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Speaker 1: Now here's a highlight from Coast to Coast AM on

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Speaker 1: iHeart Radio and welcome back to Coast to Coast George

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Speaker 1: Nori with you back with Sir Charles Schultz the Third.

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Speaker 1: Sir Charles, let's talk a little bit about Mars. When

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Speaker 1: do you think we'll be going back there as human beings?

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Speaker 1: That's a good question. Now, Elon Musk has a schedule

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Speaker 1: that says he'd like to be there in less than

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Speaker 1: five years, which sounds ambitious that it does what he's doing,

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Speaker 1: it could happen. How long would an astronaut need for

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Speaker 1: that trip, going, staying, coming back. Yeah, presently, if you're

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Speaker 1: using the sort of orbit they've been using, you closest

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Speaker 1: approach and matching the flight path, it'd be between seven

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Speaker 1: and ten months, depending on what type of what time

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Speaker 1: of year you go. It's the sort of thing during

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Speaker 1: that period of time you get a significant dose of

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Speaker 1: radiation cosmic rays. It's felt that you get in half

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Speaker 1: of a lethal dose on the trip to Mars, if

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Speaker 1: you know, things weren't sped up a little bit, so

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Speaker 1: that's significant. You're probably not coming back if you go,

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Speaker 1: and I've told that lengthy stays in space are not

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Speaker 1: playing havoc with the astronaut's eyesight. Well, that's true. One

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Speaker 1: of the things that happens is it changes the fluid

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Speaker 1: pressure in your body. You know, you and I understanding

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Speaker 1: on the ground, and there's a difference in pressure from

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Speaker 1: our head to our feet, and the body uses this

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Speaker 1: to kind of regulate the amount of fluid it retains.

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Speaker 1: When you're in microgravity, the fluid balance shifts, so that's

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Speaker 1: uniform over the entire body, and you excreed a lot

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Speaker 1: of fluid to try and reach what it feels is

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Speaker 1: the proper balance. And so this is one of the

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Speaker 1: things that affects your eyesight. Do you think, as Sir Charles,

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Speaker 1: privatization will get to Mars quicker than NASA. Absolutely, there's

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Speaker 1: no way that NASA would have done it in this

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Speaker 1: period of time. Elon Musk has shown the initiative to

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Speaker 1: develop new lifting systems, new rockets. His system right now,

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Speaker 1: the starship could literally put a hundred tons in Earth

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Speaker 1: orbit right now, that's huge, that's huge. Yes, I mean,

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Speaker 1: think of the things you do with it. We could

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Speaker 1: have those orbital power stations deflecting the hurricanes, helping us

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Speaker 1: repair some of the damage your environment. You know, there's

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Speaker 1: a lot of things we could do with that sort

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Speaker 1: of hardware. When you wrote A Fossil Hunter's Guide to Mars,

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Speaker 1: what was the impetus for this? What got you going?

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Speaker 1: Basically to share some of the discoveries that I'd made

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Speaker 1: back in Wow, two thousand and four. Think about that

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Speaker 1: seventeen years ago. Yeah, and you know, I feel a

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Speaker 1: little more vindicated. You mentioned the news of the water

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Speaker 1: found at the bottom of I should say, the ice

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Speaker 1: found at the bottom of the canyon on Mars Valis

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Speaker 1: Marinara says, many people know it's the largest canyon on

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Speaker 1: the planet in the Solar System for that matter. And

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Speaker 1: they used what they call epithermal neutrons to scan and

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Speaker 1: they found hydrogen, well bound hydrogen, and that means ice.

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Speaker 1: So there are basically glaciers of water ice at the

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Speaker 1: bottom of that canyon right now, and they think that

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Speaker 1: it's one of the biggest finds they've made. It certainly

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Speaker 1: would help people who were going there, because hey, you know,

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Speaker 1: you dig some dirt out of the ground, you hit ice,

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Speaker 1: you distill it, and you have water. Do you think

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Speaker 1: Mars at one time Charles had a abundant atmosphere. Well,

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Speaker 1: absolutely did the fact that the planet is rust red

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Speaker 1: proves that it takes oxygen and water to make that happen.

