1 00:00:01,560 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: Previously on drilled these advertorials, which it became clear were 2 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,080 Speaker 1: part of a very comprehensive exomobile climate change communication plan, 3 00:00:10,200 --> 00:00:14,040 Speaker 1: whereby they took out advertorials every Thursday between nineteen seventy 4 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: two and the two thousands. 5 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:20,640 Speaker 2: We started digging into oil company's comprehensive media influenced strategies 6 00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:23,880 Speaker 2: in the last episode and will continue following those strategies today. 7 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:26,800 Speaker 2: We know that they attempted to influence reporters and editors 8 00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 2: through accusations of bias, that they paid scientists to promote 9 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:33,199 Speaker 2: theories their own scientists had proven false, and that they 10 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 2: created the op AD, which effectively shifted coverage of climate change. 11 00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:39,640 Speaker 2: In the same way that oil company publicists were able 12 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 2: to weaponize journalists insecurities about bias against them, they were 13 00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:46,879 Speaker 2: also able to exploit certain vulnerabilities in science communication and 14 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 2: science journalism. 15 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:51,720 Speaker 3: Isn't what we're good at necessarily, Like if you look 16 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 3: at the characteristics of what makes the gig scientists, it's 17 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 3: actually often diametrically opposed to what makes a good communicator. 18 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 2: That's climate scientists. Akatharine Haho a longtime leader in her field. 19 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 2: She is a good communicator and she says between that 20 00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 2: and her gender, she's had to work twice as hard 21 00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 2: to earn credibility as a scientist. This is something I 22 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:14,839 Speaker 2: heard over and over again from scientists that the general 23 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:17,520 Speaker 2: sense is if you're good at communicating, you're either not 24 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:20,919 Speaker 2: good at science or you're not focused on it. Former 25 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:23,400 Speaker 2: Exon scientist Moral Cohen said this too. 26 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,839 Speaker 4: I mean the general attitude would feel that there would 27 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:31,640 Speaker 4: be a kind of dilution of his scientific focus. He 28 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:35,640 Speaker 4: would be taken less seriously as a scientist. 29 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:38,919 Speaker 2: As a company that had long employed hundreds of scientists, 30 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:42,440 Speaker 2: Exon Mobil knew this too. They also knew another key 31 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:47,680 Speaker 2: hallmark of science communication, it's a wash in uncertainty. That's 32 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 2: in part because of how science works. Predictions that come 33 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 2: true and repeatable studies and results build consensus over time. 34 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 2: But scientists never closed the door on another possible explanation. 35 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 2: It also has to do with how science funding works. 36 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 2: Only someone not interested in future research grants would fail 37 00:02:05,760 --> 00:02:09,120 Speaker 2: to include the phrase more research is needed in their report, 38 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 2: knowing that scientists would be caught off guard by the 39 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,240 Speaker 2: notion that they must be certain about something, and that 40 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:19,000 Speaker 2: corporate execs are generally better at communicating than scientists. The 41 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,519 Speaker 2: oil industry was able to continuously call climate modeling into 42 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:26,200 Speaker 2: question even as companies like Exxon and Mobile were using 43 00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:30,120 Speaker 2: those same models to prospect for fossil fuels. Here's former 44 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,560 Speaker 2: Exon CEO Lee Raymond giving a speech in the nineties, 45 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:36,880 Speaker 2: more than a decade after his own companies. Scientists have 46 00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:41,000 Speaker 2: said there is consensus in the scientific community around climate. 47 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 5: Change, the scientific evidence remains inconclusive as to whether human 48 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:47,560 Speaker 5: activities affect the global climate. 49 00:02:48,639 --> 00:02:52,360 Speaker 2: It all played into the industry's strategy for victory, and 50 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 2: we know that because they wrote it down in a 51 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 2: memo that was actually published in the New York Times 52 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:01,160 Speaker 2: in the late nineteen nineties. In it, the American Patrollum 53 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,200 Speaker 2: Institute indicate that victory will be achieved when they can 54 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 2: successfully help people air quotes understand that there are uncertainties 55 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:13,800 Speaker 2: in climate science. That quote recognition of uncertainties becomes part 56 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 2: of the air quotes again conventional wisdom. 57 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 6: LifeLock. 58 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:21,679 Speaker 2: How can I help the irs that I filed my 59 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:22,919 Speaker 2: return but I haven't. 60 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 6: One in four tax paying Americans is paid the price 61 00:03:25,440 --> 00:03:26,360 Speaker 6: of identity fraud? 