1 00:00:08,360 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: Any Daniel, I've been wondering, how do you keep track 2 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: of all the Parkles there are? What do you mean, Well, 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,599 Speaker 1: You've got the Bosons and the Fermions, and the Massons, 4 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:20,080 Speaker 1: and the Drons and the Patreons and the Gluons. It's 5 00:00:20,239 --> 00:00:22,520 Speaker 1: too many. I don't know. If you spend enough time 6 00:00:22,560 --> 00:00:24,320 Speaker 1: with them, you just kind of get to know them. 7 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:27,200 Speaker 1: I mean like they have personalities. Yeah, they're all unique. 8 00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:30,639 Speaker 1: They have different colors or flavors or spins. I guess 9 00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:33,040 Speaker 1: my favorite one is the Higgs boson. Why you like 10 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:35,600 Speaker 1: the flavor of the Higgs boson. I think there's only 11 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: one Higgs Boson that we have found so far. Don't 12 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: don't dumb. Hi am Poor Handmay cartoonists and the creator 13 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a article physicist, 14 00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:04,039 Speaker 1: and I'm bored of a universe with just one Higgs Boson. 15 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,800 Speaker 1: Are you bored in general or is it really related 16 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 1: to particles? Daniel? I just want more, more and more, 17 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:13,720 Speaker 1: more particles, more discoveries, more everything, more clues as to 18 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: the nature of the universe. And we've had this one 19 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:19,080 Speaker 1: Higgs boson for like almost ten years now. We're ready 20 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:21,200 Speaker 1: for another one. Don't you know they say that less 21 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: is more. You get to learn to do more what 22 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 1: you have. That's basically the a project of particle physics 23 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 1: is boil all the particles down to one fundamental particle. 24 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:31,720 Speaker 1: But to do that, we got to see all of them. 25 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:33,520 Speaker 1: So we got to see them more and then make 26 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:38,039 Speaker 1: them less. Man, physicists are so greedy. Welcome to our 27 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:40,840 Speaker 1: podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe April that Chin 28 00:01:40,959 --> 00:01:43,199 Speaker 1: of our Heart Radio, in which we try to make 29 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: more out of the unknowns of the universe. Explain all 30 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,080 Speaker 1: of them to you, the things we do and do 31 00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:53,480 Speaker 1: not understand, about how stars form, why planets whizz around them, 32 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:56,559 Speaker 1: whether there is alien life out there, how the universe began, 33 00:01:56,640 --> 00:01:59,400 Speaker 1: whether you can teleport, is there another U out there? 34 00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 1: All crazy ideas that people have, all the questions that 35 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:05,480 Speaker 1: people ask. We try to tackle all of them and 36 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:08,359 Speaker 1: explain them to you. Yeah, because there are a lot 37 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:10,680 Speaker 1: of questions out there in the universe for us to 38 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:13,919 Speaker 1: explore and to try to find answers to things out 39 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:16,320 Speaker 1: there in space and also things right here in the 40 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,160 Speaker 1: palm of our hands. There are trillions and trillions of 41 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:23,160 Speaker 1: little particles even just in your fingertips, and there are 42 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:26,240 Speaker 1: many questions we can ask about them. That's right. And 43 00:02:26,280 --> 00:02:30,080 Speaker 1: trillions sounds like an exaggeration, but it's actually not. It's 44 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: an under exaggeration. There are bajillions zillions of particles all 45 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:37,080 Speaker 1: around you. Every single one of you is just a 46 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:41,480 Speaker 1: seething mass of quantum particles frothing in and out of existence, 47 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:45,200 Speaker 1: bubbling around and creating who you are. And one of 48 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,280 Speaker 1: the goals of this podcast, one of the goals of 49 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:49,360 Speaker 1: particle physics, and I dare say one of the goals 50 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:52,640 Speaker 1: of science is to peel that back and understand it 51 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:55,919 Speaker 1: at its most fundamental level. What is really going on 52 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: in the universe at the smallest scales. Yeah, because it 53 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:02,880 Speaker 1: makes up everything that we are and everything around us, 54 00:03:02,919 --> 00:03:06,359 Speaker 1: everything we eat, everything we touch, everything we right around 55 00:03:06,440 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 1: in or serve, the entern it on. It's all made 56 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:12,919 Speaker 1: out of particles, and there are still big questions about 57 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: what those particles are, or what those particles can be. 58 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:20,399 Speaker 1: That's right. We have a list of particles that we've discovered, 59 00:03:20,720 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: six quarks, six left on, a few bosons, and the Higgs, 60 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: of course, but we don't know how many particles there 61 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: are We don't know if the particles we found are 62 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: basically the whole picture, if it's everything, or if it's 63 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:37,240 Speaker 1: just the tip of the iceberg. If there are lots 64 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: more particles waiting around the corner for us to create 65 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:43,240 Speaker 1: and explore. Did you lose some particles, Daniel? Do you 66 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 1: think they're waiting to jump us or something? What are 67 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:48,280 Speaker 1: they waiting for? Why haven't they revealed themselves. I don't know. 68 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: Maybe they're shy, you know, or maybe they're just picky. 69 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: Their agents are holding out for like brown Eminem's before 70 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,880 Speaker 1: they make their appearance. I see, you need more Eminem's 71 00:03:56,880 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: at the Large Hadron Collider. You need a green room. 72 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: First of all, you don't have a green room for particles, 73 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,880 Speaker 1: that's true, You just have one big open We need 74 00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:07,440 Speaker 1: to pamper our particles more, is what you're saying. It's right, 75 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:10,280 Speaker 1: it's a new field particle pampering. Particle pampering at the 76 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: large Eminem collider. Yeah, there you go, maisons and molecules. 77 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,599 Speaker 1: But yeah, that's the weird thing about nature, I guess 78 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:21,080 Speaker 1: and the universe is that there are sort of a 79 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: lot of possible particles out there, a lot of different 80 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:27,320 Speaker 1: quantum fields, but kind of on an everyday basis, we 81 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: only interact or are only made up of stuff in 82 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: three fields and three kinds of particles. Yeah, that's because 83 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: the universe is mostly pretty cold. Like you can imagine, 84 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:40,279 Speaker 1: the universe has lots of different ways it can be. 85 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: Energy can slash around between different kinds of fields, or 86 00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:45,440 Speaker 1: if you like to think about particles can slash around 87 00:04:45,440 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: between different kinds of particles. But these days, fourteen billion 88 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:51,359 Speaker 1: years into the life of the universe, things are pretty 89 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,720 Speaker 1: spread out in cold and say, everything's mostly relaxed down 90 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:58,719 Speaker 1: to the lowest mass, the lightest particles, the electrons, and 91 00:04:58,760 --> 00:05:01,279 Speaker 1: the up and down corks that make up the protons 92 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:03,960 Speaker 1: and neutrons inside of us. But as you say, that 93 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:07,240 Speaker 1: doesn't mean there aren't those other possible particles out there, 94 00:05:07,560 --> 00:05:09,160 Speaker 1: and to make them, to see them, we need to 95 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,440 Speaker 1: recreate some of those early conditions in the universe, put 96 00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:14,320 Speaker 1: a lot of energy into one spot and try to 97 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:17,720 Speaker 1: excite the universe into revealing its secrets. Yeah, because there 98 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:20,359 Speaker 1: are all these other possible particles, and we know we 99 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:22,920 Speaker 1: don't see them in our everyday lives, but they are 100 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:25,400 Speaker 1: sort of there, and sometimes they do kind of show 101 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:28,400 Speaker 1: up in our atmosphere, right, and coming from the Sun. 102 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:32,120 Speaker 1: Sometimes these strange particles sometimes do form around us. Yeah, 103 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:35,400 Speaker 1: you're absolutely right. Our colliders are not the only conditions 104 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:38,920 Speaker 1: for making these crazy particles. There are some big accelerators 105 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:42,840 Speaker 1: out there sort of astrophysically speaking, shooting particles at us, 106 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:45,719 Speaker 1: and when they hit our atmosphere, those collisions can also 107 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:49,560 Speaker 1: make really big, rare, heavy particles and create these big 108 00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: showers which then filter on down to Earth. So, yeah, 109 00:05:52,279 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: these particles are being created sort of all the time 110 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:57,880 Speaker 1: whenever there's an energetic particle smashing into another one. And 111 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,159 Speaker 1: so maybe one of the most famed particles I think, so, 112 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:05,240 Speaker 1: besides the maybe, the electron maybe and the corps, is 113 00:06:05,279 --> 00:06:08,600 Speaker 1: this famous one that was discovered about eight years ago. Yeah, 114 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:11,840 Speaker 1: I was announced in twelve. It's the last major discovery 115 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 1: of the Standard Model, and a lot of people describe 116 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:17,560 Speaker 1: it as sort of the last piece of the Standard Model. 