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Speaker 1: What happened to it? It has very little gravity, the

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Speaker 1: only thirty percent of what we do on Earth, and

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Speaker 1: its volcanic activity is very weak, so there's nothing to

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Speaker 1: replenish the oceans and nothing to replenish the atmosphere. It

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Speaker 1: was always a cruddy environment. Well, we won't know unless

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Speaker 1: we go right Well, absolutely, and of course, as you know,

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Speaker 1: my only real concern is the potential for organisms that

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Speaker 1: are probably still on the planet's surface. Now, what could

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Speaker 1: they be like, Well, that's a great question. I imagine

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Speaker 1: it have a different genetic code than we do. But

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Speaker 1: anything can be infectious if you have no resistance to it,

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Speaker 1: and we certainly don't have any resistance to an alien organism.

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Speaker 1: Might we be the Martians? Well, in a sense, we

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Speaker 1: are already, because no spacecraft we sent it was ever

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Speaker 1: fully sterilized. The spacecraft such as the Landers and Rovers,

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Speaker 1: all carry earthly bacteria, and NASA has been told that

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Speaker 1: they're not allowed to operate in any area where there

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Speaker 1: is significant chance of water being in existence because terrestrial

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Speaker 1: bacteria are hardy enough that they could set up shop

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Speaker 1: right in the soil and pose a threat to any

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Speaker 1: Martian biosphere elements that exist today. Are we truly concerned

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Speaker 1: about that? Yeah, there is enough of a concern that

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Speaker 1: they've been told that they have to stop operation if

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Speaker 1: they ever find evidence that there's water where they're operating.

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Speaker 1: And we do know that we've been carrying bacteria from

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Speaker 1: Earth all over the Solar System that could pose a

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Speaker 1: real hazard to those places. We're looking in our own

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Speaker 1: system for other forms of life, such as the icy

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Speaker 1: moons of Jupiter. Let's talk a little bit about asteroids

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Speaker 1: and asteroid protection. We seem to be hearing a lot

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Speaker 1: more about that and efforts to divert asteroids. Then I

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Speaker 1: can remember what's going on, something that they're not telling us. Well,

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Speaker 1: you know, just over the last month, I know of

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Speaker 1: nineteen that passed by the Earth. We had one just

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Speaker 1: yesterday that passed one hundred thirty thousand miles from US,

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Speaker 1: asteroid twenty twenty one x six. And a lot of

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Speaker 1: them we don't know about it until it's already passed us.

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Speaker 1: And that's the problem. We haven't had the proper tools

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Speaker 1: for spotting them you know, back in two thousand and

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Speaker 1: five there was a NASA Authorization Act to locate in

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Speaker 1: catalog all the new Earth asteroids of about one hundred

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Speaker 1: and forty meters or more, and they were supposed to

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Speaker 1: do it within fifteen years and get ninety percent completion

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Speaker 1: about that time. They really haven't. They've found about forty

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Speaker 1: percent of those of that size so far. Now there

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Speaker 1: is another tool in the Arsenal and massa James Webb

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Speaker 1: Space Telescope, and that's supposed to be launched next week

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Speaker 1: twenty fourth. Yes, they moved it out a week they

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Speaker 1: had a communication problem between the ground station and the

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Speaker 1: launch vehicle systems. Now it's in French Guietta being launched there.

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Speaker 1: That's an interesting place. They have quite the launch facility there.

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Speaker 1: The James Webb Space Telescope will be able to spot

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Speaker 1: just about every one of those one hundred forty diameter asteroids.

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Speaker 1: Here's the other thing. As you know, SpaceX launched a

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Speaker 1: mission called DART, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, that was

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Speaker 1: launched on the twenty fourth in November. That one up

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Speaker 1: on a Falcon nine and its first target is an

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Speaker 1: asteroid called Ditamos, which is sevens across. They're not going

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Speaker 1: to shoot dinamos, but it has a tiny moon that's

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Speaker 1: one hundred and sixty meters across, So an asteroid but

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Speaker 1: the moon, and they know the characteristics of that moon's

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Speaker 1: orbit very well. One half of the Dart spacecraft will

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Speaker 1: strike that moon and we should be able to detect

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Speaker 1: a change in the moon's orbit, and so that will

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Speaker 1: tell us how effective it is as a means of

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Speaker 1: deflecting an asteroid. So this is part one of a

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Speaker 1: test to see if we actually can deflect an asteroid

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Speaker 1: that's on a collision core the Earth. I would say

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Speaker 1: deflecting is probably better than blowing it up, because then

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Speaker 1: you're scattering all these chunks of rock are way well,

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Speaker 1: and that's exactly the problem you see if you have

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Speaker 1: more shrapnel that could actually do more damage. One of

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Speaker 1: the things that people aren't aware of is many of

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Speaker 1: the asteroids are not solid chunks of rock. They're aggregates

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Speaker 1: like gravel piles. And so one of the things we're

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Speaker 1: going to learn is if this impact is going to

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Speaker 1: significantly move the thing or if it's just going to

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Speaker 1: dissipate the energy by moving the gravel around. FORNT thing.

