1 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:05,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, the production of 2 00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:15,160 Speaker 1: My Heart Radio. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind. 3 00:00:15,440 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick, and 4 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:20,880 Speaker 1: we're back with part two of our discussion of Jupiter 5 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:24,560 Speaker 1: the Destroyer. In the last episode, we ended up talking 6 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: about some of the myths of Zeus and Jupiter, Zeus's 7 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:31,560 Speaker 1: war against the Titans, and how that related to some 8 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:35,920 Speaker 1: ideas in astrophysics about how an early forming Jupiter in 9 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:38,840 Speaker 1: the solar nebula of our of our young Solar system 10 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:41,600 Speaker 1: may have played a very important role in the destruction 11 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:45,199 Speaker 1: of early forming super Earth's in the inner Solar System, 12 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,320 Speaker 1: leading to or clearing the way for the eventual creation 13 00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:50,840 Speaker 1: of rocky planets like the Earth we live on today. 14 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: So that last episode was kind of it was kind 15 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 1: of a mash up. We had we had some planetary science, 16 00:00:56,440 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: we had some mythology. It's like we had two turntable 17 00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,640 Speaker 1: and uh, and we had two different records and we 18 00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:07,119 Speaker 1: kind of mixed and nashed them both. Uh. So we're 19 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: we're kind of like your DJs. We're well, we we're 20 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:12,720 Speaker 1: your hosts, except no substitutes. Uh. And we're gonna have 21 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:15,160 Speaker 1: more of the same in this episode. We're gonna have 22 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:19,040 Speaker 1: plenty of planetary science, but we're also going to have mythology. So, uh, 23 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: if you love both, stay tuned, because you're gonna get 24 00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:24,880 Speaker 1: everything you love. If you lean more towards one direction 25 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: or the other, well it's still hang on because we're 26 00:01:28,080 --> 00:01:29,960 Speaker 1: gonna take you on a ride. But if you're only 27 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:32,480 Speaker 1: interested in when we talk about the Texas Chainsaw Massacre 28 00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:34,759 Speaker 1: movies and stick around anyway because who knows what will 29 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:37,320 Speaker 1: come up, well that that movie also is astronomical and 30 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: its own wise, that's true. So maybe I thought we 31 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,600 Speaker 1: should start just by doing a brief refresher on one 32 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: of the studies we talked about in the last episode 33 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:48,240 Speaker 1: because it kind of ties into some of the stuff 34 00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:51,040 Speaker 1: I'm gonna talk about right after. Um So, one of 35 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 1: the studies we looked at last time was published in 36 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 1: in p N A. S. And it was by Constantine 37 00:01:56,600 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: Batigan and Greg Laughlin, and it's called Jupiter Decisive Role 38 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:04,040 Speaker 1: in the Inner Solar System's Early evolution. And the rough 39 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:07,480 Speaker 1: outline is that the authors here argue that they put 40 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:10,520 Speaker 1: together a simulation that assumes a version of what's known 41 00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:14,920 Speaker 1: as the grand Attack scenario, and that's where in the 42 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:18,200 Speaker 1: early solar nebula. So when the Solar System is first forming, 43 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:21,480 Speaker 1: it's this big disc of gas and dust all swirling 44 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: around this newly forming Sun. When that's going on, a 45 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 1: young Jupiter migrated from somewhere around five astronomical units out 46 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 1: in radius from the Sun into about one point five 47 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:38,079 Speaker 1: astronomical units and then reversed course and went back out 48 00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: to a larger orbital radius when it was pulled outward 49 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:44,639 Speaker 1: by the gravitational influence of Saturn. And the authors here 50 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:48,480 Speaker 1: right quote, we propose that the primordial nebula driven process 51 00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,040 Speaker 1: responsible for retention of Jupiter and Saturn at large orbital 52 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: radii and sculpting Mars low mass, is also responsible for 53 00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:01,240 Speaker 1: clearing out the Solar system's innermost region. So, like we 54 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:03,960 Speaker 1: talked about last time, this would be wiping out these 55 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:08,080 Speaker 1: early forming super Earth's or miny neptunes that were forming 56 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:11,800 Speaker 1: near the Sun and thus making room and freeing up 57 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: some materials for rocky planets like Earth and Venus to form. 58 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:18,040 Speaker 1: And if you remember the details we talked about last time, 59 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:21,200 Speaker 1: this would have happened according to these authors here via 60 00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:25,880 Speaker 1: a what they call a collisional cascade. So Jupiter's inward 61 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:30,600 Speaker 1: migration would hurl all of these planetesimals into um what 62 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:34,720 Speaker 1: they call mean motion resonances low order mean motion residences, 63 00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:39,160 Speaker 1: shepherding and exciting their orbits, so basically just causing chaos 64 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 1: in the inner Solar System where things would smash into 65 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: each other and then ultimately spiral into the Sun and 66 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: be vaporized down there in the bottom of the Solar System. 67 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: And then finally they write, in this scenario, the Solar 68 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 1: systems terrestrial planets formed from the gas starved mass depleted 69 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 1: debris that remained after the primary period of dynamical evolution. 70 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 1: So under this scenario, it is the gravitational influence from 71 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:08,040 Speaker 1: a coalescing Saturn that finally pulls Jupiter back out of 72 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: the fray back into the outer Solar System. But I 73 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:16,280 Speaker 1: wanted to think about another way that gas giants like 74 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:19,880 Speaker 1: Jupiter and Saturn, or like if you imagine another Solar 75 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:23,719 Speaker 1: system somewhere else in the galaxy, multiple jupiters can interact 76 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,960 Speaker 1: with one another in catastrophic ways that have major influence 77 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: on the other planets in that star system. Because going 78 00:04:31,320 --> 00:04:34,479 Speaker 1: to the mythological analogy. One Zeus or one Jupiter is 79 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:38,440 Speaker 1: bad enough. You've got a couple. You're really running into trouble. Wow, 80 00:04:38,440 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: they're not going to tolerate each other. That's right, though. 81 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:44,159 Speaker 1: It is funny that literally in our Solar system, if 82 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,240 Speaker 1: you look at the mythological counterparts of the three the 83 00:04:47,279 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: first three outer planets you get to after the asteroid belt, 84 00:04:51,240 --> 00:04:54,280 Speaker 1: you've got Jupiter, you got Saturn, and then you got 85 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:57,480 Speaker 1: Ranas and there if you look at their mythological counterparts, 86 00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:00,600 Speaker 1: each one ascending out there is the father of the 87 00:05:00,640 --> 00:05:03,800 Speaker 1: other who was defeated by the Sun. So Jupiter or 88 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:08,200 Speaker 1: Zeus defeated Chronus, which is Saturn, and dethroned him, throw 89 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 1: him into Tartarus. But Chronus previously the Titan had defeated 90 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,200 Speaker 1: Oranas or Uranus by castrating him and throwing his genitals 91 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:18,839 Speaker 1: into the ocean. Yeah. So like if you've been to throne, 92 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:22,000 Speaker 1: you get pushed further out of the solar hierarchy. Yeah, 93 00:05:22,080 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 1: I guess so. Now, now that's an interesting question, which 94 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:27,840 Speaker 1: is more like Tartarus being cast into the Sun like 95 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:30,880 Speaker 1: these early super earths may have been, or being cast 96 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 1: farther out into a greater orbital radius where you're you're 97 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:36,560 Speaker 1: very cold and very lonely. I guess I go with 98 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,000 Speaker 1: the cold and lonely uh interpretation more again, just in 99 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: terms of thinking about what mythological punishments would be, like, 100 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:49,039 Speaker 1: I tend to imagine, uh, the prison of the Titans 101 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,360 Speaker 1: as being cold and lonesome. But anyway, I wanted to, uh, 102 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:57,680 Speaker 1: now now talk about the idea of Jupiter's going eccentric 103 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,760 Speaker 1: and UH usually the word centric, how do we use that? 104 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:05,359 Speaker 1: We use the word eccentric to mean weird, but in 105 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:07,960 Speaker 1: kind of a harmless way, like it's the nice version 106 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 1: of weird, or the or the at least the rich 107 00:06:10,640 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: version of weird, right right, yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, I 108 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: know exactly what you mean by that. But now in 109 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:20,200 Speaker 1: this case, this would be uh eccentric in a way 110 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:23,240 Speaker 1: that is, that is not at all harmless and potentially 111 00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:26,720 Speaker 1: could be world ending. Uh. So I wanted to look 112 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:30,280 Speaker 1: at a blog post by an American astrophysicist living in 113 