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Speaker 1: Ridiculous History is a production of iHeartRadio. Welcome back to

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Speaker 1: the show Ridiculous Historians. Thank you, as always so much

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Speaker 1: for tuning in. Let's hear it for the man, the myth,

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Speaker 1: the legend, spontaneously generated, or so he says our super producer,

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Speaker 1: mister Max Williams.

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Speaker 2: Hello, I'm here and I grew out of cheese and bagels.

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Speaker 2: That's very true. I mean, they definitely they created the

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Speaker 2: circumstances in which for you to thrive. That's also true.

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Speaker 1: And speaking of thriving circumstances, folks, I am over the

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Speaker 1: Lamarckian Moon to introduce you to the one, the only,

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Speaker 1: mister Noel Brown. Noel, how's it going.

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Speaker 2: It's going, my friend, It's going in a forward direction.

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Speaker 2: It's about all we can hope for.

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Speaker 1: And for the record, I am still going by.

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Speaker 2: Ben Bowleen indeed, and we are picking up where we

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Speaker 2: left off on the topic of spontaneous generation courtesy of

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Speaker 2: our research associated Extraordinary Doctor Z for a quick little recap.

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Speaker 2: Previously on Ridiculous History, we left off introducing a new

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Speaker 2: character to our not really a rogues gallery. What's the

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Speaker 2: opp They're all stand up individuals. Jean Baptiste Lamark and

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Speaker 2: his theory that was beginning to approach what we know

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Speaker 2: as the kind of modern theory of evolution. He was

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Speaker 2: from the school of thought that led to individuals like

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Speaker 2: Charles Darwin with his insatiable appetite for all of God's creatures,

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Speaker 2: and he also was referencing quite a bit Aristotle's Scala neturei,

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Speaker 2: Aristotle being one of the first characters that we introduced,

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Speaker 2: and his you know, kind of belief largely in the

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Speaker 2: concept of life being generated from non living things. But

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Speaker 2: we also mentioned that Aristotle also did understand as much

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Speaker 2: as was possible, the idea that life generated from sexual reproduction.

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Speaker 2: And so Jean Baptiste Lamark was trying his best to

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Speaker 2: reconcile his views the idea of spontaneous generation and Aristotle's

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Speaker 2: views that were espoused in that work Scala neturei, and

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Speaker 2: created sort of a new theory that, like I said,

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Speaker 2: largely resembled what we think of as the theory of

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Speaker 2: evolution today, leading us to what the next step is

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Speaker 2: in terms of other scientists who began to turn their

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Speaker 2: high powered intellects toward the notion of spontaneous generation.

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Speaker 1: Yes, and the idea of spontaneous generation at this point

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Speaker 1: is the prevailing scientific theory to explain the origin of

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Speaker 1: living things for several millennia, as we know. Please please please,

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Speaker 1: fellow ridiculous historians, check out part one of this special

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Speaker 1: two part series. We shout out Babylonia, We shout out

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Speaker 1: the Shang Dynasty. We shout out folks like an axe

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Speaker 1: amander of Malitius. We also are entering in in media

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Speaker 1: arrests the exploration of science.

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Speaker 2: So fast forwarding a handful of decades past the work

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Speaker 2: of our buddy Jean Baptiste Lamarc, Let's turn our attention

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Speaker 2: again to Italy and the Italian botanist Pierre Antonio Michelli,

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Speaker 2: who in seventeen twenty nine describes nineteen hundred plants and

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Speaker 2: nine hundred fung guy By a series of very specific characteristics,

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Speaker 2: he was able to observe the formation of fungal spores

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Speaker 2: that then led to the formation of fungi themselves. In

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Speaker 2: order to do this, he did a very scientifically methodical

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Speaker 2: series of tests involving melon slices.