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Speaker 1: I also talking about moving it with like a laser

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Speaker 1: beam or something like that. Yeah, that's incredibly It's an

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Speaker 1: incredibly inefficient way to do it. Here's why. When you're

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Speaker 1: making a laser beam, in most cases, you're only getting

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Speaker 1: between five percent and ten percent of your electrical power

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Speaker 1: as laser light, so you're expending most of your energy

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Speaker 1: just making the beam. I'd think a much smarter method

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Speaker 1: would be an engine I designed back in nineteen eighty nine.

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Speaker 1: You use a light sale the big silver piece of

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Speaker 1: material that's a reflector, and you place it near the

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Speaker 1: asteroid and it's basically is locked to the asteroid by gravity,

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Speaker 1: and you focus the sunlight on the back of the

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Speaker 1: asteroid to produce a plume of plasma. And so, just

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Speaker 1: like an ant hill being burned with a magnifying glass,

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Speaker 1: you're vaporizing some of the asteroid with reflected concentrated sunlight,

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Speaker 1: and that provides sort of a natural rocket engine that

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Speaker 1: moves the asteroid gently off course over the period of

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Speaker 1: weeks or months, and it'd be far more effective. Charles

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Speaker 1: who owns the launchpad and the facilities at French Guiana,

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Speaker 1: Let's see, I think a number of agencies do. NASA

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Speaker 1: has a lease agreement for the use of the facilities

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Speaker 1: and they don't own it directly, but they got to

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Speaker 1: have employees there and everything else too. Right. Oh, absolutely,

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Speaker 1: it's a whole space center. You know, it's like pretty

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Speaker 1: active satellite. Is it like the Cape? That kind of thing? Similar?

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Speaker 1: Very similar. I don't know the exact scale between the two,

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Speaker 1: but I do know that the French Ghana site is

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Speaker 1: very significant and it makes dozens of launches a year. Now,

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Speaker 1: why are they launching it there and not in Florida. Well,

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Speaker 1: there's a small advantage by being there. The closer you

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Speaker 1: aren't the equator, the less fuel it takes to achieve

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Speaker 1: a stable orbit. Really, you think about it spinning at

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Speaker 1: a certain rate, and if you're north of the equator,

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Speaker 1: is spinning more slowly. Well, you add a couple of

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Speaker 1: hundred miles per hour to your vehicle for free, just

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Speaker 1: by being on the equator. What's interesting. I didn't know

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Speaker 1: that at all. Science does it again? Yeah, it seems to.

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Speaker 1: What's going on in the world of artificial intelligence, there's

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Speaker 1: some fascinating stuff going on. One of the most interesting

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Speaker 1: things I saw was something called zenobots. These are living

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Speaker 1: robots made from clusters of cells. These are little robots

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Speaker 1: that literally can reproduce. There are artificial life forms that

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Speaker 1: act like robots, and there may from cells extracted from

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Speaker 1: the African claude frog. Now they have the ability right

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Speaker 1: now to sweep up loose stem cells in their culture dish.

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Speaker 1: They can begin programming the movements of these little bots

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Speaker 1: and they can actually heal some of the damage that

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Speaker 1: occurs to them in their work. This is the first

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Speaker 1: time they've taken cells from an organism and built a

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Speaker 1: different organism using the cells like little lego bricks, So

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Speaker 1: that's pretty significant. They're looking at it possibly being used

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Speaker 1: as a method of getting in the body with a

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Speaker 1: program and hunting down and destroying, for instance, cancer cells.

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Speaker 1: That's one of the things that's happened just recently. Another

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Speaker 1: one this is really cool. You know, they're trying to

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Speaker 1: make AI systems to figure out problems, and one of

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Speaker 1: the biggest problems that's been on the plate for a

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Speaker 1: long time is the protein folding problem. Proteins are incredibly

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Speaker 1: complicated molecules and they do a job like a tool,

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Speaker 1: but they have to be folded into certain shape. Well,

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Speaker 1: nobody could figure out because of a huge complexity just

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Speaker 1: what shape the molecule would be given the protein. Now

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Speaker 1: they've managed to make an artificial intelligence system that has

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Speaker 1: analyzed the problem and has cracked it at last. This

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Speaker 1: is one of the biggest problems it's ever been solved

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Speaker 1: with AI, and so for the first time we can

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Speaker 1: actually make predictions about how a designed protein will work.

