1 00:00:06,160 --> 00:00:09,440 Speaker 1: Hey, you welcome to stuff to blow your mind. My 2 00:00:09,680 --> 00:00:11,720 Speaker 1: name is Robert Lamb. We're on a little bit of 3 00:00:11,720 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: a summer break here, so we're going to be busting 4 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: out some vault episodes for you. We are going to 5 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:20,520 Speaker 1: be diving into our series on the moons of Urunos. 6 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:23,880 Speaker 1: So we're gonna begin with part one of three here. 7 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:28,319 Speaker 1: This originally published on five nine, twenty twenty three. 8 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:40,120 Speaker 2: Enjoy What's the color of ice? I think about the 9 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:42,760 Speaker 2: wedge of ice broken from the lid of the lake 10 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:47,559 Speaker 2: in winter. It goes from dusky white to clear as 11 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:52,159 Speaker 2: it leaks itself into your hands. But when the glacier 12 00:00:52,240 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 2: shears off and unveils its interface forged over one hundred 13 00:00:57,040 --> 00:01:02,920 Speaker 2: thousand years now you see a shinning blue. Now the 14 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:07,800 Speaker 2: glacier melts into the sea and it's gone, becomes green 15 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:11,640 Speaker 2: with algae, gray with mud, and a color that was 16 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 2: once called wine dark. But what is the color of ice? 17 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:20,399 Speaker 2: That's not the ice we know that lies hidden behind 18 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:24,960 Speaker 2: a haze and swims in a darkness crushed by diamond rain. 19 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:30,000 Speaker 2: We approach our destination along the orbital plain, the great 20 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:34,440 Speaker 2: wide table of the Sun. But as the planet comes 21 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 2: into view, we're looking at the north pole. This is summer. 22 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 2: The frozen eye reclines on its flank. There's the pole 23 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 2: now bathing in the season of light, the hidden face 24 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:52,760 Speaker 2: the opposite pole now holds cord in the bitter cold 25 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 2: of the stars. There's something about that blue, almost as 26 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 2: cold as a thing can be, but joyful in the 27 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 2: way it devours the sunshine. It reminds us of something 28 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:11,359 Speaker 2: something on Earth that brings life, or invites the living, 29 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 2: or is alive itself. 30 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:26,200 Speaker 3: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, a production of iHeartRadio. 31 00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:33,880 Speaker 1: Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My 32 00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:35,160 Speaker 1: name is Robert Lamb. 33 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:37,920 Speaker 2: And I'm Joe McCormick, and today we're going to be 34 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 2: fulfilling a very common request. Years ago, we did a 35 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 2: series of episodes where we looked at the moons of 36 00:02:46,639 --> 00:02:49,600 Speaker 2: various planets in the Solar System, the moons of Jupiter, 37 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:53,239 Speaker 2: the moons of Saturn, the moons of Mars, and I 38 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:55,680 Speaker 2: think we even did one even though Venus doesn't have 39 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:57,480 Speaker 2: a moon. We did an episode sort of about the 40 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:01,800 Speaker 2: alternative universe where there would be a moon of Venus 41 00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:05,000 Speaker 2: something like that. But today we're going to be talking 42 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:08,960 Speaker 2: about the moons of the seventh planet in our Solar system. 43 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:11,239 Speaker 2: In this first episode in the series, I think we're 44 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:14,640 Speaker 2: going to be focusing mainly on the planet itself, and 45 00:03:14,680 --> 00:03:17,080 Speaker 2: then we will get more into the moons in the 46 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:21,000 Speaker 2: subsequent part or parts. And since this is an audio medium, 47 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:25,320 Speaker 2: the question of how to pronounce that planet's name is unavoidable. 48 00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:27,440 Speaker 2: I thought we should tackle it right here at the beginning, 49 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 2: because I know we have said it multiple ways on 50 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:32,800 Speaker 2: the podcast before. I think I have said it multiple 51 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 2: ways before, and the only thing to do is give 52 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:38,680 Speaker 2: ourselves preemptive, full absolution to pronounce it any which way 53 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 2: we want. But basically so, I was trying to figure 54 00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 2: out what is actually the right way, and I think 55 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:48,080 Speaker 2: it goes like this. If you listen to astronomers and 56 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 2: planetary scientists talk about this planet most often, you will 57 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:56,400 Speaker 2: hear them pronounce it urinus, basically the word urine and 58 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 2: then the word us. On the other hand, there's sort 59 00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 2: of a dos Boot situation going on with this planet name, 60 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 2: like for the most part, like the scientists might say uranus, 61 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 2: but for the most part, just people say uranus, you know, 62 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:12,440 Speaker 2: at least they do in America. I don't know if 63 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:15,960 Speaker 2: it's different in other English speaking cultures or other languages 64 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:19,320 Speaker 2: where the name would be you know, a direct homophone. 65 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 2: But anyway, Uranus is it's sort of part of the culture. 66 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:23,880 Speaker 2: It's part of the world we grew up in, and 67 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:26,240 Speaker 2: there's really no fixing that. So I think that will 68 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:28,200 Speaker 2: probably come out of our mouths as well. 69 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: Well. The tragedy of it is that I feel like 70 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: most of the time when you hear Uranus as the 71 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:39,200 Speaker 1: pronunciation for the planet Uranus, it is coming out of 72 00:04:39,240 --> 00:04:41,680 Speaker 1: the mouth of say a of a talk show host 73 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:44,200 Speaker 1: or you know, late night news situation. 74 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:45,560 Speaker 2: A little bit of t he. 75 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean not just a little bit of t he, 76 00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:51,800 Speaker 1: but like a front loaded, like dump truck quality of 77 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:55,400 Speaker 1: t he to the to the to the detriment of 78 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:58,120 Speaker 1: whatever the actual news is. Like, it could be announced 79 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:04,360 Speaker 1: tomorrow that life was discovered on Uranus, but the late 80 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:07,280 Speaker 1: night talk show hosts would say, you're anus. Everyone would 81 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:11,760 Speaker 1: laugh and completely forget that the most breathtaking news in 82 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: the history of our species was just revealed. Because Urinus 83 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: if pronounced slightly incorrectly, I'm sorry. From my point of view, 84 00:05:21,560 --> 00:05:23,560 Speaker 1: it sounds like you're saying somebody's anus. 85 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:29,400 Speaker 2: Right, a benevolent jellyfish inhabit the clouds. It's very interesting. 86 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:33,200 Speaker 2: But the main thing is we did successfully probe uranus haha. 87 00:05:33,680 --> 00:05:38,640 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, So it's I mean, especially for a professional 88 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:43,239 Speaker 1: space science communicators, people working for NASA and so forth. 