00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,719 Speaker 1: France named Sean Raymond, who I wanted to bring this 114 00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:36,600 Speaker 1: up because I think reading his blog on his website 115 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: was one of the reasons I ended up wanting to 116 00:06:38,600 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: do this pair of episodes about Jupiter. I was originally 117 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 1: reading his website because he was one of the authors 118 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: of a study about moons of moons that I talked 119 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 1: about for an episode of The Artifact, where I was 120 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:55,000 Speaker 1: saying like, like, how many levels of orbits can you 121 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:57,640 Speaker 1: go down? You know, the the so the our our 122 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:00,200 Speaker 1: son orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and 123 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 1: then the Earth orbits the Sun, and then the moon 124 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: orbits the Earth. But could the moon have its own moon? 125 00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:08,080 Speaker 1: And it turns out the answer is yes, there's nothing 126 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,160 Speaker 1: in physics that prevents moons from having moons. But of course, 127 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,280 Speaker 1: every every step you go down that ladder of orbits 128 00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:18,720 Speaker 1: within orbits, the maximum size of the orbiting object gets 129 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:21,720 Speaker 1: smaller and smaller, and if you include really small stuff, 130 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,120 Speaker 1: I think moons of moons can have moons. But anyway, 131 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: through that, I ended up reading some posts on this 132 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: guy's website. So he's a professor of astrophysics at the 133 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:34,040 Speaker 1: University of Bordeaux in France, and his blog is fun 134 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:38,120 Speaker 1: he he he sometimes like writes poems about astrophysics, and 135 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:41,160 Speaker 1: that's weird stuff on there. But there was this one 136 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:43,360 Speaker 1: post that I thought was really interesting and got me 137 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: thinking about this topic. And reading other stuff about it, 138 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 1: and it was a post called how planets die when 139 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:52,880 Speaker 1: good Jupiters go bad, And the gist of this post 140 00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:56,920 Speaker 1: here is about how planets like Jupiter have the potential 141 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 1: to destroy the Solar systems that they dwell within and 142 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:04,800 Speaker 1: in other planetary systems around other stars in the galaxy. 143 00:08:04,840 --> 00:08:08,240 Speaker 1: There is evidence that gas giants like Jupiter have indeed 144 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: already destroyed other planets in in their solar systems. Now, 145 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:14,640 Speaker 1: of course, as we talked about in the last episode, 146 00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:17,760 Speaker 1: Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar system. It's 147 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:20,480 Speaker 1: more than three hundred times more massive than Earth. What 148 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 1: was it was like three hundred and seventeen times as 149 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:26,280 Speaker 1: massive as Earth or something, I mean, just huge. And 150 00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: of course the Sun is the largest gravitational influence in 151 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:32,360 Speaker 1: our Solar system, but Jupiter is second in that regard, 152 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:36,040 Speaker 1: and Jupiter has more effects on what happens to the 153 00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:38,120 Speaker 1: rest of the objects in the Solar System than you 154 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:41,199 Speaker 1: might imagine. Raymond talks about some stuff that we didn't 155 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:43,440 Speaker 1: really get into in the last episode, Like one of 156 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: the things he mentions is that Jupiter probably would have 157 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:51,680 Speaker 1: blocked large icy bodies from the outer Solar System from 158 00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:54,880 Speaker 1: invading the inner Solar System when the Solar System was 159 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:58,320 Speaker 1: first forming. It would have cleared this large gap in 160 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,199 Speaker 1: the solar nebula disc that was forming around the early 161 00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:04,400 Speaker 1: Sun UH, and with its gravity it would prevent large 162 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: icy objects from migrating inwards. Of course, we already talked 163 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:12,199 Speaker 1: about that Batigan and Laughlin idea that if it's correct, 164 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:15,680 Speaker 1: during Jupiter's grand tach or the movement in and then 165 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,439 Speaker 1: out again, UH, it would have had these catastrophic implications 166 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:22,600 Speaker 1: for early forming super Earth's or many Neptunes close to 167 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:26,240 Speaker 1: the Sun through this collisional cascade UH and would have 168 00:09:26,280 --> 00:09:28,959 Speaker 1: allowed small rocky planets like Earth to take shape in 169 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:32,600 Speaker 1: the aftermath. But Jupiter also we should remember, and this 170 00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,320 Speaker 1: is one thing we're gonna look at in several different 171 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:39,840 Speaker 1: ways today. Jupiter plays a major role in influencing what 172 00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:44,160 Speaker 1: kinds of space objects crash into Earth and at what 173 00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:48,960 Speaker 1: rate and at what velocity, Because to read from Raymond 174 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:53,480 Speaker 1: here quote, Jupiter's gravity determines how comets enter the Inner 175 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,439 Speaker 1: Solar System and how long they spend near the planets 176 00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 1: with the potential to crash into Earth before launching them 177 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 1: into interstellar space. And this has implications both ways. So 178 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 1: it means that Jupiter can act as a kind of destroyer, 179 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:12,240 Speaker 1: flinging objects in our direction in a dangerous way, but 180 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: Jupiter can also act as a kind of protector, shepherding 181 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: objects away from Earth and keeping us safe. And so 182 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,440 Speaker 1: Jupiter's effect on the movements of space objects in the 183 00:10:22,440 --> 00:10:25,440 Speaker 1: inner Solar System, like asteroids and especially comets, I think 184 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:29,800 Speaker 1: will have powerful effects on things like the water contents 185 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,200 Speaker 1: of Earth and the biological development of Earth, which will 186 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:35,719 Speaker 1: come back to as we go on. But coming back 187 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:38,880 Speaker 1: to the idea of eccentric jupiters now, I mentioned in 188 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:41,760 Speaker 1: the last episode that sometimes when we look out at 189 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:44,679 Speaker 1: other stars in our galaxy, we can see that they 190 00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:50,000 Speaker 1: have large exoplanets, large gas giants in very eccentric orbits. 191 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:53,000 Speaker 1: The orbits of most of the planets in our Solar 192 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:56,520 Speaker 1: system are nearly circular. They're not perfectly circular, but they're 193 00:10:56,600 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: pretty close. I mean, you know, roughly circular. If you 194 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,280 Speaker 1: look at the orbit of some comets, though it is 195 00:11:02,320 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: a completely different story. There are comets that orbit the 196 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:12,200 Speaker 1: Sun in these incredibly squashed, squeezed out oval trajectories. Uh, 197 00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:16,719 Speaker 1: and these orbits that deviate from near circularity are called eccentric, 198 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,720 Speaker 1: and of course the more squashed out they get, the 199 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:22,640 Speaker 1: more highly eccentric they are. So if you're trying to 200 00:11:22,679 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: picture it, you can think of a more eccentric orbit 201 00:11:25,679 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: is like a rubber band being stretched out instead of 202 00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:31,679 Speaker 1: allowed to just like sit slack in a circle. And 203 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 1: in fact, exoplanet research reveals that around other stars in 204 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: the galaxy there are gas giants like Jupiter that have 205 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:44,000 Speaker 1: orbits more like these comets. So imagine a Jupiter or 206 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:47,480 Speaker 1: a Saturn with a highly eccentric orbit more like a 207 00:11:47,559 --> 00:11:51,560 Speaker 1: stretched out rubber band. These types of planets exist, and 208 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:54,720 Speaker 1: the question is, well, how does that happen? Well, Raymond 209 00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:59,440 Speaker 1: discusses one way when gas giants act upon one another 210 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 1: in dangerous ways. So large gas giants exert gravitational influence 211 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:08,439 Speaker 1: not only on commets, not only on the moons that 212 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 1: orbit them, but also on one another. You know, if 213 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:14,440 Speaker 1: you have like two jupiters orbiting a star, they will 214 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:18,439 Speaker 1: have influence on the paths that they each take. Uh. 215 00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:21,200 Speaker 1: Remember thinking again about the way that a Saturn may 216 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:24,240 Speaker 1: have pulled Jupiter back out of the inner Solar system. 