1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,559 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show 2 00:00:05,240 --> 00:00:09,480 Speaker 1: Hi um Eves. Welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,560 Speaker 1: a show that reveals a little bit more about history 4 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: day by day. The day was February six. Representatives of 5 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,760 Speaker 1: the British Crown and more than forty Maori chiefs or 6 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: rangatira signed the Treaty of Waitangi on this day at 7 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,199 Speaker 1: Waitangi in the Bay of Islands on the North Island 8 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:45,640 Speaker 1: of New Zealand. The treaty was supposed to be an 9 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 1: agreement that established Britain sovereignty over New Zealand, ensured protection 10 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,240 Speaker 1: of Maori lands and other possessions. Said the Queen had 11 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: the sole right to purchase land and gave Maory the 12 00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: rights of Britain subjects. But even though the document was 13 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:07,480 Speaker 1: meant to protect the interests of the Maori and the 14 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: British Crown, differences in language and culture caused a lot 15 00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:18,200 Speaker 1: of confusion over the meaning of the treaty. Europeans had 16 00:01:18,280 --> 00:01:22,200 Speaker 1: been in contact with the Maori since the seventeenth century. 17 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: By the eighteenth century, Europeans were immigrating to New Zealand 18 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:32,800 Speaker 1: and trade was good. Europeans exchanged guns, clothing and other 19 00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:36,360 Speaker 1: trade goods for food and other natural resources. The Maori 20 00:01:36,440 --> 00:01:40,920 Speaker 1: had access to. European missionaries also came to the islands, 21 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:45,760 Speaker 1: and many Maori even converted to Christianity and came to 22 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: respect the missionaries. But New Zealand was not a British territory, 23 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:54,760 Speaker 1: so British law did not govern the British subjects living 24 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: in the country, including the convicts that had come to 25 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:03,280 Speaker 1: New Zealand from New South Wills. So over time the 26 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 1: region became pretty unstable because of violence and disease. When 27 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:13,400 Speaker 1: the Maori feared a potential French invasion in eighteen thirty one, 28 00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: several Marory chiefs acts King William the fourth of the 29 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:22,120 Speaker 1: United Kingdom to help protect their land. So the Colonial 30 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: Office in London, the government body that managed Britain's colonies, 31 00:02:26,960 --> 00:02:32,920 Speaker 1: sent James Busby to the proverbial rescue. Busby was appointed 32 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:36,640 Speaker 1: the so called British Resident in New Zealand and in 33 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:40,280 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty three. He arrived in the country with the 34 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:43,640 Speaker 1: intent to look after the Maori and Europeans living on 35 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 1: the islands. Bust Be drafted up a declaration of independence 36 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:52,639 Speaker 1: for New Zealand in eighteen thirty four, mainly to keep 37 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:56,680 Speaker 1: other nations from staking a claim to New Zealand. Many 38 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:00,720 Speaker 1: Maori chiefs later signed the declaration, but it didn't go 39 00:03:00,800 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: over too well with the Colonial Office, and Busby wasn't 40 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: even able to carry out his duties fully because he 41 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:10,240 Speaker 1: didn't have a police force or any support from the 42 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:15,799 Speaker 1: British government. Maori tribal wars had broken out, lawlessness from 43 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: immigrants and adventurers was still an issue, and the New 44 00:03:19,720 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: Zealand Company was aggressively attempting to grab as much land 45 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:28,760 Speaker 1: as possible in New Zealand. The Europeans and Mary alike 46 00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:32,160 Speaker 1: wanted to put an end to all the disorder, but 47 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:37,839 Speaker 1: Britain recognized New Zealand as independent under Maory rule, so 48 00:03:37,960 --> 00:03:42,800 Speaker 1: after years of being disinterested in annexing New Zealand, Britain 49 00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 1: sent Royal Navy officer William Hobson to New Zealand to 50 00:03:47,120 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: negotiate a treaty with the Mary in eighteen thirty nine. 51 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: Hobson was set to become Lieutenant Governor of New Zealand 52 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: or any parts of New Zealand the Maori agreed to 53 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: give up. Hopson arrived at Waitangi in January of eighteen forty. 54 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: Buzby helped Hopson draft the treaty, and the treaty was 55 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:14,760 Speaker 1: translated into the Maori language, but there was a problem. 