WEBVTT - Should we be conCERNed? 0:00:00.280 --> 0:00:04.720 From UFOs to psychic powers and government conspiracies. History is 0:00:04.800 --> 0:00:09.119 riddled with unexplained events. You can turn back now or 0:00:09.240 --> 0:00:24.560 learn the stuff they don't want you to know. M Hello, 0:00:24.560 --> 0:00:26.400 and welcome back to the show. My name is Matt. 0:00:27.000 --> 0:00:30.160 They call me Ben. We are joined with our super 0:00:30.160 --> 0:00:34.400 producer Paul decant uh Null is a way for the moment, 0:00:34.440 --> 0:00:39.240 but will return soon as long as time still works 0:00:39.280 --> 0:00:43.519 the way that we conventionally understand it. Most importantly, you 0:00:43.600 --> 0:00:46.640 are you that makes this stuff they don't want you 0:00:46.680 --> 0:00:48.800 to know. And I will get rid of this pun 0:00:49.240 --> 0:00:52.280 at the very top, because Matt and our super producer 0:00:52.320 --> 0:00:54.680 Paul are already so tired of hearing me say it. 0:00:55.480 --> 0:01:02.040 Today's title is should we be Concerned? Yes, concerned? And 0:01:02.080 --> 0:01:05.319 for some reason, ce er N is capitalized in that title, 0:01:05.680 --> 0:01:09.800 and that reason is that we're talking about an organization that, 0:01:10.520 --> 0:01:13.480 if you are like most human beings on this planet 0:01:13.480 --> 0:01:16.720 now with an Internet connection, you have heard of CERN. 0:01:16.840 --> 0:01:21.320 It's an organization that has constructed something that you may 0:01:21.360 --> 0:01:25.759 have also heard of called the Large Hadron Collider. Yes, yes, sir, 0:01:26.000 --> 0:01:30.320 the Large Hadron Collider. That's what it's most well known for. 0:01:30.400 --> 0:01:34.680 It And yeah, that wasn't you know, was it best 0:01:34.720 --> 0:01:36.240 for us to just get that point out? And I 0:01:36.240 --> 0:01:38.679 think we had to, But I'm also in love with 0:01:38.720 --> 0:01:41.399 the title. So okay, well, I promise I won't I 0:01:41.440 --> 0:01:46.800 won't push it too much. Yes, you you probably remember 0:01:46.880 --> 0:01:50.920 hearing for years now about CERN and the large Hadron Collider, 0:01:51.080 --> 0:01:58.080 and you've probably seen some frankly garbage explanations on mainstream 0:01:58.080 --> 0:02:02.600 news about how that works in non mainstream news and 0:02:03.000 --> 0:02:06.320 probably in non mainstream news as well. And uh, you 0:02:06.400 --> 0:02:11.760 have hopefully also checked out some wonderful, in depth explanations 0:02:13.000 --> 0:02:16.080 about what this thing is and what it does, and 0:02:16.200 --> 0:02:19.040 will address some of that as well. But first we 0:02:19.080 --> 0:02:22.399 want to establish the certain is responsible for much more 0:02:22.440 --> 0:02:27.040 than a single, incredibly significant series of experiments. Yeah, it's 0:02:27.120 --> 0:02:30.399 essentially responsible for the creation of what we know as 0:02:30.480 --> 0:02:34.079 the Worldwide Web, that WWW that you type in sometimes 0:02:34.080 --> 0:02:36.760 when you're using a computer, you're a lot of times 0:02:36.760 --> 0:02:43.360 not on your phone. Uh, yeah, it did that in right. Yes. 0:02:43.560 --> 0:02:47.800 The Web was originally conceived by Tim Berners Lee, and 0:02:47.919 --> 0:02:51.440 it was developed to meet this demand for automatic information 0:02:51.480 --> 0:02:56.760 sharing between scientists and universities and institutes around the world. 0:02:57.080 --> 0:02:59.919 Just the thing we always talk about in the past. 0:03:00.360 --> 0:03:02.480 If you're a scientist and you're working on some research, 0:03:02.560 --> 0:03:04.519 you just have your research and what was written down 0:03:04.560 --> 0:03:07.079 and you have access to and if you can send 0:03:07.080 --> 0:03:10.240 that information that you're working on immediately to everybody else 0:03:10.320 --> 0:03:14.440 and you can get everybody else's changing the game. And 0:03:14.520 --> 0:03:17.920 so this really helped research at the time when it 0:03:18.040 --> 0:03:22.520 had a sort of rarefied or very specific set of 0:03:22.639 --> 0:03:25.960 users and a specific set of desires. And of course 0:03:26.000 --> 