89 00:05:43,600 --> 00:05:44,960 Speaker 1: I don't know. I guess it probably comes to the 90 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:47,320 Speaker 1: point where you've got to just embrace it, yeah, and 91 00:05:47,839 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: enroll with it. But it also there has to still 92 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: be some at least low level of just fixed frustration 93 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:55,200 Speaker 1: over the situation. 94 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:58,839 Speaker 2: I think it's one of those things that becomes annoying 95 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:02,600 Speaker 2: and then it comes full so and becomes funny again. Yeah, 96 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:05,760 Speaker 2: but for another wrinkle, we have the apparently correct uranus 97 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 2: and then we have the common uranus. But according to 98 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:12,880 Speaker 2: an interview I saw with the American physicist Kevin Grazier, 99 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:16,000 Speaker 2: who writes a lot about space and about science fiction 100 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:19,039 Speaker 2: from a science perspective. He was the editor and a 101 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 2: contributing author on the science of Doune, which we have 102 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:24,080 Speaker 2: talked about on the show before. He says in one 103 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:28,359 Speaker 2: interview that it technically it is uranus. So you know, 104 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:31,599 Speaker 2: maybe he's right, but apparently nobody says it that way. 105 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: I mean, it starts with everyone who wants to start 106 00:06:34,279 --> 00:06:39,360 Speaker 1: pronouncing it differently. You know, say Uranus sounds good to me, so. 107 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 2: You say Uranus. I say Uranus. Most experts say Uranus. 108 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:45,920 Speaker 2: But in any case, it's going to be fine. We 109 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:48,840 Speaker 2: all know which planet we're talking about. It's number seven. 110 00:06:49,040 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 2: It's big, it's blue, it's cold, it's beautiful, and it 111 00:06:53,120 --> 00:06:55,159 Speaker 2: has a heck of a lot of moons. 112 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, and and the fair amount of mystery surrounding it. 113 00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,039 Speaker 1: You know, in this episode, we're venturing farther out into 114 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:05,839 Speaker 1: the void here, so we're going to encounter some more 115 00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:09,159 Speaker 1: space to wonder. We'll also, I think eventually be getting 116 00:07:09,160 --> 00:07:13,000 Speaker 1: to a fourth pronunciation for your old boy, so strap in, 117 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:16,960 Speaker 1: but Urinus. Here are some of the basics for anyone 118 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: who needs a refresher, and I think we can all 119 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:22,120 Speaker 1: deal with a refresher. Uranus is the seventh planet from 120 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: the Sun and in size, it has the third largest 121 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:28,480 Speaker 1: diameter in the Solar System. It's about four times larger than. 122 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:29,760 Speaker 2: Earth in diameter. 123 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: Yes. While Urinus in its neighbor Neptune were previously classified 124 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: as gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, it became clear 125 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: in the nineteen nineties that they are actually a subset 126 00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:45,240 Speaker 1: of gas giants ice giants, So most of the planet's 127 00:07:45,280 --> 00:07:47,800 Speaker 1: mass is believed to be a hot and dense fluid 128 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:51,320 Speaker 1: of icy materials around a small rocky core. Its atmosphere 129 00:07:51,360 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 1: is mostly molecular hydrogen and atomic helium, and there also 130 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:58,840 Speaker 1: seems to be a small amount of methane. It experiences 131 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:02,880 Speaker 1: the equivalent of a seventeen hour day like a seventeen 132 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:06,280 Speaker 1: hour seventeen hours of Earth day, and an eighty four 133 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:07,360 Speaker 1: year solar orbit. 134 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 2: Now you mentioned that most of the planet's mass is 135 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 2: this relatively hot and dense fluid of icy materials, but 136 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,080 Speaker 2: that should not give you the wrong impression about the 137 00:08:17,120 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 2: planet overall, because an interesting fact about Urinus is that 138 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:25,440 Speaker 2: it is the coldest planet in the Solar System, even 139 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 2: though it is not the farthest from the Sun. Neptune 140 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 2: is much farther away from the Sun. I think something 141 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:35,720 Speaker 2: like ten times the distance from the Earth to the 142 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:39,679 Speaker 2: Sun farther away than Urinus is, and yet it is 143 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:42,559 Speaker 2: actually a little bit warmer. On average, the temperature in 144 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:45,760 Speaker 2: the upper atmosphere of Urinus reaches negative two hundred and 145 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 2: twenty four degrees celsius, colder than equivalent measures on Neptune, 146 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:52,719 Speaker 2: which are about ten degrees celsius higher. I want to 147 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:55,120 Speaker 2: come back in a little bit to why that might be. 148 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:58,439 Speaker 2: But yeah, not the farthest away, but the coldest. 149 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:01,360 Speaker 1: It's cold out there. It's lonely out there. Now. 150 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 2: You mentioned that it takes eighty four years for Urinus 151 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:08,400 Speaker 2: to orbit the Sun once. That means since its discovery 152 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 2: in seventeen eighty one, which we will narrate in a 153 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:14,960 Speaker 2: few minutes here, less than three full years have elapsed 154 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:19,320 Speaker 2: on Uranus. It's seventeen eighty one plus eighty four Earth 155 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 2: years is eighteen sixty five plus another eighty four is 156 00:09:22,559 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 2: nineteen forty nine, and then it will be another full 157 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:29,120 Speaker 2: year on that planet when it's twenty thirty three on Earth. 158 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:33,560 Speaker 2: So the calendar pages tear away quite a bit slower there. Yeah, 159 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:36,959 Speaker 2: this longer year also gives you an idea of how 160 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,040 Speaker 2: far away from the Sun this planet is. You know. 161 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:43,360 Speaker 2: This comes up on the show a good bit. When 162 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:46,640 Speaker 2: we make visual representations of the Solar System. One thing 163 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:50,679 Speaker 2: that's pretty much always impossible to capture is the real 164 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:55,720 Speaker 2: relative size and distance between objects. There. Really, I think 165 00:09:55,840 --> 00:10:00,920 Speaker 2: is no convincing way to represent the real distance between 166 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:05,080 Speaker 2: planets in the Solar System within the same image and 167 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 2: have it make intuitive sense. So let's talk about the 168 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:12,680 Speaker 2: scaling up of distances as one moves further out from 169 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:15,600 Speaker 2: the Sun. The average distance from Earth to the Sun 170 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 2: is a commonly used measurement. It's called an astronomical unit, 171 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:22,520 Speaker 2: or AU for short, and it's equivalent to about one 172 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 2: hundred and forty nine point six million kilometers. Pulling up 173 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:30,560 Speaker 2: numbers cited by NASA JPL for these other planets, both 174 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:34,200 Speaker 2: Mercury and Venus, of course, are within one AU, so 175 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:37,640 Speaker 2: Mercury is about zero point four and Venus is about 176 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:41,079 Speaker 2: zero point seven AU from the Sun. They're both closer 177 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:45,000 Speaker 2: than Us. Mars is about one point five AU, so 178 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:47,240 Speaker 2: about one point one and a half times the distance 179 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:51,319 Speaker 2: from Us to the Sun. Suddenly Jupiter is more than 180 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:56,680 Speaker 2: five times the distance. Saturn is nine point five AU, 181 00:10:56,960 --> 00:11:01,360 Speaker 2: and then Urinus is suddenly nineteen points two AU, so 182 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:05,960 Speaker 2: the distances multiply greatly the further you go out, and 183 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:10,559 Speaker 2: then Neptune is about thirty so another another ten basically 184 00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:13,800 Speaker 2: sort of ten AU between Saturn and Uranus, and then 185 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:15,840 Speaker 2: another ten between Uranus and Neptune. 