117 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: It certainly wasn't missing piece. We needed the Higgs boson 118 00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:24,400 Speaker 1: or something like it to explain what we were seeing 119 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: in the Standard Model, and we found it about ten 120 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:29,960 Speaker 1: years ago, in twenty twelve, and that was very exciting. 121 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:33,039 Speaker 1: It's very interesting, but there are still, as you say, 122 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:35,719 Speaker 1: a lot of open questions. Yeah, and it's not only 123 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: famous people think it's super important in the universe. Right. 124 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 1: Some people even called it the God particle. I hate 125 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:47,240 Speaker 1: that name, the God particle. You hate God? No, I 126 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:49,520 Speaker 1: hate the publicist that came up with the title of 127 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:52,600 Speaker 1: that book. I think it was a physicist. I think 128 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:55,840 Speaker 1: it was a physicist publicist. If this book is a 129 00:06:55,880 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: little dry, can you make it a little bit more snazzy, 130 00:06:58,279 --> 00:07:00,960 Speaker 1: a little more grand maybe? But the Higgs is pretty 131 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:03,000 Speaker 1: important in the sense that it does sort of kind 132 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:06,160 Speaker 1: of hold the universe together in a way, right, to 133 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: give things mass, And if things didn't have mass, they 134 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: wouldn't feel gravity, and without that, things would just kind 135 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:13,920 Speaker 1: of float around and not do anything. It would be 136 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:17,400 Speaker 1: a very different universe if particles didn't have mass. Absolutely, 137 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:20,120 Speaker 1: And you can't say the same thing about like the Muan, right, 138 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: how different with the university? Oh man, the poor Muan. 139 00:07:25,160 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: The Muan's agent is going to be in here mad 140 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:29,760 Speaker 1: any second. Now. It's like, we need a better public 141 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:32,680 Speaker 1: But you're right, we don't actually need the Muan. In fact, 142 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: when we discover the Muan, people were a little annoyed, 143 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: and somebody said, like, who what are that? We got 144 00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: a pretty good system over here. We don't need the muan. 145 00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:42,640 Speaker 1: One of the deepest questions in physics is why do 146 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:44,760 Speaker 1: we have particles like the muan and the town that 147 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:47,560 Speaker 1: are just copies of the electron? So you're right, some 148 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: particles seem to have cousins or copies. Other ones don't yet, right, right, 149 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,920 Speaker 1: And so the Higgs is pretty important because it does 150 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 1: give particles mass. It does give particles mass, and so 151 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:01,120 Speaker 1: it's really important. I guess are still big questions about 152 00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,320 Speaker 1: the Higgs. I mean, we sort of found one, but 153 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:05,040 Speaker 1: we don't know all there is to know about the 154 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:09,440 Speaker 1: Higgs boson. That's right, There are still lots of fascinating mysteries. Yeah, 155 00:08:09,440 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: and so today on the program, we'll be asking the 156 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:20,640 Speaker 1: question how many different Higgs bosons are there? Wait? I mean, 157 00:08:20,720 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 1: like there are more than one Higgs boson. It's plural 158 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: Higgs bosons. I know, the Higgs might not be so 159 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:29,520 Speaker 1: special after all. Wait, but if it has a twin 160 00:08:29,600 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: it is kind of special. Well, who knows. We don't 161 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:33,560 Speaker 1: know how many higgs there are. There might just be 162 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:36,760 Speaker 1: one Higgs boson. There might be five higgs bosons. There 163 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:41,080 Speaker 1: might be twenties seven higgs bosons as usual. We don't 164 00:08:41,080 --> 00:08:43,280 Speaker 1: know if we are looking at the entire ice cube 165 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:45,320 Speaker 1: or just the tip of the iceberg. Are you talking 166 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:47,720 Speaker 1: about whether there is more than one copy of it, 167 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:50,560 Speaker 1: or whether there's more than one type of higgs boson, 168 00:08:50,760 --> 00:08:54,199 Speaker 1: more than one different kind of Higgs bosons, the way 169 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:56,840 Speaker 1: there are more than one kind of cork, or there 170 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:59,320 Speaker 1: are more than one kind of electron. Right, the miwank 171 00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:01,760 Speaker 1: and the tower are not just other electrons. There are 172 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: different kind of particles, you mean, like you would need 173 00:09:04,600 --> 00:09:07,280 Speaker 1: different names even then, right, like the tall higgs boson, 174 00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:11,400 Speaker 1: the blonde higgs boson, the funny higgs boson. Can I 175 00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:13,240 Speaker 1: be in the naming committee? Or we could just keep 176 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:15,559 Speaker 1: using names of gods. You could have the Zeus particle 177 00:09:15,679 --> 00:09:20,920 Speaker 1: and the hero particle, the demigod particle. There you go, Yes, 178 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: you can be on the naming committee. In fact, I'm 179 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:25,960 Speaker 1: pretty sure you are. The naming committee. Oh good, does 180 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: it have any actual power? I don't know. Give it 181 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:31,800 Speaker 1: a powerful name. Call it the powerful naming Committee. There 182 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 1: you go, Yeah, the naming committee. There, just the name 183 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:38,360 Speaker 1: of the committee, the committee. There you go, well, this 184 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:40,520 Speaker 1: is a big question, and now I guess, and in 185 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:43,400 Speaker 1: particle physics is how many different kinds of Higgs bosons 186 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:46,000 Speaker 1: there are, which is pretty interesting. And so, as usually 187 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: we'll be were wondering how many people out there were 188 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:50,560 Speaker 1: even aware that there could be different kinds of Higgs 189 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: bosons out there. So Daniel went out there into the 190 00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: wilds of the internet to ask how many different Higgs 191 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 1: bosons are there? And so, if you would like to 192 00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:01,440 Speaker 1: be asked to questions about particle physics by a particle 193 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:04,880 Speaker 1: physicist without the opportunity to do any research whatsoever. If 194 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:06,959 Speaker 1: that sounds fun to you, then right to me. Two 195 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:10,280 Speaker 1: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Here's what people 196 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:13,640 Speaker 1: had to say. Honestly, I thought there was one, so one. 197 00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: I think it's just one. But I don't think I 198 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:22,160 Speaker 1: would be surprised and with them anymore. Since it is 199 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: begot particle, we never know what kind of mysteries and 200 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:29,560 Speaker 1: surprises it might be holding. I thought there was only one, 201 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: but given that you asked this question, I guess there's more. 202 00:10:34,679 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: This feels a little bit of like a trick question, 203 00:10:37,440 --> 00:10:40,320 Speaker 1: because as far as I know, there's only one Higgs Boson. 204 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:44,400 Speaker 1: But since there are the other ones are all coming paris, 205 00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:48,439 Speaker 1: like six quarks or six leptons, I'd say, no, I'm 206 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:51,000 Speaker 1: going to stick to one. I guess there's one higgs 207 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:55,319 Speaker 1: Boson and goes it goes forward and backwards in time, 208 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:58,680 Speaker 1: and there's only one Higgs Boson. People thought there were 209 00:10:58,720 --> 00:11:01,600 Speaker 1: there was only one and Tron that was responsible for 210 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:04,720 Speaker 1: the whole universe, you know, But it's it's not even electron. 211 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:10,120 Speaker 1: It's a higgs Boson that just builds everything. I thought 212 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:12,720 Speaker 1: there was only one's Higgs Boston. Isn't that the one 213 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:17,079 Speaker 1: that gives mass to particles? But after listening to your 214 00:11:17,080 --> 00:11:20,360 Speaker 1: show long enough, there's probably a negative and a positive, 215 00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:23,280 Speaker 1: and a left handed and right handed, and one that 216 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:26,160 Speaker 1: only appears on Fridays. But I thought there was only one. 217 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,800 Speaker 1: I think there's only one Higgs Boson because there's only 218 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:33,120 Speaker 1: one Peter Higgs. You imagined being it soon in the 219 00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:36,160 Speaker 1: Big Party after discovering Higgs Boson, and then Daniel in 220 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:39,520 Speaker 1: the Dark Hood comes by and tells Storry not so fast. 221 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,040 Speaker 1: There are actually fifteen more Higgs Bosons to discover. In 222 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: the standard model, there's like six quarks and like six leptons, 223 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:52,200 Speaker 1: so assuming it probably be about the same, maybe three 224 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:56,680 Speaker 1: higgs and like three anti higgs or something similar. Alright, 225 00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,199 Speaker 1: everyone seems surprised that there could be more than one. No, 226 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:02,360 Speaker 1: that's why I was hoping we could do this episode 227 00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:04,840 Speaker 1: to blow everyone's minds and open it up a little 228 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: bit to the entire world of possibilities about Higgs bosons. Well, 229 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 1: some people seem to sort of relate it to some 230 00:12:11,160 --> 00:12:13,480 Speaker 1: of the other versions of other particles. Like someone said, 231 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:16,760 Speaker 1: maybe there are anti Higgs bosons. Yes, very clever. That's 232 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:19,240 Speaker 1: exactly the kind of thinking that we need to be doing. 