0:03:28.919 they all said, we this is great. We should do 0:03:29.000 --> 0:03:32.640 this with everything, and we should have everyone check it out. 0:03:33.040 --> 0:03:36.480 What could go wrong? Yeah, it'll be fine, right, and uh, 0:03:36.680 --> 0:03:40.880 you know, now now the Internet is what it is, 0:03:41.400 --> 0:03:43.360 which is also changing. And I just want to go 0:03:43.360 --> 0:03:46.520 on record here there's nothing to it today's episode. Uh, 0:03:46.560 --> 0:03:53.800 and saying that as a personal opinion, any any ideologies 0:03:53.920 --> 0:03:59.360 or politics aside. Uh, the fccs decision to sell the 0:03:59.400 --> 0:04:02.800 American people down the river is just that a massive 0:04:02.880 --> 0:04:06.160 trail and it's going to be terrible. Yeah. The day 0:04:06.160 --> 0:04:09.720 prior to recording this episode, the FCC voted to strike 0:04:09.760 --> 0:04:12.200 down the net neutrality rules that were put in place 0:04:12.400 --> 0:04:15.800 on to the Obama administration, and that essentially the Internet 0:04:15.800 --> 0:04:19.520 has been functioning on for its the entire existence just 0:04:19.760 --> 0:04:23.000 being open and access to information is just for anybody 0:04:23.000 --> 0:04:25.880 who has a connection. And I would be really curious 0:04:25.920 --> 0:04:30.920 to see whether you or Paul or Noel uh support 0:04:32.000 --> 0:04:34.080 the f c c S. I guess they would call 0:04:34.160 --> 0:04:39.120 it a quote unquote decision for the quote unquote good 0:04:39.400 --> 0:04:42.239 because it's rare that I'm going to be so open 0:04:42.320 --> 0:04:44.440 with an opinion about this thing. But if you, if 0:04:44.480 --> 0:04:48.640 you have kids, you should be concerned because we often 0:04:48.680 --> 0:04:52.039 hear from organizations around the world about the dangers of 0:04:52.080 --> 0:04:58.240 inequality in an economic sense. But history has proven, and 0:04:58.400 --> 0:05:02.200 sadly the future will prove that an inequality of access 0:05:02.200 --> 0:05:08.039 to information is at least as dangerous as lack of 0:05:08.120 --> 0:05:14.480 access to the coupon system we practice today. Okay, yeah, sorry, 0:05:14.520 --> 0:05:18.440 I'm doing like hot takes left right on a good note, Matt. 0:05:18.480 --> 0:05:21.440 When we were looking at some of this background for 0:05:21.560 --> 0:05:25.039 certain it made me recall another another series that you 0:05:25.120 --> 0:05:28.040 and I used to do, Stuff of Genius. Yeah, we 0:05:28.080 --> 0:05:30.279 did do stuff of genius for a while there. We 0:05:30.360 --> 0:05:34.359 looked at inventors that were lesser known and the cool 0:05:34.440 --> 0:05:37.960 things that they created that have shaped our world and civilization. 0:05:38.440 --> 0:05:43.320 And here's the thing, it's an animated show. Yeah, animated 0:05:43.360 --> 0:05:49.080 on Final Cut Pro seven what photoshop by Matt Mattman 0:05:49.120 --> 0:05:56.280 Frederick mostly Tyler Klang. And if you if you do 0:05:56.360 --> 0:06:00.479 some digging, you can find episodes that Matt did the 0:06:00.720 --> 0:06:02.920 voice work on as well. Right, are they still out there? 0:06:03.040 --> 0:06:06.599 You can find them somewhere. Yeah, they exist. So do 0:06:06.760 --> 0:06:08.960 check out stuff of Genius and let us let us 0:06:09.000 --> 0:06:10.279 know what you think because we had we had a 0:06:10.279 --> 0:06:12.960 lot of fun doing that one. And don't forget the 0:06:12.960 --> 0:06:18.640 coolest stuff on the planet, which was Matt who don't 0:06:18.640 --> 0:06:22.360 ever search for that? Okay, it's too late. Next, next, 0:06:22.760 --> 0:06:26.480 the first website at CERN, Yes, exactly what you want 0:06:26.480 --> 0:06:29.240 to talk about instead of coolest stuff on the planet. Well, 0:06:29.560 --> 0:06:33.400 next was the computer, right Tim berners Lee, the gentleman 0:06:33.560 --> 0:06:39.120 who was working with CERN. He created this first website 0:06:39.160 --> 0:06:41.800 which was essentially about the web itself. This is how 0:06:41.880 --> 0:06:44.400 you use this service. These are all the things you 0:06:44.400 --> 0:06:46.400 need to do to access other people's documents, how to 0:06:46.440 --> 0:06:49.680 set up your own server. It's like in f a Q. Yeah, exactly. 