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Speaker 1: He did, indeed, and the idea was reproduction. As we

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Speaker 1: talked about previously, the origin of the scientific method is

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Speaker 1: you observe something, you ask why it happens, You give

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Speaker 1: your pitch on why you think it happens, You try

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Speaker 1: to predict it, you test it, you get the information,

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Speaker 1: you make conclusions. So this guy is practicing this, even

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Speaker 1: if he doesn't call it scientific method quite at this

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Speaker 1: point he is able to you enter that reproduction phase

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Speaker 1: and he's creating the same type of fungus that he

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Speaker 1: observed in the original spores. And with these observations, he says,

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Speaker 1: come on, man, this doesn't just happen. It doesn't spontaneously generate.

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Speaker 1: These living things come from somewhere. And he says, also,

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Speaker 1: by the way, guys, I bet if you boiled broth

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Speaker 1: in flask, which was a very common thing at the time,

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Speaker 1: then it will somehow eliminate these living things. But if

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Speaker 1: we don't seal them up when we cool them down,

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Speaker 1: those broths are going to cloud. Something in the soup

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Speaker 1: will go sour.

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Speaker 2: Indeed, the soup is sour. Shout out to pet Cemetery

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Speaker 2: ruined me as a kid, really really scary. You know.

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Speaker 2: It's interesting though, too. Ben. You mentioned the idea of

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Speaker 2: boiling things in flasks, and I'm always kind of blown

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Speaker 2: away by the fact that a lot of the basic

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Speaker 2: materials that you find in science labs today are very

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Speaker 2: similar to the types of materials you would find in

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Speaker 2: science labs of yesteryear, things like erlin Meyer flasks and

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Speaker 2: graduated cylinders. And while there there certainly have been, you know,

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Speaker 2: small changes, largely there are very similar pieces of equipment

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Speaker 2: today that are highly low tech, you know, and that

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Speaker 2: is what it takes to do some of these trials.

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Speaker 2: It doesn't necessarily require, you know, high levels of technology.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, shout out to my favorite of the flask, the

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Speaker 1: earl Meyer, which I only remember from a brief, brief

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Speaker 1: interaction in high school chemistry. It's true, though, your point

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Speaker 1: about finding what works and keeping it around the The

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Speaker 1: discoveries of our buddy Mitchelle allowed the belief in spontaneous

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Speaker 1: generation to persist because when he was boiling these flasks,

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Speaker 1: he said, what, who these things still somehow create life.

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Speaker 1: The microscope became available, i'd say for early adopters in

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Speaker 1: about the six late sixteen hundreds, late seventeenth century, sixteen eighties,

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Speaker 1: and people started going ham on this. Folks like the

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Speaker 1: influential French naturalist George Louis Le Claire Conte de Beau.

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Speaker 2: I'm not going to say affoon not before.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and they they concluded with microscopes, they concluded that

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Speaker 1: there is some sort of ever present life general rating

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Speaker 1: force that simply occurs, like there's a vibe to certain

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Speaker 1: types of inorganic non living matter, and if you leave

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Speaker 1: them alone, under the right circumstances, they will create living things.

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Speaker 2: Right. So, they are still to some degree leaning on

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Speaker 2: the spontaneous generation concepts, but it is definitely advanced. But

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Speaker 2: they do still seem to think that that cloudy broth

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Speaker 2: is essentially creating something new from what was there before,

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Speaker 2: as opposed to having new elements introduced into the equation. Right. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And it's funny, isn't it, because we see echoes of

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Speaker 1: this in modern discourse about how life, like the provenance

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Speaker 1: of life, the provenance of living things, the idea of

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Speaker 1: spontaneous generation only becomes more interesting as humans learn more

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Speaker 1: about the world around us. Right, So, the idea of

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Speaker 1: Earth as this sort of lottery level fight against probability.

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Speaker 1: We know amino acids were around, did lightning strike them?

