1 00:00:03,320 --> 00:00:07,200 Speaker 1: Hi, It's sukshat in the Northern Hemisphere. Summer is coming 2 00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:10,440 Speaker 1: to a close, and it's leaving behind a spate of 3 00:00:10,560 --> 00:00:15,360 Speaker 1: grim climate headlines. There have been not just record breaking temperatures, 4 00:00:15,600 --> 00:00:20,400 Speaker 1: but also deadly heat waves in Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and 5 00:00:20,440 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: even the US. On our sister podcast, The Big Take, 6 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:27,840 Speaker 1: my colleagues Zarahirje and Aaron Clark looked at what researchers 7 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: are doing to make people safer at home and at 8 00:00:31,480 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: work even as heat waves continue to grow in number 9 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:39,600 Speaker 1: and become more extreme. Take a listen and Zero will 10 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:40,840 Speaker 1: be back later this week. 11 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:46,519 Speaker 2: Zarahirg covers climate at Bloomberg and she recently had the 12 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:49,440 Speaker 2: opportunity to take a trip to one of the hottest 13 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:50,800 Speaker 2: places in the world. 14 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 3: And I took an elevator and upstairs in a university building, 15 00:00:56,640 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 3: elevator comes out in a corner and if you turn, 16 00:00:59,840 --> 00:01:04,600 Speaker 3: like in Canada, there's this long, tall hallway. 17 00:01:04,080 --> 00:01:06,520 Speaker 2: And all along that hallway is one of the world's 18 00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:10,880 Speaker 2: largest research facilities dedicated to studying the effects of heat 19 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 2: on the human body. 20 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:15,280 Speaker 3: And we kind of just spent the day walking through 21 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 3: opening door number one, door number two, door number three. 22 00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:22,399 Speaker 2: Behind each one there were people doing all kinds of tests. 23 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:23,000 Speaker 4: How's that? 24 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: Oh, it's okay here. 25 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:28,880 Speaker 2: People like Janet Spencer. 26 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:33,600 Speaker 3: She's seventy five years old. She describes herself as a 27 00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:38,760 Speaker 3: veteran of the lab. She's retired. Specifically, she's a retired 28 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:41,959 Speaker 3: mediator for Canada's Human Rights Commission. 29 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 5: I've never imagined did that be a guinea pig for size? 30 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:51,040 Speaker 4: What temperature are we at? 31 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 3: We're at thirty six degrees so pretty warm for sure. 32 00:01:57,880 --> 00:02:00,480 Speaker 3: Janet was doing what's called a passive trial, where she 33 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:03,160 Speaker 3: was just sort of hanging out in the heat. These 34 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 3: can be full days. In March, she was there for 35 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:08,760 Speaker 3: three days straight, which meant she was sleeping in the room, 36 00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:12,360 Speaker 3: and she described it as watching a ton of Netflix. 37 00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:14,960 Speaker 2: When Zara met Janet, she'd only been in the lab 38 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,080 Speaker 2: for an hour, but she was already feeling the effects. 39 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:19,160 Speaker 4: When I started, I. 40 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:23,119 Speaker 5: Brought my paper to read and I managed to read 41 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:26,440 Speaker 5: that in the first half hour. But right now, pretty 42 00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 5: much all I'm capable of is playing mindless solitary games. 43 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 2: You know, down the hall, Bob Striker was doing a 44 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:35,919 Speaker 2: very different kind of experiment. 45 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:38,919 Speaker 3: And how do you feel right now? Since I just 46 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:40,880 Speaker 3: saw you walking on the chunnel for a while in 47 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 3: the heat. 48 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:45,639 Speaker 2: I'm tired, Jad And in another room, let's Suckstorf was 49 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:47,280 Speaker 2: recovering from a cycling test. 50 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:50,239 Speaker 5: Mentally, it really starts to drain you like it. 51 00:02:50,320 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 4: Really, it becomes an effort, you know, literally that one 52 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 4: foot in front of the other. If we had another 53 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:58,519 Speaker 4: half an hour, forty five minutes, my body would have 54 00:02:58,520 --> 00:02:59,920 Speaker 4: started to saying no, this is no funny. 55 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:03,239 Speaker 2: When Janet, Bob and Lutz spoke with Zara, that kept 56 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,560 Speaker 2: the mood light. But their motivations for participating in this 57 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:10,840 Speaker 2: research and the goals of the research itself are very serious. 58 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 2: Nearly half a million people die every year as a 59 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:19,000 Speaker 2: result of extreme heat, according to research compiled by the 60 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:24,120 Speaker 2: reinsurance company Swiss Ree. That's more than the total from hurricanes, earthquakes, 61 00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:28,680 Speaker 2: and floods combined, and Zara says the real number is 62 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:29,920 Speaker 2: likely even higher. 