0:06:49.920 --> 0:06:56.480 It was the world's first website. Yes. So the next 0:06:56.560 --> 0:07:00.320 machine and that is Capital in Little e Capital xpital 0:07:00.400 --> 0:07:05.000 t is still at certain. Isn't that correct? Yeah, really 0:07:05.040 --> 0:07:08.520 cool And uh, it's been there for so long, it's 0:07:08.600 --> 0:07:12.960 really neat that in Certain actually reinstated the website, the 0:07:13.040 --> 0:07:16.400 original first website, to its original address and you can 0:07:16.440 --> 0:07:18.880 go there right now if you want to to check 0:07:18.880 --> 0:07:22.080 it out. Check it out today, folks. And that website 0:07:22.200 --> 0:07:28.000 is info dot c r N dot c H. Check 0:07:28.040 --> 0:07:31.320 it out. And and Paul, what we're talking about that 0:07:31.440 --> 0:07:35.360 is there sort of a retro sci fi music que 0:07:35.400 --> 0:07:41.360 you could throw in perfect he's so good at that, 0:07:41.440 --> 0:07:44.480 you are so good at that, Paul so certain has 0:07:44.520 --> 0:07:48.040 done a ton of things throughout the years. We mentioned 0:07:48.040 --> 0:07:50.640 this already. We talked about the first website, awesome. We 0:07:50.680 --> 0:07:53.360 talked about the collider to large Hadron collider that they 0:07:53.440 --> 0:07:55.560 will get into later. There are other things that they 0:07:55.640 --> 0:08:01.080 discovered through experimentation, things like things that I don't fully 0:08:01.200 --> 0:08:04.800 understand I just to be honest with you, um, things 0:08:04.840 --> 0:08:09.119 like w n Z bosons that I, you know, sure, 0:08:09.800 --> 0:08:13.200 I think I kind of understand what that means, but 0:08:13.280 --> 0:08:17.600 not really. And before that, they discovered neutral currents in 0:08:17.640 --> 0:08:21.040 this thing called the gargamel bubble chamber, which sounds like 0:08:21.120 --> 0:08:24.840 a villain of some sort, but you know, that's that's fine. 0:08:25.080 --> 0:08:30.680 Gargamel from the Smurfs, right, Gargamel wasn't gargamel bad in 0:08:30.760 --> 0:08:35.680 the Smurfs, The character Gargamell was bad. Yes, Uh, like 0:08:35.800 --> 0:08:40.600 Gargamell itself was a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector that 0:08:40.679 --> 0:08:43.920 was operating for nine years in the seventies. It was 0:08:43.960 --> 0:08:48.440 trying to detect neutrinos and anti neutrinos and it found 0:08:48.520 --> 0:08:53.439 neutral currents. And it found neutral currents. Yeah, and of 0:08:53.440 --> 0:08:56.839 course we're we're not physicists, though most people are not 0:08:57.360 --> 0:09:02.440 as it turns out, but we do know that we 0:09:02.440 --> 0:09:06.600 we do have a grasp of some of the experiments 0:09:07.120 --> 0:09:11.360 that CERN has conducted. And what's important to note is 0:09:11.400 --> 0:09:14.440 that it's not just the large hit John Collider. Uh. 0:09:14.480 --> 0:09:20.360 They also created anti hydrogen atoms, which, again, as a 0:09:20.400 --> 0:09:24.600 non physicist, to me that, you know, my thought is, 0:09:24.800 --> 0:09:28.800 why would you do that? Why? Why would you We're 0:09:28.840 --> 0:09:31.280 family shows, so I will say, why would you fuss 0:09:31.320 --> 0:09:35.240 with things that we're fine? You know what I mean? Well, 0:09:35.280 --> 0:09:38.000 because we have to find out Ben, that's what science 0:09:38.040 --> 0:09:39.640 and all this is all about. We just got to 0:09:39.679 --> 0:09:44.760 know um smarter people than I need to know. And 0:09:44.960 --> 0:09:50.040 Matt according to numerous people, CERN may be responsible for 0:09:50.360 --> 0:09:58.200 much much much so, much more so, much more, and 0:09:58.600 --> 0:10:02.000 will explore the fact acts surrounding CERN after a word 0:10:02.080 --> 0:10:13.120 from our sponsors, and we're back Matt. Earlier, when we 0:10:13.160 --> 0:10:16.720 were off air, you and I talked about when to 0:10:17.080 --> 0:10:21.200 just explain what CERN was, and you were completely right, 0:10:22.240 --> 0:10:24.360 my old friend. We should have done it at the 0:10:24.400 --> 0:10:26.800 top of