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Speaker 1: Shout out to of course, throwing copper by live or

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Speaker 1: classic stone cold, classic yeah, or did did some other

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Speaker 1: iteration of life arrive on the planet and find the

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Speaker 1: environment somehow was suitable.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly, No, that's right, And I mean we are

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Speaker 2: starting to. Yet It's very interesting to me because I mean,

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Speaker 2: we have clearly in the past scientific inquiries that we've discussed,

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Speaker 2: like leading up to this point, come to these correct

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Speaker 2: conclusions when it comes to larger creatures, larger organic life forms,

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Speaker 2: like the whole flies and meat situation, they very quickly

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Speaker 2: realized through scientific method that it wasn't the rotting meat

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Speaker 2: that was creating the flies, but creating a situation that

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Speaker 2: attracted flies who would then lay their eggs on the meat,

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Speaker 2: and then the flies would arise from the patching of

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Speaker 2: the eggs the maggots and then creating more flies. And

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Speaker 2: yet they still seem to not be applying that concept

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Speaker 2: directly to some of these more microscopic elements. Yeah, right on.

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Speaker 1: A rose is a rose is a rose, A flies

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Speaker 1: of flies a fly.

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Speaker 2: So life is life is life, you know what I mean.

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Speaker 2: But they're not there yet. And I guess I understand

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Speaker 2: that we are looking at this stuff through hindsight where

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Speaker 2: we're like, of course they're the same, but they don't.

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Speaker 2: They're not there yet.

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Speaker 1: So there's this Italian I'd call him a man of letters,

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Speaker 1: a man of insurance. He's a priest, which gives him

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Speaker 1: the social opportunity to also be a biologists and dabble

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Speaker 1: in physiology. His name Lazaro Spallanzani. He is the guy

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Speaker 1: who who says, look, buddy, need him. It doesn't These microbes,

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Speaker 1: these small versions of life. They don't just come out

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Speaker 1: of boiling broth because I can seal broth in a container,

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Speaker 1: and if I seal it, then I don't see the

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Speaker 1: microbes because raising the temperature of the liquid kills most

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Speaker 1: of the small things living in there. They're always like

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Speaker 1: it's almost like a mystery novel where you see people

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Speaker 1: getting very close to the answer and the answer is

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Speaker 1: always under their nose. So our buddy Lazarro says, here's

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Speaker 1: what's happening. Microbes are moving through the air and they

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Speaker 1: can be killed through essentially altering their environment through boiling

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Speaker 1: the water. And over time, there were many other observations

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Speaker 1: that demonstrated this. It was a panopoly of weird experiments,

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Speaker 1: probably its own podcast series. Over time, the main thing

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Speaker 1: we need to know ridiculous historians is that these observations

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Speaker 1: showed one thing biological reproduction is based on existing complex

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Speaker 1: structures rather than on mud or dead material or you know,

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Speaker 1: hiding grapes from your parents in a cellar.

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Speaker 2: Well, it's interesting we're talking about broth here because you

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Speaker 2: know I buy I'm sure you do too, Ben buy

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Speaker 2: a lot of chicken broth and beef broth, and typically

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Speaker 2: that stuff if it's shelf stable because you buy it

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Speaker 2: at the store, it's not refrigerated, but the moment you

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Speaker 2: open it, you have introduced something into that situation. And

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Speaker 2: if you're refrigerating it, it's not gonna do its thing

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Speaker 2: for a long time, but even refrigerated, it will eventually

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Speaker 2: those microbes that are introduced in at the moment you

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Speaker 2: open it and expose it to the air. We don't

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Speaker 2: have the kind of refrigeration that we have today in

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Speaker 2: the late seventeen hundreds.

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Speaker 1: That's true. We'll also explain at the end that raising

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Speaker 1: grape reference if we have time. More proof of this

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Speaker 1: idea came about in eighteen thirty seven, in an exercise

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Speaker 1: of independent parallel thought. A German physiologist named Theodore Schwan

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Speaker 1: and a French inventor and physicist named Charles Cagnard de

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Speaker 1: la Tour. They discover the geese is a thing that

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Speaker 1: is alive and reproduces, and they said, look, you get

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Speaker 1: your microscopes, this new hot thing, the microscope. If you

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Speaker 1: look at yeast when it is part of fermentation, then

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Speaker 1: you see that yeast cells divide the way that a

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Speaker 1: living cell would divide. And if we put sterile air

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Speaker 1: in there, if we don't allow yeast into you know,

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Speaker 1: our weird barrels or vats or erlami or flask or whatever,

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Speaker 1: then fermentation doesn't start.