186 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:19,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, so venturing into into the outer Solar system, you know, 187 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: it's like it's like leaving an urban center and traveling 188 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: out into the boonies. The gas stations that you would 189 00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: you would venture into or are farther and farther apart, 190 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:36,120 Speaker 1: and you begin to wonder where your next tank is 191 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: going to come from. 192 00:11:37,160 --> 00:11:40,360 Speaker 2: Yeah, so it's always impossible to reckon the real scale 193 00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 2: of space. And the funny thing is, this is just 194 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:44,880 Speaker 2: our Solar system, you know, this is just like the 195 00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 2: things that are actually relatively very close together from a 196 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:48,559 Speaker 2: space perspective. 197 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, all right, So let's see some more facts 198 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:57,360 Speaker 1: about Urinus itself. It has thirteen rings, and like Venus, 199 00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: it rotates east to west. It also wrote takes at 200 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: a near ninety degree angle from the plane of its orbit, 201 00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 1: so this gives it the appearance of spinning on its side. 202 00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:09,280 Speaker 2: That is a very interesting and unique fact about Uranus. 203 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:12,080 Speaker 2: So if you can picture it, all of the other 204 00:12:12,960 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 2: planets in the Solar system, you know, they all have 205 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:18,679 Speaker 2: some degree of axial tilt, but they more or less 206 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:21,280 Speaker 2: spin like a top, with the north and south poles 207 00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 2: facing more or less perpendicular to the solar plane. So 208 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 2: you can imagine the Sun in the middle of the 209 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:29,000 Speaker 2: Solar System, and then there is a disk, a flat 210 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:31,800 Speaker 2: disk spreading out from the Sun that all of the 211 00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:35,200 Speaker 2: planets orbit on. Those planets have some tilt, but they 212 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:38,640 Speaker 2: more or less rotate so that their equator is in 213 00:12:38,679 --> 00:12:41,080 Speaker 2: line with that plane, and their north and south poles 214 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 2: are at right angles to it. Urinus is the exception. 215 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:49,319 Speaker 2: It lies on its side. Its axial tilt is something 216 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,240 Speaker 2: like ninety seven or ninety eight degrees, so almost perfectly 217 00:12:53,440 --> 00:12:57,359 Speaker 2: sideways from the perspective of the solar plane. Its equator 218 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:02,040 Speaker 2: rotates up and down, and it'sles point to the sides, 219 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 2: which has the strange effect that its seasons as it 220 00:13:05,960 --> 00:13:10,000 Speaker 2: orbits the Sun throughout its year, mean that the poles 221 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:15,520 Speaker 2: get like many earth years of light and darkness as 222 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:19,600 Speaker 2: the year progresses. So for forty two years, its north 223 00:13:19,640 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 2: pole will be in relative sunshine and its south pole 224 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:25,920 Speaker 2: will be in relative darkness, and then it flips around 225 00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 2: for the other season. It's a weird planet, very strange, 226 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:33,280 Speaker 2: and this actually comes back to the question of why 227 00:13:33,559 --> 00:13:36,840 Speaker 2: Uranus is the coldest planet, even though it's not the 228 00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 2: farthest from the Sun. How could a planet closer to 229 00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:44,360 Speaker 2: the Sun be colder than one farther away. The answer 230 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:47,480 Speaker 2: is that planets give off their own heat, and compared 231 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:51,480 Speaker 2: to most, Urinus gives off very little. So one major 232 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:55,319 Speaker 2: idea proposed to explain why Urinus gives off so little 233 00:13:55,360 --> 00:14:00,319 Speaker 2: intrinsic heat is the same as the reason it, unlike 234 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 2: other planets in the Solar System, rotates on its side. 235 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:07,880 Speaker 2: Scientists think that billions of years ago, during the formation 236 00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:12,079 Speaker 2: of the Solar System, Urinus very likely suffered a colossal 237 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:17,400 Speaker 2: impact from a roughly Earth sized or Mars sized object, 238 00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:20,400 Speaker 2: which was able to both knock it out of its 239 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 2: original orientation and give it its its backwards rotation pattern 240 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 2: opposite the rest of the Solar System and its sideways 241 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:33,080 Speaker 2: orientation its sideways axial tilt, but also to blast away 242 00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:36,720 Speaker 2: much of its mass and energy, leaving it with less 243 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 2: intrinsic heat than even other ice giants like Neptune and So. 244 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,640 Speaker 2: If this impact hypothesis is correct, it would explain much 245 00:14:44,680 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 2: of what we know about Urinus, why it's so cold, 246 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,280 Speaker 2: why it's tilted, and why its rotation is the way 247 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:54,560 Speaker 2: it is. One of the most striking things about Urinus 248 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:58,920 Speaker 2: is its appearance, which can vary based on seasonal conditions, 249 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 2: but in the famous true color images assembled from what 250 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:06,800 Speaker 2: was captured by the narrow angle camera of Voyager two 251 00:15:07,040 --> 00:15:11,520 Speaker 2: in nineteen eighty six, the planet looks like an almost 252 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 2: perfectly uniform field of pale blue green color, like a 253 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:21,920 Speaker 2: featureless Cyan ocean of fog. And this is especially strange 254 00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:24,280 Speaker 2: when you think about it in contrast to the sort 255 00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:28,760 Speaker 2: of banded surface of Jupiter. It's just ripping with visible storms, 256 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,680 Speaker 2: or like the sandy stripes you see on Saturn with 257 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:36,160 Speaker 2: that big, nasty polar hexagon. The truth is Urinus is 258 00:15:36,160 --> 00:15:38,880 Speaker 2: not always as calm looking as it is in these 259 00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:43,600 Speaker 2: famous photos. For one example, I found a February seventh, 260 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:47,560 Speaker 2: twenty nineteen NASA news article by Ray Villard and Claire 261 00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:51,720 Speaker 2: Seravia noting photos that had been taken by the Hubble 262 00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:55,760 Speaker 2: Space Telescope of visible storms on both Uranus and Neptune. 