the show. I don't, I don't know if 0:10:26.800 --> 0:10:29.200 we're right. I see there's a bit of a an 0:10:29.280 --> 0:10:31.679 elongation that it's just keeping you on the edge of 0:10:31.720 --> 0:10:34.280 your seat, like, what is CERN? It turns out that 0:10:34.320 --> 0:10:39.240 CERN is an acronym for the Council Open polary Chech Nuclear, 0:10:39.760 --> 0:10:44.280 which I am not pronouncing very well. Oa. What does 0:10:44.280 --> 0:10:47.440 that mean in English? It means the European Organization for 0:10:47.600 --> 0:10:52.160 Nuclear Research. And as we as we said before, it's 0:10:52.480 --> 0:10:56.640 most well known for its massive thing called a large 0:10:56.679 --> 0:11:00.920 hadron collider. It is not an ironic name. It's not, 0:11:01.040 --> 0:11:06.319 you know, like a little John sort of moniker. It's 0:11:06.320 --> 0:11:12.160 it's describing a massive particle accelerator. And you, like many people, 0:11:12.400 --> 0:11:16.120 friends and neighbors, listeners, um demons and angels out there 0:11:16.120 --> 0:11:19.760 in the audience, maybe wondering what the heck is a 0:11:19.800 --> 0:11:24.800 particle accelerator. We're very glad you asked. So. Essentially, it's 0:11:24.800 --> 0:11:31.400 a machine that speeds up with using magnets, giant magnets 0:11:31.440 --> 0:11:36.240 that were they're like nineteen hundred tons or more tons. 0:11:36.280 --> 0:11:39.160 I don't know exactly what. It's huge, these giant magnets, 0:11:39.480 --> 0:11:42.040 they speed up and increase the energy of a beam 0:11:42.080 --> 0:11:46.280 of particles, and they generate these electric fields that accelerate 0:11:46.320 --> 0:11:50.360 these particles. It just basically continue to accelerate them going 0:11:50.400 --> 0:11:54.160 around a large loop, and the magnetic fields that they 0:11:54.160 --> 0:11:57.280 have surrounding kind of the track that they send these 0:11:57.320 --> 0:12:01.840 particles around. It's just it's accelerating them and steering them 0:12:01.840 --> 0:12:05.600 and focusing them down into a tiny little beam and 0:12:05.640 --> 0:12:15.240 then they smash them together. Tight. Yeah, I told you 0:12:15.280 --> 0:12:18.800 about this right have. Accidentally I've been falling into this scene. 0:12:18.840 --> 0:12:22.920 You know how, sometimes words, just as concepts are, are 0:12:23.080 --> 0:12:29.280 mimetic entities of a type, and sometimes slang from the 0:12:29.320 --> 0:12:31.800 past or from a different language just sort of gets 0:12:31.840 --> 0:12:36.080 stuck in your mind like a splinter in your finger. Yeah, 0:12:36.120 --> 0:12:38.280 and so tight has been stuck in my head and 0:12:38.320 --> 0:12:42.800 I am trying to tamp it down. But that was 0:12:42.840 --> 0:12:47.160 an excellent explanation that was Okay, I think we got 0:12:47.160 --> 0:12:49.720 through it. So there are a couple of different types 0:12:49.720 --> 0:12:52.760 of these accelerators that have been used and built in 0:12:52.760 --> 0:12:55.760 the past. One of them is a linear accelerator or 0:12:55.760 --> 0:12:59.040 a linear accelerator, and that's where a beam of particles 0:12:59.080 --> 0:13:02.720 travels essentially in a straight line. I mean it makes sense, right, 0:13:02.800 --> 0:13:07.520 linear from one end to the other end. Yeah, And 0:13:07.559 --> 0:13:10.280 with these you can have maybe two of them that 0:13:10.320 --> 0:13:12.920 are on either side of this line, and you shoot 0:13:12.920 --> 0:13:15.320 the beams at each other and they hit in the center, 0:13:15.679 --> 0:13:18.480 and that's when you're doing your experimentation, right at that 0:13:18.600 --> 0:13:22.040 center point where they're colliding. Yeah, that makes sense. Then 0:13:22.080 --> 0:13:26.080 you got these circular accelerators like the large hydron collider 0:13:26.559 --> 0:13:31.320 that have this ring essentially a circle of sorts that 0:13:31.920 --> 0:13:35.880 they the particles just travel around this thing, accelerating, accelerating, 0:13:35.960 --> 0:13:38.040 just getting faster and faster and faster and faster. They 0:13:38.080 --> 0:13:41.040 reach a point where it's getting pretty close to stuff 0:13:41.080 --> 0:13:43.760 we would observe with what we believe to be the 0:13:43.800 --> 0:13:47.520 big bang, and they smash them together, and that that 0:13:47.559 --> 0:13:51.080 point of smashing is where they do their major testing 0:13:51.200 --> 0:13:53.880 smash point. Yeah, it's a smash point. It's pretty tight. 