233 00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:23,160 Speaker 1: We see these patterns in the other particles that have pairs, right, 234 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: the electron neutrino or a pair the up in the 235 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,320 Speaker 1: down or a pair the electron and the anti electron 236 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,400 Speaker 1: are another kind of pair. Why doesn't the Higgs have 237 00:12:31,559 --> 00:12:35,680 Speaker 1: other particles it pairs with? Or does it? Right? Don't 238 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 1: dune done? That's the suspense music right there. Maybe there 239 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,440 Speaker 1: are many different kinds of Higgs boson. Would it be 240 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 1: then Higgs's Higgs's bosons? What would be the correct grammatical plural? 241 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,880 Speaker 1: I think it's like attorneys general, So it's higgs boson, Higgs, 242 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:53,480 Speaker 1: Higgs's or Higgs with the apostrophe. I don't know what 243 00:12:53,559 --> 00:12:55,320 Speaker 1: in the field we say Higgs is. We don't say 244 00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:59,240 Speaker 1: Higgs boson. We say Higgs's or Higgs bosons. Oh, I 245 00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: see you're in consistent. That's unusual. I'll take that. I'll 246 00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:05,439 Speaker 1: take that on the chin. Yeah, I wouldn't think you 247 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:08,080 Speaker 1: anywhere else. Well, let's take us step back here for 248 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:10,240 Speaker 1: maybe people who are not familiar with what even the 249 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:13,520 Speaker 1: Higgs boson is. So step us through what is the 250 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:17,040 Speaker 1: Higgs boson in the first place? Right, So, the Higgs 251 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:20,000 Speaker 1: boson is a particle, and as usual, a particle is 252 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:23,760 Speaker 1: really just evidence of the existence of a quantum field, 253 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:26,520 Speaker 1: like the electron exists. It's a particle, But that particle 254 00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:30,080 Speaker 1: really is just like the electron field getting excited in 255 00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:33,240 Speaker 1: a little spot. You inject some energy into the electron 256 00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:35,840 Speaker 1: field and you get an electron. So we think of 257 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 1: fields is filling space, and so the Higgs boson is 258 00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:42,920 Speaker 1: evidence that there exists this Higgs field, this thing where 259 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:45,640 Speaker 1: if you inject energy into it, a little Higgs boson 260 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:49,120 Speaker 1: pops out. I see, right, Like the whole universe is 261 00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:52,440 Speaker 1: filled with these fields. Every part of space has all 262 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:55,640 Speaker 1: of the fields. Every particle that can exist, every part 263 00:13:55,640 --> 00:13:57,800 Speaker 1: of space has all those fields all on top of 264 00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: each other. And when a particle exists point in space, 265 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:03,439 Speaker 1: what we really mean is one of those fields or 266 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:06,840 Speaker 1: several of them have some energy in them. And so 267 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:09,319 Speaker 1: we talk about the Higgs boson a lot, but really 268 00:14:09,360 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 1: the interesting thing is the Higgs field, because it's the 269 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:15,200 Speaker 1: Higgs field that does cool and fascinating stuff like giving 270 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:18,319 Speaker 1: mass to other particles. Right, that's the big headline for 271 00:14:18,360 --> 00:14:20,560 Speaker 1: the Higgs field and the Higgs boson. And so how 272 00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:23,120 Speaker 1: does it give mass to particles? It gives mass to 273 00:14:23,160 --> 00:14:26,240 Speaker 1: those particles by interacting with them. You have all these 274 00:14:26,280 --> 00:14:28,360 Speaker 1: different fields sort of stacked on top of each other 275 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 1: in space, but they don't ignore each other. They couple 276 00:14:30,920 --> 00:14:33,320 Speaker 1: with each other, They interact with each other. They slash 277 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:35,880 Speaker 1: energy back and forth and interfere with each other in 278 00:14:35,960 --> 00:14:39,000 Speaker 1: specific ways. And the Higgs field is different from all 279 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:41,560 Speaker 1: of the other fields and interacts with particles in a 280 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:44,640 Speaker 1: very different way, and it interacts with those particles in 281 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,560 Speaker 1: just the right way so that they moved through space 282 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: as if they had inertia. Right. So the particles, we 283 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:54,080 Speaker 1: think without the Higgs boson would have no mass, it 284 00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,800 Speaker 1: would be massless particles. The electron would be massless, just 285 00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:00,360 Speaker 1: like the photon. But because it interacts with the Higgs field, 286 00:15:00,600 --> 00:15:03,520 Speaker 1: it changes the way it moves through space. And one 287 00:15:03,520 --> 00:15:05,320 Speaker 1: way to think about that is, oh, it's moving through 288 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:09,240 Speaker 1: space interacting with the Higgs field. Another totally mathematically equivalent 289 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:11,760 Speaker 1: way to think about it is it's moving through space 290 00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:14,880 Speaker 1: and it has some mass, it has some inertia. Isn't 291 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:17,320 Speaker 1: more accurate than to say that the Higgs field gives 292 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:21,840 Speaker 1: particles inertia, not necessarily mass, yes, because when we talk 293 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:24,200 Speaker 1: about mass, it's like, what do you really mean by mass? 294 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:26,600 Speaker 1: Do I mean the thing that creates gravity? Or do 295 00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:29,480 Speaker 1: we mean the property of objects to resist a change 296 00:15:29,480 --> 00:15:32,880 Speaker 1: in their velocity? Right, something in motion stays in motion, 297 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,040 Speaker 1: something at rest stays at rest. That's really inertia we're 298 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:39,120 Speaker 1: talking about. So sometimes we call that inertial mass. And 299 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 1: so the Higgs field is responsible for inertial mass, like 300 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,880 Speaker 1: it's not responsible for giving things gravity exactly, it's not 301 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,520 Speaker 1: responsible for giving things gravity. You can have inertial mass 302 00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:51,640 Speaker 1: of a particle if it's out there in the middle 303 00:15:51,680 --> 00:15:54,800 Speaker 1: of space, not interacting with anything else with no gravity 304 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:56,840 Speaker 1: at all, and so the Higgs has really nothing to 305 00:15:56,880 --> 00:15:59,440 Speaker 1: do with gravity, right, So the reason I can't get 306 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 1: up in the more ing is because of the Higgs field, right, 307 00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,280 Speaker 1: The reason I can't run faster is because of the 308 00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:07,880 Speaker 1: Higgs field, But the reason I can't jump higher is 309 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:10,640 Speaker 1: something totally different. That's right. You can always find somebody 310 00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:12,680 Speaker 1: to blame, I'm sure. But also the Higgs field is 311 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:14,960 Speaker 1: the reason you're around, so it gets some credit as well, 312 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:18,320 Speaker 1: all right, So then that's how it's important. It gives 313 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:21,160 Speaker 1: things inertial mass, and I guess without inertial mass, things 314 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:23,680 Speaker 1: would be just kind of crazy, right, things, It would 315 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:25,640 Speaker 1: just be flying around at the speed of light all 316 00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:28,400 Speaker 1: the time. Yeah, things would definitely be very different. It's 317 00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:31,680 Speaker 1: possible to have a universe without inertial mass, like the 318 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,680 Speaker 1: Higgs field gives things mass because it's sort of stuck 319 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: at this weird value for a reason we don't understand, 320 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:41,040 Speaker 1: and if that value collapsed down to zero, particles wouldn't 321 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:43,160 Speaker 1: have mass anymore. And we talked about this in a 322 00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:46,400 Speaker 1: whole episode about could the Higgs field destroy the universe, 323 00:16:46,840 --> 00:16:48,560 Speaker 1: And it's not like it would destroy the universe but 324 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:51,000 Speaker 1: it would make for a very very different universe. If 325 00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:53,360 Speaker 1: the electron had no mass and up in the down 326 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 1: corps had no mass, the laws of physics and chemistry 327 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: and biology would just be totally different. So the reason 328 00:16:59,160 --> 00:17:01,280 Speaker 1: the universe is the way it is is because the 329 00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: Higgs field exists and has a certain amount of energy 330 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 1: sort of built into it, giving mass to all these particles, right, 331 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: giving all the particles inertia, and so without inertia, thinks, 332 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:12,960 Speaker 1: which is zip around at top speed basically right, Yeah, 333 00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:15,760 Speaker 1: electrons would move at the speed of light exactly, Yeah, 334 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:18,679 Speaker 1: and courts to everything, right, everything, all of it, all right, 335 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:21,320 Speaker 1: And so it also links to the big forces, the 336 00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: Higgs field, that's right. The reason that we think the 337 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:28,520 Speaker 1: Higgs exists came out of the attempt to combine electromagnetism, 338 00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:31,080 Speaker 1: which is the force you're responsible for light and for 339 00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:33,359 Speaker 1: magnetism and for lightning and all that kind of stuff, 340 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:37,200 Speaker 1: with this other weird little force, the weak nuclear force 341 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:39,919 Speaker 1: that usually you think about in terms of like radioactive 342 00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:42,720 Speaker 1: decay and this kind of stuff, but it's actually very 343 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 1: closely connected to electromagnetism. People realize that if you stuck 344 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:50,240 Speaker 1: these two things together, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. 