263 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 2: And in these pictures, the storm on Urinus appears as 264 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:04,080 Speaker 2: a gigantic white dome of clouds swarming over the planet's 265 00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:07,680 Speaker 2: north pole, and the authors note that this gigantic weather 266 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 2: pattern might have been formed by seasonal changes of flow 267 00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:15,040 Speaker 2: in the atmosphere, because remember, the planet is tilted on 268 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 2: its side, so as the seasons change, the part of 269 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 2: the planet facing the direction of the sun goes from 270 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:26,120 Speaker 2: a polar region that basically remains in direct sunlight for many, 271 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 2: many Earth years at a time to an equatorial region 272 00:16:29,920 --> 00:16:33,880 Speaker 2: that rotates through standard day night cycles like Earth does, 273 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:37,760 Speaker 2: except it's rotating on its side, and these drastic changes 274 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:40,800 Speaker 2: in seasons may give rise to major changes in the 275 00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:45,840 Speaker 2: flow of the atmosphere, resulting in weather like this. I 276 00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 2: was reading an article by the astrophysics blogger Ethan Segel 277 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,720 Speaker 2: which made the point that the Voyager two images are 278 00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 2: probably especially featureless because they were taken during the solstice 279 00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:03,720 Speaker 2: on Uranus, when the continuous rays of sunlight had been 280 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:07,440 Speaker 2: falling on one of the planet's polar regions for many 281 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:12,320 Speaker 2: Earth years, and so this regime of NonStop polar daytime 282 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:16,520 Speaker 2: created a haze of methane in the upper atmosphere. So 283 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 2: up at the top of the atmosphere there's all this 284 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:22,800 Speaker 2: methane up there, which both masks the clouds and the 285 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:25,640 Speaker 2: visible weather patterns below, so you can't really see what's 286 00:17:25,680 --> 00:17:29,760 Speaker 2: going on beneath all that methane, and it absorbs red light, 287 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 2: leading to the pale blue green color that we can't 288 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 2: stop staring at. By contrast, when you see photos of 289 00:17:37,119 --> 00:17:40,879 Speaker 2: Uranus taken by telescopes during its equinox, you will see 290 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 2: more defined atmospheric bands and storms and clouds, not as 291 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:47,719 Speaker 2: dramatic at all as what you'd see on Jupiter, but 292 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:52,640 Speaker 2: the stuff is there, So Uranus is not actually always featureless. 293 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:55,760 Speaker 2: This seems to be a function of when and how 294 00:17:56,000 --> 00:18:00,640 Speaker 2: it was photographed by Voyager two. But in those voyager 295 00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:06,080 Speaker 2: images it is deeply striking, almost haunting, how frozen and 296 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:10,280 Speaker 2: unperturbed and uniform the planet appears. 297 00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:13,640 Speaker 1: Very interesting. Yeah, yeah, it's a it's there's a there's 298 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:15,399 Speaker 1: a calmness. So it's a call like you look at 299 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 1: images of of of Urinus and it's it's calming compared 300 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:21,600 Speaker 1: to like the the the the the evident kind of 301 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:23,760 Speaker 1: complexity and chaos of Jupiter. 302 00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:30,639 Speaker 2: Absolutely colder, stiller, more uniform, it all even lying on 303 00:18:30,760 --> 00:18:33,280 Speaker 2: its side, and not to get to uh anthropomorphic, but 304 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:34,200 Speaker 2: as if dead. 305 00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,719 Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's also a sense of the sky to it, 306 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:39,199 Speaker 1: which is fitting. We'll come back to that in a second. 307 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:43,760 Speaker 1: But yeah, mostly though this this uh, this this episode, 308 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:47,800 Speaker 1: we're getting into the moons of Uranus, and it has 309 00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:51,640 Speaker 1: a healthy number of moons twenty seven known moons. Uh, 310 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,320 Speaker 1: this is a good night. This is a number that 311 00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:56,880 Speaker 1: we can handle. We can actually name I think all 312 00:18:56,920 --> 00:18:59,600 Speaker 1: the moons of Urinus, whereas, of course there was some 313 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,320 Speaker 1: so some really robust moon counts for Jupiter and Saturn. 314 00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:05,959 Speaker 1: So things are leveling out a little bit for us 315 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,720 Speaker 1: as we continue our journey out through the Solar system. 316 00:19:10,119 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 2: Yeah, I think this is more of a fair fight. 317 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:13,879 Speaker 2: I don't think we said the names of all the 318 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:15,160 Speaker 2: moons of Jupiter or Saturn. 319 00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:15,760 Speaker 1: Right. 320 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:18,359 Speaker 2: Well, we can't promise in this series that we're going 321 00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:21,840 Speaker 2: to like discuss all of your uriness's moons deeply, because 322 00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:23,600 Speaker 2: some of them are just kind of rocks that I 323 00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:25,400 Speaker 2: don't know how much there is to say about them. 324 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:28,760 Speaker 2: I don't mean to be offensive if you're a devotee 325 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:32,160 Speaker 2: of any particular Bianca or something, but yeah, we will 326 00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:33,760 Speaker 2: have more to say about some than others. 327 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:36,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's just not a lot to say about 328 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:40,520 Speaker 1: some of them, just because we just haven't explored Uranus 329 00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:43,359 Speaker 1: or its moons as much. We've only had the one 330 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: voyager two fly by really, and that's it, basically, know, 331 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:50,639 Speaker 1: in addition to things like Hubble analysis and so forth. 332 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:02,560 Speaker 2: Before we explore more about the planet and its moons, 333 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:04,440 Speaker 2: I think we should take a little bit of time 334 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:09,359 Speaker 2: to discuss the origins of this, this name, the mythological 335 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:12,080 Speaker 2: moniker that has caused so much pleasure and pain among 336 00:20:12,119 --> 00:20:13,440 Speaker 2: astronomers worldwide. 337 00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, and you know, it could have been 338 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:20,000 Speaker 1: it could have been weirder in some respects because it 339 00:20:20,040 --> 00:20:23,879 Speaker 1: took about seventy years for this to be firmly decided upon. That, Yes, 340 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:29,560 Speaker 1: this planet is Uranus. William Herschel wanted to name it 341 00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:32,040 Speaker 1: after King George the Third, so he wanted to call 342 00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:38,960 Speaker 1: it essentially the George Star Georgium Sidas. But luckily we didn't. 343 00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:42,360 Speaker 1: Can you imagine if that was the we had all 344 00:20:42,359 --> 00:20:45,639 Speaker 1: these you know, these Roman deity names, and then George 345 00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: Starr amazing and presumably. 346 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,359 Speaker 2: I've got a story to tell about William Herschel in 347 00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:52,520 Speaker 2: a little bit here, But yeah, wanting to name it 348 00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:55,680 Speaker 2: after King George the third, he's just forever in the 349 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:59,399 Speaker 2: heavens that that would be hilarious. Yeah, I don't know 350 00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:02,399 Speaker 2: what the modern equivalent, like, this is the this is 351 00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:04,040 Speaker 2: the Gerald Ford planet. 