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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm editor Candice Gibson, joined by staff writer Jane McGrath.

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Speaker 1: They their family. Hey, Jane, you're probably well aware that

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Speaker 1: there has been a bit of a bug going around

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Speaker 1: the office. I think one of the major disseminators of

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Speaker 1: said bug is Josh Clark from the Stuff You Should

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Speaker 1: Know podcast, and I've been urging him to go work

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Speaker 1: from home, but he has been very brave and valiant

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Speaker 1: and insists upon staying put in his cube. The dismay

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Speaker 1: of ros because the dismay of the rest of a

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Speaker 1: Thank goodness for disinfected hand soap and remember to wash

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Speaker 1: my hands every time, exactly know, high fiving Josh around

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Speaker 1: the fast days. And we're very lucky because in this

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Speaker 1: modern age, we understand that sicknesses are caused by these

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Speaker 1: itty bitty little microbes and bacteria that we can't see

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Speaker 1: with our eyes, but are very dangerous and sometimes dead

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Speaker 1: to our bodies. But civilization hasn't always had the luxury

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Speaker 1: of this knowledge. We're talking about a story that happened

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Speaker 1: around the turn of the century into the twentieth century

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Speaker 1: in New York City. Although the idea um scientists were

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Speaker 1: starting to get familiar with the idea of microbes like

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Speaker 1: you're talking about, it took a little bit longer for

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Speaker 1: the lay community to start, you know, wrapping their head

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Speaker 1: around around this and the idea of sanitation in order

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Speaker 1: to ward off those books exactly. And so while scientists

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Speaker 1: were able to grasp this concept, they couldn't very well

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Speaker 1: explain it and share the information with the lay people,

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Speaker 1: Like Jane was saying, So today, when you cook chicken

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Speaker 1: and you've been handling a raw cutlet you probably know

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Speaker 1: to wash your hands afterward, the same way that if

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Speaker 1: you use the bathroom, you would wash your hands after

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Speaker 1: that too. And this wasn't common practice even in turn

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Speaker 1: of the century New York City. People just didn't understand

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Speaker 1: that the consequences of not taking precautionary measures could result

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Speaker 1: in death. And this was a bad time for that

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Speaker 1: to happen because the city was struggling with a lot

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Speaker 1: of different sicknesses at that time, typhoid fever, smallpox, tuberculosis, diphtheria,

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Speaker 1: and whooping cob The Department of Health in New York

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Speaker 1: City had its hands full and Typhoid is an interesting

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Speaker 1: disease where like you're saying, if you don't wash your hands,

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Speaker 1: is easily spread even if you cook the foods. Like

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Speaker 1: if you if someone who who is infected with typhoid

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Speaker 1: and touches food, it might be okay after the food

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Speaker 1: is cooked, um, but if it's not cooked and the

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Speaker 1: person who prepared the food is unsanitary, uh, then it

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Speaker 1: could easily spread the disease. And that's because typhoid fever

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Speaker 1: the bacteria that cause it, they're essentially dispersed through contaminated

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Speaker 1: food and contaminated water. And the scary thing about typhoid

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Speaker 1: fever is that it's a systemic disease. And basically that

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Speaker 1: means that it affects your whole corporeal being, not just

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Speaker 1: one organ, not just one body part. Your whole body

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Speaker 1: is going to fill typhoid fever. So the bacteria that

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Speaker 1: causes typhoid fever and there's your body. When you ingest

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Speaker 1: this contaminated food or water, then it spreads from here

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Speaker 1: intestines to your lymph nodes, your liver, and your splin

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Speaker 1: and as it's traveling throughout your bloodstream, the bacteria multiply

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Speaker 1: and you're not really aware at first that you have

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Speaker 1: full fledged typhoid fever. It manifests gradually through a high fever,

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Speaker 1: through weakness and delirium and very very strong belts of diarrhea,

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Speaker 1: and unfortunately, right before the diarrhea comes, constipation comes. So