217 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 1: According to the Grand tach hypothesis. So, if you have 218 00:12:27,160 --> 00:12:31,840 Speaker 1: two gas giants that are affecting one another gravitationally, it 219 00:12:31,920 --> 00:12:36,960 Speaker 1: can throw their orbits off course. And sometimes these gravitational 220 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:41,840 Speaker 1: interactions can even put them into orbital patterns uh, such 221 00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:45,840 Speaker 1: that one gas giant gets gravitationally ejected out of the 222 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:48,880 Speaker 1: Solar System by the gravitational influence of the other like 223 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: it does sort of a gravity slingshot, like we might 224 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:54,080 Speaker 1: do with a with one of our space probes, but 225 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:56,559 Speaker 1: on a planet, and just like throws it way out 226 00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,280 Speaker 1: of there, and then the other one remains. But in 227 00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:03,079 Speaker 1: this stretch out eccentric orbit. And as you might well imagine, 228 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: these gravitational disturbances in the orbits of gas giants can 229 00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:10,679 Speaker 1: have horrible effects on the planets nearby. So if there 230 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: are earthlike inner planets, in one of these scenarios, they 231 00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:16,880 Speaker 1: tend to get cast into the pit of Tartarus UH. 232 00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:18,920 Speaker 1: And this could actually this could be either of the 233 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,720 Speaker 1: Tartarus scenarios we were talking about earlier. In the closest 234 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:25,320 Speaker 1: thing to a literal sense, right, they either get cast 235 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:28,440 Speaker 1: way out into nowhere into space, or they get thrown 236 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:32,960 Speaker 1: into the Sun or destroyed by collisions, possibly with gas 237 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:36,800 Speaker 1: giants themselves, or with other rocky planets or planetesimals, and 238 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,560 Speaker 1: then those the debris from those collisions can spiral into 239 00:13:40,559 --> 00:13:43,920 Speaker 1: the Sun or they get ejected and then just plunge 240 00:13:43,960 --> 00:13:46,720 Speaker 1: forever into the void. Yeah, it's the thing about the amokies, 241 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:49,560 Speaker 1: they tend to they tend to throughout the old order 242 00:13:49,559 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 1: in a place it was something new. You know. This 243 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 1: reminds me of one of the possible explanations for Umu Mua, 244 00:13:56,040 --> 00:13:58,640 Speaker 1: that object, interstellar object that we did a couple of 245 00:13:58,679 --> 00:14:03,079 Speaker 1: episodes about that. Some people, I think, probably very prematurely, 246 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:05,120 Speaker 1: we're trying to say was an alien probe, but I 247 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:07,200 Speaker 1: don't think there's good evidence of that. But one of 248 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:09,760 Speaker 1: the ideas about what this object probably is because it 249 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:12,920 Speaker 1: had strange characteristics, like it's kind of elongated and seemed 250 00:14:12,960 --> 00:14:15,439 Speaker 1: to be moving in a kind of tumbling motion. One 251 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:18,640 Speaker 1: of the ideas is that it is part of an 252 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:22,120 Speaker 1: object that was destroyed or rejected from its host star 253 00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:26,440 Speaker 1: system by a gravitational disturbance like this. Now, most of 254 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:30,520 Speaker 1: the time, when a Jupiter turns murderous, when when Jupiter, 255 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,640 Speaker 1: you know, when when his hand flashes with power, as 256 00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 1: it says in the in hesi. It's the agony um 257 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:40,200 Speaker 1: when a gas giant goes rogue and destroys the other planets. 258 00:14:40,280 --> 00:14:43,080 Speaker 1: Most of the time it happens early in the formation 259 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:46,480 Speaker 1: of the Solar System, shortly after most of the material 260 00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:49,840 Speaker 1: and the nebula disc is dissipated and absorbed by newly 261 00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:52,960 Speaker 1: forming planets. And the reasoning here is that without the 262 00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 1: stabilizing presence of this cloud like disk, a jupiter like 263 00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 1: planet can start going off the rails very quickly. But 264 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 1: sometimes a gas giant can turn into the destroyer. Its 265 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:09,720 Speaker 1: hand can flash with power later in its lifespan, for example, 266 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:13,920 Speaker 1: if its orbit is disturbed by external influence. An example 267 00:15:13,960 --> 00:15:17,200 Speaker 1: here could be another star passes too close to the 268 00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:21,880 Speaker 1: Solar System and this, uh, this causes gravitational disturbances, throws 269 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:24,760 Speaker 1: the orbit of the jupiter like planet off course, and 270 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,320 Speaker 1: then the same thing happens. It just it starts this 271 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:30,800 Speaker 1: cascading series of effects on the orbits of other planets. 272 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,200 Speaker 1: And you know, many of these inner rocky planets are 273 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,360 Speaker 1: just destroyed. They're they're sent down into the Sun. Well, 274 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:38,960 Speaker 1: you know, if we're to to to draw in comparison 275 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 1: to maybe not literal the literal mythology, but just sort 276 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:45,640 Speaker 1: of the nature of mythologies and belief I'm reminded of 277 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 1: what happens when a foreign um religion or foreign deity 278 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:55,200 Speaker 1: uh comes too close to an established religion and deity. 279 00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:57,800 Speaker 1: You know, it can also result in a fair amount 280 00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:02,840 Speaker 1: of disorder uh and a realigning of the order of things. Yes, 281 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:05,560 Speaker 1: the realignment of a pantheon in the presence of a 282 00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:08,880 Speaker 1: syncretism right when we emerge to religions together. If you 283 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,360 Speaker 1: merge to two stars gravity is too close to one another, 284 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:17,320 Speaker 1: this can definitely realign things and possibly result in a monotheism. Yeah, 285 00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:19,920 Speaker 1: more on that in a bit. So, Yeah, I do 286 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,320 Speaker 1: want to be clear, we're not saying there's any reason 287 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:24,400 Speaker 1: to think that this is likely to happen to our 288 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: solar system anytime soon like that that that's not the 289 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:29,640 Speaker 1: implication here, But it is scary to imagine that it 290 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:33,040 Speaker 1: does sometimes happen around other stars, and at least is 291 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: possible in theory that you know, you can have this 292 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,560 Speaker 1: influence from some kind of external object, another star passes 293 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,400 Speaker 1: too close or something. This can nudge the orbit of 294 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: a previously pretty stable Jupiter like planet, leading to a 295 00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: cascade of effects like we just talked about, and then 296 00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: the Earth like planets have an appointment with the wicker Man. 297 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:55,840 Speaker 1: And uh. One interesting thing that Raymond mentions in this 298 00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:59,240 Speaker 1: blog post is he does some rough calculations and guesses 299 00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: that about half of the stars in the Milky Way 300 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 1: galaxy with gas planets have annihilated the rocky planets through 301 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:09,880 Speaker 1: a process like this. And I remember that it's much 302 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,640 Speaker 1: more likely for to happen early during formation, when when 303 00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:17,720 Speaker 1: the disk is is first sorting itself out, but it can, 304 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 1: in some rare cases happen later. And I guess this 305 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:23,800 Speaker 1: all comes down to the fact that we have a 306 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: Jupiter and we still exist. So it looks like in 307 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:29,280 Speaker 1: in some sense, we're one of the lucky ones. But 308 00:17:29,359 --> 00:17:32,280 Speaker 1: it's also true that the influence of Jupiter or gas 309 00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:36,760 Speaker 1: giants in general, especially Jupiter in our case, doesn't stop there. 310 00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,080 Speaker 1: I mean, the influence on Jupiter on the history of 311 00:17:40,240 --> 00:17:45,160 Speaker 1: the planet Earth appears to be pervasive. I was looking 312 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:50,960 Speaker 1: at one study by Alisa V. Quintana, Thomas Barclay, William J. Baruki, 313 00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:55,080 Speaker 1: Jason f Row, and Johnny Chambers from the Astrophysical Journal 314 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:59,840 Speaker 1: called the Frequency of Giant Impacts on earthlike worlds, and 315 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,400 Speaker 1: I was reading some write ups of this, and basically 316 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,200 Speaker 1: these researchers did some simulations of what happens in different 317 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:09,720 Speaker 1: types of Solar system configurations where you have a Jupiter present, 318 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:11,760 Speaker 1: or where you don't have a Jupiter present, where you 319 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:15,760 Speaker 1: have multiple jupiters, and their simulations revealed that in general, 320 00:18:16,160 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: gas giants like Jupiter have complicated effects on rocky inner 321 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:24,479 Speaker 1: planets like Earth. So young Jupiter, they think probably flung 322 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:28,560 Speaker 1: material into the cores of newly forming rocky planets when 323 00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:31,359 Speaker 1: the Solar System was young, and this would have helped 324 00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:35,320 Speaker 1: planets like Earth come together faster than rocky planets in 325 00:18:35,320 --> 00:18:38,959 Speaker 1: a Solar system without a nearby gas giant, but at 326 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:43,080 Speaker 1: the same time, by hoarding materials to themselves, gas giants 327 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: limit the number of rocky planets that form around a star. 328 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:49,000 Speaker 1: So if you have a star without a planet like Jupiter, 329 00:18:49,359 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 1: it can have way more rocky planets out there um 330 00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:55,880 Speaker 1: And then if you don't have any nearby gas giants, 331 00:18:56,240 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 1: young rocky planets are subjected to a much longer period 332 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,920 Speaker 1: it of early bombardment, where they're just constantly being hit 333 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,639 Speaker 1: with impacts from space by smaller objects from the solar 334 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:11,560 Speaker 1: nebula cloud, and a planet like Jupiter makes that cloud 335 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:16,399 Speaker 1: disappear faster and thus makes the early bombardment period last 336 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:19,959 Speaker 1: a shorter span of time. But then again, you can 337 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,920 Speaker 1: also look at ways that a planet like Jupiter ends 338 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,919 Speaker 1: up accelerating larger objects like comets into the Inner Solar 339 00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:29,719 Speaker 1: System and controlling how long they stay there in the 340 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,719 Speaker 1: Inner Solar System. Uh. And of course those things can 341 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:35,479 Speaker 1: lead to impacts later on down the line that affect 342 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:38,919 Speaker 1: Earth life. So Jupiter is once again sort of protecting 343 00:19:38,960 --> 00:19:43,400 Speaker 1: and attacking in tandem. Yeah. I guess the relationships between 344 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: humans and God's they tend to be a little bit unhealthy. 