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Speaker 2: Right because fermentation is essentially like a harnessing of this

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Speaker 2: kind of process where it's like there's good bacteria that

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Speaker 2: get in there and allow this chemical reaction to take

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Speaker 2: place and it yields something different. It's this interesting. I

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Speaker 2: always find it neat to see historically how people harness

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Speaker 2: this kind of stuff before they really understand the science

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Speaker 2: of it. They just know it works.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And that's that's a good observation. The fancy

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Speaker 1: word for that would be a heuristic. We don't have

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Speaker 1: to know why a certain process delivers favorable results. We

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Speaker 1: simply obey the process. These are the questions folks like

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Speaker 1: folks like Dutch scientist Anthony van Lewinhuk excuse my pronunciation.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, he is largely known, you know, by many in

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Speaker 2: the scientific community to be the father of microbiology, and

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Speaker 2: he I believe he created one of the very first microscopes.

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Speaker 2: If not like is considered to be the inventor of

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Speaker 2: the microscope, because I think that was another thing where

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Speaker 2: it was a lens. Everyone already knew what a telescope was,

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Speaker 2: so there was a lot of parallel thinking involved in

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Speaker 2: the creation of the microscope. It's more about a use

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Speaker 2: case than it is like creating something from whole cloth,

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Speaker 2: right right.

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Speaker 1: It's invented in in or around fifteen ninety so our

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Speaker 1: buddy Luinoake was born in sixteen thirty two or so,

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Speaker 1: is an early adopter. But the microscope's origin comes from

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Speaker 1: a Dutch father and son team. As far as we know,

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Speaker 1: the originators of the of caveats because it's science. The

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Speaker 1: originators of the predecessor of a modern microscope are Hans

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Speaker 1: and Zacharias Johnson Jansen Jansen exactly.

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Speaker 2: But lewinhak was an advancer of microscopic technology. He created

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Speaker 2: I believe twenty five different designs for single lens microscopes.

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Speaker 2: And he also, you know, you cut I guess, for

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Speaker 2: lack of a better term, more than five hundred different

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Speaker 2: kinds of optical lenses. So he was a very, very

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Speaker 2: big deal in terms of advancing that technology that had

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Speaker 2: been already invented.

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Speaker 1: And so our buddy Tony as we'll call him, he says,

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Speaker 1: look at this, I can see all kinds of things

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Speaker 1: with these special lenses invented just a few decades before

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Speaker 1: I came in the game. And I see that I

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Speaker 1: can explain what is happening with this conundrum of boiled broth,

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Speaker 1: right or boiling broth, And I can see that certain

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Speaker 1: small spherical globules respond differently in cold broth versus heated broth,

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Speaker 1: or in the presence of heated air. And he is

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Speaker 1: what he's really doing is interrogating one of the great

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Speaker 1: assumptions of the concept of spontaneous generation. Spontaneous generation proponents

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Speaker 1: argue that there must be oxygen, there must be air

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Speaker 1: around for generation to observe.

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Speaker 2: So aration right yielding generation.

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Speaker 1: You're right, So, going back to part one of our series,

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Speaker 1: the most famous example, you wrap bread or cheese and

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Speaker 1: a rag and leave it in a cellar. The argument

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Speaker 1: there seems to be that if this stuff is sealed

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Speaker 1: off from the environment, then the mice or the rats

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Speaker 1: will not grow. And with all this he concludes, Look,

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Speaker 1: he is probably killing some of these living things that

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Speaker 1: we can't see. And for him this is like a

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Speaker 1: oh my gosh, this is so cool. I don't know

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Speaker 1: if we want to sound cute, but Max, this is

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Speaker 1: like the end of the third act of Usual Suspects

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Speaker 1: where they figure out who they killer is, and the

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Speaker 1: killer is the killer is the germs. It's the things

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Speaker 1: you cannot see.