56 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:18,920 Speaker 1: Some English words and concepts did not have equivalence in Maori, 57 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: so at the last minute, the translators had to make 58 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: up new Maori words, like the word kama natanga, which 59 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:32,640 Speaker 1: means governorship. This hasty translation would go on to cause 60 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:36,799 Speaker 1: disagreement over how the Maori interpreted the treaty and whether 61 00:04:36,839 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: the treaty really transferred sovereignty to the British crown. On 62 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:46,280 Speaker 1: February five, the Europeans and Maori met and the treaties 63 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:52,720 Speaker 1: were read aloud. The Maori discussed the proposal into the night. Missionaries, 64 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:55,200 Speaker 1: who thought the deal would be good for the Maori people, 65 00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:59,800 Speaker 1: encouraged the mary to agree to the treaty, and though 66 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:04,000 Speaker 1: many Maory chiefs objected to the treaty, several chiefs stepped 67 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:08,280 Speaker 1: up in support of British rule. The next morning, hone 68 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:10,760 Speaker 1: heck A was the first of dozens of chiefs to 69 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:16,680 Speaker 1: sign a treaty. A missionary named William Colenso did interject 70 00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:20,080 Speaker 1: at the signing to ask if the Maory really understood 71 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:23,120 Speaker 1: what they were signing, and he later wrote his own 72 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: account of the signing. But over the next several months, 73 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: more copies of the treaty were sent around the country 74 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: for others to sign. Even though many mayory chiefs refused 75 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: to sign the treaty, Hopson still took the title of 76 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:43,479 Speaker 1: Lieutenant Governor of all of New Zealand, and soon after 77 00:05:44,080 --> 00:05:49,520 Speaker 1: New Zealand became a Crown colony. But it didn't take 78 00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:54,840 Speaker 1: long for things to start going wrong. Europeans flooded into 79 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: the country, Britain failed to protect maory land and possessions, 80 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 1: Intentions over unfair land purchases, and sketchy legislation became violent. 81 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:10,920 Speaker 1: The treaty was never ratified by Britain, and the government 82 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: often completely ignored the terms of the treaty. Anyway, the 83 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:20,680 Speaker 1: Maori ended up losing a lot of their land. By 84 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:24,480 Speaker 1: the nineteen hundreds, the Maori began fighting to secure their 85 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:29,040 Speaker 1: treaty rights and protesting the British government's violations of the treaty, 86 00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:34,719 Speaker 1: and in nineteen seventy five, the government finally recognized the 87 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:39,599 Speaker 1: Treaty of Waitangi and New Zealand law. Some treaty claims 88 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:43,760 Speaker 1: did reach settlements. But today the treaty is still not 89 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: part of New Zealand municipal law, and the debate over 90 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: the true meaning of the Treaty of Waitangi continues. I'm Eves, 91 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:56,800 Speaker 1: Jeff Coote, and hopefully you know a little more about 92 00:06:56,839 --> 00:07:01,279 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. If you'd like to 93 00:07:01,360 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: learn more about the Treaty of White Tangi, you can 94 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:06,440 Speaker 1: listen to the episode of stuff you missed in History 95 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:11,280 Speaker 1: class called the Treaty of White Tangi. You can subscribe 96 00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 1: to This Day and History Class on Apple Podcasts, the 97 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio app, or wherever you get your podcasts. 98 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:32,400 Speaker 1: Come back tomorrow for another tidbit from history. Hi everyone, 99 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:35,800 Speaker 1: I'm Eves. Welcome to This Day in History Class, a 100 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: show that will convince you that history can be fascinating 101 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:48,760 Speaker 1: even when you expect it not to be. The day 102 00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:55,600 Speaker 1: was February six The American Colonization Society organized a migration 103 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:58,880 Speaker 1: of freed enslaved people from the United States to Africa. 