345 00:19:48,280 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 1: But then again, I mean there there are reasons. I 346 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:53,080 Speaker 1: guess what we've gone through here kind of uh, you know, 347 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,679 Speaker 1: justifies the ways of God demand uh to some extent, 348 00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 1: thank or Rob. I don't know about you, but I 349 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:09,360 Speaker 1: am ready to mount an apologia for Jupiter pluvious. Yeah, 350 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: let's do it. Let's let's talk Jupiter the God a 351 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:15,560 Speaker 1: bit more. Um. Again, I think this comparison between the 352 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:18,160 Speaker 1: planet Jupiter and the god Jupiter is is increasingly apt 353 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,440 Speaker 1: the more you look at it. Uh. And in this episode. 354 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:23,680 Speaker 1: We're talking a good deal. I mean, we're still talking 355 00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:28,720 Speaker 1: about Jupiter the destroyer and Jupiter um of of passionate 356 00:20:29,119 --> 00:20:33,680 Speaker 1: lashing out against a humanity, but but also Jupiter the protector, 357 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,240 Speaker 1: Jupiter the Lord of Earth, because he enforces his order 358 00:20:37,359 --> 00:20:39,760 Speaker 1: upon it and he is in many ways its protector, 359 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:43,200 Speaker 1: and he was also expressly stated to be the protector 360 00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,439 Speaker 1: of the Roman state. The White Ox was his favorite 361 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:50,400 Speaker 1: sacrifice and it could afford an entire year's protection, uh 362 00:20:50,560 --> 00:20:55,480 Speaker 1: from the Lord of the gods. And he probably took 363 00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:57,639 Speaker 1: this sort of thing seriously, seeing as how he was 364 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:00,399 Speaker 1: also the god of oaths and treaties, kind of a 365 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:04,639 Speaker 1: rules guy. Yeah, yeah, so you know, he's lawful. Whatever 366 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:08,720 Speaker 1: else he is, he's he's lawful. Uh So, I was, well, 367 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:11,480 Speaker 1: maybe he's the emblem of lawfulness to others. I don't know, 368 00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:14,800 Speaker 1: does he have to follow the laws himself? Well, I mean, 369 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: he's he's in are in a tough spot, like if 370 00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:20,879 Speaker 1: you can't, who are you going to report him to? Write? Uh? 371 00:21:22,480 --> 00:21:25,919 Speaker 1: I was reading The Imperial Ideology of Rome and the 372 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:30,040 Speaker 1: Principalities and Powers in Romans eight thirty one through thirty 373 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,440 Speaker 1: nine by Sung Cho Hong in Scripture and Interpretation from 374 00:21:33,440 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 1: two thousand and eight, and Home points out that imperial 375 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:40,040 Speaker 1: Roman propaganda expressly stated that the safety of the entire 376 00:21:40,160 --> 00:21:43,199 Speaker 1: human race lay in the hands of mighty Jupiter. And 377 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:46,320 Speaker 1: this is a point pressed by Cicero, among others. And 378 00:21:46,359 --> 00:21:50,280 Speaker 1: I believe in particularly in on the ends of Good 379 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,359 Speaker 1: and Evil. I want to read a quote here from it, uh, 380 00:21:53,359 --> 00:21:56,399 Speaker 1: and this is not I want to stress that Cicero 381 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,320 Speaker 1: goes into a lot more detail about all this, and 382 00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:01,200 Speaker 1: he's he's crafting a much greater point uh than this. 383 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:03,840 Speaker 1: This is just a fragment. But he does a right 384 00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:07,440 Speaker 1: or he does say quote when we call Jupiter all 385 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,280 Speaker 1: powerful and all good, and likewise, when we speak of 386 00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:14,720 Speaker 1: him as the salutary God, the hospitable God, or as state, 387 00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: or we mean it to be understood that the safety 388 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:20,879 Speaker 1: of men is under his protection. This reminds me of 389 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:24,399 Speaker 1: like when when presidents of the United States will say, like, 390 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:28,359 Speaker 1: the president's first responsibility is to keep America safe. This 391 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,640 Speaker 1: seems like a very close analogy. It's just like, first 392 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:32,919 Speaker 1: of all, I am I am the daddy, and it 393 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:36,199 Speaker 1: is it is all protection from me. Yeah, So this 394 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:39,760 Speaker 1: seems to be again Cicero's saying all other things in 395 00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:43,000 Speaker 1: this work, uh, I mean additional things. But this seems 396 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:45,760 Speaker 1: to be like a major talking point for just Roman 397 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:48,320 Speaker 1: propaganda in general. But so there's the thing that's kind 398 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,080 Speaker 1: of interesting about Jupiter that I think we would recognize 399 00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:56,320 Speaker 1: as commons say, in like Indian religion, the gods can 400 00:22:56,400 --> 00:23:01,040 Speaker 1: have multiple manifestations or faces. Yes to the Romans didn't 401 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:04,359 Speaker 1: exactly have one Jupiter. They had multiple aspects of Jupiter. 402 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:09,240 Speaker 1: Now sometimes these are referred to more as uh as epithets, 403 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:13,040 Speaker 1: you know, just a just different descriptions of of Jupiter. 404 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:15,960 Speaker 1: But ultimately, I think the line between the two, you know, 405 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:18,320 Speaker 1: you can see where it enters a gray area, like 406 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:22,280 Speaker 1: if you're just describing different properties of the same being, 407 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: you know, it's it's only a short hop and a 408 00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:29,800 Speaker 1: jump to having different, uh different you know, beings entirely. 409 00:23:30,359 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 1: You know, in the Christian tradition, you see, you see 410 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:36,160 Speaker 1: some of this right because on one hand, you it's 411 00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,280 Speaker 1: what you can talk about like God the Father, and 412 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 1: you can talk about like different divisions of the same being. 413 00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:43,919 Speaker 1: But on the other hand, you see throughout you know, 414 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:48,679 Speaker 1: Christian history a tendency to want to say focus on 415 00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,439 Speaker 1: said that the feminine aspects of Christ uh in you know, 416 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:56,679 Speaker 1: certainly in in visual representation, but also then embodying different 417 00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:00,119 Speaker 1: ideas of what Christ was, and then that may be 418 00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:03,960 Speaker 1: um stamped down out of fear of heresy, the idea 419 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,360 Speaker 1: that if people keep going in this direction, it will 420 00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:10,800 Speaker 1: butt off into an alternative Jesus. So you can you 421 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:12,960 Speaker 1: can tell how how the sort of thing can lead 422 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: to the division um even at the same time, it's 423 00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: kind of like saying, okay, we have all these instead 424 00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: of having just a dozen gods, we could have maybe 425 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:24,680 Speaker 1: have um we could you know, still have other gods, 426 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:26,520 Speaker 1: but we could also have just like a dozen different 427 00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:31,240 Speaker 1: versions or different um incarnations of the same being. And 428 00:24:31,359 --> 00:24:33,880 Speaker 1: that's kind of what you see with Jupiter here. Yeah, 429 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:38,359 Speaker 1: the Romans had an idea of what we now call superstition. 430 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:41,480 Speaker 1: You know that comes from a Roman idea meaning basically 431 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:44,800 Speaker 1: being too religious. Because picking up off what you were 432 00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:47,199 Speaker 1: just saying, there is a pattern I think throughout the 433 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,880 Speaker 1: religions of the world where when people get incredibly invested 434 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:53,520 Speaker 1: in their religion, like very passionate about it, they are 435 00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: prone more often to to religious innovation. And religious innovation 436 00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:02,560 Speaker 1: can lea to you know, you start really focusing on 437 00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,680 Speaker 1: maybe one aspect of an existing God or something, maybe 438 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:07,439 Speaker 1: that becomes a new God, and then you've got a 439 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:10,359 Speaker 1: new cult, and that that new cult could maybe undermine 440 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:13,320 Speaker 1: things that came before. Now, there was in the Roman Empire, 441 00:25:13,359 --> 00:25:16,080 Speaker 1: while the Romans were incredibly tyrannical, there was a kind 442 00:25:16,080 --> 00:25:19,040 Speaker 1: of weird religious pluralism there where there there could you know, 443 00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:21,080 Speaker 1: you could have a lot of different kinds of religious 444 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:23,159 Speaker 1: beliefs in the Roman Empire and it would be mostly 445 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,520 Speaker 1: okay as long as you weren't causing trouble. But there's 446 00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 1: always I think a certain fear of religious innovation stemming 447 00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:34,359 Speaker 1: from too much interpretive interest in the nature of God's 448 00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: in religious matters among the existing religious authorities. That makes sense, Yeah, yeah, totally. 