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Speaker 2: Oh.

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Speaker 1: People are still debating over the authenticity of the spontaneous

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Speaker 1: generation idea, and it goes all the way up to

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Speaker 1: like we said in part one, it goes all the

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Speaker 1: way up to the mid nineteenth century. I think it

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Speaker 1: doesn't get put to rest until like the eighteen fifties.

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Speaker 2: That's absolutely right. That debate was still very much alive.

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Speaker 2: In France. There was a French naturalist who is very

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Speaker 2: interested in this question, Felix Archimede Pouchet, who was in

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Speaker 2: fact a very large booster for the concept of spontaneous generation,

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Speaker 2: and he started to challenge the views of Swan as

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Speaker 2: well as Louis Pasteur, who we know being the father

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Speaker 2: of pasteurization and another hugely influential figure in this field.

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Speaker 2: Both of those folks were into the idea of germ theory,

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Speaker 2: which is very new at the time. They believe that

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Speaker 2: microorganisms and germs arose from parents of the same species,

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Speaker 2: and the germs were everywhere, including in the air and

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Speaker 2: on inanimate matter. Pouchet, however, who was a big deal

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Speaker 2: in the field of animal physiology, he believed that living

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Speaker 2: things originated from inanimate matter and including air. Rather than

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Speaker 2: these living microbes and bacteria being present, he believed they

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Speaker 2: sprang forth from these elemental materials. He called the process heterogenesis.

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Speaker 1: Ah, yes, evolving from different things.

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Speaker 2: Right.

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Speaker 1: It's eighteen fifty eight, and our buddy is contesting Tony's results,

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Speaker 1: and he says, he says, look, I've done the same experiments, right,

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Speaker 1: And our buddy, Louis Pasteur writes to Bouchet in eighteen

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Speaker 1: fifty nine and says, hey, man, oh, my cat's shouting

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Speaker 1: us out.

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Speaker 2: Let's get in.

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Speaker 1: And he says, he says, hey man, hey, Pouchet, you

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Speaker 1: know I get you. You're not a dummy. I respect

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Speaker 1: your belief in spontaneous generation. But I can't really agree

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Speaker 1: with your conclusions because you didn't have the right methodology

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Speaker 1: or a poor setup.

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Speaker 2: Well, and we know that the story of scientific discovery,

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Speaker 2: and you know, to this day is largely about different scientists,

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Speaker 2: different schools of thought, clashing with one another, and then

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Speaker 2: usually hopefully over time, given enough analysis of various results,

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Speaker 2: a kind of more or less clear winner is determined.

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Speaker 2: And we are in an era right now where we

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Speaker 2: see who ended up on the right history. It's Pasteur

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Speaker 2: and Schwan, but we have somebody in Pouchet who is

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Speaker 2: holding on to the old ways that have been kind

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Speaker 2: of tempered with some more modern thinking. But clearly he

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Speaker 2: is in the wrong here. But this was very much

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Speaker 2: still a civil scientific debate.

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Speaker 1: Do you think that I don't. I don't feel like

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Speaker 1: it's a highlander thing. I think these folks are all

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Speaker 1: trying to figure out stuff together.

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Speaker 2: That's what I mean. But it's it's well, I think

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Speaker 2: that's you could argue that that's the case with any

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Speaker 2: kind of scientific discussion, But they oftentimes are a little

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Speaker 2: bit cantankerous, you know, And you'll have people on different

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Speaker 2: sides of an issue, basically thinking the other people are idiots,

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Speaker 2: and you're right. There was a very diplomatic approach that

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Speaker 2: Pasteur took when writing to Pouchet. But I don't know.

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Speaker 2: It just seems to me like Pouchet was on the

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Speaker 2: wrong side of history here and it would ultimately be disproven.