345 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,040 Speaker 1: You made a single, larger concept, which they called electroweak, 346 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:58,000 Speaker 1: which had some really nice mathematical properties. So that suggested 347 00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:01,920 Speaker 1: that electromagnetism and the Week four are not totally separate ideas. 348 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,639 Speaker 1: They're really just sort of two sides of the same coin, 349 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:07,040 Speaker 1: and it made more sense to think about them together. 350 00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:09,120 Speaker 1: But when people tried to do that, they ran into 351 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: a problem. They're like, hold on a second, there's some 352 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: big differences between electromagnetism and the weak force. For example, 353 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:18,639 Speaker 1: the photon doesn't have any mass, but the particles that 354 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:21,200 Speaker 1: convey the weak force, the ws and the Z, are 355 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:24,920 Speaker 1: really heavy. So how could you possibly have these two 356 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,240 Speaker 1: forces be linked together? And the Higgs is the answer 357 00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:31,560 Speaker 1: to that puzzle. The Higgs came out of that puzzle. 358 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:35,120 Speaker 1: People hypothesized, maybe we need a particle like the Higgs 359 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: to answer that puzzle. Yeah, that's how you sort of 360 00:18:37,680 --> 00:18:40,160 Speaker 1: thought or knew that it was going to be there, 361 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,160 Speaker 1: and then in twelve they actually found it. You build 362 00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:46,080 Speaker 1: this giant collider and then you hit particles together and 363 00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: out came the Higgs. Yeah, it's a really cool sort 364 00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:52,159 Speaker 1: of triumph of theoretical physics. They were just looking at 365 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:55,280 Speaker 1: these patterns of the particles and noticing, wow, you could 366 00:18:55,320 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: fit these particles together into a larger pattern, but then 367 00:18:58,080 --> 00:19:00,760 Speaker 1: you need this one other piece for it to really 368 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:03,159 Speaker 1: click together and make sense. And then we went out 369 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,480 Speaker 1: and looked for it, and took about fifty years before 370 00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,159 Speaker 1: we were able to create the conditions necessary to have 371 00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:11,320 Speaker 1: a Higgs boson that we could see and study and understand. 372 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 1: But yeah, then we found it's real. It's actually part 373 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 1: of the universe. Yeah, you can see it like as 374 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,480 Speaker 1: a blip on grab and stuff like, it's there. It's 375 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:21,560 Speaker 1: part of reality for sure. It's part of reality for sure. 376 00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:23,879 Speaker 1: And so you found one, and so the big question 377 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,120 Speaker 1: is could there be more? Could there be more than 378 00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:31,320 Speaker 1: one kind of Higgs boson? So let's get into why 379 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:33,920 Speaker 1: we think we need more Higgs bosons and how will 380 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:49,480 Speaker 1: we ever find them? But first let's take a quick break. Alright, 381 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:53,440 Speaker 1: we're talking about the Higgs boson is the most plural 382 00:19:53,520 --> 00:19:56,119 Speaker 1: of the Higgs bosons. Then you're saying there could be 383 00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:58,400 Speaker 1: more than one, and why do we think there could 384 00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:00,400 Speaker 1: be more than one? We think there might be more 385 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 1: than one Higgs boson? Because we get a clue when 386 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:06,240 Speaker 1: we look at the weak nuclear force. So the Higgs 387 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:08,840 Speaker 1: boson is the thing that connects the weak nuclear force 388 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: with electromagnetism, right, which means it's sort of part of 389 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: the week nuclear force. It talks to the weak nuclear force, 390 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:17,919 Speaker 1: and the weak force has these really interesting structures like 391 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,119 Speaker 1: we were talking about before, It tends to pair particles 392 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:25,000 Speaker 1: together into these things we call doublets. For example, the 393 00:20:25,119 --> 00:20:28,640 Speaker 1: up cork and the down cork are connected together by 394 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:32,080 Speaker 1: the weak nuclear force. Like when a W boson decays, 395 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:35,280 Speaker 1: it decays into that pair and up and down, or 396 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:38,520 Speaker 1: decays to an electron and a neutrino, sort of the 397 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:41,000 Speaker 1: same way you think about like a particle and an 398 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,280 Speaker 1: anti particle being paired, because a photon can decay to 399 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:46,840 Speaker 1: a particle and an antiparticle in the same way a 400 00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:49,320 Speaker 1: W can decay into like an up and a down. 401 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 1: So this is one doublet. For example. We call these 402 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:55,040 Speaker 1: particles with the pair them together, we call them a DOUBLET. 403 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:57,320 Speaker 1: But we have lots of these doublets in the weak force, 404 00:20:57,359 --> 00:21:00,119 Speaker 1: and so very simply we just ask, like, maybe we 405 00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:03,520 Speaker 1: have more than one Higgs doublet. Maybe there are more copies. 406 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:05,840 Speaker 1: Just like, there are copies of the electron, and there 407 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: are copies of the corks. I see just from being 408 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:11,280 Speaker 1: associated with the weak force. You think that, hey, maybe 409 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:14,680 Speaker 1: the Higgs also has a twin out there, because most 410 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,000 Speaker 1: things that feel the weak force or interact with the 411 00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:20,560 Speaker 1: weak force have a twin. Yeah, and they have more 412 00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:23,960 Speaker 1: than one twin, right, The electron has two twins. There's 413 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,880 Speaker 1: the muan and there's the tow. The upper cork has 414 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: two twins also, the charm and the top. And it's 415 00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:33,520 Speaker 1: intriguing that both of those have exactly two twins, right, 416 00:21:33,560 --> 00:21:36,240 Speaker 1: And so then we wonder, like, why is Higgs different? 417 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:39,119 Speaker 1: Maybe it's the same. One of the games of particle 418 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:42,399 Speaker 1: physics is looking for patterns, for symmetries, for connections, and 419 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: drawing inspiration from one part and applying it to another 420 00:21:44,960 --> 00:21:47,440 Speaker 1: and asking like, why is this different? Maybe it's not. 421 00:21:47,680 --> 00:21:50,520 Speaker 1: I guess not all particles have these twins. Some particles 422 00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:53,119 Speaker 1: don't have twins. But you're saying the ones that feel 423 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: the weak force or interact with the weak fource do, well, 424 00:21:56,359 --> 00:21:58,520 Speaker 1: all the particles interact with the weak force. There's no 425 00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:01,240 Speaker 1: particle out there that doesn't interact with the weak force 426 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:04,680 Speaker 1: except maybe the gluon. I guess what about I guess like, 427 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:07,439 Speaker 1: the photon doesn't doesn't the photon does interact with the 428 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,320 Speaker 1: weak force. Yeah, if, for example, can decay into a 429 00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:13,200 Speaker 1: pair of W bosons, right, the photon can turn into 430 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,920 Speaker 1: a W plus and a W minus. So the weak 431 00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:18,280 Speaker 1: force is super duper weak, but it's fastening because it 432 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:21,240 Speaker 1: basically touches everything. But the photons don't have a twin, 433 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:23,600 Speaker 1: but we think maybe the Higgs might have a twin. Yeah, 434 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:25,320 Speaker 1: you're right. Photons don't have a twin as far as 435 00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:27,960 Speaker 1: we know, and we don't know if there are other 436 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:30,000 Speaker 1: kinds of particles out there, and so the Higgs might 437 00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:32,760 Speaker 1: have a twin. And we have some hints from theoretical 438 00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:36,280 Speaker 1: physics that suggests that some other problems might be solved 439 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:40,640 Speaker 1: if there were more Higgs bosons. Interesting, so you're saying 440 00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:44,080 Speaker 1: the god particle might have a god twin. Yeah, there 441 00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 1: might be more gods, right, Particle physics might be polytheistic 442 00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:49,639 Speaker 1: after all. All right, Well, maybe step us through. What 443 00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:53,040 Speaker 1: are some of the main reasons why we think that 444 00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:55,880 Speaker 1: the Higgs boson could have these twins? All right, so 445 00:22:56,119 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: my first and favorite reason is, just like why not. 446 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:01,480 Speaker 1: You know, I guess we said this already, but I 447 00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:03,879 Speaker 1: just want to underscore it, like we just don't really 448 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:08,879 Speaker 1: know what's out there, and particle physics is about exploration, right, 449 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:11,400 Speaker 1: We are going out there, we are looking for surprises. 