1>of the way. I would love to do more of

1:02:29.320 --> 1:02:32.360
<v Speaker 1>these on a regular basis. Uh. For instance, I've wanted

1:02:32.400 --> 1:02:34.080
<v Speaker 1>to do an episode on the science of the Dark

1:02:34.080 --> 1:02:38.040
<v Speaker 1>Crystal for a long time, and uh, I think given

1:02:38.440 --> 1:02:41.720
<v Speaker 1>developments with Netflix, I think this is the year to

1:02:41.760 --> 1:02:44.080
<v Speaker 1>do it. Maybe we'll have to think about that one.

1:02:44.120 --> 1:02:45.720
<v Speaker 1>A lot of people have said, oh, do you know,

1:02:45.760 --> 1:02:48.920
<v Speaker 1>do something related to alien and the xenomorph. You know,

1:02:48.960 --> 1:02:51.320
<v Speaker 1>obviously there's a lot we could talk about there. So

1:02:52.040 --> 1:02:53.520
<v Speaker 1>we would love to hear from all of you out there.

1:02:53.520 --> 1:02:58.240
<v Speaker 1>If you enjoyed this treatment of of a film with science,

1:02:58.880 --> 1:03:01.240
<v Speaker 1>then then a let know what you would like us

1:03:01.240 --> 1:03:04.520
<v Speaker 1>to explore in potential future episodes. If like us, you're

1:03:04.560 --> 1:03:07.520
<v Speaker 1>a fan of trash cinema and be movie behemoths, get

1:03:07.520 --> 1:03:11.200
<v Speaker 1>in touch. Let us know what's your favorite awesomely bad movie. Likewise,

1:03:11.240 --> 1:03:13.640
<v Speaker 1>we know that we have some Highlander fans out there,

1:03:14.000 --> 1:03:17.480
<v Speaker 1>So if you have definite thoughts about Highlander one and two,

1:03:17.600 --> 1:03:20.160
<v Speaker 1>if you have thoughts about all the various other films

1:03:20.160 --> 1:03:22.160
<v Speaker 1>and TV shows, most of which I have not seen.

1:03:22.800 --> 1:03:25.040
<v Speaker 1>We would love for you to to to bring us

1:03:25.120 --> 1:03:28.920
<v Speaker 1>up to speed on the Highlander universe, quoth the Lambert

1:03:29.360 --> 1:03:33.880
<v Speaker 1>never more. Alright, So in the meantime, check out Stuff

1:03:33.920 --> 1:03:35.520
<v Speaker 1>to Blow your Mind dot com. That's the mother Ship.

1:03:35.560 --> 1:03:37.680
<v Speaker 1>That's where we'll find all the episodes of the show.

1:03:38.040 --> 1:03:40.000
<v Speaker 1>You also find links out to our very social media

1:03:40.040 --> 1:03:43.080
<v Speaker 1>accounts there beach. If you're on Facebook, why don't you

1:03:43.160 --> 1:03:46.080
<v Speaker 1>join our Facebook group it's Stuff to Blow your Mind's

1:03:46.120 --> 1:03:49.640
<v Speaker 1>discussion module. Uh. Once you join, you can interact with

1:03:49.960 --> 1:03:53.080
<v Speaker 1>other listeners. You can interact with us, You can talk

1:03:53.120 --> 1:03:57.440
<v Speaker 1>about squirrels and Highlander two to your heart's content. And

1:03:57.480 --> 1:03:59.000
<v Speaker 1>if you want to support the show, there are a

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<v Speaker 1>number of ways to do it. Just spread the word

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<v Speaker 1>for starters. If you want to buy some merchandise at

1:04:04.000 --> 1:04:06.680
<v Speaker 1>our little tea public store, you'll find a link for

1:04:06.720 --> 1:04:09.920
<v Speaker 1>that on the on the Mothership. And then the best

1:04:09.960 --> 1:04:12.640
<v Speaker 1>thing you can do is just rate and review us

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<v Speaker 1>wherever you have the power to do so, and make

1:04:14.160 --> 1:04:16.680
<v Speaker 1>sure you subscribe to both Stuff Toble your Mind and

1:04:16.760 --> 1:04:20.120
<v Speaker 1>our other show Invention. Have you not checked out Invention yet?

1:04:20.160 --> 1:04:22.640
<v Speaker 1>If not what the heck is wrong with you? Go

1:04:22.720 --> 1:04:24.560
<v Speaker 1>and check it out. We have a whole episode about

1:04:24.600 --> 1:04:27.760
<v Speaker 1>the guillotine. It's totally on message with everything we've talked

1:04:27.800 --> 1:04:31.840
<v Speaker 1>about today, the ultimate anti zic tea and technology. Yeah,

1:04:31.880 --> 1:04:34.280
<v Speaker 1>so go check out Invention. If you like this show,

1:04:34.320 --> 1:04:37.360
<v Speaker 1>you'll probably love that show too. Anyway, huge thanks to

1:04:37.640 --> 1:04:41.920
<v Speaker 1>our audio producers Alex Williams and Torii Harrison. If you

1:04:41.960 --> 1:04:43.880
<v Speaker 1>would like to get in touch with us directly with

1:04:43.960 --> 1:04:46.960
<v Speaker 1>feedback about this episode or any other, to suggest a

1:04:47.000 --> 1:04:49.280
<v Speaker 1>topic for the future, or just to say hello, you

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<v Speaker 1>can email us at blow the Mind at how stuff

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<v Speaker 1>works dot com for more on this and thousands of

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<v Speaker 1>other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com. Bu