449 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:42,879 Speaker 1: Um so, so I know I was reading all this, 450 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,520 Speaker 1: it didn't It did raise an interesting question for me, Like, 451 00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,160 Speaker 1: given all these different aspects of Jupiter, and I'll get 452 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,000 Speaker 1: into what they are here in a minute. Uh, you know, 453 00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:54,520 Speaker 1: the fact that Jupiter had his own priests and that 454 00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:58,480 Speaker 1: Romans tended towards syncretism, which we already mentioned. This is 455 00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:02,119 Speaker 1: the combining of different theological ideas like, instead of hearing 456 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:05,200 Speaker 1: about a new God, uh, for instance, in a territory 457 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:08,040 Speaker 1: that you have absorbed into your empire, instead of saying, okay, 458 00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:10,200 Speaker 1: that God's out. Wait whatever you're doing to that God, 459 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:13,760 Speaker 1: forget it, instead saying, well, actually that God is part 460 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,600 Speaker 1: of our pantheon, or that God is actually Jupiter, that 461 00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:18,560 Speaker 1: sort of thing. Well, I mean God, look at the 462 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,879 Speaker 1: way that the Romans essentially just adopted almost wholesale, originally 463 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:26,560 Speaker 1: the mythology of the Greeks. Yeah. So so, given given this, 464 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:30,040 Speaker 1: and given that the situation with the different aspects of Jupiter, um, 465 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:32,840 Speaker 1: I was wanting do do we see in this at 466 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,399 Speaker 1: least a movement toward monotheism because that, of course is 467 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,000 Speaker 1: one of the things about the Roman Empire is that 468 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:43,280 Speaker 1: it eventually it becomes a Christian empire. There's this movement 469 00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:47,320 Speaker 1: towards monotheistic Christian belief. Well, I don't know if this 470 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:50,200 Speaker 1: helps with the point you're developing, but the but the 471 00:26:50,240 --> 00:26:53,159 Speaker 1: secular biblical historian Bart Irman, who's a previous guest on 472 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:54,919 Speaker 1: the show, He was on the show last year. He's 473 00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: got a book about why Christianity eventually overtook the Roman Empire, 474 00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:02,720 Speaker 1: and uh, and his theory on that, which seems very 475 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,399 Speaker 1: reasonable to me, is that the main thing going for 476 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: Christianity is that, unlike all of the other religions in 477 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:10,320 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire at the time, or most of the 478 00:27:10,359 --> 00:27:13,680 Speaker 1: other religions in the Roman Empire at the time, Christianity 479 00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:17,240 Speaker 1: was evangelical and it was exclusive, so they were trying 480 00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:21,680 Speaker 1: to convert people to it. And unlike the existing Roman religions, 481 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:25,800 Speaker 1: you couldn't add other gods into Christianity, or you weren't 482 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:28,400 Speaker 1: supposed to. I mean, some people probably did, but mostly 483 00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:31,000 Speaker 1: Christians were preaching that no, once you're a Christian, you 484 00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:33,480 Speaker 1: can only believe in Jesus and you have to forget 485 00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 1: all these other gods. And over time those dynamics led 486 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:39,000 Speaker 1: to effects where Christianity would just grow and grow and 487 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,800 Speaker 1: it would push out because every new Christian wasn't just 488 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:45,280 Speaker 1: like a pagan adopting one additional god. But now like 489 00:27:45,359 --> 00:27:47,520 Speaker 1: they weren't a pagan anymore, they want you weren't to 490 00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:51,320 Speaker 1: lay allowed to keep your old gods as well, right, yeah, yeah, 491 00:27:51,320 --> 00:27:53,040 Speaker 1: Because I think even though if we're looking at this, 492 00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:55,640 Speaker 1: we're thinking, okay, you're you're going to the temple, that's 493 00:27:55,680 --> 00:27:58,560 Speaker 1: just a Jupiter. You're worshiping Jupiter, maybe in different aspects, 494 00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:00,680 Speaker 1: but you're you're you're pretty much folk sing on him. 495 00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: Even if you did not worship any of the other 496 00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:06,080 Speaker 1: gods in the Roman pantheon, that wouldn't be monotheism. That 497 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:08,919 Speaker 1: would be what is called hino theism, which is the 498 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,680 Speaker 1: adherence to one particular god out of many. So saying like, yeah, 499 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:15,040 Speaker 1: all these other gods they're they're fine, they exist, but 500 00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:17,399 Speaker 1: this is my guy, this is my gal. Yeah, and 501 00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:19,240 Speaker 1: that that was common in the Roman Empire, that you 502 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:21,760 Speaker 1: believe in the other gods, and you would maybe respect 503 00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:23,920 Speaker 1: the other gods, but you might have like a personal 504 00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:27,359 Speaker 1: favorite god who you were really devoted to. Yeah. Like 505 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,560 Speaker 1: even in that work on Cistero that I was quoting earlier, Um, 506 00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,600 Speaker 1: he's he's mentioning adherence to Jupiter. But he's also in 507 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,480 Speaker 1: the same work mentioning adherence to smaller household gods. So yeah, 508 00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,360 Speaker 1: you can you can see that if if suddenly you're like, no, 509 00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:41,560 Speaker 1: you can't keep your household gods, you have to pretty 510 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:45,000 Speaker 1: much abandon the old way, uh and and and take 511 00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:46,880 Speaker 1: to this new one. Uh. You know, you have to 512 00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: cut off the other gods from your life. I could 513 00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:51,040 Speaker 1: see that being maybe it's something that keeps you from 514 00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:54,280 Speaker 1: drifting back into another one. Sure, Like like if you 515 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:56,240 Speaker 1: if you have to get this new video game and 516 00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:58,680 Speaker 1: you have to throw out all your other video games, well, 517 00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:00,280 Speaker 1: if you get bored with the new one, not going 518 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: to go back to the old ones because they're not 519 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:04,160 Speaker 1: in the house anymore. Okay, so you only got one game. 520 00:29:04,160 --> 00:29:06,080 Speaker 1: Now you get bored with it. What you start doing 521 00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:08,720 Speaker 1: is looking for glitches in the game to exploit and 522 00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:11,600 Speaker 1: start trying to break the physics, which you could look 523 00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:13,920 Speaker 1: at it for in religious point of view. You start 524 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:17,680 Speaker 1: maybe innovating how the religion works, thinking about maybe I've 525 00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:20,240 Speaker 1: received a new vision that tells me that the priests 526 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,600 Speaker 1: don't have it exactly right. This is the version. Yeah, yeah, 527 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,120 Speaker 1: new new fan theories about exactly what what Mario means 528 00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:30,240 Speaker 1: to the franchise, etcetera. Now I was I was looking 529 00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:34,240 Speaker 1: around about at this about this question of of monotheism 530 00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:38,480 Speaker 1: and polytheism in the Roman Empire, and uh, there's an 531 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:40,920 Speaker 1: interesting sounding book. I don't know if you're familiar with 532 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:43,479 Speaker 1: this author, but it came. It was by Stephen Mitchell, 533 00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: who I think has done a lot of work in 534 00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:49,000 Speaker 1: religion and involved in some translations of various works such 535 00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:52,080 Speaker 1: as the the Guita. But he has this book called 536 00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:55,960 Speaker 1: One God, Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, and it 537 00:29:56,000 --> 00:30:00,000 Speaker 1: discusses the complexity of the shift from polytheism to Monothey 538 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,400 Speaker 1: is hum but also it deals with this idea of 539 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:06,960 Speaker 1: quote pagan monotheism, and apparently historians have some historians have 540 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,720 Speaker 1: considered the various Roman cults to be something we might 541 00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:15,360 Speaker 1: interpret as monotheistic structures. Um, so this kind of thing 542 00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: might be worth it a deeper dive in a later episode, 543 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:21,080 Speaker 1: because it's apparently it's not a cut and dry issue. Rob. 544 00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:22,640 Speaker 1: I was just trying to look up and figure out. 545 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:24,560 Speaker 1: I'm not quite sure the answer. If this is the 546 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,200 Speaker 1: same Stephen Mitchell who did one of my favorite poetry translations, 547 00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:32,480 Speaker 1: a translation of Rainer Maria Rilka's archaic Torso of Apollo 548 00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:34,760 Speaker 1: into English. It's uh, I don't know if you've ever 549 00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:37,680 Speaker 1: read this, but his translation is the version that ends 550 00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: an English thing for here there is no place that 551 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:44,280 Speaker 1: does not see you. You must change your life. Oh wow, No, 552 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:46,800 Speaker 1: I don't think I've read that, but but it it 553 00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:48,640 Speaker 1: might bob be him. It looks like he's He was 554 00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:51,720 Speaker 1: involved in a number of translations and adaptations, including like 555 00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:54,520 Speaker 1: the Guida, but also like the Iliad. Uh, you know 556 00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:58,040 Speaker 1: various some some