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Speaker 1: you may think you're getting better when you're able to

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Speaker 1: use the restroom, but you're not. It's only going to

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Speaker 1: get worse. And sometimes these little rose thoughts appear, and

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Speaker 1: they're about a quarter inch big red splotches that show

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Speaker 1: up on your stomach and your chest. And interestingly enough,

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Speaker 1: children suffer less from the effects of typhoid fever than

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Speaker 1: adults do. And if you guys are worried and looking

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Speaker 1: at your hands, I'm wondering the last time you wash them? Um, Well,

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Speaker 1: you should do it anyway, you know, just to be safe.

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Speaker 1: But I think that recent figures show that less than

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Speaker 1: four hundred cases are reported in the United States per year.

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Speaker 1: And you can always treat typhoid fever with antibiotics, um

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Speaker 1: fluids through an ivy and electrolyte, and after about two

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Speaker 1: to four weeks should be gone. You should be good,

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Speaker 1: not so much a problem anymore. But it certainly was

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Speaker 1: in New York City around this time, and uh, during

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Speaker 1: this time, New York City as a whole wit was

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Speaker 1: struggling with it. But there was this one community that

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Speaker 1: had managed to to not get infected with it, and

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Speaker 1: that was Oyster Bay in New York. But suddenly it

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Speaker 1: was popping up. And so this well to do family

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Speaker 1: brought in uh this man named Dr George a soaper,

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Speaker 1: and he is an epidemiologist and a sanitation engineer, and

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Speaker 1: he's very familiar with typhoid as a disease, and he

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Speaker 1: was basically just the man to figure out what was

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Speaker 1: going on in this uh nice speech community. So he

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Speaker 1: goes in and he starts asking this family, you know,

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Speaker 1: what are eating habits? What's going on here? He starts

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Speaker 1: investigating the food supply, is like, are the water supplies

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Speaker 1: that getting tainted with the sewage? And it wasn't. He

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Speaker 1: investigated the oysters, as we mentioned it was Oyster Bay community,

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Speaker 1: so people thought maybe it was the oysters, and he said, no,

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Speaker 1: they're cooked, and the people who didn't eat the oysters

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Speaker 1: still got the disease. So what's going on here? And

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Speaker 1: so he zero in on the white staff and he

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Speaker 1: knew that it often came from unsanitary people and the

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Speaker 1: white staff. And he found out that one cook had

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Speaker 1: left the family a couple of weeks before he got there,

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Speaker 1: and a couple of weeks happens to be about the

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Speaker 1: incubation period for typhoid, so um, even if people had

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Speaker 1: just gotten sick, it still could have caused or come

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Speaker 1: from her. This girl's named Mary Mallon. That he started

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Speaker 1: investigating this cook, and he knew that it was possible

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Speaker 1: for people to carry this disease without suffering from the symptoms.

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Speaker 1: And so Mary might have been just this kind of

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Speaker 1: person because the family had dismissed her as an idea

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Speaker 1: because she she didn't have typhoid, she wasn't showing any symptoms,

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Speaker 1: but souper new that was still possible. And we should

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Speaker 1: mention that Mary Mallon was a pretty tough cookie. She

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Speaker 1: was an Irish immigrant born in eighteen sixty nine in

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Speaker 1: Ireland and came to the United States as a teenager.

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Speaker 1: And she came by herself, and once she arrived in

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Speaker 1: New York City, she lived with some family members, and

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Speaker 1: once she was established in New York City, she became

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Speaker 1: a very in demand cook for some pretty affluent families,

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Speaker 1: and as Jane was mentioning, she sort of left this

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Speaker 1: slimy microbial trail wherever she went because the families that

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Speaker 1: she was cooking for, these well to do families, were

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Speaker 1: getting sick. And we know that in these communities there

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Speaker 1: was a little bit more attention taken to sanitary measures,

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Speaker 1: and certainly their their homes and their surrounding yards would

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Speaker 1: have been a little bit cleaner than the main streets

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Speaker 1: of New York City at this good point. So it's

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Speaker 1: very strange to think, well, why are these families getting sick?