352 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:07,720 Speaker 1: I mean it is there's always gonna be something weird 353 00:21:07,760 --> 00:21:12,680 Speaker 1: about naming these astral bodies after things and a given culture, 354 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:15,520 Speaker 1: and we'll run into some of that again when we 355 00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:18,480 Speaker 1: get into some of the literary names that are invoked 356 00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:21,320 Speaker 1: in the moons. But but yeah, I just can't imagine 357 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: this being the George Starr. So the namesake here is 358 00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:29,560 Speaker 1: the Greek primordial deity of the sky Urinus, or I 359 00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:32,960 Speaker 1: think more correctly, or it would be Urunas. Right, we've 360 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:34,400 Speaker 1: talked about this before on the show. 361 00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:36,480 Speaker 2: I don't know if i'd stand by that. I've heard 362 00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:39,399 Speaker 2: it said that way too, So we've got Urinus is 363 00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:44,520 Speaker 2: what most astronomers and planetary scientists say. The lay public, 364 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:47,680 Speaker 2: at least in the US, says uranus. We got one 365 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:51,240 Speaker 2: interview with the guy who says, technically it's uranus, And yes, 366 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 2: I've also heard uranus. 367 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:57,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, though I love Uruanas. But I'm gonna feel like 368 00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:00,840 Speaker 1: a weirdo if I start calling it that just among 369 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:05,120 Speaker 1: friends and family or even on the podcast. So I'm 370 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:07,000 Speaker 1: just gonna have to stick with you. Okay, let's do 371 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 1: it all right? So who is? We can say ruinas 372 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,000 Speaker 1: though when we're referring to the god I think maybe 373 00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:18,119 Speaker 1: that's a good way of differentiating it. Here Greek primordial 374 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:20,720 Speaker 1: deity of the sky and both a child and a 375 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:24,200 Speaker 1: consort of Gaya, the parent and a parent of Titans 376 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:28,240 Speaker 1: of the Cyclopses, as well as the hecataneries, the one 377 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:32,080 Speaker 1: hundred handed warriors who don't get enough I think attention 378 00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:35,399 Speaker 1: in the various wars of the gods, perhaps just because 379 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,800 Speaker 1: they're hard to illustrate. It's hard to maybe imagine what 380 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,479 Speaker 1: a hundred handed monster looks like. 381 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:43,920 Speaker 2: I don't know, you can imagine. Two hands is just 382 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:45,160 Speaker 2: kind of multiply from there. 383 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:49,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, just like an absurdity of goro coming at you there. 384 00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:54,119 Speaker 2: What's the Latin prefix for fifty, like the quinta deca goro? 385 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:59,200 Speaker 1: I don't know that sounds good. Okay, that's a lot 386 00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:02,879 Speaker 1: of button inputs for the punches anyway. Urinas is the 387 00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:05,399 Speaker 1: one who stands on high. He is the rain maker. 388 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:09,400 Speaker 1: Among his many children was the titan Cronus, who, at 389 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:15,160 Speaker 1: Gaya's urging, rebelled against his father, And of course Cronus 390 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:17,840 Speaker 1: famously castrated his father in the myths and cast the 391 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:21,240 Speaker 1: bloody pieces over his shoulder and ushered in a new 392 00:23:21,359 --> 00:23:25,399 Speaker 1: age of gods. Cronus would of course eventually be overthrown 393 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:27,159 Speaker 1: by his own son Zeus. 394 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:29,800 Speaker 2: Okay, well, here, I thought this is a good opportunity 395 00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 2: to ever reading from Hesiod's Theogony to explain what happened 396 00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:34,920 Speaker 2: to old Urinus here. 397 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:35,919 Speaker 1: Oh, let's hap it. 398 00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:39,080 Speaker 2: Okay. This is the version hosted on Harvard Center for 399 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:43,280 Speaker 2: Hellenic Studies website. This is a translation by Naggie and Banks. Oh, 400 00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:45,560 Speaker 2: and it's gonna mention Earth and Sky. I think Earth 401 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:49,520 Speaker 2: would be the goddess Gaya and Sky would be Urinus here. Yeah, 402 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:54,520 Speaker 2: Hesiod writes, Now monstrous strength is powerful joined with vast size. 403 00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:57,120 Speaker 2: Four of as many sons as were born of Earth 404 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:00,720 Speaker 2: and Sky. They were the fiercest, and were by their 405 00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,840 Speaker 2: father from the very first. As soon as any of 406 00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:06,600 Speaker 2: these was born, he would hide them all and not 407 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,119 Speaker 2: send them up to the light. In a cave of 408 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:13,359 Speaker 2: the Earth and Sky exulted over the work of mischief, 409 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:17,760 Speaker 2: while huge Earth groaned from within, straightened as she was, 410 00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:21,879 Speaker 2: and she devised a subtle and evil scheme for quickly. 411 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:24,960 Speaker 2: Having produced a stock of white iron, she forged a 412 00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:28,400 Speaker 2: large sickle blade, and gave the word to her children, 413 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:32,199 Speaker 2: and said encouragingly, though troubled in her heart. Children of 414 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:35,160 Speaker 2: me and of a father madly violent, if you would 415 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:38,359 Speaker 2: obey me, we shall avenge the baneful injury of your father, 416 00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:41,720 Speaker 2: for he was the first that devised acts of indignity, 417 00:24:42,280 --> 00:24:45,200 Speaker 2: so spoke she. But soon seized on them all, nor 418 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:49,000 Speaker 2: did any of them speak till, having gathered courage, great 419 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:53,399 Speaker 2: and wily Cronos addressed his dear mother. Thus in reply, Mother, 420 00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:56,359 Speaker 2: this deed, at any rate I will undertake and accomplished, 421 00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,800 Speaker 2: since our father of detested name, I care not, for 422 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:04,520 Speaker 2: he was the first that devised acts of indignity. They're 423 00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:07,720 Speaker 2: really hitting the talking points here, yea. Thus spoke he, 424 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:11,720 Speaker 2: and huge Earth rejoiced much at heart, and hid and 425 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:15,560 Speaker 2: planted him in ambush. In his hand she placed a 426 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:20,080 Speaker 2: sickle with jagged teeth, and suggested to him all the stratagem. 427 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 2: Then came vast Sky, bringing night with him, and eager 428 00:25:24,840 --> 00:25:28,760 Speaker 2: for love, brooded around Earth and lay stretched on all sides. 