Chinese works in their um you know, 557 00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:00,680 Speaker 1: the Epic of Gilgamesh. So there's a lot of stuff. Well, 558 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: I'm not sure if it's the same Stephen Mitchell, but 559 00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:04,960 Speaker 1: if so, that that's a good translation of that poem 560 00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:08,560 Speaker 1: Archaic Torso of Apollo you can look up um. So. 561 00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:11,360 Speaker 1: I didn't have time to to really dig into this 562 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:13,640 Speaker 1: one God book, but I just want to read a 563 00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:16,240 Speaker 1: quick quote that I found in it from author Stephen 564 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:20,480 Speaker 1: Mitchell on this topic. Quote, Pagan polytheist did not individually 565 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:25,240 Speaker 1: become monotheist, but through philosophy and the comparing of religious ideas, 566 00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:28,400 Speaker 1: by adopting and inventing new cults and learning how to 567 00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:33,800 Speaker 1: individualize and express religious experience, they transformed ancient religion into 568 00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: a terrain of human experience where much, including monotheism, was possible. Oh, 569 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:43,040 Speaker 1: that's interesting looking at the possibility that a trend towards 570 00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:46,720 Speaker 1: monotheism could actually emerge from the kind of commerce of 571 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,440 Speaker 1: religious ideas that you would have in a very uh pluralistic, 572 00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:54,320 Speaker 1: multicultural empire. Yeah, yeah, exactly. So, yeah, it kind of 573 00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:56,720 Speaker 1: gets back to the point where you were you're mentioning earlier. 574 00:31:57,720 --> 00:31:59,960 Speaker 1: So let's get into some of these aspects of Jupiter, 575 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:04,360 Speaker 1: these different Jupiter sub brands, if you will, that were 576 00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:08,760 Speaker 1: available under the Roman Empire. Uh so um. In addition 577 00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: to the sources I mentioned already, I was also looking 578 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:14,520 Speaker 1: at aspects of Jupiter on coins of the Roman Mint 579 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:17,479 Speaker 1: by Philip V. Hill from this is from nineteen sixty. 580 00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:20,800 Speaker 1: But this one, this particular article is one that dealt 581 00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:25,560 Speaker 1: more exclusively with aspects of Jupiter has represented on coins, um, 582 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:30,360 Speaker 1: which is also pretty interesting. So let's start with Jupiter Stator, 583 00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:33,640 Speaker 1: who we mentioned earlier. That's that's who Cisero is referring to. 584 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:38,640 Speaker 1: And this is he who stays panic in battle. Uh. 585 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,600 Speaker 1: This is uh, this is Jupiter depicted with a scepter 586 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:44,040 Speaker 1: and a thunderbolt, and this is the Jupiter that gives 587 00:32:44,080 --> 00:32:46,880 Speaker 1: you courage, that gives you resolved to not be crushed 588 00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:51,080 Speaker 1: by fear. Okay, So stays panic means like holds back panic, 589 00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:56,760 Speaker 1: not like it keeps you panicked right right now, m so, 590 00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:58,720 Speaker 1: so that's obviously a big one. You know what what 591 00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:00,720 Speaker 1: One of the reasons to a fuel to a god 592 00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:03,080 Speaker 1: is like for strength, right, Like give me that strength, 593 00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:06,320 Speaker 1: give me the resolve to to not run away, especially 594 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,920 Speaker 1: if you're dealing with a warring empire. Likewise, along those lines, 595 00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:14,120 Speaker 1: another big one was Jupiter Victor, the giver of victory, 596 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:18,280 Speaker 1: depicted as seated and holding a statue all victory and 597 00:33:18,440 --> 00:33:21,760 Speaker 1: a scepter or spear. This was especially prominent on coins, 598 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,800 Speaker 1: and then it might be invoked. This version of Jupiter 599 00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: might be invoked either celebrate an actual victory that occurred 600 00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:33,360 Speaker 1: or in anticipation of an upcoming victory. So this is 601 00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:38,560 Speaker 1: Jupiter the conqueror Jupiter what is best in life? Right? Yes? 602 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:41,760 Speaker 1: What to crush the Titans see them driven before you 603 00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:46,400 Speaker 1: hear their lamentations from Tartarus. Yeah, but of course the Jupiter, 604 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:49,480 Speaker 1: I mean, presumably a god also has to govern, and 605 00:33:49,480 --> 00:33:52,400 Speaker 1: certainly the Roman Empire would have realized that as well. 606 00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:53,920 Speaker 1: It's one thing to conquer, but then you need to 607 00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:56,960 Speaker 1: hold your territory. And that's where the next aspect comes 608 00:33:56,960 --> 00:34:01,120 Speaker 1: in Jupiter conservator. Uh, this is a Jupiter that holds 609 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:04,400 Speaker 1: a thunderbolt, but he's holding it above the image of 610 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: the Roman emperor, so he's kind of a preserver of rule. 611 00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:11,359 Speaker 1: That's kind of a halo concept. I think, you know, 612 00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:14,959 Speaker 1: it's like saying, like the will of Jupiter resonates through 613 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:17,560 Speaker 1: the emperor, and he was the one who rules over 614 00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,320 Speaker 1: these lands. Now, one of the big ones is Jupiter 615 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:26,120 Speaker 1: Optimus Maximus or Jupiter Optimus maximus capital Linus, and this 616 00:34:26,160 --> 00:34:30,040 Speaker 1: is the most powerful aspect of Jupiter, all powerful as such, 617 00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:33,160 Speaker 1: the Temple of Jupiter optimist Maximus was the most important 618 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:37,239 Speaker 1: temple in ancient Rome, located on Capitol Line Hill. Now, 619 00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:39,480 Speaker 1: some other versions you had Jupiter full gore. This is 620 00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:43,080 Speaker 1: the lightning Jupiter, but not passively, so like Jupiter often 621 00:34:43,120 --> 00:34:46,320 Speaker 1: has lightning. But this is like Jupiter with the aggressive stance, 622 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,560 Speaker 1: like he's going to smite you, gonna hurl the thunderbolt. 623 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,360 Speaker 1: For some reason, when you said that, I pictured not Jupiter, 624 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,760 Speaker 1: but I guess uh an analog to Jupiter Marduke holding 625 00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:59,360 Speaker 1: holding this. Yeah, that's a famous image, but Marduke is 626 00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:04,399 Speaker 1: often picture in kind of a fighting stance from the side. Yeah, 627 00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:08,560 Speaker 1: there's one that was referred to as a Jupiter Dolicinus, 628 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,080 Speaker 1: and this was the focus of a Roman mystery cult 629 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:15,080 Speaker 1: originally a local hit tight, hurry, and god of fertility 630 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:18,240 Speaker 1: and thunder. So here we see an example of of 631 00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:22,560 Speaker 1: the of Romans combining ideas. Another deity from another land 632 00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:26,040 Speaker 1: is taken in and becomes an aspect of Jupiter. Then 633 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:28,960 Speaker 1: you have a Jupiter ruminus. This is the breast feeder 634 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:34,399 Speaker 1: of all life. And then as we mentioned earlier, Jupiter Pluvius, 635 00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:37,760 Speaker 1: this is the cinder of rain. In times of drought, 636 00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:42,440 Speaker 1: special sacrifices were made in the name of Jupiter Pluvius 637 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,799 Speaker 1: and these were called aquilsum. Uh. So this is where 638 00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:49,120 Speaker 1: we're getting back to consideration of not only the mythic Jupiter, 639 00:35:49,239 --> 00:35:52,839 Speaker 1: but but the but Jupiter the planet as well. Uh. 640 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:56,879 Speaker 1: The idea of Jupiter as as he who delivers the rain, 641 00:35:57,040 --> 00:36:00,000 Speaker 1: he who delivers the water. Yeah. And so we already 642 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:04,319 Speaker 1: talked about some ways that Jupiter has has influenced what 643 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:08,480 Speaker 1: kind of stuff smashed into the the forming and then 644 00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:12,560 Speaker 1: the early Earth to determine its composition, what size it 645 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:14,840 Speaker 1: would grow to, and what was on its surface, and 646 00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:16,920 Speaker 1: what kind of volatiles it had in terms of an 647 00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:23,000 Speaker 1: atmosphere and possibly surface water. Yes. Uh, And so in 648 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:25,640 Speaker 1: this I mean we're still talking about the planet Jupiter 649 00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,680 Speaker 1: pelting the rocky planets with stuff, you know, like it's 650 00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:35,120 Speaker 1: still ultimately a violent relationship. But U. But the idea 651 00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:38,640 Speaker 1: here is that is Jupiter is not only throwing thunderbolts. Uh. 652 00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:41,920 Speaker 1: The Jovial bombardments might have included water or would be water, 653 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:46,239 Speaker 1: specifically hydrogen rich material. And this wind's up locked into 654 00:36:46,239 --> 00:36:48,759 Speaker 1: Earth's crust and mantle and emerges later to bond with 655 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:52,800 Speaker 1: oxygen to become water. Uh. So one of the sources 656 00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:55,520 Speaker 1: we're looking at with this is a Nola Taylor red 657 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:59,480 Speaker 1: article for smithsonian dot com from back in focusing on 658 00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:02,400 Speaker 1: the work of French astronomer Shawn Raymond, who we've already 659 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:06,880 Speaker 1: talked about, uh, whose models predict this possible gas giant 660 00:37:06,960 --> 00:37:10,480 Speaker 1: thrown delivery of water rich material to the inner planets. 