450 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,760 Speaker 1: You never know when you turn on a collider what's 451 00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: going to pop out, and so we've got to keep 452 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:17,720 Speaker 1: an open mind. And when you find one of something, 453 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:20,679 Speaker 1: there might always be other copies. And so it seems 454 00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:23,920 Speaker 1: to me like a great idea to sort of symmetrize 455 00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:26,720 Speaker 1: the Standard model and add these other copies of the 456 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,399 Speaker 1: Higgs boson in the same way. But we also have 457 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:33,560 Speaker 1: extensions of the Standard Model, other problems in the Standard 458 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,479 Speaker 1: Model that we're trying to solve by thinking about what 459 00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:39,040 Speaker 1: other new particles might be out there. One of them is, 460 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:42,560 Speaker 1: for example, supersymmetry. This is the one that looks at 461 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,480 Speaker 1: the fermions in the Standard model, the matter particles and 462 00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:48,560 Speaker 1: the bosons, the force particles, and wonders like, why do 463 00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,480 Speaker 1: we have two different kinds of particles? We have these 464 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 1: matter particles and these forest particles. Why two different kinds 465 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:58,640 Speaker 1: And it suggests like, well, maybe there's some symmetry there. 466 00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:03,119 Speaker 1: Maybe for every force particle, there's some matter particle we 467 00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: haven't found yet that's like a partner of it. And 468 00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:09,280 Speaker 1: for every matter particle, there's some force particle we haven't 469 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:12,000 Speaker 1: found yet that's sort of the partner of it. So 470 00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:14,480 Speaker 1: it says like, maybe there's this whole copy of the 471 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:17,560 Speaker 1: Standard Model all these other particles out there that are 472 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: too heavy for us to have seen yet but might 473 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:23,159 Speaker 1: still exist. So this is a very popular idea in 474 00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,400 Speaker 1: particle physics. It's called supersymmetry, and this is an extension 475 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:28,359 Speaker 1: of the Standard Model that would solve a bunch of 476 00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:32,240 Speaker 1: theoretical problems. And if you have supersymmetry, then you definitely 477 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:34,840 Speaker 1: need to have more Higgs bosons. I see, like, maybe 478 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:38,480 Speaker 1: there's a supersymmetric version of the Higgs out there, Yes, exactly, 479 00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,399 Speaker 1: why not? Why not? And the super fun thing is 480 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:45,120 Speaker 1: that the supersymmetric versions of these particles take the original 481 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:48,399 Speaker 1: name and add a little modification. So, for example, if 482 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:51,400 Speaker 1: you take a boson and you make a supersymmetric fermion, 483 00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:54,720 Speaker 1: you add eno to the end. So a Higgs boson 484 00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:58,679 Speaker 1: in the Standard model has a Higgs n no in supersymmetry. 485 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,640 Speaker 1: And so we're talking about eggist and higgsinos all the time. 486 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:04,640 Speaker 1: That's the most exciting part for you, starring that there's 487 00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:07,640 Speaker 1: something called a higgsino. Yeah, these are fun words to say. 488 00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:09,639 Speaker 1: You know, you've got to find pleasure in the daily 489 00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:12,840 Speaker 1: craft sometimes, and so zeno and we know, and higgsino 490 00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:15,280 Speaker 1: and photino. These are fun words to say. They also 491 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: sound like cheb or D flavors. Why not? I think 492 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,240 Speaker 1: you should make that the title of your next physics proposal, Daniel, 493 00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:25,760 Speaker 1: why not give me ten million dollars? Why? Why not? 494 00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:28,080 Speaker 1: Whether I might as well ask for ten billion? You know? 495 00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:31,639 Speaker 1: Because why why not? Yeah? Why not? Should be the 496 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:34,480 Speaker 1: title of our next book? Why not? And the key 497 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,639 Speaker 1: thing in supersymmetry is that we are creating other particles, 498 00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:41,240 Speaker 1: but also other kinds of particles. This is like another 499 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: way to reflect our particles. We see this all over 500 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,320 Speaker 1: the place in particle physics, that particles have these reflections, 501 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,280 Speaker 1: Like the electron has this reflection in its anti particle. 502 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,160 Speaker 1: It has reflection in the muan and in the tao 503 00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:56,240 Speaker 1: has reflection in the electron neutrino, and so this is 504 00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:59,400 Speaker 1: like another direction in which you can reflect the electron. 505 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:02,560 Speaker 1: The tron has this reflection now in the supersymmetric version 506 00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:05,639 Speaker 1: of it, the selectron, but because the selectron is different 507 00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:09,040 Speaker 1: from the electron, it needs a different kind of Higgs boson. Yeah, 508 00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: there's all these different ways to like find symmetries in 509 00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:15,679 Speaker 1: physics and particle physics to reflect particles, and so you're 510 00:26:15,720 --> 00:26:18,359 Speaker 1: saying one of them is the supersymmetry. There are others 511 00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:21,200 Speaker 1: ways though, right, Yeah, there's lots of ways to look 512 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:23,919 Speaker 1: for these symmetries, especially when we see things that we 513 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:28,679 Speaker 1: don't understand. And sometimes we see something some behavior between 514 00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:31,160 Speaker 1: the particles and it looks like they're obeying a rule, 515 00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:33,879 Speaker 1: but we don't know what that rule is or why 516 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:37,359 Speaker 1: that rule exists. For example, something we see sometimes in 517 00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:40,320 Speaker 1: particle physics is violation of some symmetries, like the weak 518 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:44,000 Speaker 1: force violates this symmetry we call parity, which says basically, 519 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:47,399 Speaker 1: if you invert the whole universe into a mirror, do 520 00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:51,000 Speaker 1: the laws of physics change? And the weak force violates that, 521 00:26:51,280 --> 00:26:54,119 Speaker 1: which is really strange. But this kind of violation doesn't 522 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:57,280 Speaker 1: appear in other parts of the standard model, specifically when 523 00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:01,080 Speaker 1: you're talking about corks. You don't get these kinds of violations. 524 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:03,000 Speaker 1: And so we don't understand why, Like, why do you 525 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:06,080 Speaker 1: see sometimes these violations in the leptons but not in 526 00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:08,800 Speaker 1: the corks where these things seem really similar and the 527 00:27:08,880 --> 00:27:11,359 Speaker 1: rules seem really similar. Why is it broken here and 528 00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:14,520 Speaker 1: not there? And so people invented other particles like the 529 00:27:14,560 --> 00:27:17,600 Speaker 1: axion to try to protect these symmetries, to say, well, 530 00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:20,600 Speaker 1: this maybe explains why it happens over here in the 531 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,120 Speaker 1: leftons but not in the corks. And if you want 532 00:27:23,119 --> 00:27:25,280 Speaker 1: more details about the axon, we have a whole podcast 533 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:29,359 Speaker 1: episode about this crazy particle named after a detergent. Well 534 00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:32,719 Speaker 1: least it's a clean name, you know. So how how 535 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:36,000 Speaker 1: would the Higgs explain the axon? Like, how would new 536 00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:40,080 Speaker 1: kinds of Higgs bosons you know, resolve this axon problem? Well, 537 00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:42,680 Speaker 1: actually you need a Higgs boson in order to let 538 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:46,160 Speaker 1: the axon resolve this problem. Like, the axon is something 539 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,240 Speaker 1: which exists in the early universe as the sort of 540 00:27:49,240 --> 00:27:52,119 Speaker 1: the universe is relaxing. Remember we think about the universe 541 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:55,159 Speaker 1: is like starting out really hot and high energy and 542 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,280 Speaker 1: then sort of cooling down to the universe that we 543 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:01,200 Speaker 1: have today. Well, we think that when universe was really 544 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,679 Speaker 1: hot and dense, that it wasn't just like um higher temperature. 