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Speaker 2: But it probably wasn't particularly productive for Pastor to call

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Speaker 2: him an idiot because he was so well respected. Right.

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Speaker 1: Pastor obviously did not call him an idiot. So Pouchet,

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Speaker 1: in the course of this dialogue publishes his primary, what

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Speaker 1: we call his his opus right, his major scientific work,

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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty nine. It's in French. There are English translations.

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Speaker 1: It's called Heterogenesis, or Treatise on Spontaneous Generation, which I

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Speaker 1: would argue is one of the one of the last

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Speaker 1: do not do not go gentle into that dark night kind.

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Speaker 2: Of holding on, yeah, to the idea of a spontaneous

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Speaker 2: generation of.

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Speaker 1: This idea, and in this Pouchet says that he believes

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Speaker 1: eggs of adult organisms, whatever they may be, are spontaneously generated.

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Speaker 1: And he adds a little bit of judge to it,

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Speaker 1: and he says, not the adults themselves, it's the eggs

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Speaker 1: they're created. And this goes all the way to one

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Speaker 1: of the supreme courts of nerds at the time, the

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Speaker 1: French Academy of Sciences. They favor pale pasture, and they say,

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Speaker 1: look in it's January eighteen sixty. We can give a

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Speaker 1: prize for the detailed experimentation to solve this matter once

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Speaker 1: and forever. Pasteur, as history shows us, did participate in

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Speaker 1: this competition and did, by the way, win the competition.

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Speaker 1: Want to shout out once again our friends at the

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Speaker 1: Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology who wrote just an

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Speaker 1: absolute awesome primer for us the lay people. Give a

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Speaker 1: shout out to our editor in chief for that, Melanie

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Speaker 1: more Meal.

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Speaker 2: That's right. And so this competition is almost like a

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Speaker 2: Iron Chef type situation, and essentially the prize for the

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Speaker 2: victory at this iron chef level competition was the publication

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Speaker 2: of his results as being the kind of end all

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Speaker 2: be all of this particular argument. Mm hmm. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And if you have listened to part one, hopefully you have, folks,

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Speaker 1: you're going to be familiar with some of the methodology. Here.

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Speaker 1: We're going to cut past the seaweed. We'll round rob

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Speaker 1: in this pasteor pasteor absolutely rocked the old spontaneous growth

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Speaker 1: suptaneous growth question. He had his number one observations and

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Speaker 1: he proved that bacteria was something that could be an

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Speaker 1: intervening variable. And he also proved that if you wrote

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Speaker 1: moved it, then the soup didn't get cloudy.

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Speaker 2: I'm keeping that very eye level. That's right. And he

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Speaker 2: cites some of the big names that we've mentioned thus far,

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Speaker 2: including Needum and Spalenzani because from those experiments, he said

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Speaker 2: that it was known that soup that was exposed to

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Speaker 2: the air spoiled bacteria grew. However, containers of soup that

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Speaker 2: had been boiled for one hour and were then sealed

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Speaker 2: remained sterile. However, boiling for only a few minutes wasn't

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Speaker 2: enough to kill all the bacteria, therefore sterilizing the soup.

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Speaker 2: Pasture had demonstrated that the dust collected by drawing air

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Speaker 2: through a single cotton ball had enough cultures of bacteria

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Speaker 2: contained within it to do the job. There were large

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Speaker 2: numbers of these. He knew that bacteria was, in fact,

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Speaker 2: because of this observation, present in the air and could

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Speaker 2: only be filtered out by using the cotton ball. They

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Speaker 2: could be removed from the air and held on the

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Speaker 2: cotton ball. He also knew the bacteria could settle out

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Speaker 2: on the walls of a bent glass tube as air

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Speaker 2: was passed through it.