0:13:54.960 --> 0:13:59.079 Oh no, I've spread I've spread the my my linguistic 0:13:59.160 --> 0:14:03.400 disease to you, and I apologize. In two thousand and eight, 0:14:04.040 --> 0:14:08.840 speaking of segways, Certain built the large Hadron Colyder. It's 0:14:08.840 --> 0:14:13.400 not only seven kilometers in length. It is a It 0:14:13.520 --> 0:14:17.280 is a circular accelerator, as Matt described earlier. Uh, it 0:14:17.400 --> 0:14:23.080 is also the world's most powerful accelerator as we record 0:14:23.200 --> 0:14:28.400 this now at the very end of it has a 0:14:28.680 --> 0:14:31.240 it has the super conducting magnets, and it has a 0:14:31.320 --> 0:14:36.640 number of other ancillary structures built to accelerate the energy 0:14:36.680 --> 0:14:39.600 of the particles along the way and inside the accelerator 0:14:40.160 --> 0:14:43.840 there are these two high energy beams, particle beams that 0:14:43.880 --> 0:14:46.680 are traveling it close to the speed of light before 0:14:46.720 --> 0:14:50.440 they finally hit one another. It's crazy to think about 0:14:51.080 --> 0:14:54.920 so cool that we could even achieve that it is. 0:14:55.360 --> 0:14:57.600 It's astonishing just to be frank with you and and 0:14:57.880 --> 0:15:00.720 being in since I'm being since here in that point um. 0:15:00.800 --> 0:15:05.760 The beams travel in opposite directions in separate pipes separate 0:15:05.920 --> 0:15:10.040 beam pipes, which is the phrase that Certain uses beam 0:15:10.600 --> 0:15:14.880 beam pipes. The tubes are kept at an ultra high vacuum. 0:15:14.920 --> 0:15:19.400 They're guided around by the magnetic field produced by those 0:15:19.400 --> 0:15:24.480 superconductive magnets. And the electromagnets themselves are built from these 0:15:24.480 --> 0:15:31.040 coils of a cable that virtually conducts electricity without resistance 0:15:31.600 --> 0:15:36.040 or loss of energy. So these are very, very efficient. 0:15:37.200 --> 0:15:42.280 And to make these magnets, these super cool magnets that 0:15:42.360 --> 0:15:49.600 are super cool on several levels, right right, Uh, what 0:15:49.640 --> 0:15:51.720 do you have to do? Well? It has to be 0:15:51.840 --> 0:15:55.080 the environment has to be extremely cold. The magnets themselves 0:15:55.440 --> 0:15:59.800 have to be crazy cold. It requires the magnets ben 0:16:00.000 --> 0:16:05.280 get have two hundred and seventy one point three degrees celsius. Uh, 0:16:05.320 --> 0:16:09.520 that's a temperature colder than outer space. Let's say you're 0:16:09.600 --> 0:16:12.760 on a spacewalk as an astronaut. It is colder in 0:16:12.840 --> 0:16:15.720 these supermagnets, or these these supermagnets are colder than you 0:16:15.720 --> 0:16:18.280 would be if you were standing outside in outer space. 0:16:18.600 --> 0:16:22.680 So two hundred and seventy one degree celsius is about 0:16:22.720 --> 0:16:28.880 five hundred and nineteen point eight degrees fahrenheit. So it's 0:16:29.160 --> 0:16:34.440 minus that minus that, which which is insane but is 0:16:34.520 --> 0:16:38.320 the nature of the business in the LHC. I guess 0:16:38.320 --> 0:16:40.920 we can start calling it that now. Yeah, yeah, I 0:16:40.920 --> 0:16:44.520 think we know it well enough that the LHC was 0:16:45.160 --> 0:16:48.040 designed for a couple of different things, but one of 0:16:48.080 --> 0:16:53.360 its primary purposes was to prove the existence of something 0:16:53.480 --> 0:16:57.760 called the Higgs bosun. And I can tell you what 0:16:57.760 --> 0:17:00.040 it is real briefly if you want, Yeah, please you. 0:17:00.200 --> 0:17:03.000 I would love to know. All right, So there is 0:17:03.960 --> 0:17:06.440 the god particle. It has been called the God particle. 