545 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:08,080 Speaker 1: We think that basically there were different laws of physics, 546 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:11,119 Speaker 1: not because somebody has changed the simulation, but just because 547 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:15,000 Speaker 1: in different conditions you get different effective laws. Like the 548 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,720 Speaker 1: way fluid flows is different if the water is cold 549 00:28:17,960 --> 00:28:20,639 Speaker 1: or if the water is frozen, right, the fluid doesn't flow, 550 00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:22,320 Speaker 1: So you need sort of like the different sets of 551 00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:25,320 Speaker 1: laws for different conditions. And so we think that like 552 00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:28,239 Speaker 1: the original set of laws sort of like cracked and 553 00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:31,240 Speaker 1: broke into our set of laws in a very specific way, 554 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:33,919 Speaker 1: and the Axion protects it and make sure that it 555 00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:37,000 Speaker 1: happens in this way to protect the corks so they 556 00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:39,800 Speaker 1: don't violate this symmetry. But for the Axion to do that, 557 00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,200 Speaker 1: there has to be a second special Higgs boson that 558 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: only the Axion can talk to. Interesting like Higgs, but 559 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:49,600 Speaker 1: only for the axion. Yeah, exactly, like an action Higgs. 560 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,080 Speaker 1: That's right, a fitter version of the Higgs that doesn't 561 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:56,880 Speaker 1: sit around all day eating chips and watching TV. The 562 00:28:56,920 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: movie Start Twin. You know, there's always to the to twins, 563 00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:04,040 Speaker 1: the Hollywood Higgs. Yeah, that's right, the Arnold trash Neger Twin. 564 00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:06,160 Speaker 1: Not that Danny de Vito twin. But that's not maybe 565 00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:09,120 Speaker 1: even the most interesting or compelling reason why we might 566 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:12,680 Speaker 1: need more higgs bosons. There's more. There's more, of course, 567 00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:15,480 Speaker 1: why not. In the end, all these Higgs bosons are 568 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: trying to solve like problems we see in particle physics, 569 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,960 Speaker 1: and one of the deepest ones is this question of 570 00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:24,600 Speaker 1: why is everything we see out there made of matter 571 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:27,760 Speaker 1: and not anti matter? Right? I made of matter, You're 572 00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,520 Speaker 1: made of matter. We both matter. But when we look 573 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:33,040 Speaker 1: at particle physics, there seems to be this symmetry. There's 574 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:37,200 Speaker 1: no like preference for matter or anti matter. There are electrons, 575 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,480 Speaker 1: but there are also a positrons. Every particle has an antiparticle. 576 00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:43,000 Speaker 1: So why is the universe seemed to be made out 577 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 1: of matter instead of antimatter. We're looking through the laws 578 00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:49,760 Speaker 1: of physics force on preference, but we really haven't found any, 579 00:29:49,960 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 1: and so people think, like back in the very beginning, 580 00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: when the Big Bang happened, there was equivalent amounts of 581 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:57,760 Speaker 1: matter and anti matter made. But if that was the case, 582 00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:00,040 Speaker 1: then you know, the whole universe should have basically is 583 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: annihilated itself into a lot of photons. Clearly that didn't 584 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:05,960 Speaker 1: happen because you and I are here. So we're looking 585 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:09,840 Speaker 1: for like a preference to create matter over antimatter, and 586 00:30:09,880 --> 00:30:13,200 Speaker 1: we haven't found one yet. So this is totally unexplained. 587 00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:16,320 Speaker 1: But if you add a bunch more Higgs bosons to 588 00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: your theory, then you create all these ways for matter 589 00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:24,040 Speaker 1: to be preferred over antimatter. You create all these processes 590 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,120 Speaker 1: that prefer to create matter rather than antimatter. And so 591 00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:29,479 Speaker 1: it just sort of gives us a bunch more like 592 00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,160 Speaker 1: knobs to tweak on our theory to allow us to 593 00:30:32,160 --> 00:30:35,840 Speaker 1: potentially explain this matter antimatter asymmetry. I see, it's sort 594 00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:37,840 Speaker 1: of like there's stuff you can't explain, so you just 595 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:41,040 Speaker 1: make stuff up. Generally, what I'm hearing from you here 596 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,040 Speaker 1: is that what physicists do. That's exactly the job description, 597 00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:47,880 Speaker 1: and last time it worked, right. That's basically how we 598 00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:51,560 Speaker 1: found the Higgs boson. We couldn't explain why the WS 599 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:53,760 Speaker 1: and disease were heavy and the photon was not, so 600 00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:55,680 Speaker 1: we came up with the Higgs boson to explain it, 601 00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:58,160 Speaker 1: and it turned out to be real. Now, you know, 602 00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:01,320 Speaker 1: that's one example out of the many thousands of ideas 603 00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:03,560 Speaker 1: we've had which turned out to not be real. But 604 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:05,520 Speaker 1: that's sort the job. I mean, you're talking to a 605 00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:08,240 Speaker 1: cartoons it's my job to make stuff up. So I'm 606 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:11,000 Speaker 1: all for using your imagination here. But yeah, So the 607 00:31:11,120 --> 00:31:14,920 Speaker 1: is the idea then that maybe these new undiscovered types 608 00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:19,960 Speaker 1: of Higgs bosons might explain this imbalance between matter and antimatter, 609 00:31:20,040 --> 00:31:24,640 Speaker 1: Like maybe these mystery higgs bosons somehow let us make 610 00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,960 Speaker 1: more matter than antimatter. Yeah, these other Higgs bosons would 611 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:32,360 Speaker 1: be free to violate CP symmetry. We talked earlier about 612 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,880 Speaker 1: parody symmetry. That's P that says, take the universe and 613 00:31:35,920 --> 00:31:38,080 Speaker 1: inverted in a mirror, do you get the same laws 614 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:42,160 Speaker 1: of physics? C means take the universe and change all 615 00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: the particles to antiparticles. So CP means take the universe 616 00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:50,480 Speaker 1: inverted in a mirror, take all the particles, make them antiparticles. 617 00:31:50,760 --> 00:31:53,600 Speaker 1: Do the same laws apply? And the reason we're talking 618 00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:55,800 Speaker 1: about that is because if you have a process that 619 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,800 Speaker 1: violates CP symmetry, then you can create more matter than 620 00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:02,920 Speaker 1: time matter. And a bunch of these new, extra complicated, 621 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,480 Speaker 1: fancy Hollywood higgs bosons are capable of doing just that, 622 00:32:06,880 --> 00:32:10,400 Speaker 1: and so they can explain why in the early universe 623 00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:13,680 Speaker 1: when matter and antimatter were created equally, some of that 624 00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:17,440 Speaker 1: annihilation turned back into just matter instead of anti matter. 625 00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:20,240 Speaker 1: And we are here today. So if that's true, then 626 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:23,320 Speaker 1: we extra the Higgs boson for our existence. You might 627 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:26,520 Speaker 1: even want to call the God particles because it's so 628 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:30,240 Speaker 1: so important, the God's particles, or would this be the 629 00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:34,360 Speaker 1: anti God particles? Yeah? Thankically, would you have to call 630 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:36,840 Speaker 1: this one the anti Higgs boson? Yeah, some of these 631 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:40,040 Speaker 1: particles have charges, right, you have charged Higgs boson, So 632 00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:42,520 Speaker 1: you can have H plus, you can have H minus, 633 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: and they could be anti particles of each other, and 634 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:48,400 Speaker 1: you could have Higgs Higgs annihilation, all sorts of crazy stuff. 635 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:55,640 Speaker 1: It's gonna make great TV action anti Higgs boson. The 636 00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:58,720 Speaker 1: scripts just write themselves. All right, Well, that's pretty cool, 637 00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:01,320 Speaker 1: and so let's get into how we might ever find 638 00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:03,920 Speaker 1: these new types of Higgs in it, or if we 639 00:33:03,960 --> 00:33:07,000 Speaker 1: will ever and why did it all means? But first, 640 00:33:07,040 --> 00:33:22,600 Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. Alright, we're talking about different 641 00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: kinds of Higgs bosons. There might be not just one 642 00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:29,040 Speaker 1: Higgs boson, but maybe multiple kinds of Higgs bosons, ones 643 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:32,640 Speaker 1: that explain the different symmetries we see in other particles, 644 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:36,520 Speaker 1: or maybe even explain why we're here and not anti 645 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,040 Speaker 1: versions of us. So, Daniel, I guess the big question 646 00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:41,320 Speaker 1: is are people looking for these new higgs and how 647 00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:43,160 Speaker 1: are they looking for them? And do you think we'll 648 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:46,160 Speaker 1: ever find them? Yeah, we are definitely looking for them. 649 00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:48,760 Speaker 1: As soon as we started looking for the Higgs boson, 650 00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:52,920 Speaker 1: we were actually simultaneously looking for other Higgs bosons as well. 651 00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:55,360 Speaker 1: You know, we didn't know at the time was there 652 00:33:55,360 --> 00:33:57,840 Speaker 1: one Higgs boson, Was there even any Higgs boson in 653 00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:00,520 Speaker 1: our universe, and so we were open to lots of 654 00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:03,520 Speaker 1: different ideas and a bunch of theories predicted that we 655 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:05,400 Speaker 1: wouldn't just find one Higgs boson it once, that we 656 00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:07,760 Speaker 1: would find a bunch all at the same time. But 657 00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,480 Speaker 1: we only found the one so far. That doesn't mean 658 00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:12,759 Speaker 1: that there aren't more, and so we are looking for 659 00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:15,279 Speaker 1: them at the large hGe On collider all the time, 660 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,280 Speaker 1: very actively, Yeah, meaning like