62 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:28,040 Speaker 3: What do I do my refund? 63 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 7: Though I'm freaking out. 64 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,160 Speaker 6: Don't worry. I can fix this. LifeLock fixes identity theft 65 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:34,480 Speaker 6: guaranteed and gets your money back with up to three 66 00:03:34,520 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 6: million dollars in coverage. I'm so relieved, no problem. 67 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:39,000 Speaker 7: I'll be with you every step of the way. 68 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:42,800 Speaker 6: One in four was a fraud paying American. Not anymore. 69 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:45,800 Speaker 6: Save up to forty percent your first year. Visit LifeLock 70 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:48,000 Speaker 6: dot com. Slash podcast terms apply. 71 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 2: Another measure of victory, media coverage reflects balance on climate 72 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 2: science and recognition of the validity of viewpoints that challenge 73 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:02,800 Speaker 2: the current conventional wisdom. The stated project goal in the 74 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:06,720 Speaker 2: victory memo is a majority of the American public, including 75 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:11,920 Speaker 2: industry leadership, recognizes that significant uncertainties exist in climate science 76 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 2: and therefore raises questions among those, eg. Congress who chart 77 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 2: the future US course on climate change. Here's our document 78 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:21,599 Speaker 2: guy Kurt Davies with that. 79 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,320 Speaker 7: They said victory will be achieved when we get uncertainty 80 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 7: into people's mouths, and they talk about targeting science teachers 81 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:36,440 Speaker 7: and congress people and reporters specifically, and when media is 82 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 7: turned around that they will have achieved success. And then 83 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 7: if we don't do this now, there may be no 84 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:44,800 Speaker 7: moment when we can declare victory for our efforts. Like 85 00:04:44,839 --> 00:04:47,479 Speaker 7: they knew it was now or never in nineteen ninety eight, 86 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:48,679 Speaker 7: it was getting away from them. 87 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 2: The key goal of the victory strategy was to ensure 88 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:54,640 Speaker 2: that the Kyoto Protocol would not be a binding one. 89 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:57,200 Speaker 2: In fact, one of the bullet points in the portion 90 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,560 Speaker 2: of the memo that defines what victory would look like 91 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:03,839 Speaker 2: as quote, victory will be achieved when those promoting the 92 00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:07,279 Speaker 2: Kyoto Treaty on the basis of extant science appear to 93 00:05:07,279 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 2: be out of touch with reality. 94 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:12,360 Speaker 7: They have metrics on how they're going to win, how 95 00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:16,160 Speaker 7: many members of Congress, number of talk show appearances, percent, 96 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:23,040 Speaker 7: immediate very scientific, multimillion dollar budgets on data centers and 97 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:28,599 Speaker 7: outreach and media and so forth, and then go to 98 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,760 Speaker 7: evidence of the funding, which back to the nineteen ninety 99 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:37,039 Speaker 7: eight memo, they talked about specific funding sources API Business Roundtable, 100 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:41,560 Speaker 7: Edison Electric Independent Patroleum Association of America, and National Mining 101 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:44,680 Speaker 7: Association and their members. So they thought they would go 102 00:05:44,680 --> 00:05:48,120 Speaker 7: out to these trade associations plus the membership, which is 103 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:52,000 Speaker 7: all the oil companies, all the coal companies, all of business, 104 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:57,320 Speaker 7: and then run that money through alek C fact committed 105 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:00,359 Speaker 7: enterprisens to Fronts of Freedom at Marshal Institute. It was 106 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:03,359 Speaker 7: on the front page of the New York Times. And 107 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 7: there you have the team, which includes two people who 108 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:11,560 Speaker 7: were on the Trump transition team, and multiple groups and 109 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:15,480 Speaker 7: companies Exon, Southern Company, and Chevron were in this room 110 00:06:15,600 --> 00:06:18,000 Speaker 7: developing this plan. You know, even though it was on 111 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:19,839 Speaker 7: the front page of thew York Times, they went ahead 112 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:20,120 Speaker 7: with it. 113 00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:25,360 Speaker 2: The plan outlined in this victory memo was crafted twenty 114 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 2: years after Exon scientists had told executives what was happening 115 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 2: and how bad it could be. Exon scientists Ed Garvey 116 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:35,279 Speaker 2: had long since left the company by this point, and 117 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:37,840 Speaker 2: says he watched in horror as they worked to undermine 118 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:40,040 Speaker 2: everything he and his colleagues had done. 119 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 8: I found it very scary. I felt kind of powerless 120 