0:17:06.640 --> 0:17:10.200 And you and I would hang out and wonder whether 0:17:10.400 --> 0:17:12.520 this would lead to the end of the world because 0:17:12.560 --> 0:17:17.280 we received emails about this plenty. We're going to borrow 0:17:17.359 --> 0:17:21.399 some quotes from an excellent article called what exactly is 0:17:21.440 --> 0:17:25.480 the Higgs Boson available at how stuff works dot com 0:17:25.480 --> 0:17:31.840 by an author named Jonathan at Mary. So to understand 0:17:31.880 --> 0:17:34.920 what the Higgs boson is, we need to examine the 0:17:34.920 --> 0:17:39.160 theories describing the way the cosmos works. And we'll call 0:17:39.200 --> 0:17:43.560 it the standard model. Also not an ironic name. Sounds good. 0:17:44.640 --> 0:17:47.800 So here's the gist of the standard model when it 0:17:47.880 --> 0:17:50.480 comes to us comes to our species around the early 0:17:50.560 --> 0:17:54.640 nineteen seventies. The idea is that the entire universe, everything 0:17:54.800 --> 0:17:57.960 you know, and everything you or your friends will ever encounter, 0:17:59.160 --> 0:18:04.160 or your ancestor or your descendants. Capitally, everything is ultimately 0:18:04.160 --> 0:18:07.560 made up of twelve different sorts of particles of matter 0:18:08.040 --> 0:18:13.320 and four forces. In the twelve particles, you will encounter 0:18:13.560 --> 0:18:18.639 six things called quarks and six things called leptons. Quarks 0:18:18.680 --> 0:18:22.919 are what comprise protons and neutrons, while the things we 0:18:22.960 --> 0:18:29.200 call leptons include electrons and the electron neutrino. Scientists think 0:18:29.280 --> 0:18:35.720 that you cannot break leptons and quarks into smaller particles. 0:18:35.760 --> 0:18:38.960 So far, so we've got those twelve particles, and then 0:18:38.960 --> 0:18:43.359 we have four forces that sort of captain planet together 0:18:43.440 --> 0:18:47.040 to make the universe run. Yeah, and that's gravity, which 0:18:47.160 --> 0:18:50.080 you're probably aware of going up and going down, but 0:18:50.200 --> 0:18:53.879 there's more to it than that electromagnetic force that's what 0:18:53.960 --> 0:18:58.200 you see in magnets. Then you've got strong and weak forces, 0:18:58.200 --> 0:19:01.399 and these are more of the nuclear forces, um that 0:19:01.520 --> 0:19:04.400 have to do with the way adams interact. It gets 0:19:04.400 --> 0:19:08.639 a little intense when you're getting down into those forces 0:19:08.680 --> 0:19:11.520 and trying to truly understand them. And that's why being 0:19:11.560 --> 0:19:15.359 a particle physicist is a high paying job and a 0:19:15.480 --> 0:19:18.840 demanding one, right and a very important one. So we've 0:19:18.880 --> 0:19:22.720 got those, let's let's focus on those four fundamental forces. 0:19:23.960 --> 0:19:28.000 Scientists believe that each of those forces the mat just named, 0:19:28.119 --> 0:19:32.879 have a corresponding carrier particle, which they call a boson 0:19:33.640 --> 0:19:37.400 b O, S, O, N, that acts upon matter. And 0:19:37.440 --> 0:19:42.000 there's a cool analogy in here. Some physicists have described 0:19:42.000 --> 0:19:47.000 to bosons as weights anchored by mysterious rubber bands to 0:19:47.200 --> 0:19:51.640 the matter particles that generate them. So we can think 0:19:51.680 --> 0:19:55.880 of particles constantly snapping back out of existence in an instant, 0:19:56.240 --> 0:20:00.159 yet equally capable of becoming entangled with other rubb or 0:20:00.200 --> 0:20:04.560 bands attached to other boson's. Yeah, this is easy to 0:20:04.680 --> 0:20:08.200 understand stuff. I feel like you're I guess this is 0:20:10.800 --> 0:20:13.960 It's just it's very It's just difficult stuff to wrap 0:20:14.000 --> 0:20:17.639 your head around. That's all because they were also describing 0:20:17.720 --> 0:20:22.840 the movement of matter through the universe rights and the forces, 0:20:23.440 --> 0:20:26.480 the forces acting upon that matter, and the rules of 0:20:26.520 --> 0:20:29.119 the road for those forces. If they are like chess 0:20:29.119 --> 0:20:33.640 pieces that can only move in certain directions. Yes, yes, 0:20:34.920 --> 0:20:37.280 so that's what they're looking for. And they've been trying 0:20:37.280 --> 0:20:39.600 to do this for a while, right, Yes, they have been. 0:20:40.000 --> 0:20:43.040 Let's travel all the way back to nineteen fifty three, 0:20:43.080 --> 0:20:47.080 to the sixth section the sixth session of the Certain Council, 0:20:47.320 --> 0:20:50.760 which took place in Paris, m from June twenty nine 0:20:51.080 --> 0:20:55.840 to July one. The convention established the organization was signed. 