you're looking at the collisions 661 00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:21,360 Speaker 1: and you're looking for strange things that pop out or 662 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:23,919 Speaker 1: that don't match what you think you will see. Yeah, 663 00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,680 Speaker 1: what we do is we smash the protons together and 664 00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:30,040 Speaker 1: hope that new interesting particles are created. Right, we can't 665 00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:33,880 Speaker 1: control what happens when two protons smashed together. Quantum mechanics 666 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:37,879 Speaker 1: decides from the list of possibilities what gets made. And 667 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,640 Speaker 1: if we have enough energy so that like a heavy 668 00:34:40,719 --> 00:34:44,400 Speaker 1: Higgs boson, a crazy new Higgs boson is on the menu, 669 00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:46,920 Speaker 1: then sometimes it will be made, and then we can 670 00:34:46,960 --> 00:34:49,480 Speaker 1: look for its distinctive pattern because we think we know 671 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:51,920 Speaker 1: what that would look like. We think, for example, that 672 00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:54,480 Speaker 1: there might be a Higgs boson that has positive to 673 00:34:54,840 --> 00:34:59,120 Speaker 1: electric charge Higgs plus plus, and that would decay to 674 00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:01,799 Speaker 1: another particle and the other particles and it would leave 675 00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,120 Speaker 1: sort of a distinctive spray in our detectors. So that's 676 00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:07,000 Speaker 1: the kind of thing that we are looking for. Wait, 677 00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:10,719 Speaker 1: what like the Higgs would have double positive charge. Yeah, 678 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:13,400 Speaker 1: there would be many of these higgs is. The thing is, 679 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:16,080 Speaker 1: once you start adding higgses, you very quickly get a 680 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:19,640 Speaker 1: lot more Higgs because you might not be aware. But 681 00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:23,040 Speaker 1: in the standard model, our current theory, we actually secretly 682 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,799 Speaker 1: have four higgs is, not just one. Wait what the 683 00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:30,759 Speaker 1: theory already predicts four higgses. The theory predicts four higgs is, 684 00:35:30,960 --> 00:35:34,800 Speaker 1: but three of them got eaten. So the W plus, 685 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,640 Speaker 1: the W minus, and the Z boson eight three of 686 00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:41,160 Speaker 1: the Higgs bosons. That's how they got their math. What 687 00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,799 Speaker 1: do you mean they got eaten? What does that even mean? 688 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:46,360 Speaker 1: It means that in a universe without a Higgs field, 689 00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:49,080 Speaker 1: you would have not have the W plus, the W minus, 690 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:51,239 Speaker 1: and the z boson. You have other particles that were 691 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:54,960 Speaker 1: like pure electroweak particles, but the Higgs field is there, 692 00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:58,480 Speaker 1: creates four particles, and three of those combined with the 693 00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:01,279 Speaker 1: W plus, the W minus the z to make these 694 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:04,680 Speaker 1: like weird mixtures of particles. So the W plus is 695 00:36:04,719 --> 00:36:07,840 Speaker 1: not just actually a week boson, it's a week boson 696 00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:10,640 Speaker 1: mixed in with a bunch of Higgs boson, and that's 697 00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:13,799 Speaker 1: why it has mass. Whoa wait, what does it mean 698 00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:17,640 Speaker 1: for quantum fields to make like they act together they 699 00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:20,200 Speaker 1: merge into one? What does that even mean? It means 700 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:21,799 Speaker 1: that they act together. You know that you can have, 701 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:24,920 Speaker 1: for example, superpositions of different states, right, You can have 702 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:29,359 Speaker 1: like an electron is partially spin up and partially spin down. Well, 703 00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:33,520 Speaker 1: a W plus boson is partially pure electro weak field 704 00:36:33,560 --> 00:36:36,719 Speaker 1: and partially one of these Higgs boson fields. In the 705 00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:38,239 Speaker 1: standard model. You have. One of these is called the 706 00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:41,960 Speaker 1: Higgs doublet that actually gives you four Higgs bosons. Three 707 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,760 Speaker 1: of them get eaten by the W plus, the W minus, 708 00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:46,960 Speaker 1: and the Z and one of them is left over. 709 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,680 Speaker 1: That's the one that we found. So what happens if 710 00:36:49,719 --> 00:36:52,600 Speaker 1: you add a second Higgs doublet, Well, you get four 711 00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:55,000 Speaker 1: more Higgs bosons. So you can't just go up from 712 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:57,879 Speaker 1: like one higgs boson to two. You go from four 713 00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:01,000 Speaker 1: to eight, five of which would now be visible because 714 00:37:01,040 --> 00:37:02,960 Speaker 1: three of them have been eaten. Well, once you go, hey, 715 00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:05,239 Speaker 1: you gotta go full higgs. Like you get a order 716 00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,680 Speaker 1: the whole family. The whole family comes to visit at 717 00:37:07,719 --> 00:37:12,080 Speaker 1: Saint It's family style everything at the Higgs boson restaurant. 718 00:37:12,360 --> 00:37:14,480 Speaker 1: And so some of these new higgs is would be 719 00:37:14,640 --> 00:37:18,080 Speaker 1: positively charged, negatively charged. Some of them might have plus 720 00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: two charges, right, Higgs plus plus. And that's not something 721 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,400 Speaker 1: we've ever seen before, the particle with positive to electric charge. 722 00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: So then what are you saying that we have found 723 00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:29,640 Speaker 1: other higgs. But they're just kind of I don't know, 724 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:32,600 Speaker 1: they're part of the other the W boson, do you 725 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:34,160 Speaker 1: know what I mean? Like we have them, they're just 726 00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:37,960 Speaker 1: kind of like, you know, part of these other particles. Yeah, exactly, 727 00:37:38,120 --> 00:37:40,160 Speaker 1: that's a nice way to say it. We found this 728 00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,200 Speaker 1: one independent Higgs boson, and it's three sort of siblings 729 00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:46,239 Speaker 1: got eaten by the other one, so we know that 730 00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:48,840 Speaker 1: they are there. If they weren't there, then the W 731 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,239 Speaker 1: and the Z would also have zero mass and the 732 00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:55,040 Speaker 1: weak force wouldn't be very weak. Well, maybe eating is 733 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:56,640 Speaker 1: just maybe not the right way to say. It's just 734 00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,120 Speaker 1: like it got merged, or it is part of these 735 00:37:59,120 --> 00:38:02,400 Speaker 1: other particles that's to eat, is how the theoretical physicists 736 00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:04,839 Speaker 1: call it. They say that these degrees of freedom got 737 00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:07,840 Speaker 1: eaten by the ws and disease, and so that's the 738 00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:10,520 Speaker 1: way they like to talk about it. Locked in maybe 739 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:13,279 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like it didn't get digested. 740 00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:17,000 Speaker 1: It's just there's but it's just not free. It's not independent. Yeah, 741 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:18,920 Speaker 1: it's not free. It's not independent, which means it's not 742 00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:21,640 Speaker 1: its own field that you can create in a collider 743 00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:24,160 Speaker 1: and study. So those are you might never see, but 744 00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:27,120 Speaker 1: you could maybe see other kinds of independent higgs. Yea, 745 00:38:27,239 --> 00:38:29,759 Speaker 1: if you make another doublet, there's no more ws and 746 00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:31,959 Speaker 1: zas to eat parts of them or to absorb parts 747 00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:33,600 Speaker 1: of them, or whatever your word you want to use, 748 00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:36,560 Speaker 1: and so all the four particles from that doublet would 749 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:40,319 Speaker 1: then be free to make new Higgs fields, and so 750 00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:43,200 Speaker 1: those might be out there. There might be two Higgs doublets, 751 00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:46,000 Speaker 1: meaning that there would be a total of five free 752 00:38:46,080 --> 00:38:49,319 Speaker 1: Higgs bosons running around the universe, or there might be 753 00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:53,279 Speaker 1: three Higgs doublets, which would give you nine Higgs bosons 754 00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:56,279 Speaker 1: free to run around the universe. And we could make 755 00:38:56,320 --> 00:38:59,520 Speaker 1: these at the particle collider if we had enough energy 756 00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,320 Speaker 1: to read them and study them. That's always the key 757 00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,239 Speaker 1: with particle colliders. So maybe the question is not like 758 00:39:05,719 --> 00:39:08,719 Speaker 1: does the Higgs boson have other versions? It does, but 759 00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,040 Speaker 1: it's like how many free versions does it have that 760 00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:13,600 Speaker 1: we might be able to see on their own exactly? 761 00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:15,799 Speaker 1: So far we've only seen the one free Higgs, but 762 00:39:15,880 --> 00:39:18,359 Speaker 1: there could be other ones running around. Well, you might 763 00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:23,480 Speaker 1: have to pay for those, right, Higgs max you can upgrade. 764 00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:27,200 Speaker 1: You gotta pay for the it's a subscription model to 765 00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:31,759 Speaker 1: get the better premium version. I want the ad free Higgs. Please. Yeah, 766 00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:34,799 Speaker 1: all these physics is talking in your ear. I would 767 00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,239 Speaker 1: pay for that for sure. I'll see what I can do. 768 00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:39,279 Speaker 1: So it is an active thing that you guys are 769 00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:43,480 Speaker 1: looking for in the particle colliders. You are like sitting 770 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:45,799 Speaker 1: through the data looking for the evidence of these other 771 00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:48,359 Speaker 1: free Higgs bosons. We are all the time. There are 772 00:39:48,360 --> 00:39:51,960 Speaker 1: people devoting their pH dpcs two looking for these things. 