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 8: at that point. I really think we had something at Exon. 121 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:48,080 Speaker 8: We're going to be an energy company, and we recognize 122 00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:50,240 Speaker 8: this problem, and so we're going to help direct the 123 00:06:50,279 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 8: country away from fossil fuels. And then instead of just 124 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 8: said no, we just we just want to make money 125 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:59,040 Speaker 8: on oil and we don't really care what happens. I mean, 126 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:02,440 Speaker 8: it upsets me. That's like I say, It's just it 127 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:08,320 Speaker 8: was definitely a missed opportunity to lead. I do think 128 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 8: that if Exon, maybe anal company leaned on the government 129 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:16,560 Speaker 8: in the eighties to say do this, that government would 130 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 8: have come around on. 131 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:21,760 Speaker 2: There were several key narratives crafted to achieve this quote victory, 132 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:25,560 Speaker 2: and let's make no mistake, the strategy was in fact victorious. 133 00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:28,560 Speaker 2: Despite the fact that the memo was published in the 134 00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:32,160 Speaker 2: New York Times on the cover, the strategy was nonetheless 135 00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 2: executed as laid out, and as you heard there from Kurt, 136 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 2: some of the same folks working in the Trump administration 137 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:41,840 Speaker 2: today were part of drafting that memo twenty years ago. 138 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:47,160 Speaker 2: The most successful narratives included not just underscoring the supposed 139 00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 2: uncertainty of the science, but also painting those concerned about 140 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:54,680 Speaker 2: climate change as liberals and hippies, again, people who were 141 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:58,920 Speaker 2: completely out of touch with reality. It was the original gaslighting, 142 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:01,720 Speaker 2: making people feel crazy for believing something that there was 143 00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:05,280 Speaker 2: actually a ton of evidence for. These campaigns also pushed 144 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 2: the idea that acting on climate change was equivalent to 145 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,040 Speaker 2: undoing the Industrial Revolution, and they highlighted the social responsibility 146 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:15,800 Speaker 2: initiatives of oil companies to counterbalance their inaction on climate 147 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 2: Perhaps the most insidious narrative instilling in the American public 148 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:24,360 Speaker 2: the idea that solving global warming is up to individuals, 149 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:28,240 Speaker 2: not systems. That it's about you driving too much, or 150 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 2: eating too much meat, or changing your light bulbs, not 151 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:35,240 Speaker 2: any sort of broader systemic change. This is something oil 152 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:39,560 Speaker 2: companies repeat over and over again today. In presenting on 153 00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:41,800 Speaker 2: the history of climate science to a judge in San 154 00:08:41,840 --> 00:08:45,959 Speaker 2: Francisco earlier this year, Chevron attorney Ted Boutrose focused on 155 00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 2: the idea of oil companies simply supplying a demand, never 156 00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 2: mind that they also created that demand and made sure 157 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:54,960 Speaker 2: that no one knew there was a downside to it. 158 00:08:55,520 --> 00:08:59,200 Speaker 2: The gospel of individual responsibility always plays well with American 159 00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 2: audiences of and this is no exception. That idea, perhaps 160 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:07,760 Speaker 2: more than any other, is so pervasive it's the first 161 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:10,320 Speaker 2: thing most people will say when climate change comes up. 162 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:13,800 Speaker 2: Last month, when the Inner Governmental Panel on Climate Change, 163 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:17,000 Speaker 2: the IPCC, released its most recent and by far most 164 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:20,880 Speaker 2: straightforward and alarming report ever, indicating that we have roughly 165 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:23,720 Speaker 2: twelve years to act on climate, a large segment of 166 00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:26,520 Speaker 2: the media devoted at least part of their coverage to 167 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:30,319 Speaker 2: the individual actions citizens can take to help go vegetarian, 168 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 2: go solar, drive electric cars, all good stuff, but in 169 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:38,000 Speaker 2: making individuals responsible for the solution, we subtly hang the 170 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:40,920 Speaker 2: blame for the problem on them and their choices as well. 171 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:45,440 Speaker 2: The industry has also excelled in promoting mixed messages, doing 172 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 2: just enough climate science to seem legit, admitting just enough 173 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:50,920 Speaker 2: truths not to seem totally illogical, or to use one 174 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 2: of their own phrases out of touch with reality. Here's 175 00:09:53,840 --> 00:09:56,719 Speaker 2: science historian Naomi or Reski's on that strategy. 