1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: on with the show. Welcome to this Day in History 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past, one day at a 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:26,960 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. 9 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:30,640 Speaker 1: Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and it's 10 00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,600 Speaker 1: August eighteen nine. Amendment to the U s Constitution was 11 00:00:34,720 --> 00:00:38,519 Speaker 1: ratified on this day in ninety On paper, the nineteenth 12 00:00:38,560 --> 00:00:40,680 Speaker 1: Amendment was the one that gave women in the United 13 00:00:40,720 --> 00:00:43,800 Speaker 1: States the right to vote at the national level. By 14 00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: this point, a number of states and municipalities already did. 15 00:00:47,400 --> 00:00:50,479 Speaker 1: For example, women in Wyoming Territory had the right to 16 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: vote in eighteen sixty nine, and when Wyoming became a 17 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,120 Speaker 1: state in eight and included women's suffrage and its constitution, 18 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:00,120 Speaker 1: this made it the first state to give women the 19 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,640 Speaker 1: right to vote, and the Nineteenth Amendment was first introduced 20 00:01:03,640 --> 00:01:07,959 Speaker 1: in Congress before Wyoming's statehood, all the way back in 21 00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:12,399 Speaker 1: eight it took forty one years for it to pass, 22 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 1: and it's not like those years were spent trying to 23 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:17,600 Speaker 1: improve it. The text when it passed was the same 24 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:20,400 Speaker 1: as the text when it was first introduced more than 25 00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:24,039 Speaker 1: forty years before. But when I say on paper it 26 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: was what gave women the right to vote, in reality 27 00:01:27,319 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: it was not so clear cut. As the post Civil 28 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:35,160 Speaker 1: War reconstruction ended, a lot of states passed discriminatory voting 29 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 1: laws to prevent black people from voting. These are things 30 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:42,000 Speaker 1: like poll taxes, literacy tests, things like that. And then 31 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:45,800 Speaker 1: also the Fifteenth Amendment, which had given black citizens the 32 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: right to vote, excluded quote Indians not taxed. So while 33 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: the Nineteenth Amendment spells it out this way, quote the 34 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 1: right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 35 00:01:57,200 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: not be denied or abridged by the United States or 36 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:03,360 Speaker 1: by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have 37 00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:07,720 Speaker 1: the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. In 38 00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:11,120 Speaker 1: the real world, there were a lot of barriers to 39 00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:14,359 Speaker 1: voting for a lot of people, especially the ones who 40 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,600 Speaker 1: were not white. Native American women were granted the right 41 00:02:17,639 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: to vote after being granted US citizenship under the Snyder 42 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:24,239 Speaker 1: Act of nineteen twenty four, and then the twenty four 43 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 1: Amendment outlawed poll taxes and federal elections that was ratified 44 00:02:28,400 --> 00:02:31,440 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty four, and then the Voting Rights Act 45 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:34,760 Speaker 1: of nineteen sixty five helped protect the right to vote 46 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:38,400 Speaker 1: that black women and other minorities had already been granted 47 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:41,520 Speaker 1: under the nineteenth Amendment but didn't have equal access to. 48 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:47,600 Speaker 1: Even today, voting is not equally accessible to everyone. But 49 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:50,280 Speaker 1: even with all of those caveats, it was still a 50 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:53,840 Speaker 1: really long road to the nineteenth Amendment one that was 51 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:56,920 Speaker 1: worth celebrating at the end. It had come up for 52 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:59,840 Speaker 1: a vote over and over and failed every time, and 53 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: it only passed after the nineteen eighteen election cycle, in 54 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,560 Speaker 1: which the National American Women Suffrage Association, the National Women's Party, 55 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:11,400 Speaker 1: and a lot of other organizations had all heavily campaigned 56 00:03:11,440 --> 00:03:15,240 Speaker 1: for candidates who would pass the nineteenth Amendment. Was only 57 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 1: after that election and literally decades of work and protests 58 00:03:19,480 --> 00:03:23,320 Speaker 1: and demonstrations and arrests and