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Speaker 1: When the fingers point to Mary Mallen, that's right. And

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Speaker 1: so unfortunately, Mary had a tendency to not leave forward

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Speaker 1: forward addresses for um the places that she left, and

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Speaker 1: so Sober was able to go back um to places

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Speaker 1: that she had left families that she had worked for

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Speaker 1: before this family, and sure enough he found that they

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Speaker 1: two had been suffering for tight forward outbreaks. And after

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Speaker 1: that he was pretty convinced he needs to track down

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Speaker 1: Mary and test her for the disease. So he finally did,

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Speaker 1: and he approached Mary in the kitchen of where she

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Speaker 1: was working out at the time, and he tried to

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Speaker 1: explain it to her. Look like you you may not

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Speaker 1: suffer from symptoms of the disease, but you may still

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Speaker 1: carry it, and I need to test you for it.

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Speaker 1: And apparently, as the story goes, she did not take

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Speaker 1: this news lightly and she chased him out of the

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Speaker 1: kitchen with a carving fork. And who knows what bedside

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Speaker 1: manner this epidemiologist had, but basically he was going to

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Speaker 1: have to check her yurine and feces for traces of

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Speaker 1: the disease. So, um, I think Jane mentioned to me

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Speaker 1: before he might not have put it in a very

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Speaker 1: gentlemanly or delicate way. So one can understand that Mary

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Speaker 1: tough cookie there she was was offended. And we should

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Speaker 1: mention too that as a prized cook, one of her

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Speaker 1: specialties was peaches and ice cream. And um, I don't

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Speaker 1: know about you guys, but we eat ice cream cold

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Speaker 1: and my family we don't cook it. And one of

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Speaker 1: the best ways to destroy any symptoms of microbes from

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Speaker 1: typhoid fever is kicking food with with heat. But if

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Speaker 1: Mary was serving this dish up to these families, then

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Speaker 1: there's no chance that the disease could have been eradicated

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Speaker 1: by proper treatment of food. That's right, so that was

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Speaker 1: a really likely call for her ice cream, and peachees

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Speaker 1: that that's a good point, and also um, soaper is

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Speaker 1: is Uh. He knows that Mary is probably the culprit here,

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Speaker 1: but he can't prove it until he can bring her in,

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Speaker 1: and she's being very uncooperative. So he goes to the

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Speaker 1: New York City Department of Health and ask for reinforcements,

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Speaker 1: and he brings up all's evidence, and sure enough, they

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Speaker 1: give him a female inspector to go check this out,

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Speaker 1: along with police backup in an ambulance. So they come

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Speaker 1: and uh, the female and spect knocks on the door

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Speaker 1: with the policeman. Uh. Mary is actually the one who

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Speaker 1: opens the door. So she looks and she knows that

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Speaker 1: they're here to pick her up, and she flees. She

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Speaker 1: has the call to just she's not going to give

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Speaker 1: up under any circumstances, and she flees. And it took

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Speaker 1: about three hours for them to actually track her down

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Speaker 1: in an outside closet um and even on the way

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Speaker 1: over to the hospital, apparently the female inspector had to

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Speaker 1: sit on her because she was being so unrouying, and

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Speaker 1: at this time there wasn't a really effective way to

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Speaker 1: deal with people who had the disease or who were

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Speaker 1: carriers of the disease. So New York came up with

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Speaker 1: a solution in the form of a quarantine island. And

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Speaker 1: Mary was sent to one of these places, uh North

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Speaker 1: Brother Island, and she was made to stay there, and

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Speaker 1: she was told after a few years that she could

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Speaker 1: go back to living among society if she promised, promised, promised, promised,

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Speaker 1: she would not cook anymore. And here's where the story