661 00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:14,000 Speaker 1: Also key is the work of andre Isadoro, who, along 662 00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:16,320 Speaker 1: with Raymond, published a paper on this in two seventeen 663 00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:20,160 Speaker 1: titled Origin of Water in the Inner Solar System. Okay, 664 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:22,839 Speaker 1: so what do they argue? Okay? So the idea here 665 00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:25,480 Speaker 1: is that four point five billion years ago, the massive 666 00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:28,920 Speaker 1: center of the and in this I'm gonna touch on 667 00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:31,720 Speaker 1: some stuff we've already gone through, but then the massive 668 00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:34,680 Speaker 1: center of the cloud of gas and cosmic dust begins 669 00:37:34,719 --> 00:37:37,120 Speaker 1: to form into a central star, our Sun. But the 670 00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:41,440 Speaker 1: remaining cloud remained and its contents would in time form 671 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:44,680 Speaker 1: into the planets. But the water rich region of the 672 00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:48,279 Speaker 1: disc would have been located several astronomical units away from 673 00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:51,240 Speaker 1: the Sun. The temperature in the inner region was too high, 674 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,319 Speaker 1: so that water then ultimately has to move back to 675 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:58,040 Speaker 1: the inner planets to become a part of them so 676 00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:00,879 Speaker 1: that we can have water on Earth. So this would 677 00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: have occurred um between during a five to ten million 678 00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:08,759 Speaker 1: year period between the Sun's formation and the dissipation of 679 00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:12,120 Speaker 1: the gas disc. During this time, the gas giants formed 680 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:16,799 Speaker 1: and quote Jupiter's rapid growth gravitationally disturbed thousands of water 681 00:38:16,920 --> 00:38:21,400 Speaker 1: rich planetism as, dislodging them from their original orbits. Okay, 682 00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:24,960 Speaker 1: so we see yet again, Jupiter as it's coming together, 683 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:28,600 Speaker 1: begins to throw its weight around it exerts gravitational influence 684 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:33,200 Speaker 1: and in this case would have started pulling in these uh, 685 00:38:33,239 --> 00:38:37,279 Speaker 1: these planetesimals, these these objects, you know, objects that might 686 00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:40,600 Speaker 1: be I don't know, asteroid sized or larger that have 687 00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:44,520 Speaker 1: some kind of water hydrogen content on them and then 688 00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:48,480 Speaker 1: slamming them into the inner solar system. Right. It's it's 689 00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:50,200 Speaker 1: basically you know what it reminds me of is I 690 00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:52,960 Speaker 1: don't know if you've seen these sort of vaudevillian skits 691 00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:55,520 Speaker 1: where like you have your your your bad comic, you're 692 00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:58,960 Speaker 1: sort of Fozzy Bear type and he's on stage, he's bombing. 693 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,279 Speaker 1: I mean, he's just really dog in it up. Uh 694 00:39:01,320 --> 00:39:04,279 Speaker 1: And so that the audience is of course pelting him 695 00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,000 Speaker 1: with fruits and vegetables and he either catches one in 696 00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:10,239 Speaker 1: his mouth and begins to eat it or catches something 697 00:39:10,280 --> 00:39:12,359 Speaker 1: like catches the carrot and starts eating it. So like 698 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:16,040 Speaker 1: they're they're pelting and they're engaging in violence, but they're 699 00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,279 Speaker 1: throwing nutrients at him. And he was like, yes, I 700 00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:20,880 Speaker 1: am hungry, I shall eat That is that's kind of 701 00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:25,440 Speaker 1: the relationship going on here. Um well, the Fozzy Bear effect, 702 00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:28,799 Speaker 1: I'm gonna call it anyway. Um I was reading some 703 00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:33,800 Speaker 1: more about this, um uh Isadoro had provided some quotes 704 00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:36,719 Speaker 1: about this that were used in press release and write ups. 705 00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:39,080 Speaker 1: In particular one that was on Eureka or dot com 706 00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:42,839 Speaker 1: and this is what they said, quote in our own 707 00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:46,040 Speaker 1: solar system, the model shows that ices from the outer 708 00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:49,080 Speaker 1: Solar System snowed down on the Earth in three waves. 709 00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:52,200 Speaker 1: The first came as Jupiter swelled up, the second was 710 00:39:52,239 --> 00:39:55,480 Speaker 1: triggered during Saturn's formation, and the third would have occurred 711 00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:59,120 Speaker 1: when Uranus and Neptune migrated inward before being blocked by 712 00:39:59,160 --> 00:40:01,960 Speaker 1: the other two and sent back to the outskirts of 713 00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:05,640 Speaker 1: the Solar System. Ah, and that ties into something that 714 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:07,840 Speaker 1: I was talking about earlier when I was mentioning that 715 00:40:07,880 --> 00:40:10,479 Speaker 1: blog post by Sean Raymond, one of the authors here 716 00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:13,440 Speaker 1: that the early forming Jupiter, and I'm not sure if 717 00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:16,480 Speaker 1: he's saying also maybe Saturn too, but at least definitely 718 00:40:16,560 --> 00:40:19,839 Speaker 1: Jupiter and perhaps also Saturn would have prevented these icy 719 00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:23,279 Speaker 1: bodies you're in a Neptune from migrating inward towards the 720 00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:25,640 Speaker 1: inner Solar System and messing with the planets that were 721 00:40:25,640 --> 00:40:29,239 Speaker 1: forming down in closer to the Sun. Yeah. I mean, ultimately, 722 00:40:29,239 --> 00:40:31,120 Speaker 1: if you have an all powerful god like Jupiter, one 723 00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:33,120 Speaker 1: of the things that that they're supposed to do is 724 00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:37,399 Speaker 1: keep keep his dreaded father and grandfather from taking over 725 00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:40,000 Speaker 1: creation again, right, I mean, that's why we're putting up 726 00:40:40,040 --> 00:40:43,200 Speaker 1: with all of this right right now. One other neat 727 00:40:43,239 --> 00:40:45,680 Speaker 1: thing about this that the authors point out is that, 728 00:40:46,200 --> 00:40:48,160 Speaker 1: you know, it might not just be a quirk of 729 00:40:48,160 --> 00:40:51,080 Speaker 1: our own Solar system. It might not just be the peculiar, 730 00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:55,279 Speaker 1: peculiar story of of life on Earth and life in 731 00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:58,759 Speaker 1: this system. This could be going on anywhere that you 732 00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:04,000 Speaker 1: have both giant planets and terrestrial planets. Um. So this 733 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:05,840 Speaker 1: is the sort of thing that if this is true, 734 00:41:06,239 --> 00:41:09,040 Speaker 1: this would be another thing to look for in our 735 00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:12,920 Speaker 1: exoplanet surveys. Look for situations where you have like the 736 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,560 Speaker 1: right proportions and right arrangements of gas giants and rocky 737 00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:21,759 Speaker 1: inner planets where this same bombardment of water could happen. Yeah, 738 00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:24,520 Speaker 1: this is really interesting and uh. And of course in 739 00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:27,200 Speaker 1: the specific case of Earth, it of course goes without 740 00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:29,800 Speaker 1: saying that we couldn't have life on Earth without surface 741 00:41:29,880 --> 00:41:32,239 Speaker 1: you know, plenty of surface water on Earth. So so 742 00:41:32,280 --> 00:41:35,880 Speaker 1: this is something that, uh, if if this model of 743 00:41:35,920 --> 00:41:38,880 Speaker 1: the early Solar System is correct, this would again be 744 00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:48,759 Speaker 1: crucial to us being here at all. Yeah. Thank now 745 00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:52,880 Speaker 1: I've got another thing that, again an astrophysical theory that, 746 00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:56,839 Speaker 1: if correct, would be crucial for us being here at all. Uh. 747 00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:00,120 Speaker 1: And this would have more to do with the history 748 00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:02,560 Speaker 1: of life on Earth. Once you've already got the rocky 749 00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:06,200 Speaker 1: planet Earth, and you've already got Earth life, what happens 750 00:42:06,239 --> 00:42:09,080 Speaker 1: to shape the course of evolution on the surface of 751 00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,440 Speaker 1: this planet. Well, there is a new paper published in 752 00:42:12,719 --> 00:42:16,920 Speaker 1: uh Nature Scientific Reports in one so I think it 753 00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:19,319 Speaker 1: was just out last month. It was in February of 754 00:42:19,360 --> 00:42:23,120 Speaker 1: this year by i'm here Sarage and Abraham Loeb or 755 00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:26,680 Speaker 1: avy loebe called the breakup of a long period comment 756 00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:30,960 Speaker 1: as the origin of the dinosaur extinction. Uh. And so 757 00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,040 Speaker 1: I was briefly reading a Harvard gazette right up of 758 00:42:34,040 --> 00:42:36,160 Speaker 1: of this study. I'm not going to go super in 759 00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:38,560 Speaker 1: depth about it, but basically what the authors argue here 760 00:42:38,719 --> 00:42:44,280 Speaker 1: is that Jupiter's gravitational field influenced objects, a comment probably 761 00:42:44,440 --> 00:42:47,759 Speaker 1: originating from the Ort Cloud. So that's way out there 762 00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:51,400 Speaker 1: past the Kuiper Belt. You know, this huge sphere of 763 00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:54,640 Speaker 1: icy objects, way way out in the distance, beyond the 764 00:42:54,719 --> 00:42:57,200 Speaker 1: orbit of Neptune, beyond the orbit of Pluto, beyond the 765 00:42:57,239 --> 00:43:01,480 Speaker 1: Kuiper Belt. Even that Jupiter disturbed the orbit of one 766 00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:05,279 Speaker 1: of these comets from the Order Cloud, and this disturbance 767 00:43:05,280 --> 00:43:07,480 Speaker 1: of its orbit sent it really close to the Sun 768 00:43:07,920 --> 00:43:12,399 Speaker 1: where tidal forces then broke the comet apart, and this 769 00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:16,880 Speaker 1: would increase the rate of comets that would bombard the Earth. 770 00:43:16,960 --> 00:43:19,720 Speaker 1: And these comets would include objects like the chicks Alube 771 00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:23,600 Speaker 1: impact object, which hit the Earth about sixty six million 772 00:43:23,680 --> 00:43:26,400 Speaker 1: years ago, and according to the leading theory today, is 773 00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:30,040 Speaker 1: probably the main thing responsible for the extinction of the 774 00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:34,239 Speaker 1: non avian dinosaurs. And so Loween Saraje here argue that 775 00:43:34,320 --> 00:43:38,200 Speaker 1: it is the gravitational influence of Jupiter that increases these 776 00:43:38,280 --> 00:43:41,160 Speaker 1: kinds of impacts through the mechanism I just described, And 777 00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:45,640 Speaker 1: Saraje is quoted in this Harvard Gazette piece where he says, 778 00:43:45,719 --> 00:43:49,080 Speaker 1: quote basically, Jupiter acts as a kind of pinball machine. 