429 00:25:29,119 --> 00:25:32,520 Speaker 2: But his son, from out his ambush, grasped at him 430 00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:34,880 Speaker 2: with his left hand, while in his right he took 431 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:39,280 Speaker 2: the huge sickle, long and jagged toothed, and hastily mowed 432 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:42,760 Speaker 2: off the genitals of his father and threw them backwards 433 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:44,400 Speaker 2: to be carried away behind him. 434 00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:47,720 Speaker 1: Pretty pretty rough stuff. And I don't know why the 435 00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:49,920 Speaker 1: sickle had to have jagged teeth. I don't know either, 436 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:52,120 Speaker 1: was just laying it in there a little bit. 437 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,160 Speaker 2: It's a serrated sickle. I've never even heard of such 438 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:59,399 Speaker 2: a thing. It's like a steak knife. But as I mentioned, 439 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:02,199 Speaker 2: you'urine there, his name is synonymous with sky, so in 440 00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:04,880 Speaker 2: this translation they just call him Sky. So I think 441 00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:08,639 Speaker 2: it's very interesting that we end up with a planet that, 442 00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:11,720 Speaker 2: in a way, based on the original mythological context, could 443 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:14,240 Speaker 2: just be called Sky. It is the sky. 444 00:26:14,359 --> 00:26:17,800 Speaker 1: Planet, yeah, yeah, And of course it's interesting that we're 445 00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:21,679 Speaker 1: switching from Roman to Greek in coming out here to Uranus, 446 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:24,880 Speaker 1: and the course this may raise the question of why, 447 00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:27,760 Speaker 1: like why are we talking about modern discussions of what 448 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,199 Speaker 1: this planet will be named? And of course you know 449 00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:34,240 Speaker 1: that has to do with how late it was discovered, 450 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: properly discovered, because when discussing basically this comes down to 451 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:43,879 Speaker 1: a discussion of the classical planets versus the more outer 452 00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 1: and I guess you could say modern planets. The classical 453 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:50,879 Speaker 1: planets are those visible to the naked eye and bright 454 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:54,960 Speaker 1: enough to be considered important in ancient astronomy and astrology. 455 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 1: And we'll discuss a little bit more about what that 456 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:01,600 Speaker 1: means in just a second. Are there are many names 457 00:27:01,640 --> 00:27:04,960 Speaker 1: for the classical planets because they pop up in various 458 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:07,280 Speaker 1: astronomical systems. 459 00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 2: Right, they were known to many different ancient cultures, so 460 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:12,720 Speaker 2: they have many different names exactly. 461 00:27:12,840 --> 00:27:15,760 Speaker 1: Yeah. So you know, for instance, Mercury through Saturn have 462 00:27:15,880 --> 00:27:21,160 Speaker 1: names that indicate elemental alignment in Chinese tradition, So Mars 463 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:26,359 Speaker 1: is the fire star, Jupiter is the wood star, that 464 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: sort of thing. But the Chinese for the outer planets, 465 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:33,399 Speaker 1: interestingly enough, is not based in an actual like Chinese 466 00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:37,959 Speaker 1: astro astrological history, but in translation of at least the 467 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:43,640 Speaker 1: spirit of the Western names. So Uranus in in Mandarin 468 00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:48,879 Speaker 1: is tan wang Shing or sky king star. So I 469 00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:52,280 Speaker 1: think that's that's enter just basically alluding to this is 470 00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:54,560 Speaker 1: a sky god. That's the name that we've used in 471 00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:58,320 Speaker 1: naming the planet. So it's sky sky king star. Neptune 472 00:27:58,359 --> 00:28:02,359 Speaker 1: is ocean king star, Pluto is nether World king star. 473 00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:04,159 Speaker 1: In translation, I. 474 00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:07,840 Speaker 2: Love that, yes, translating the sense of the names. So 475 00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:10,680 Speaker 2: the name in Mandarin is like a summary of where 476 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:13,200 Speaker 2: the name comes from, like the Latin or Greek name. 477 00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:16,640 Speaker 1: Yeah. So again talking about the classical planets here, these 478 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:22,800 Speaker 1: were the planets that were known to antiquity, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, 479 00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:26,200 Speaker 1: and Saturn. Uranus was the first planet discovered via the 480 00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:29,800 Speaker 1: aid of a telescope, and it happened in seventeen eighty 481 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:34,280 Speaker 1: one by astronomer William Herschel. In addition, he also discovered 482 00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:39,960 Speaker 1: infrared radiation. He's also credited with the discovery of Titania 483 00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:42,360 Speaker 1: and Oberon, which are some moons we'll get into in 484 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:46,040 Speaker 1: a bit, as well as two of the moons of Saturn, 485 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:50,200 Speaker 1: Enceladus and Mimas. His son, John Herschel got to carry 486 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:53,120 Speaker 1: on their tradition and named seven moons of Saturn and 487 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:54,640 Speaker 1: four moons of Uranus. 488 00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:58,040 Speaker 2: Now, a really interesting thing about the discovery of Uranus 489 00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:01,960 Speaker 2: by William Herschel is the at first he did not 490 00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:06,000 Speaker 2: realize he had discovered a new planet in the Solar System, 491 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 2: and the reason for this will sort of tie into 492 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:10,800 Speaker 2: things we've been talking about. I was reading about this 493 00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:15,080 Speaker 2: in a paper called Uranus in the establishment of Herschel's 494 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,920 Speaker 2: Astronomy by Simon Schaeffer, published in the Journal of the 495 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:22,600 Speaker 2: History of Astronomy in nineteen eighty one, and so the 496 00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:25,760 Speaker 2: story of the discovery of Uranus goes like this. William 497 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:29,720 Speaker 2: Herschel had undertaken a project, beginning in seventeen seventy nine, 498 00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:33,280 Speaker 2: to survey all of the stars in the sky to 499 00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:36,520 Speaker 2: the limit of the eighth magnitude using a seven foot 500 00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:41,760 Speaker 2: reflecting telescope, mainly for the purpose of identifying double stars 501 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:46,920 Speaker 2: so that Herschel could try to make measurements of stellar parallax. 502 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:51,560 Speaker 2: In March seventeen eighty one, Herschel had his telescope moved 503 00:29:51,560 --> 00:29:55,920 Speaker 2: to his house on New King Street in Bath in Somerset, England, 504 00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,880 Speaker 2: and he was picking up with his observations from this location. 505 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 2: And on the week of the discovery of Uranus, he 506 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:07,240 Speaker 2: had been occupied cataloging the visible stars within the constellation Gemini, 507 00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:11,320 Speaker 2: and also with some observations of the planet's Mars and Saturn. 508 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:16,080 Speaker 2: And on Tuesday, March thirteenth, at ten thirty pm, Herschel 509 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:18,840 Speaker 2: made a note of an object in the area of 510 00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:23,280 Speaker 2: the star Pollux, also known as Beta Geminorum. The object 511 00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:28,120 Speaker 2: was quote a curious either nebulous star or perhaps a comet, 512 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:32,880 Speaker 2: and he later translated this discovery to his volume in progress, 513 00:30:32,920 --> 00:30:37,360 Speaker 2: which was called Observations on the Fixed Stars. Quote, looking 514 00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 2: at a star in the quartile between oregus right foot 515 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,720 Speaker 2: and the left foot of Castor, I discovered a comet. 