773 00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:54,120 Speaker 1: And you know, one of the most popular theories is 774 00:39:54,120 --> 00:39:56,959 Speaker 1: called a two Higgs doublet model, which would be adding 775 00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,440 Speaker 1: another Higgs doublet to the theory, creating for more free 776 00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:02,879 Speaker 1: Higgs bosons, and people are looking for that all the time. 777 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,719 Speaker 1: They're writing papers about it. People are also looking for 778 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:10,000 Speaker 1: new Higgs bosons within supersymmetry. Supersymmetry a very very active 779 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:12,719 Speaker 1: area of research. Maybe like half of the people at 780 00:40:12,719 --> 00:40:16,959 Speaker 1: the Large Adon Collider are looking for supersymmetric particles because 781 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:20,280 Speaker 1: it's such an exciting theory. So far, nobody has seen anything, 782 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,640 Speaker 1: Like there's no hint of basically any new particles past 783 00:40:23,719 --> 00:40:26,480 Speaker 1: the Higgs boson we already saw. I see. So you've 784 00:40:26,520 --> 00:40:29,440 Speaker 1: been searching for man almost ten years or more, but 785 00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:33,120 Speaker 1: so far no hints at all, like no small clues, 786 00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:37,759 Speaker 1: no those small blips, no small you know, encouraging results, 787 00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:41,080 Speaker 1: no small hints from ATLAS or from CMS. These two 788 00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:43,680 Speaker 1: experiments that collide protons and look at what comes out. 789 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,200 Speaker 1: But we do have some very intriguing hints from other 790 00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:50,560 Speaker 1: experiments that suggests that there might be these weird new 791 00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:54,080 Speaker 1: heavy particles out there which could be additional Higgs bosons. 792 00:40:54,440 --> 00:40:56,879 Speaker 1: And you probably heard about the Muan G minus too 793 00:40:56,960 --> 00:40:59,560 Speaker 1: experiment for example. Yeah, we just talked about it on 794 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:02,239 Speaker 1: a previous episode, And this is exactly the kind of 795 00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:04,600 Speaker 1: thing that the Muan g menas To experiment is great 796 00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:08,160 Speaker 1: at the saying are there other particles out there? Are 797 00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,800 Speaker 1: there well more specifically other fields out there in the universe, 798 00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:14,319 Speaker 1: So when a Muan is flying through and some of 799 00:41:14,360 --> 00:41:17,360 Speaker 1: the energy from the Muan slashes into those other fields, 800 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:21,439 Speaker 1: does it create momentarily these other heavy particles which could 801 00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:24,520 Speaker 1: be dark matter, but they could also be a new 802 00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:28,319 Speaker 1: heavy Higgs boson if that heavy Higgs boson field is 803 00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:31,799 Speaker 1: out there for the Muan energy to slash into. Now, 804 00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:34,239 Speaker 1: they can't tell when they do that experiment what it 805 00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,319 Speaker 1: is the Muan is slashing its energy into. But they 806 00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:39,759 Speaker 1: do see a discrepancy as we talked about, when they 807 00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:42,720 Speaker 1: look at how the Muan's magnetic field wobbles. It doesn't 808 00:41:42,760 --> 00:41:45,920 Speaker 1: wobble the way they expect. And one explanation for that 809 00:41:46,080 --> 00:41:49,080 Speaker 1: is that there are other heavy particles out there, too 810 00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:51,799 Speaker 1: heavy for the large Hagon collider to make directly, but 811 00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:54,600 Speaker 1: that are influencing the way the energy from the Muan 812 00:41:54,719 --> 00:41:58,560 Speaker 1: sort of slides through the universe. So you're looking for hints, 813 00:41:58,640 --> 00:42:01,279 Speaker 1: a little little you know, of relations that made there's 814 00:42:01,320 --> 00:42:04,880 Speaker 1: more to two particles out there, and including these maybe 815 00:42:04,880 --> 00:42:08,000 Speaker 1: anti higgs, yeah, including these anti higgs. And this is 816 00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:10,760 Speaker 1: the pattern in particle physics. Before we find a particle 817 00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:14,360 Speaker 1: like directly explicitly at a collider, we usually have hints 818 00:42:14,680 --> 00:42:17,800 Speaker 1: from other experiments that suggest there's a new heavy particle 819 00:42:17,840 --> 00:42:20,600 Speaker 1: out there. For example, before we saw the top cork, 820 00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:23,120 Speaker 1: we were pretty sure it's there because we saw a 821 00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:25,880 Speaker 1: results from other experiments that didn't have the energy to 822 00:42:25,960 --> 00:42:28,440 Speaker 1: make the top cork but could be influenced by the 823 00:42:28,480 --> 00:42:31,640 Speaker 1: top cork in loops in exactly the same way. And 824 00:42:31,719 --> 00:42:34,120 Speaker 1: so now we have that with the Muan, g mightus 825 00:42:34,160 --> 00:42:37,520 Speaker 1: to experiment is suggested that maybe there's a new particles 826 00:42:37,840 --> 00:42:40,799 Speaker 1: around the corner, and it's not the only one. Is 827 00:42:40,840 --> 00:42:44,160 Speaker 1: this other experiment involving Penguin diagrams that we talked about 828 00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:47,520 Speaker 1: on the podcast recently that comes from a different experiment 829 00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:50,359 Speaker 1: at certain that in the same way suggest there might 830 00:42:50,440 --> 00:42:53,880 Speaker 1: be new heavy particles at play in how some weird 831 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,399 Speaker 1: b particles decay. And again, we don't know what that means. 832 00:42:57,400 --> 00:42:58,759 Speaker 1: It could do this. It could be that it could 833 00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:01,640 Speaker 1: be just a mistake. But if it's real, it's suggests 834 00:43:01,640 --> 00:43:03,920 Speaker 1: that there are extra particles out there, and they could 835 00:43:03,960 --> 00:43:06,120 Speaker 1: be Higgs is all right, So if you find that, 836 00:43:06,239 --> 00:43:08,240 Speaker 1: that would be a pretty big deal. But what happens 837 00:43:08,239 --> 00:43:10,439 Speaker 1: if you don't find them? What could it mean? Yeah, 838 00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:12,400 Speaker 1: if we don't find them, it means we're marking up 839 00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:14,400 Speaker 1: the wrong tree. And it doesn't mean that the standard 840 00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:17,239 Speaker 1: model is wrong. It just means that we don't have 841 00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:19,719 Speaker 1: an answer to the big questions like why is there 842 00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:23,080 Speaker 1: more matter than antimatter? Why are there three copies of 843 00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:25,320 Speaker 1: the electron? Why are the corks and the left on 844 00:43:25,480 --> 00:43:28,400 Speaker 1: so similar when our theory says that they're kind of independent. 845 00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:31,160 Speaker 1: We just don't have the answer to those questions, and 846 00:43:31,239 --> 00:43:32,879 Speaker 1: so it might just mean that we need to think 847 00:43:32,920 --> 00:43:35,600 Speaker 1: more deeply. We need to like stare at the puzzle 848 00:43:35,680 --> 00:43:37,520 Speaker 1: the way you know sometimes you look at those magic 849 00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:40,160 Speaker 1: eye paintings and all of a sudden boom, something pops 850 00:43:40,160 --> 00:43:41,600 Speaker 1: out at you when you're looking at a picture of 851 00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:43,480 Speaker 1: a parrot. It might just be that we need to 852 00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:46,839 Speaker 1: stare at the periodic table, the fundamental particles and see 853 00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:49,120 Speaker 1: a new idea, see a new pattern, ask a new 854 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:52,319 Speaker 1: kind of question, and something else to look for. You're 855 00:43:52,360 --> 00:43:55,000 Speaker 1: right in your proposals as well. Give me ten billion 856 00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:58,080 Speaker 1: dollars to stare at my computer screen, and why not? 857 00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:01,040 Speaker 1: That's basically theoretical physic X right there. Yes, But I'm 858 00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:03,520 Speaker 1: an experimentalist. I say give me ten billion dollars. I'm 859 00:44:03,520 --> 00:44:06,240 Speaker 1: gonna go try to make these particles and prove they exist, 860 00:44:06,440 --> 00:44:08,839 Speaker 1: or I'm gonna ignore the theorist. I'm gonna go try 861 00:44:08,880 --> 00:44:12,080 Speaker 1: to make some new particle we didn't expect, find something 862 00:44:12,160 --> 00:44:15,600 Speaker 1: totally surprising that isn't anticipated, and it gives us a 863 00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:18,040 Speaker 1: clue as to how the universe works. And don't forget 864 00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:20,520 Speaker 1: the coffee. You guys need a coffee. That's important part 865 00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:22,040 Speaker 1: of physics to r that's like ten percent of the 866 00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:26,240 Speaker 1: budget right there. Ye, well that's a minute dollars and coffee. 867 00:44:26,239 --> 00:44:28,800 Speaker 1: Have you steen prices at Starbucks recently? Oh my gosh? 868 00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:31,279 Speaker 1: All right, Well, I guess let's see if we find 869 00:44:31,280 --> 00:44:33,799 Speaker 1: more Higgs bosons, because that would make a lot of 870 00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,440 Speaker 1: sense in this universe with all these strange particles and 871 00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:40,480 Speaker 1: strange phenomenon, and it would sort of complete our picture 872 00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:42,440 Speaker 1: of the universe. It certainly would. It would answer a 873 00:44:42,520 --> 00:44:44,400 Speaker 1: lot of questions. It would give us clues as to 874 00:44:44,480 --> 00:44:47,279 Speaker 1: how things are working at the deepest level, and maybe 875 00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:49,600 Speaker 1: it would finally help us figure out what the next 876 00:44:49,719 --> 00:44:53,640 Speaker 1: layer of reality is deeper below these corks and leptons. 877 00:44:53,719 --> 00:44:56,840 Speaker 1: What's really going on? Are they tiny strings? Are the 878 00:44:56,920 --> 00:44:59,960 Speaker 1: little quantized units of space? Is it something else? Totally 879 00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:02,520 Speaker 1: be different we never imagined And what's the correct way 880 00:45:02,560 --> 00:45:06,200 Speaker 1: to write it's plural version? And who's going to be 881 00:45:06,239 --> 00:45:10,280 Speaker 1: on that community? I'm already too many mini is Danniel? 882 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:13,319 Speaker 1: All right? We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, 883 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:23,680 Speaker 1: See you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that 884 00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,520 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of 885 00:45:26,680 --> 00:45:30,000 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. For more podcast for my Heart Radio, 886 00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:33,720 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 887 00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:41,200 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. Yea