63 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 3: Often we're just maybe tracking the most extreme cases that 64 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:39,440 Speaker 3: are coming through hospitals. But you know, if you're dying 65 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 3: from a heart problem that was tied to the heat, 66 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,080 Speaker 3: that might not necessarily be recorded as a heat death. 67 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:47,840 Speaker 3: So you know, it is a really big number that 68 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 3: we don't even have a full grasp. 69 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:55,640 Speaker 2: On I'm Sarah Holder and this is the big take 70 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 2: from Bloomberg News Today. On the show, the researchers on 71 00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:02,760 Speaker 2: the forefront of the latest science on deadly heat, why 72 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 2: everyone's at more risk than they think, and what actually 73 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:15,320 Speaker 2: works to mitigate those risks. The Heat Lab at the 74 00:04:15,440 --> 00:04:19,640 Speaker 2: University of Ottawa, the Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, 75 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,839 Speaker 2: has been around since two thousand and Over the last 76 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:25,479 Speaker 2: two decades, the lab has been at the forefront of 77 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:29,040 Speaker 2: studying human's ability to live and work in the heat. 78 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:30,960 Speaker 4: A lot of the work that I am doing is 79 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:34,159 Speaker 4: really focused on understanding the impacts of heat exposure on 80 00:04:34,200 --> 00:04:36,560 Speaker 4: the health and well being of the general public and workers. 81 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:40,360 Speaker 2: The man in charge is doctor Glenn Kenny. He's been 82 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:42,800 Speaker 2: studying the effects of heat on the human body for 83 00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 2: thirty five years and he says, in many ways, this 84 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:47,800 Speaker 2: is an old problem. 85 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:50,800 Speaker 4: When we think about, for example, workers, and we think 86 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:54,200 Speaker 4: about the impacts that heat has, this is not new. 87 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 4: This is something we've known for decades. 88 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 2: But as the climate changes, heat is only growing more extreme. 89 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 3: It was only a couple of years ago, in twenty 90 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:07,480 Speaker 3: twenty one, that the Western Heat Dome, which was this 91 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:11,200 Speaker 3: really deadly heat wave hit the western part of Canada, 92 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:15,120 Speaker 3: also the western part of the US, but in Western Canada, 93 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 3: like over six hundred people died. A lot of them 94 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:20,640 Speaker 3: were elderly, and a lot of them that were people 95 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:23,560 Speaker 3: living in their home who didn't have air conditioning and 96 00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:26,359 Speaker 3: they're basically cooking in their homes, and people didn't have 97 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:28,800 Speaker 3: a way to kind of check in on them, and 98 00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:32,520 Speaker 3: unfortunately a lot of them didn't realize they were too 99 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 3: uncomfortably hot until it was too late because of their 100 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:38,800 Speaker 3: impered ability to sense it. 101 00:05:39,279 --> 00:05:42,479 Speaker 2: Kenny says, to keep people safe, you need to understand 102 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 2: how heat affects different kinds of bodies. He says that 103 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 2: older heat guidelines have typically been based on research focused 104 00:05:50,839 --> 00:05:54,800 Speaker 2: on young, healthy people who've had limited heat exposures, think 105 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:58,560 Speaker 2: a couple of hours at a time. That's where his 106 00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,960 Speaker 2: test subjects come in. Kenny and his team use specialized 107 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:05,440 Speaker 2: equipment to measure how extreme heat can affect body temperature 108 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:08,400 Speaker 2: in simulated real world conditions. 109 00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:10,640 Speaker 5: We have an. 110 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 4: Apartment styled chamber where we have a bag, where we 111 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 4: have a kitchen and wash them where we can bring 112 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 4: in the patient and have them live within that chamber, 113 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,000 Speaker 4: so that we can understand what happens to them and 114 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,360 Speaker 4: monitor them not only during the daytime, but also what 115 00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:29,520 Speaker 4: is the impact all that heat exposure on sleep. 116 00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:33,000 Speaker 2: Kenny also has another secret weapon, a one of a 117 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 2: kind air calorimeter, which is lab uses to measure the 118 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:40,160 Speaker 2: amount of heat released from or absorbed in the body. 119 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:43,280 Speaker 4: So we did that before and after the three day exposure, 120 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:46,200 Speaker 4: so we can see if there's a decrease in my 121 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 4: capacity to space, So is that exposure also causing deterioration 122 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:53,200 Speaker 4: in my ability THRM will regulate. 123 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,279 Speaker 2: But that's not the only data the lab is collecting. 124 00:06:57,839 --> 00:07:02,000 Speaker 2: The team keeps close tabs on participations, cognitive and physical performance, 125 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:06,039 Speaker 2: and records detailed updates on their temperatures. 