516 00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:46,520 Speaker 2: It was at the distance of almost two thirds of 517 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 2: my field of view from a small telescopic star which 518 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:53,240 Speaker 2: followed it, and seemed to have the same declination. Now 519 00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:57,400 Speaker 2: Herschel didn't seem to be immediately overwhelmed with ideas of 520 00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:59,720 Speaker 2: the importance of this finding. He after this just went 521 00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,600 Speaker 2: back to looking for double stars, and it wasn't until 522 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:06,240 Speaker 2: Saturday March seventeenth, which was four days later, that he 523 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 2: went back and looked for the curious nebulous star or 524 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:13,480 Speaker 2: perhaps comet again, and this time he concluded that it 525 00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:15,800 Speaker 2: must be a comet rather than a star, because it 526 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:19,520 Speaker 2: had changed its place. So he invited some friends over, 527 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,000 Speaker 2: including a guy named doctor William Watson, to come take 528 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:25,400 Speaker 2: a look at the comet he had found, and he 529 00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 2: noted in his journal that unfortunately the measurements he took 530 00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:32,200 Speaker 2: that night were written down wrong because Watson and another 531 00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:34,800 Speaker 2: gentleman wouldn't stop talking at him while he was trying 532 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:38,680 Speaker 2: to write them, but he eventually sent off his findings 533 00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:41,080 Speaker 2: in a letter to the Royal Society in London, and 534 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 2: Herschel reported that the object was a newly discovered comet, 535 00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:48,680 Speaker 2: but there were some strange things about it. Based on 536 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:51,960 Speaker 2: initial observations, it would seem that the comet was quote 537 00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:56,240 Speaker 2: much larger in diameter but less luminous than any comet 538 00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 2: known at the time, and that quote its body seemed 539 00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:04,120 Speaker 2: very very well defined, having neither beard nor tail. Now 540 00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 2: that struck me because I was like, what is a beard? 541 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:10,400 Speaker 2: Comets are often said to have tails, but the idea 542 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:12,840 Speaker 2: of a beard I was less familiar with. As best 543 00:32:12,880 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 2: I could figure out, this, I think seems to just 544 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:19,320 Speaker 2: be another way of describing the tail of a comet, which, 545 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:22,640 Speaker 2: of course, the tail is an elongated cloud trailing off 546 00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:25,400 Speaker 2: of the comet away from the Sun, caused when the 547 00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:28,440 Speaker 2: comet approaches closer in its orbit to the Sun and 548 00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:32,520 Speaker 2: then solar radiation heats the volatile materials on the surface 549 00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:35,600 Speaker 2: of the comet and they vaporize and stream away into space. 550 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:39,560 Speaker 2: I don't know if the following is the difference emphasized 551 00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:42,320 Speaker 2: by beard versus tail, but comets often do have two 552 00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:46,360 Speaker 2: distinct tails, a dust tail made of the dust to 553 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:50,760 Speaker 2: find particles coming off of the comet from this outgassing 554 00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:53,560 Speaker 2: when it's heated, and then also a gas tail made 555 00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:58,400 Speaker 2: of glowing ionized gases. However, I could find archaic references 556 00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:02,960 Speaker 2: to comets in general simply calling them quote bearded stars. 557 00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:05,960 Speaker 2: So I don't know, maybe a beard means either one. 558 00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:08,600 Speaker 2: I guess the other ideas that it could possibly refer 559 00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:11,680 Speaker 2: to the idea of a coma, which is the sort 560 00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:15,240 Speaker 2: of tenuous atmosphere of a comet, seen usually as a 561 00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:18,120 Speaker 2: fuzzy spherical cloud around the solid nucleus. 562 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:22,480 Speaker 1: I wonder too if this might come down to sort 563 00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:25,560 Speaker 1: of the distinction between sort of you know, more modern 564 00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:32,680 Speaker 1: telescope generated imagery and pure telescope observation. You know, we've 565 00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:36,440 Speaker 1: talked about that a little bit, like the role of 566 00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:39,840 Speaker 1: the observer in real time and sort of you know, 567 00:33:40,120 --> 00:33:44,360 Speaker 1: classical telescope astronomy versus the more modern use of imagery. 568 00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:48,680 Speaker 2: I don't know for sure about that, But so he's like, ah, okay, 569 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,440 Speaker 2: it's a comet, but it just it doesn't have a 570 00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:53,680 Speaker 2: lot of the characteristics we would expect of a comment. 571 00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:56,840 Speaker 2: In fact, the paper cites a letter from the French 572 00:33:56,880 --> 00:34:01,160 Speaker 2: astronomer Charles Messier, who was known as quote the Ferret 573 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,880 Speaker 2: of comets. I'd never heard that before, but I think 574 00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:07,160 Speaker 2: he found a lot of them. Messier, the Ferret of Comets, 575 00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:11,040 Speaker 2: wrote to Herschel in April of seventeen eighty one. It 576 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:12,759 Speaker 2: was quoted in the paper in French, so I had 577 00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:15,480 Speaker 2: to translate. Apologies if this is a little bit approximate, 578 00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:19,799 Speaker 2: But Messier says, I'm amazed at this comment, which does 579 00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:23,680 Speaker 2: not carry with it any distinctive character of comets, and 580 00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:25,960 Speaker 2: that it does not resemble any of those which I 581 00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:29,160 Speaker 2: have observed, which are eighteen in number. So I just 582 00:34:29,160 --> 00:34:31,359 Speaker 2: thought this was interesting. It seemed at first all of 583 00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:34,279 Speaker 2: the learned astronomers were calling it a comet, even though 584 00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:37,080 Speaker 2: they recognize that it's really not like a comet at all, 585 00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:39,760 Speaker 2: Like it doesn't have any of the characteristics we would expect, 586 00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:42,960 Speaker 2: doesn't behave like a comet. It seems that the first 587 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:45,960 Speaker 2: person on record to have mentioned that this new comet 588 00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:50,360 Speaker 2: might actually be a planet was the British astronomer Royal 589 00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:54,680 Speaker 2: Neville Masculine, who argued that it might be a comet, 590 00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:57,480 Speaker 2: but it might also be a new planet, and if 591 00:34:57,520 --> 00:34:59,560 Speaker 2: it were a comet, it would be unlike any other 592 00:35:00,120 --> 00:35:04,240 Speaker 2: Herschel apparently did not refer to Uranus as a planet 593 00:35:04,520 --> 00:35:07,680 Speaker 2: until the summer of seventeen eighty two, when he called 594 00:35:07,719 --> 00:35:11,320 Speaker 2: it quote my planet and again he wanted to originally 595 00:35:11,320 --> 00:35:25,799 Speaker 2: call it Georgi McIDAS the George Star again lol. But 596 00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:27,880 Speaker 2: so I was just wondering, like, why is everybody so 597 00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:30,600 Speaker 2: quick to assume it's a comet? Why did it take 598 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:32,800 Speaker 2: them a little while to come around to the conclusion 599 00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:35,520 Speaker 2: that it was actually a planet? And Schaeffer in this 600 00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:38,239 Speaker 2: paper argues that even though Maskerline was the first to 601 00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:42,360 Speaker 2: suggest it might be a planet, quote, Maskerline's own practice 602 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:47,239 Speaker 2: was fundamentally conditioned by the eighteenth century triumphs in cometary astronomy. 