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Speaker 1: But just a huge, huge implications for medication. That is

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Speaker 1: fantastic work. So Charles Schultz the third with us. We're

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Speaker 1: going to take calls with him next hour here on

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Speaker 1: coast to coast. What keeps getting this artificial intelligence so good?

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Speaker 1: What's driving it? The big thing is, in the beginning,

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Speaker 1: we were looking for systems that could solve things like

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Speaker 1: defense issues and stock market issues and financial issues. And

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Speaker 1: we've come up with very simple ways to make complicated

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Speaker 1: neural simulations called neural networks. Now the computing method is

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Speaker 1: so common and so simple anybody can do it even

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Speaker 1: at home. Well, the cost of computing has plunged over

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Speaker 1: the last decade. So now we have very complicated neural

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Speaker 1: systems that learn how to extract the features and make conclusions,

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Speaker 1: and they're learning how to do these things even engineers

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Speaker 1: are building robots that now can open doors, figure out

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Speaker 1: where the door knob is, what the door looks like,

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Speaker 1: and find a power outlet to charge itself. It's amazing,

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Speaker 1: it's amazing. Now, what do you think, what do you

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Speaker 1: think technology will be like a hundred years from now? Charles?

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Speaker 1: That's something we can't even say, because we're headed for

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Speaker 1: the singularity and that could happen in twenty years. It'll

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Speaker 1: be just like magic by then. I mean, just to

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Speaker 1: imagine the way we have had astronauts on the moon

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Speaker 1: back fifty years ago, more than fifty years ago, fifty

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Speaker 1: two years ago. I mean, that's half a century. Who

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Speaker 1: would believe that? Well, you know, you have to understand

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Speaker 1: that people a century ago didn't understand how quickly we

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Speaker 1: were learning. Now, it's just common knowledge that the amount

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Speaker 1: of information being grown out of our experimenting and learning

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Speaker 1: every year has doubled in a period of six months. Now.

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Speaker 1: You know, I look at my smartphone now, which is

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Speaker 1: like a handheld computer, and I mean you can send

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Speaker 1: text messages to somebody, you can send pictures to somebody

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Speaker 1: and they get it within seconds. That's correct. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's it's it's unbelievable. The kind of technology and emails

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Speaker 1: fascinate me. I mean, you can literally send a document.

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Speaker 1: I can send you a document through email beams through

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Speaker 1: the ether or somewhere gets to you and it's there

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Speaker 1: and you print it up. It's incredible. Well, and it's

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Speaker 1: all you know. The big problem was not the computing,

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Speaker 1: but figuring out the rules to make it work properly

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Speaker 1: and getting a network together. But yeah, it's amazing stuff.

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Speaker 1: Your cell phone has more processing power than all the

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Speaker 1: computers in the world put together. During the Apollo project.

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Speaker 1: I remember when Fax machines first came out and I

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Speaker 1: had one and one of my assistants, I'd given her

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Speaker 1: the facts and I said, hey, I need you to

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Speaker 1: send this. Here's the phone number and facts this to them,

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Speaker 1: you know. And she wasn't that familiar with the facts

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Speaker 1: machines either, but she knew how to hit the buttons

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Speaker 1: and stuff. And I said, so, you know, take care

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Speaker 1: of this, okay. And she comes back of our fifteen

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Speaker 1: minutes later and I said, facts go through. Do you

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Speaker 1: have the receipt? She said, no, it didn't go through.

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Speaker 1: And I said, what do you mean it didn't go through?

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Speaker 1: I said, they needed it, and she said it didn't

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Speaker 1: go through. I said, show me that piece of paper

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Speaker 1: that receipt and she said, well, it said it went through,

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Speaker 1: but it didn't go through. I said, how do you

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Speaker 1: know it didn't go through. It says it went through.

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Speaker 1: She says, I'm holding it in my hand. Of course. Well,

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Speaker 1: pretty soon we'll be able to do the same thing.

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Speaker 1: Just as we have three D printers and they can

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Speaker 1: send you a blueprint. Pretty soon you'll be able to

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Speaker 1: send a meal or apart or almost anything from one

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Speaker 1: point to another. I mean, we're reaching the point where

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Speaker 1: we can literally take the data that describes a structure

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Speaker 1: and function of a thing and send it somewhere else

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Speaker 1: and have it assembled for us there. Listen to more

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Speaker 1: Coast to Coast AM every weeknight at one a m.

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Speaker 1: Eastern and go to Coast to Coast am dot com

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Speaker 1: for more