126 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 3: These are actually pretty uncomfortable trials. I mean, the more 127 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 3: I was learning about it and talking with people, I'm like, 128 00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:16,120 Speaker 3: I'm not sure I would want to do this. They 129 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:19,920 Speaker 3: do a lot of tracking of your temperature, and we 130 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 3: may think, oh, you can take their skin temperatures right 131 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 3: when you go to the hospital or the doctor and 132 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:28,000 Speaker 3: they check to see if you have a fever, but 133 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:30,360 Speaker 3: that's really not the best way to get a gauge 134 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:33,560 Speaker 3: of how hot your insights are. That's called a skin temperature, 135 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,640 Speaker 3: but it's better to get a core temperature, and there 136 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:38,240 Speaker 3: are a couple of different ways they can do that, 137 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:42,960 Speaker 3: including putting something down your esophagus, which is like really intrusive, 138 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:47,560 Speaker 3: but also the more common is like a rectal probe, 139 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:50,400 Speaker 3: and that was tracking their core temperature that she was 140 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:52,040 Speaker 3: sort of wearing on a fanny pack. 141 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 2: Armed with the data from these experiments, Kenny's lab has 142 00:07:55,880 --> 00:07:58,640 Speaker 2: been assessing whether the upper limit for a safe indoor 143 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:03,160 Speaker 2: temperature recommended by some Canadian officials twenty six degrees celsius 144 00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 2: or just under seventy nine degrees fahrenheit, is actually safe 145 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:10,720 Speaker 2: and they've found that for a day, it seems to be. 146 00:08:11,280 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 2: What they're trying to figure out now is how the 147 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 2: body responds to those temperatures over longer periods of time. 148 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 4: When you are exposed to temperaures above twenty six degrees celsius, 149 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:25,520 Speaker 4: older adults and individuals with chronic diseases are going to 150 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 4: start seeing increases in their level of physiological strength. But 151 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 4: I want you to imagine that increase in temperature is 152 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:37,120 Speaker 4: a strain. Go out and exercise and keep that stress. Now, 153 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:40,960 Speaker 4: that's a stress, and that stress is essentially maintained over time. 154 00:08:41,080 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 4: That person is going overheat. If that heat wave stays 155 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:47,120 Speaker 4: and overheating is consistent, that strain will remain. 156 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:51,800 Speaker 2: So in a warming world, how can people reduce the 157 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:55,520 Speaker 2: strains that come with extreme heat? And are all cooling 158 00:08:55,559 --> 00:09:07,679 Speaker 2: options created equal? That's after the break. Here in New 159 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 2: York where I am, when a heat wave hits, the 160 00:09:10,559 --> 00:09:14,480 Speaker 2: city opens up public cooling centers. But doctor Glenn Kenny, 161 00:09:14,559 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 2: who runs one of the world's largest heat labs at 162 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:21,600 Speaker 2: the University of Ottawa, says cooling centers alone don't totally 163 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:24,040 Speaker 2: protect against the risks of extreme heat. 164 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:26,720 Speaker 4: The problem is, upon re entering to the heat, you 165 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:29,079 Speaker 4: haven't removed all that heat from the body. Air is 166 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 4: not a good conductor of heat unlike water, right, So 167 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 4: one of the things upon re entering the heat, the 168 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:37,360 Speaker 4: body actually warmed up very quickly. So the challenge is 169 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:40,560 Speaker 4: is that that person feels very well, They feel more relaxed, 170 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:44,600 Speaker 4: they feel cooler. The problem is, within a couple hours 171 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 4: their body heats up very fast and get as hot 172 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:49,559 Speaker 4: as their non cool counterpart. So imagine they're going to 173 00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 4: they may not adjust their behavior because essentially they feel better. 174 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:58,240 Speaker 4: So the problem is is feeling better actually masks the 175 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 4: risk that they face because they're temperature are equally as. 176 00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 2: High Bloomberg Zara here G says. Another researcher, this one 177 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 2: at the University of Sydney who did his postdoc at 178 00:10:07,080 --> 00:10:10,640 Speaker 2: Kenny's lab, looked at the efficacy of fans and how 179 00:10:10,679 --> 00:10:14,200 Speaker 2: they could be used in Bangladeshi garment factories where workers 180 00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:17,080 Speaker 2: face especially hot and humid conditions. 