603 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,800 Speaker 2: Comets dominated the contemporary perception of the heavens. It seemed 604 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:56,400 Speaker 2: inconceivable that a new planet could be discovered. And I 605 00:35:56,440 --> 00:35:59,520 Speaker 2: think this must just come back to the state of 606 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:01,840 Speaker 2: astronomy as it was at the time, because as you 607 00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 2: were talking about rob Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, all 608 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:08,040 Speaker 2: the other planets up to this point had been known 609 00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:12,480 Speaker 2: about since antiquity. They were written about by Babylonian astronomers 610 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,919 Speaker 2: thousands of years ago. They were charted with the naked eye, 611 00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:19,279 Speaker 2: and Copernicus had correctly figured out that they orbited the 612 00:36:19,320 --> 00:36:20,480 Speaker 2: Sun and not the Earth. 613 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:23,359 Speaker 1: Now I just want to drive home here that again, Yeah, 614 00:36:23,360 --> 00:36:26,040 Speaker 1: the classical planets are those that could be seen with 615 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:28,520 Speaker 1: the naked eye, but also were distinct enough to be 616 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:33,320 Speaker 1: of value. But if you're really looking with the naked 617 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,520 Speaker 1: eye and the conditions are just right, you apparently can 618 00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:40,600 Speaker 1: see Urinus. But again, the whole deal here is that 619 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:44,680 Speaker 1: what you see is not significant enough to have had 620 00:36:44,719 --> 00:36:50,200 Speaker 1: any impact on these ancient astrological and astronomical systems. According 621 00:36:50,239 --> 00:36:53,560 Speaker 1: to Pete Lawrence, writing for BBC Sky at Night magazine 622 00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:57,400 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty, yeah, it is possible to see Urinus 623 00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:59,759 Speaker 1: with the naked eye conditions and preparations are just right. 624 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,359 Speaker 1: He stresses, however, that the planet quote shines at the 625 00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:07,680 Speaker 1: edge of naked eye visibility, and any direct views of 626 00:37:07,920 --> 00:37:10,200 Speaker 1: Urinus aren't always conclusive. 627 00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:13,279 Speaker 2: Yeah. That was my understanding from reading all this stuff 628 00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:15,480 Speaker 2: as well, that it's sort of right on the edge 629 00:37:15,520 --> 00:37:18,480 Speaker 2: of naked eye visibility, to the point where some people 630 00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:22,120 Speaker 2: argue that, oh, maybe this thing that somebody said, you know, 631 00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:25,040 Speaker 2: a naked eye astronomer in the ancient world observed, was 632 00:37:25,080 --> 00:37:27,880 Speaker 2: actually an observation of Uranus. But it's hard to know. 633 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,520 Speaker 1: To put it in terms of our weird house cinema 634 00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:33,840 Speaker 1: listeners might appreciate, It's like watching The Devil's Rain and 635 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:37,080 Speaker 1: then asking is John Travolta in this? Is John Travolta 636 00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:37,600 Speaker 1: a star? 637 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:41,759 Speaker 2: Evidence is inconclusive, right, But so coming back to this, So, 638 00:37:41,880 --> 00:37:44,399 Speaker 2: like all the planets through Saturn had been known since 639 00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:48,880 Speaker 2: antiquity to multiple different cultures, there had been other heavenly 640 00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:52,840 Speaker 2: bodies identified since the invention of telescopes, but none of 641 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:57,239 Speaker 2: them were planets in the Solar System. Galileo had identified 642 00:37:57,360 --> 00:38:02,000 Speaker 2: moons of Jupiter, Cassini and Hoytsche identified moons of Saturn, 643 00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:06,240 Speaker 2: but Herschel's identification of Uranus was actually the first time 644 00:38:06,440 --> 00:38:10,400 Speaker 2: since ancient times that the existence of a new planet 645 00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:13,759 Speaker 2: in the Solar System had been confirmed. That's just not 646 00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:17,960 Speaker 2: something these astronomers were really expecting to find. Comets, on 647 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,600 Speaker 2: the other hand, were constantly being discovered. Discovering new comets 648 00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:24,600 Speaker 2: was one of the major endeavors of astronomers of the day. 649 00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:28,600 Speaker 2: You had the ferret of comets out there doing ferreting 650 00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:31,920 Speaker 2: them out, so you could think of this as a 651 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:35,880 Speaker 2: kind of astronomical confirmation bias. Comets were just that's what 652 00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:38,360 Speaker 2: you discover, that's the thing you're expecting to see. 653 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:41,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, it's planets. And then just it's filthy with 654 00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:44,040 Speaker 1: comets and you got to send the comet truffle hog 655 00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:45,799 Speaker 1: out there to root them out. 656 00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:49,239 Speaker 2: So, of course there were many subsequent discoveries of the 657 00:38:49,239 --> 00:38:51,879 Speaker 2: moons of Uranus, but a lot of what we now 658 00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:56,400 Speaker 2: know about Urinus really comes in the later twentieth century 659 00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:58,640 Speaker 2: with the flyby of Voyager two. 660 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, and as we'll really be driven home as we 661 00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:06,120 Speaker 1: discuss these moons one by one, it's like Voyager two 662 00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:09,239 Speaker 1: is the defining mission. Like a lot of what we 663 00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:13,399 Speaker 1: know comes either in it from that fly by or 664 00:39:13,640 --> 00:39:18,160 Speaker 1: it's the combination of that fly by information combined with 665 00:39:18,239 --> 00:39:22,879 Speaker 1: say Hubble telescope information as well. So it's a lot 666 00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:27,520 Speaker 1: of the mysteries of Uranus and its moons remains. All right, 667 00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,480 Speaker 1: So when we come back in the next episode, we 668 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:34,719 Speaker 1: will blow through the twenty seven known moons of Urinus. 669 00:39:34,680 --> 00:39:36,600 Speaker 2: All twenty seven in one episode. I don't know if 670 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:37,280 Speaker 2: we can do that. 671 00:39:37,239 --> 00:39:42,000 Speaker 1: All twenty seven one episode, that's a guarantee. That's a guarantee, 672 00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:45,120 Speaker 1: so be sure to join us for that, and then 673 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:46,520 Speaker 1: I don't know, and then at some point in the 674 00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:50,839 Speaker 1: future we'll move on to Neptune. But next episode will 675 00:39:50,880 --> 00:39:55,280 Speaker 1: be Moon by Moon the moons of Uranus. In the meantime, 676 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 1: if you would like to check out other episodes of 677 00:39:57,080 --> 00:39:59,720 Speaker 1: Stuff to Blow your Mind, well check out the Stuff 678 00:39:59,719 --> 00:40:02,719 Speaker 1: to Blow Mind podcast feed. If you go back far enough, 679 00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:04,800 Speaker 1: you'll find those episodes we did about the other moons 680 00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:08,960 Speaker 1: in our solar system and Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, et cetera. 681 00:40:10,120 --> 00:40:13,360 Speaker 1: But yeah, core episodes published on Tuesdays and Thursdays. On 682 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:15,959 Speaker 1: Mondays we do listener mail. Wednesdays we do a short 683 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:19,359 Speaker 1: form monster fact or artifact, and tomorrow's will also tie 684 00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,920 Speaker 1: into Urinus, so tune in for that. And then on 685 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:25,759 Speaker 1: Fridays we set aside most serious concerns and just talk 686 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:28,000 Speaker 1: about a weird movie on Weird House Cinema. 687 00:40:28,160 --> 00:40:31,640 Speaker 2: Huge thanks to our audio producer JJ Pousway. If you 688 00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:33,680 Speaker 2: would like to get in touch with us with feedback 689 00:40:33,719 --> 00:40:36,000 Speaker 2: on this episode or any other to suggest a topic 690 00:40:36,040 --> 00:40:38,120 Speaker 2: for the future, or just to say hello. You can 691 00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:41,600 Speaker 2: email us at contact at stuff to Blow your Mind 692 00:40:41,760 --> 00:40:49,360 Speaker 2: dot com. 693 00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:52,400 Speaker 3: Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For 694 00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:55,280 Speaker 3: more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 695 00:40:55,440 --> 00:41:12,720 Speaker 3: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you're listening to your favorite shows.