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Speaker 1: So that's number one Again. Number two is the question,

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Speaker 1: is there indeed some sort of life force present in

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Speaker 1: air or oxygen or nitrogen, et cetera that can cause

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Speaker 1: bacteria to develop spontaneously? Is there a means of allowing

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Speaker 1: air to enter a container, and if so, would that

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Speaker 1: not allow any life force to enter? But is there

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Speaker 1: a way to allow these things to exist without allowing bacteria?

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Speaker 1: And could we, says Pasteur, build a wall. His hypothesis

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Speaker 1: three is that there is no such life force inherent

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Speaker 1: in the chemicals that make up air. So a container

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Speaker 1: of sterilized broth will remain sterile even if exposed to air,

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Speaker 1: so long as you don't have the bacteria entering the flask.

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Speaker 1: The flies are what create the flies.

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Speaker 2: Air is just a medium, you know, for transmitting the

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Speaker 2: stuff that creates the other stuff, Right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, one hundred percent. So nol riddle, is this what

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Speaker 1: is the prediction arrived at here?

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Speaker 2: He predicts that if there is no life force contained

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Speaker 2: in air, which we have established, broth in a in

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Speaker 2: that swan neck flask that we also described ought to

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Speaker 2: remain sterile even if it is exposed to air, because

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Speaker 2: any of the bacteria in the air is going to

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Speaker 2: settle on the walls of the kind of the tapered

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Speaker 2: portion of the flask. The neck broth and flasks plugged however,

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Speaker 2: with cotton ought to remain sterile because the cotton filters

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Speaker 2: the bacteria out of the air. So now let's put

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Speaker 2: this to the test, and that is number five testing.

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Speaker 2: As we mentioned earlier in part one, our buddy Louis

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Speaker 2: Boyle's broth in these different shaped flask guests fellow nerds.

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Speaker 2: One of them wasn't erle Meyer flask, just to shout

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Speaker 2: out my high school chemist. So they sterilize the broth,

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Speaker 2: they let it cool, and as they cool it, they

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Speaker 2: get fresh air from the room drawn into the containers.

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Speaker 2: And they don't seal any of the flask. They've just

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Speaker 2: boiled it to sterilize it, and then they expose it

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Speaker 2: to the outer environment. Some of them are open straight up,

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Speaker 2: so anything present in that air, any bacteria, can get

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Speaker 2: into it. The experimental that's our control group. The experimental

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Speaker 2: group is using flask with those long, like you said,

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Speaker 2: swan neck shapes s shaped. I guess they sort of

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Speaker 2: have like different little little bends.

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Speaker 1: Right, They got a clothes in them. Others are plugged

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Speaker 1: with cotton, which is similar to our earlier gauze experiment,

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Speaker 1: like a porous.

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Speaker 2: Border which the flies in the meat right right, right right.

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Speaker 1: And so he does this, he replicates, he uses several

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Speaker 1: of these flasks in each of his groups, and some

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Speaker 1: of his original flask get this. According to you know,

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Speaker 1: your local freshman biology textbooks, some of them are still

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Speaker 1: on display in France and are still sterile today.

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Speaker 2: Wow, that's pretty cool. So now we get to the

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Speaker 2: data sets that are generated brought in flasks with the

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Speaker 2: next opening straight up get spoiled because they're just directly

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Speaker 2: in contact with the air that contains them. Some of

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Speaker 2: these microbes they get the cloud. That's why they get cloudy.

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Speaker 2: And this is evidence by a nasty odor, the cloudiness

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Speaker 2: you described and previously clear broth, as well as upon

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Speaker 2: microscopic examination, the presence of bacteria that can be observed visibly. However,

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Speaker 2: broth in the s curve necked flasks didn't because there

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Speaker 2: were these buffers against that stuff. Right, they were getting

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Speaker 2: caught in the walls of the bendy parts of the flask.

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Speaker 2: Then the broth at the bottom was spared right, Ugh,

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Speaker 2: it was.

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Speaker 1: It was a whole thing. What we what we do

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Speaker 1: learn is the conclusion our buddy Louis says, look France

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Speaker 1: science overall, there is no inherent life force in air.