176 00:09:57,600 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 3: One of the reasons that it's so easy for people 177 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,760 Speaker 3: to s so doubt about climate change or any other 178 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 3: issue is that if confusion is your goal, mixed messages 179 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 3: are a very effective strategy. So you can say a 180 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 3: lot of different things, and some of them may well 181 00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 3: be true, and you can even quote out of context 182 00:10:15,760 --> 00:10:17,839 Speaker 3: the true things you have said in order to make 183 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:20,360 Speaker 3: it seem as if you are quite reasonable, as if 184 00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:25,440 Speaker 3: you're not denying climate change, as if you're operating good faith, 185 00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 3: and that you are an entity to be trusted. But 186 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:30,160 Speaker 3: if you look at the total body of things that 187 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:32,199 Speaker 3: have been said by examobile or any of these other 188 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 3: groups that have been involved in climate disinformation. What you 189 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:39,560 Speaker 3: see is this landscape of mixed messages in which you 190 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:42,400 Speaker 3: know there's probably some truth mixed in with an awful 191 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:44,240 Speaker 3: lot of falsehood and misinformation. 192 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:48,640 Speaker 2: Nowhere was this entire media strategy more apparent than in 193 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:51,640 Speaker 2: The New York Times magazine's issue long feature this year 194 00:10:51,720 --> 00:10:54,600 Speaker 2: about the decade from nineteen seventy nine to nineteen eighty 195 00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:57,680 Speaker 2: nine when we almost did something about global warming and 196 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:01,640 Speaker 2: then didn't. It's the perfect culmination of the industry's strategy. 197 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:04,240 Speaker 2: A journalist and an editor who want to ensure they 198 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:06,559 Speaker 2: don't come off as biased, a writer who is new 199 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 2: to any sort of science fee and completely new to 200 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:12,719 Speaker 2: climate science, so fairly easily played by industry spokespeople, and 201 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:15,440 Speaker 2: a clever narrative that includes just enough truth that you 202 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:18,680 Speaker 2: don't really notice the fairy tales. The story makes the 203 00:11:18,679 --> 00:11:22,840 Speaker 2: problem of climate change global. We all failed to act, apparently, 204 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:25,680 Speaker 2: not just the handful of men in power and the 205 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:30,160 Speaker 2: solution or lack thereof individual it's quote human nature. We 206 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:33,040 Speaker 2: make short sighted decisions, and there's nothing we can do 207 00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:36,920 Speaker 2: to change that. Climate scientists were almost universally critical of 208 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:40,120 Speaker 2: the story, but the anti climate science lobby ate it up. 209 00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:44,320 Speaker 2: I could hear Steve Molloy grinning through the phone. Maloy 210 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 2: is a longtime energy industry communications guy who runs the 211 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:50,520 Speaker 2: website Junk Science. He was also in the room and 212 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,000 Speaker 2: is listed as an author on the victory memo. He's 213 00:11:53,040 --> 00:11:55,400 Speaker 2: worked for Exon in the past and now works primarily 214 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:57,679 Speaker 2: for the coal industry, and he was also on the 215 00:11:57,720 --> 00:12:01,680 Speaker 2: Trump administration's transition team for the e An agency he 216 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:03,960 Speaker 2: has worked to dismantle since its inception. 217 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 9: These guys are trying to claim that, you know, excellon 218 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,640 Speaker 9: New Iran, he saw the you know, the combin issue. 219 00:12:11,679 --> 00:12:13,000 Speaker 9: New York Times magazine has. 220 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:13,760 Speaker 2: A customer of that. 221 00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 9: Okay, don't think that kind of blows that whole hypothesis 222 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:24,200 Speaker 9: away because they're saying, well, everybody new in the nineteen eighties, Well, whatever. 223 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 2: Victory will be achieved when climate denialis can cite a 224 00:12:31,679 --> 00:12:35,200 Speaker 2: story in the New York Times magazine as a proof 225 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:43,200 Speaker 2: of the validity of their take on global warming. Next 226 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:44,240 Speaker 2: time on drilled. 227 00:12:45,679 --> 00:12:50,880 Speaker 5: Literally. Since after World War Two, the fossil fuel companies 228 00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:56,720 Speaker 5: have actively engaged in public relations campaigns to sell the 229 00:12:56,800 --> 00:13:01,000 Speaker 5: automobile and fossil fuels as the Earthen way of Life. 230 00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:09,440 Speaker 2: Drilled is produced and distributed by Critical Frequency. Reporting for 231 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:13,199 Speaker 2: this series was done by me Amy Westervelt. Our producer 232 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 2: and composer is David Whited. Our executive producer is Richard Wiles. 233 00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:22,520 Speaker 2: Our story and concept consultant was Raka Murphy. For cover 234 00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:26,320 Speaker 2: art was designed by Lucas Lisakowski. You can find Drilled 235 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 2: wherever you listen to podcasts. Please remember to rate and 236 00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 2: review the podcast. It helps us find new listeners. Thanks 237 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:34,240 Speaker 2: for listening, See you next time.