181 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,920 Speaker 3: Every part of the world, heat is a combination of 182 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 3: high temperatures and humidity, So in a place like Bangladesh 183 00:10:25,920 --> 00:10:28,200 Speaker 3: you can have much higher humidity than you might in 184 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:31,559 Speaker 3: some other places, and so that's a key thing to understand, 185 00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:35,320 Speaker 3: and the type of solutions that you then have to 186 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 3: keep people cool can be different. So you know, when 187 00:10:39,520 --> 00:10:42,680 Speaker 3: we're looking, for example, at electric fans, like how effective 188 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:46,400 Speaker 3: are they as compared to air conditioning. Air Conditioning is 189 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:48,319 Speaker 3: always going to be the best, but not everybody has 190 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 3: access to that right, especially across the developing world. So 191 00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:55,760 Speaker 3: a key part of cooling is not just sweating, but 192 00:10:55,880 --> 00:10:59,680 Speaker 3: then that's what be able to cool or to dry off. 193 00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 3: That drying piece that is essential if you're just sweating 194 00:11:03,640 --> 00:11:07,080 Speaker 3: and sweating and sweating you are going to keep overheating, 195 00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,600 Speaker 3: and so you need it to continually be drying to 196 00:11:10,679 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 3: be effective. And so that's one thing where a fan 197 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:16,200 Speaker 3: in a particularly human environment might be helpful because it 198 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:20,959 Speaker 3: can help kind of encourage sweating to have that maximum potential. 199 00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:25,920 Speaker 2: But it's worth noting fans also come with risks. In 200 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:29,840 Speaker 2: extremely hot and dry climates, fans can actually heat people 201 00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:34,440 Speaker 2: up faster, and like cooling centers, Kenny says, fans can 202 00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:37,719 Speaker 2: give people a false sense of security. They can make 203 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 2: you feel better while you're using them, so good that 204 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:43,320 Speaker 2: you may feel well enough to go back out in 205 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:43,840 Speaker 2: the heat. 206 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:47,040 Speaker 4: But what's important here is it doesn't reduce the strain 207 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:49,320 Speaker 4: on the body. And though it makes you feel better, 208 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:53,880 Speaker 4: that again mass the potential dangers that you might experience 209 00:11:53,920 --> 00:11:56,720 Speaker 4: because you're not able to sess the fact that you 210 00:11:56,800 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 4: are probably going to be overheated, or you are overheated, 211 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:00,960 Speaker 4: you're understrength. 212 00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 2: The United Nations has used Kenny's research to inform its 213 00:12:04,679 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 2: worker safety recommendations, and Zara says it's not just governments 214 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:12,600 Speaker 2: that are taking notice. Companies like smart Cone are too. 215 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 2: They make devices and wearables to monitor the temperature on 216 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:17,200 Speaker 2: job sites. 217 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:21,880 Speaker 3: One of the clients they're currently working with is United, 218 00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 3: the airline company, which is told me how they are 219 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:32,079 Speaker 3: testing out smart Cones, wearable device which helps monitor heat 220 00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:36,840 Speaker 3: exposure and worker exertion at employees working on the tarmac 221 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:40,040 Speaker 3: and on the ground at Phoenix Airport. So this is 222 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:41,520 Speaker 3: still early days. 223 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:45,000 Speaker 2: Egg frying on the tarmac conditions probably right. 224 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:47,640 Speaker 3: But real world example of how this is playing out. 225 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:51,760 Speaker 2: Zara says that when she asks heat researchers about the 226 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:55,959 Speaker 2: next big questions in their field, their answers usually fall 227 00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:57,160 Speaker 2: into two camps. 228 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:02,480 Speaker 3: The first was what are the most practical takeaways we 229 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:05,240 Speaker 3: can get in the applications of this work to really 230 00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:10,080 Speaker 3: help best improve people's safety today? And then it's what's 231 00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:12,800 Speaker 3: going to happen in the future. How do we understand 232 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,120 Speaker 3: how hot is it actually going to get? And then 233 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:18,800 Speaker 3: what does that mean for people's health. Part of the 234 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:21,680 Speaker 3: interesting research that's going on is trying to understand that, 235 00:13:22,120 --> 00:13:25,160 Speaker 3: and it really is a whole bunch of unknowns and 236 00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 3: really like we don't know what is the limit. I 237 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 3: feel like that's a lot of what this work is 238 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:34,960 Speaker 3: trying to figure out. 239 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:40,480 Speaker 2: This is the big take from Bloomberg News. I'm Sarah Holder. 240 00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:44,120 Speaker 2: The show is hosted by Me, David gera wanj and 241 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 2: Seleia Mosen. The show is made by Aaron Edwards, David Fox, 242 00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:54,160 Speaker 2: Eleanor Harrison Dengate, Patti hirsh Rachel Lewis, Krisky, Naomi Julia Press, 243 00:13:54,320 --> 00:13:59,440 Speaker 2: Tracy Samuelson, Naomi Shaven, Alex Sugia, Julia Weaver, Yang Yong 244 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,719 Speaker 2: and Taka Yasuzawa. To get more from the Big Take 245 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:06,160 Speaker 2: and unlimited access to all of bloomberg dot com, subscribe 246 00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 2: today at Bloomberg dot com Slash Podcast Offer. Thanks for listening. 247 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:13,520 Speaker 2: We'll be back on Monday.