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00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:58,160
Speaker 1: There are organisms so plenty in air. Organisms do not

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00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:04,040
Speaker 1: arise by spontaneous generation. If you have a if you

436
00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:08,160
Speaker 1: have a lovely broth, right, then it's not going to

437
00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:12,880
Speaker 1: automatically generate a bunch of people in line for soup.

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Speaker 2: Louise.

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00:32:15,640 --> 00:32:17,840
Speaker 1: Maybe we get close to end date on this one.

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00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:23,120
Speaker 1: Louis specific quotation wash life is a germ, and a

441
00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:27,880
Speaker 1: germ is life. Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation

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00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:33,080
Speaker 1: recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment.

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00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:37,680
Speaker 2: Mic drop Indeed, we can dropped that bike. It took

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00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:41,520
Speaker 2: all of this experimentation to realize that, I mean, I

445
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,760
Speaker 2: know this is maybe oversimplifying, but that it is the

446
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:49,520
Speaker 2: same as the flies and maggots and meat experiments. You know,

447
00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:54,680
Speaker 2: It's all about things being open and exposed to outside elements.

448
00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:58,680
Speaker 2: Things aren't being created out of nothing. They are introduced

449
00:32:58,680 --> 00:33:01,520
Speaker 2: to a situation because whatever the material is that's being

450
00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:05,160
Speaker 2: spoiled or continued or whatever, attracts the contaminant.

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00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:11,400
Speaker 1: And with that, folks, with great thanks to our spontaneously

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00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:16,720
Speaker 1: generating ridiculous historians, we cannot thank you enough for joining us.

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00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:20,400
Speaker 1: As you can tell, Max Noell and Doctor Z and

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00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:25,600
Speaker 1: yours truly are big big fans of Louis Pasteur for

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00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:29,720
Speaker 1: several reasons that we will explore in a future episode.

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00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,040
Speaker 1: We can't wait for you to hang out with us well.

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00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:39,200
Speaker 1: We examine some very strange sports in future future iterations

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00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:42,320
Speaker 1: of this show. In the meantime, big big, big thanks

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00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:46,160
Speaker 1: to super producer mister Max Williams, and big big big

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00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:53,160
Speaker 1: thanks to our research associate Doctor Z. Absolute legend, absolute legend.

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00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:56,560
Speaker 2: This guy indeed, thanks a lot, talk to Zee. Huge

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00:33:56,560 --> 00:34:01,120
Speaker 2: thanks to Max william superroducer extraordinaire as well as Christophraciotis

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00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:04,560
Speaker 2: and Eves Jeff Coats both here in spirit and Jonathan

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00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:08,400
Speaker 2: Strickland the Quizzer and Aj Bahamas Jacobs the Puzzler.

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00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:12,960
Speaker 1: M Yes, AJ, Let's see you in a bit. Also,

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00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:17,040
Speaker 1: big big thanks to Gabe Luesier first of his name,

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00:34:17,239 --> 00:34:20,840
Speaker 1: probably don't fact check us, big big thanks to Alex

468
00:34:20,920 --> 00:34:25,480
Speaker 1: Williams who can pose this track, and big big thanks

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00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:31,560
Speaker 1: to anyone who spontaneously generates a nice little review for

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00:34:31,680 --> 00:34:35,719
Speaker 1: us on what do they call it it, Apple podcast,

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00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:39,560
Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, whatever, podcast pod.

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00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:41,640
Speaker 2: Choice, catcher of choice. Yeah, we we love that. It

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00:34:41,719 --> 00:34:43,560
Speaker 2: hopes people discover the show, and you know it may.

474
00:34:43,680 --> 00:34:46,560
Speaker 2: It makes us feel feel good, so please do do

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00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:51,040
Speaker 2: that geez in the meantime. Thanks to you, Ben, and

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00:34:51,200 --> 00:35:01,840
Speaker 2: also with you Let's see you next time, folks. For

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00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,600
Speaker 2: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:07,800
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.