0:20:56.280 --> 0:20:59.720 They were subject to ratification by twelve different states. That 0:20:59.800 --> 0:21:04.000 can mention was gradually ratified by the founding member states. 0:21:04.040 --> 0:21:09.080 We're talking Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, 0:21:09.440 --> 0:21:14.760 the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Yugoslavia 0:21:15.000 --> 0:21:17.920 and your Slavia. So one one thing that's interesting about 0:21:17.960 --> 0:21:23.639 this is that conspiracy theories or or fringe researchers see 0:21:23.760 --> 0:21:31.080 this international cooperation as very strong, circumstantial evidence. That's something. 0:21:32.520 --> 0:21:34.840 Oh I was going to say that something's rotten in Denmark, 0:21:34.880 --> 0:21:38.600 but Shakespeare side, that doesn't imply. But that's the you know, 0:21:39.119 --> 0:21:43.960 some people distrust that level of geopolitical cooperation. Yeah, so 0:21:44.000 --> 0:21:48.119 many different governing entities having their hands in this, got it? 0:21:48.240 --> 0:21:52.000 Or you know, it could just be humans working together 0:21:52.280 --> 0:21:56.080 to do the coolest experiments possible. I really appreciate that point, Matt, 0:21:56.760 --> 0:21:58.280 and I hope that's the case. I was just going 0:21:58.320 --> 0:22:00.560 to argue that it was probably two weeks spensive for 0:22:00.600 --> 0:22:05.200 each of those countries to afford on their own. But yeah, 0:22:05.280 --> 0:22:13.160 shadowy cabral interested scientists, vultronning together, everybody figuring out how 0:22:13.160 --> 0:22:18.240 to foot the bill. Regardless. On the seventeenth of May 0:22:18.280 --> 0:22:23.240 and nineteen fifty four, they first broke Earth and Geneva 0:22:23.280 --> 0:22:26.400 officials were watching members of the Certain staff we're watching. 0:22:26.560 --> 0:22:32.320 Construction continues until September of the same year and CERN 0:22:32.480 --> 0:22:40.560 officially comes into being located there in Switzerland. And today 0:22:41.000 --> 0:22:44.879 you can find CERTAIN. It's still the same place. You 0:22:44.920 --> 0:22:50.080 can view it on Google Earth. It's gigantic. It's based 0:22:50.200 --> 0:22:55.480 in a suburb near Geneva on the border between France 0:22:55.640 --> 0:23:01.560 and Switzerland. And currently it has twenty two members eights. Uh. 0:23:01.760 --> 0:23:05.639 The United States is not a full member of CERN. Nope, 0:23:06.040 --> 0:23:09.879 Israel is the only non European full member of CERN. 0:23:10.600 --> 0:23:14.200 It has expanded from twelve to twenty two members states. 0:23:14.920 --> 0:23:21.440 And in addition to the large hydron collider, these physicists, 0:23:21.440 --> 0:23:24.040 that these engineers, some of the smartest people in the world, 0:23:24.080 --> 0:23:28.720 are probing the fundamental structure of the universe. Yeah, they're 0:23:28.800 --> 0:23:33.720 they're studying the basic the basic pieces of matter, the 0:23:33.800 --> 0:23:37.080 things that are the building blocks that create this table 0:23:37.920 --> 0:23:46.840 and these hands handsund Yeah, it's it's like we said, 0:23:46.840 --> 0:23:50.280 we keep reiterating, it's incredibly cool. They're talking about colliding 0:23:50.520 --> 0:23:53.600 you know, particles. That's what they do. They hang around 0:23:53.640 --> 0:23:55.960 all day, they speed up particles to the speed of 0:23:56.000 --> 0:23:58.840 light almost, and they smash them together and they see 0:23:58.840 --> 0:24:05.320 what happens. Because without this sort of technology, physicists would 0:24:05.440 --> 0:24:09.919 ultimately be participating in thought experiments, right. Yeah, And a 0:24:09.960 --> 0:24:12.199 lot of it still is thought experiments that they're trying 0:24:12.280 --> 0:24:17.679 to prove one way or the other by to to 0:24:17.840 --> 0:24:24.119 transform a guess into observable science. Right. And one of 0:24:24.160 --> 0:24:27.399 the really interesting things that you noted earlier, Matt as 0:24:27.440 --> 0:24:30.960 you said, this is for me where science becomes magic. 