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Speaker 1: takes an interesting turn, and you really have to think

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Speaker 1: about this in an ethical sort of way. Here's a

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Speaker 1: woman who's been sent against her will to live in

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Speaker 1: a quarantine island, and she doesn't have the disease. She

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Speaker 1: may not fully understand why she's there, and even from

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Speaker 1: Mary's letters, we know that she was treated almost like

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Speaker 1: in an animal and a lab. She wrote, I have been,

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Speaker 1: in fact a peep show for everybody. People would come

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Speaker 1: medical interns, doctors, sanitation workers and just stare at her

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Speaker 1: and try to figure out what was going on with her.

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Speaker 1: And she felt like she was on display for no

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Speaker 1: good reason. And when she returned to mainstream society again,

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Speaker 1: remember she emigrated to the United States, from Ireland. She

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Speaker 1: may not have had many tools, many trades. She turned

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Speaker 1: back to the one thing that she knew to survive,

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Speaker 1: and that was cooking, even though she had been forced

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Speaker 1: to promise she wouldn't do it. And that's really what

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Speaker 1: I think outrages people about this, the story. And it's

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Speaker 1: interesting when she was on the island, or by the

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Speaker 1: time she got there, the press had got in ahold

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Speaker 1: of this, which added to what you were saying. She

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Speaker 1: became a peep show in the whole public, especially in

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Speaker 1: New York City, really focused on this story. And there's

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Speaker 1: this fascinating illustration you can look at you google typhoid

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Speaker 1: Mary and look at images. Uh there's a fascinating illustration

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Speaker 1: of her cracking skulls into a skillet and it tells

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Speaker 1: the story of typhoid Mary like as if she were

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Speaker 1: intention only giving all of her victims typhoid. And so, yeah,

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Speaker 1: you're right, she went back to cooking at least after

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Speaker 1: a couple of years. We're not sure exactly what happened

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Speaker 1: to her within between when she was let go and

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Speaker 1: when she started cooking again, but we know that there

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Speaker 1: was an outbreak in a particular hospital and Dr soaper,

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Speaker 1: the same guy was asked to go in and investigate it.

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Speaker 1: In sure enough, he saw his old nemesis Mary working

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Speaker 1: in the kitchen. And this time, though she did go

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Speaker 1: kind of without a flight, she knew that the juke

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Speaker 1: was up. She did. And this is where history really

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Speaker 1: cast a discerning eye on the typhoid Mary story. And

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Speaker 1: for as many people in the press who dubbed her

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Speaker 1: typhoid Mary and made her out to be a murderer,

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Speaker 1: there were just as many who who looked a skier

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Speaker 1: with the story and wondered where where were civil civil

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Speaker 1: liberties in this case? Why was no one defending Mary

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Speaker 1: who was trying to stick up for her? And I

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Speaker 1: think that people look back at her as either a

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Speaker 1: villain and this murderer, or else someone who was unfairly

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Speaker 1: scapegoated for a disease that was plaguing in New York City.

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Speaker 1: So really it's up to you how you want to

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Speaker 1: conceive of typhoid Mary or Mary Mallen. I guess it's

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Speaker 1: a nicer way to refer to her, that's right. And

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Speaker 1: it's particularly important to me to uh to remember that

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Speaker 1: she didn't have the symptoms. So even if she like

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Speaker 1: saw the trail following her. She could have somehow convinced

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Speaker 1: herself she didn't have it. She didn't believe the doctors.

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Speaker 1: You may have just wanted to survive and keep on

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Speaker 1: cooking for that would measure. If you want any great

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Speaker 1: recipes or information on diseases and more about typhoid Mary,

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Speaker 1: be sure to visit how stuff works dot com and

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Speaker 1: if you have suggestions for us for future topics or

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Speaker 1: any feedback you'd like to send, send us an email

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Speaker 1: at History podcast at how stuff works dot com. For

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Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics because at

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com