779 00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:53,319 Speaker 1: Jupiter kicks these incoming long period comets into orbits that 780 00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:56,239 Speaker 1: bring them very close to the Sun. When you have 781 00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,719 Speaker 1: these sun grazers, it's not so much the melting that 782 00:43:59,760 --> 00:44:02,240 Speaker 1: go is on, which is a pretty small fraction relative 783 00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:05,040 Speaker 1: to the total mass, but the comet is so close 784 00:44:05,080 --> 00:44:07,240 Speaker 1: to the Sun that the part of it that's closer 785 00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:11,000 Speaker 1: to the Sun feels a stronger gravitational pull than the 786 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:14,120 Speaker 1: part that is farther from the Sun, causing a tidal force. 787 00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:17,839 Speaker 1: You get what's called a tidal disruption event, and so 788 00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:20,560 Speaker 1: these large comets that come really close to the Sun 789 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,399 Speaker 1: break up into smaller comets and basically on their way out, 790 00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:28,280 Speaker 1: there's a statistical chance that these smaller comets hit the Earth. 791 00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:31,520 Speaker 1: So huge icy objects from out in the Orc Cloud 792 00:44:31,520 --> 00:44:34,360 Speaker 1: getting diverted by the gravitational influence of Jupiter so that 793 00:44:34,400 --> 00:44:36,759 Speaker 1: they pass really close to the Sun. They sort of 794 00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:40,279 Speaker 1: shatter as they do so because the title forces from 795 00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:42,600 Speaker 1: the Sun are so strong, and then they turn into 796 00:44:42,640 --> 00:44:45,960 Speaker 1: a kind of buckshot blast of huge icy objects in 797 00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:49,320 Speaker 1: the inner Solar System that can hit Earth and potentially 798 00:44:49,360 --> 00:44:52,560 Speaker 1: cause mass extinctions. And I think one of the arguments 799 00:44:52,560 --> 00:44:55,520 Speaker 1: that they also bring up is that the is that 800 00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:59,880 Speaker 1: it looks like the carbonaceous content of the object that 801 00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:03,680 Speaker 1: caused the KPg extinction is more similar to stuff you're 802 00:45:03,719 --> 00:45:06,960 Speaker 1: you're likely to find in these deep space or cloud 803 00:45:07,040 --> 00:45:09,920 Speaker 1: objects than in things you're more likely to find closer 804 00:45:09,960 --> 00:45:12,320 Speaker 1: to the Inner Solar System, like in the asteroid belt. 805 00:45:12,640 --> 00:45:15,400 Speaker 1: So again, this is another argument that is based on 806 00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:19,520 Speaker 1: simulations and statistical analysis, But if this is correct, it 807 00:45:19,640 --> 00:45:22,080 Speaker 1: is yet another one of the many ways that Jupiter 808 00:45:22,160 --> 00:45:25,479 Speaker 1: would be responsible for the fact that we exist at all. 809 00:45:25,719 --> 00:45:29,160 Speaker 1: While it was you know, calamitous for the non avian dinosaurs, 810 00:45:29,520 --> 00:45:32,920 Speaker 1: it paved the way for the age of mammals. I 811 00:45:33,040 --> 00:45:35,800 Speaker 1: like that if if this worked true, this is true, 812 00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:39,320 Speaker 1: we we might need a new aspect for the god Jupiter, 813 00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:43,880 Speaker 1: maybe Jupiter or extinct or god of extinctions, you know, yeah, 814 00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:46,400 Speaker 1: very good with cold. Be shown holding a lizard in 815 00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:48,480 Speaker 1: one hand and a thunderbolt in the other, like he's 816 00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:51,600 Speaker 1: about to like smash it in his palm. His hand 817 00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:54,239 Speaker 1: flashes with power, but it's against a bunch of had ressours. 818 00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:58,040 Speaker 1: They're trying to guard their eggs, and he's like, well 819 00:45:58,120 --> 00:46:00,960 Speaker 1: he was Probably his thinking was probably I look, these 820 00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:05,320 Speaker 1: these these life forms. They're not worshiping me now. Honestly, 821 00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:08,280 Speaker 1: I don't think they're gonna be worshiping worshiping me anytime soon. 822 00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:11,760 Speaker 1: Unless I really shake things up. I'm just gonna smite 823 00:46:11,760 --> 00:46:13,680 Speaker 1: a lot of them, right. You know what I really like. 824 00:46:13,840 --> 00:46:16,360 Speaker 1: I really like the look of that rat like creature 825 00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:18,680 Speaker 1: down there, and it's gonna be twinkle in its I 826 00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:21,080 Speaker 1: think some some good things could happen if I give 827 00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:25,320 Speaker 1: the rats a chance. Though it does make me wonder, 828 00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:28,040 Speaker 1: you know, did I wonder if Jupiter slash Zeus got 829 00:46:28,120 --> 00:46:30,480 Speaker 1: up to you know, his normal tricks. Did he go 830 00:46:30,560 --> 00:46:34,120 Speaker 1: down and take the form of different uh dinosaurs and 831 00:46:34,160 --> 00:46:37,799 Speaker 1: mate with the dinosaurs to create like certain demi god 832 00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:40,920 Speaker 1: dinosaurs that would have been just you know, extra powerful 833 00:46:41,920 --> 00:46:45,960 Speaker 1: amid their dinosaur brethren. What would the dinosaur mythology version 834 00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,840 Speaker 1: of the minotaur be. It would be like a Tyrannosaurus 835 00:46:49,840 --> 00:46:53,560 Speaker 1: rex with the head of a triceratops, I guess. But 836 00:46:53,560 --> 00:46:55,640 Speaker 1: but then again, I don't know. I feel like like 837 00:46:55,760 --> 00:46:58,200 Speaker 1: the minotaur is one of those beasts that's kind of 838 00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:03,760 Speaker 1: born out of feuding with the gods and disobeying the gods. 839 00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:06,480 Speaker 1: I don't know. I guess the dinosaurs just by refusing 840 00:47:06,520 --> 00:47:08,759 Speaker 1: to worship are just not being capable of it. You know. 841 00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:11,120 Speaker 1: The gods could have taken that the wrong way and 842 00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:15,080 Speaker 1: dished out some punishment. But um, I don't know. Like this, 843 00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:17,560 Speaker 1: I think this would be a rich area for I 844 00:47:17,560 --> 00:47:20,320 Speaker 1: don't know, an action figure line or maybe a comic 845 00:47:20,360 --> 00:47:25,600 Speaker 1: book like the The The Age of of Gods and Dinosaurs. Um, 846 00:47:25,719 --> 00:47:27,520 Speaker 1: what would that have been like? Also? I mean, if 847 00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:31,239 Speaker 1: if humans weren't even in the game yet, I guess. Uh. 848 00:47:31,360 --> 00:47:34,160 Speaker 1: Any form that the Jupiter took would be that of 849 00:47:34,160 --> 00:47:37,200 Speaker 1: a dinosaur. So like, would how would he appear? Would 850 00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,440 Speaker 1: he appear as a as a great t rex or 851 00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:42,359 Speaker 1: some sort of enormal I mean he is a god 852 00:47:42,360 --> 00:47:44,560 Speaker 1: of the sky. Maybe he takes the form of of 853 00:47:44,560 --> 00:47:49,200 Speaker 1: of an enormous um of you know, flying reptile. Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, 854 00:47:49,280 --> 00:47:53,080 Speaker 1: Jupiter is quetzel coatlas. Oh yeah, that would be fitting, 855 00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:55,960 Speaker 1: especially since you know the humans found those bones and 856 00:47:56,040 --> 00:47:59,280 Speaker 1: named it after a god. So what what better form 857 00:47:59,360 --> 00:48:02,000 Speaker 1: for the sky guide to take? We're all, but I 858 00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:03,440 Speaker 1: think we gotta call it there. But this has been 859 00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:05,800 Speaker 1: a lot of fun. Yeah, this has I love getting 860 00:48:05,800 --> 00:48:09,120 Speaker 1: the switch back and forth between the planetary and the mythological. 861 00:48:09,680 --> 00:48:12,280 Speaker 1: I should mention, however, we mostly speak of the Roman 862 00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:14,200 Speaker 1: gods as figures of the past, just as we do 863 00:48:14,239 --> 00:48:17,160 Speaker 1: with Greek deities and ancient Egyptian deities. But we should 864 00:48:17,160 --> 00:48:19,960 Speaker 1: also mention that there are modern worshippers as well, not 865 00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,280 Speaker 1: only of of of Greek deities and ancient Egyptian deities, 866 00:48:23,440 --> 00:48:27,399 Speaker 1: but also of of Roman Jupiter um. You know, after all, 867 00:48:27,440 --> 00:48:30,480 Speaker 1: just as modern humans reach for new models, entirely new 868 00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:33,160 Speaker 1: models of religion, uh, you know, drawing things even out 869 00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:36,440 Speaker 1: of popular culture like Star Wars or The Dude. We 870 00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:39,920 Speaker 1: also reach for the old ones and reconstructions of the 871 00:48:39,960 --> 00:48:44,520 Speaker 1: old ones. Thus we do see Roman polytheistic reconstructionism uh 872 00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,440 Speaker 1: in several different groups and forms. So um uh just 873 00:48:48,480 --> 00:48:51,319 Speaker 1: always worth worth mentioning. I don't think we we blasphemed 874 00:48:51,360 --> 00:48:55,440 Speaker 1: too much in this regarding Jupiter, but uh, and a right, 875 00:48:55,719 --> 00:48:59,960 Speaker 1: if anyone out there who's actively involved in a religion 876 00:49:00,680 --> 00:49:03,800 Speaker 1: or some sort of spiritual movement that that that reveres Jupiter, 877 00:49:04,239 --> 00:49:05,719 Speaker 1: I would I'd love to hear from you. I'd love 878 00:49:05,719 --> 00:49:08,080 Speaker 1: to know how do you think of Jupiter? How does 879 00:49:08,520 --> 00:49:12,319 Speaker 1: how does this material sit with you? Um? So yeah, 880 00:49:12,320 --> 00:49:14,400 Speaker 1: I always find that kind of thing interesting. We have 881 00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:17,120 Speaker 1: in the past heard from at least one listener who 882 00:49:18,239 --> 00:49:23,759 Speaker 1: engages in a religious model that incorporates Egyptian deities. Oh yeah, 883 00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:26,440 Speaker 1: that's true. Yeah, all right, Well, if you would like 884 00:49:26,520 --> 00:49:29,160 Speaker 1: to listen to other episodes of Stuff to Blow your Mind, 885 00:49:29,600 --> 00:49:31,160 Speaker 1: you know where to find them. Find them in the 886 00:49:31,280 --> 00:49:34,719 Speaker 1: Stuff to Blow your Mind podcast feed. Uh. That is 887 00:49:34,719 --> 00:49:37,160 Speaker 1: where core episodes of Stuff to Blow Your Mind published 888 00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,400 Speaker 1: on Tuesdays and Thursday. That's the main show that's the 889 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:42,759 Speaker 1: main event, but then we also have listener mail on Monday's. 890 00:49:43,120 --> 00:49:46,239 Speaker 1: On Wednesdays we do the Artifact episodes unless they've been 891 00:49:46,239 --> 00:49:49,120 Speaker 1: preempted for some reason, and then on Friday's we do 892 00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:51,520 Speaker 1: Weird House Cinema. That's our time to just cut loose 893 00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:53,560 Speaker 1: and discuss some weird movies, and then we run a 894 00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,000 Speaker 1: little rerun over the weekend in the form of a 895 00:49:56,120 --> 00:49:59,400 Speaker 1: vault episode. Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio 896 00:49:59,480 --> 00:50:02,200 Speaker 1: producer Seth Nicholas Johnson. If you would like to get 897 00:50:02,239 --> 00:50:04,480 Speaker 1: in touch with us with feedback on this episode or 898 00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:06,759 Speaker 1: any other, to suggest a topic for the future, or 899 00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:09,360 Speaker 1: just to say hello, you can email us at contact 900 00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:19,279 Speaker 1: at stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. Stuff to 901 00:50:19,280 --> 00:50:21,800 Speaker 1: Blow Your Mind is production of I Heart Radio. 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