0:24:31.040 --> 0:24:35.520 This is like my Arthur C. Clerk threshold. Without directly 0:24:35.560 --> 0:24:43.040 observable science at the very edges of theoretical science, what 0:24:43.040 --> 0:24:47.879 what we encounter is is very close to mysticism or 0:24:48.040 --> 0:24:52.480 or articles of faith. If you're a world expert on something, 0:24:54.280 --> 0:25:00.200 your best guests automatically becomes leading theory exactly and at 0:25:00.240 --> 0:25:03.920 is ultimately what they're testing at certain it's the fundamental 0:25:04.040 --> 0:25:07.760 laws of nature that govern all matter and all existence, 0:25:08.280 --> 0:25:11.920 and a lot of these are you know, they're testable 0:25:11.960 --> 0:25:14.480 and provable to a certain extent, but then when you 0:25:14.520 --> 0:25:17.960 get deeper and deeper and deeper down into the sub 0:25:18.040 --> 0:25:21.800 atomic and then even deeper levels, it's harder to know 0:25:22.000 --> 0:25:24.359 what is real and what's not. And that's why certain 0:25:24.400 --> 0:25:29.159 is so important. Furthermore, that's why certain from many people 0:25:29.920 --> 0:25:34.480 it's so frightening. Yes, get into something a little stranger 0:25:34.720 --> 0:25:43.439 after a word from our sponsor that I have to 0:25:43.480 --> 0:25:48.639 ask you because you and I were working together years 0:25:48.640 --> 0:25:52.639 and years ago when a lot of news about the 0:25:53.720 --> 0:25:57.199 large Hadron collider and the search for the Higgs boson 0:25:57.280 --> 0:26:02.960 popped up in the mainstream. Well, what was your experience 0:26:03.040 --> 0:26:05.920 like hearing that news? And as we were learning about 0:26:05.960 --> 0:26:10.240 this around the time, the website dig was pretty big, 0:26:11.040 --> 0:26:13.800 and I would go there all the time and they 0:26:13.800 --> 0:26:17.640 would have updates essentially UM, and I would watch news 0:26:17.680 --> 0:26:21.800 conferences that were live with updates from cern about you know, 0:26:21.840 --> 0:26:27.520 they're getting the UM. The LHC is preparing to run 0:26:27.600 --> 0:26:29.639 some tests, but they're having some issues with some of 0:26:29.640 --> 0:26:33.480 the magnets. UM, let's see. I would watch with bated 0:26:33.520 --> 0:26:36.879 breath with some of these press conferences where they're going 0:26:36.920 --> 0:26:40.160 to announce something, and nothing came for a long time, 0:26:40.800 --> 0:26:45.520 you know, nothing official about the Higgs boson um. But 0:26:45.600 --> 0:26:49.720 then when it did, I think it's still so out 0:26:49.760 --> 0:26:52.800 there beyond my understanding that it's hard for me to 0:26:53.040 --> 0:26:55.679 wrap my head around it. But I remember being excited 0:26:56.920 --> 0:26:59.159 knowing that we at least had a better grasp on 0:26:59.520 --> 0:27:03.800 whatever this field is, this Higgs field that connects all matter. 0:27:04.760 --> 0:27:09.200 That made me really excited. Yeah, and it's it's amazing 0:27:09.359 --> 0:27:15.120 too believe that something some of the most intelligent people 0:27:15.160 --> 0:27:18.840 in the world have been essentially guessing at for so 0:27:18.880 --> 0:27:22.600 long turned out to be a real thing. There's this 0:27:22.720 --> 0:27:27.760 sort of um once the phrase used bated breath. Yeah, 0:27:28.080 --> 0:27:31.520 I think that perfectly encapsulates it, because you know, there's 0:27:31.560 --> 0:27:37.080 this there's this immense relief that every person encounters when 0:27:37.119 --> 0:27:42.600 it turns out that the universe obeys something we can 0:27:42.680 --> 0:27:46.320 understand for a moment, because there's a certain amount of 0:27:46.480 --> 0:27:51.160 certainty that you can get from that. But you know, simultaneously, 0:27:51.200 --> 0:27:53.320 as we're reading about this, we're hearing about it. Updates 0:27:53.359 --> 0:27:56.280 are coming, we're also making this show, the video portion 0:27:56.320 --> 0:27:59.800