force feetings and a terrifying 59 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 1: night of abuse inflicted on arrested suffragist in nineteen seventeen 60 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:31,600 Speaker 1: that the Senate finally passed the amendment in May of 61 00:03:31,639 --> 00:03:34,400 Speaker 1: nineteen nineteen, and then the House followed in June. That 62 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:35,960 Speaker 1: was not the end of the road, though, it still 63 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: needed to be ratified by thirty six of then forty 64 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,360 Speaker 1: eight states, and that required another round of ongoing advocacy, 65 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:44,800 Speaker 1: working with all the states to get them to ratify 66 00:03:44,920 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: this amendment. It finally got enough support. Whens Hennessee ratified 67 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:51,920 Speaker 1: it on August eighteenth of nineteen twenty, and then Secretary 68 00:03:51,960 --> 00:03:54,600 Speaker 1: of State Bainbridge Colby declared it to be in effect 69 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: on the twenty six You can learn more about the 70 00:03:57,240 --> 00:04:00,800 Speaker 1: nineteenth Amendment in several episodes of Stuffy Miss History Class, 71 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 1: including Night of Terror at the Aquad Workhouse on November eighteen. 72 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:08,280 Speaker 1: Thanks to Sorry Harrison for her audio skills on all 73 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:10,640 Speaker 1: of these episodes, and you can subscribe to This Day 74 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:14,200 Speaker 1: in History Class on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, and whatever 75 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: else you get your podcasts. Tomorrow we will have an 76 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:31,280 Speaker 1: underdog story about a prolific inventor. Hi. I'm Eves and 77 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:34,680 Speaker 1: welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that 78 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 1: on covers history one day at a time. The day 79 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:52,120 Speaker 1: was August eighteen, sixteen twelve, one of the most famous 80 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: witch trials in English history, the trial of the Pendle 81 00:04:55,760 --> 00:05:01,560 Speaker 1: Witches began at Lancaster Assizes. Sizes were periodic sessions of 82 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:05,520 Speaker 1: courts held in English counties for civil and criminal trials. 83 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:10,760 Speaker 1: The trial is well documented in The Wonderful Discovery of 84 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:14,240 Speaker 1: Witches in the County of Lancaster, published by the Clerk 85 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:18,560 Speaker 1: to the Court, Thomas Potts. King James the First came 86 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: to power in sixteen o three. He was deeply interested 87 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:26,880 Speaker 1: in witchcraft and inspired fear in witches. Six years before 88 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:30,080 Speaker 1: he took the throne, while Elizabeth the First was queen, 89 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:33,799 Speaker 1: he released a book called Demonology, which was a treatise 90 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:38,359 Speaker 1: on witchcraft that encouraged the trial and persecution of people 91 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:42,720 Speaker 1: who practiced it. In his view, women were more likely 92 00:05:42,839 --> 00:05:46,799 Speaker 1: than men to use witchcraft. There were also witch hunts 93 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:51,160 Speaker 1: under Elizabeth the First, but the paranoia and punishment surrounding 94 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: witchcraft in England was not quite as severe as it 95 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: was elsewhere in Europe. For example, torture was not allowed 96 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,960 Speaker 1: as part of the investigation or punishment process for witches, 97 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 1: and witches were hanged rather than burned. But when Elizabeth 98 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:12,840 Speaker 1: died and James the First took the throne, he made 99 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:18,000 Speaker 1: the punishments against people accused of witchcraft much harsher. He 100 00:06:18,120 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: made hanging mandatory for a first offense of witchcraft, and 101 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:24,799 Speaker 1: if an accused person had a mark on their body 102 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:28,160 Speaker 1: deemed to be the devil's mark, then they would be 103 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:32,920 Speaker 1: put to death. Cases against witchcraft went from declining under 104 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:38,320 Speaker 1: Elizabeth to increasing under James. Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, 105 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:41,360 Speaker 1: was said to be a wild and lawless place at 106 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:45,000 Speaker 1: the time. In sixteen twelve, justices of the Peace in 107 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:49,039 Speaker 1: Lancashire were ordered to create lists of recusants in their areas, 108 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: such as people who would not take communion. Roger Noel 109 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:56,960 Speaker 1: was the Justice of the Peace and pendel Hill brought 110 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:00,440 Speaker 1: to Knowl's attention was an incident between a Halifax peddler 111 00:07:00,600 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: named John Law and Alison Device of Pendle. Law accused 112 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:08,760 Speaker 1: Device of cursing him after he refused to give her 113 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: pens that she had asked for. He blamed a stroke 114 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: he had not long after the exchange on her, Device 115 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 1: confessed to Noel that she had called on the devil 116 00:07:18,880 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 1: to curse John Law. When she was questioned, she accused 117 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: her grandmother of witchcraft, as well as members of the 118 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: rival Chaddocks family. More people confessed to selling their souls, 119 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: and Noel made more arrests of accused witches who lived 120 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:39,360 Speaker 1: in the area around Pendle Hill. Twelve Pendle witches were 121 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:42,960 Speaker 1: accused of witchcraft, one of whom died while in prison. 122 00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:46,600 Speaker 1: Six of them were from the dim Dyke and Chaddocks families. 123 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:51,160 Speaker 1: John and Jane Wolcock were tried for causing madness and 124 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,960 Speaker 1: for being at a witches sabbath. Alice Nutter and Katherine 125 00:07:56,040 --> 00:08:00,040 Speaker 1: Hewitt were accused of killing people, and Margaret p p 126 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:03,640 Speaker 1: Son was charged with bewitching one of her neighbors horses 127 00:08:03,720 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 1: to death. The Psalmsbury witches were also tried at the 128 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:11,680 Speaker 1: same assizes and before the same judge as the Pendle witches. 129 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:16,120 Speaker 1: Under King James, the first normal due process was not 130 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: necessary in the prosecution of witches. The accused weren't allowed 131 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: defense counsel or to call witnesses, and children, women and 132 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,680 Speaker 1: liars could be called as witnesses and cases of high 133 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:32,079 Speaker 1: treason against God. Out of the eleven Pendle witches who 134 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:35,120 Speaker 1: went to trial, one was tried at york A s 135 00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:38,959 Speaker 1: sizes and found guilty. Nine were tried at Lancaster and 136 00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:42,959 Speaker 1: found guilty and the last was found not guilty. At Lancaster, 137 00:08:44,200 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: a notable part of the trial was the testimony of 138 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: Janet Device, the nine year old daughter of the accused 139 00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:56,040 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Device. She spoke of witches, on flying ponies, clay 140 00:08:56,160 --> 00:09:00,240 Speaker 1: images made to cause death, and of a sabbath on 141 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: Good Friday. Some of the accused confessed their guilt, while 142 00:09:05,360 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: others maintained their innocence and worked to clear their names. 143 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:12,920 Speaker 1: Even though the prosecution's evidence was based on gossip and 144 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 1: false confessions, Janet's testimony helped convince the jury of the 145 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:21,959 Speaker 1: guilt of the accused. On August twenty ten, people were 146 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,440 Speaker 1: hanged at Lancaster for having bewitched people to death by 147 00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 1: devilish practices and hellish means. Margaret Pearson was sentenced to 148 00:09:30,520 --> 00:09:34,239 Speaker 1: be pilloried and serve a year in prison. The Salmsbury 149 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:40,679 Speaker 1: witches were acquitted as claiming healing, magical or witchcraft powers 150 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:44,160 Speaker 1: made people money. At the time, the rival families involved 151 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,199 Speaker 1: in the Pendal trial could have been competing to maintain 152 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:52,199 Speaker 1: their reputations and livelihoods. I'm Eves, Jeff Code, and hopefully 153 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:55,199 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 154 00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 1: did yesterday. You can learn more about history by following 155 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:04,559 Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t d i 156 00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:09,439 Speaker 1: h C podcast. Thank you so much for listening, and 157 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:12,360 Speaker 1: I hope to see you again tomorrow for more tidbits 158 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:17,640 Speaker 1: of history. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit 159 00:10:17,679 --> 00:10:20,320 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 160 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.