104 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 1: By the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning 105 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: of the nineteenth slavery was being outlawed around the world, 106 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:10,679 Speaker 1: though it continued in practice in many places. In seventeen eighties, 107 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:14,080 Speaker 1: seven free black people from Britain set out to establish 108 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:17,880 Speaker 1: a colony in Sierra Leone. Five years later, more than 109 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:21,680 Speaker 1: a thousand free black people, unhappy with life in Nova Scotia, 110 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 1: built Freetown in Sierra Leone. In eighteen o four, as 111 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 1: the Haitian Revolution ended, Haiti became the first independent black 112 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: republic in the world. By that same year, all the 113 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: northern states in the US had voted to abolish slavery 114 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:41,000 Speaker 1: within their borders. That did not mean that all people 115 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:44,720 Speaker 1: who were enslaved were immediately freed, but many people were 116 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:47,800 Speaker 1: released after they reached a certain age or worked for 117 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: a certain amount of time. This meant that many Black 118 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: Americans began to live as free people in the first 119 00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 1: part of the nineteenth century. They created communities and institutions, 120 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:02,480 Speaker 1: and they organized to help free other black people, but 121 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: they still faced racism and discrimination. As the number of 122 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:10,040 Speaker 1: free black people grew, white supremacists and others who deemed 123 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: black people undesirable were unhappy with their newfound freedom. Others, 124 00:09:15,679 --> 00:09:19,480 Speaker 1: including free black people themselves, believed they would fare better 125 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:23,960 Speaker 1: outside of the United States. A colonization movement emerged as 126 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:28,920 Speaker 1: people proposed the idea of moving freed enslaved people to Africa. 127 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:33,280 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifteen, Paul Cuffey, a free black entrepreneur and 128 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:37,720 Speaker 1: sea captain, initiated the Back to Africa effort and transported 129 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:40,959 Speaker 1: thirty eight black people from the United States to Sierra Leone. 130 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:45,240 Speaker 1: They arrived in Sierra Leone in early eighteen sixteen, and 131 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:47,760 Speaker 1: the years after that others took up the cause of 132 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:53,079 Speaker 1: black immigration. In this climate, the American Colonization Society formed. 133 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 1: It was largely made up of white people, including clergyman, abolitionists, 134 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: and slave owners. The society purchased and freed enslaved people 135 00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 1: and paid their way to Africa. In eighteen nineteen, U s. 136 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:10,840 Speaker 1: Congress passed an act that authorized the President to send 137 00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: a naval squadron to African waters to intercept people engaged 138 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:19,480 Speaker 1: in illegal slave trading. It also appropriated one hundred thousand 139 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:24,880 Speaker 1: dollars to return displaced Africans to Africa. On February six, 140 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:29,160 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty, delayed days by low temperatures and ice, a 141 00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:32,000 Speaker 1: group of around ninety free black people and a few 142 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 1: a CS members left New York and set sail for Freetown, 143 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:39,400 Speaker 1: cra Leone. Little is known about the immigrants who were 144 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:43,400 Speaker 1: on the ship. Adults and children were on board. Most 145 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:46,400 Speaker 1: of them were residents of New York or Pennsylvania. Many 146 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:48,720 Speaker 1: of them were farmers and artisans, and there was a 147 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:52,559 Speaker 1: nurse and a minister. They arrived at Freetown in March. 148 00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:56,400 Speaker 1: Within the next couple of years, Liberia was founded as 149 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:59,520 Speaker 1: a settlement for free black people, and thousands of free 150 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:03,720 Speaker 1: black Amerkins began immigrating to the area. Adjusting to the 151 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:07,120 Speaker 1: new environment wasn't easy, but some of the black immigrants 152 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:11,360 Speaker 1: did strive for wealth and subjugated and oppressed indigenous people. 153 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:15,679 Speaker 1: As more free black people immigrated to Liberia from the US, 154 00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:20,319 Speaker 1: they continued to bring US culture and practices with them. 155 00:11:20,440 --> 00:11:23,920 Speaker 1: Liberia declared its independence in eighteen forty seven, though the 156 00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:27,440 Speaker 1: US did not recognize its independence until eighteen sixty two. 157 00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:31,120 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Coo, and hopefully you know a little 158 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:35,000 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. Give us 159 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:38,240 Speaker 1: a shout or a share on social media at c 160 00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:44,160 Speaker 1: D I h C podcast. Our email address is this 161 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:48,400 Speaker 1: day at I heart media dot com. Thanks for listening. 162 00:11:48,559 --> 00:11:56,880 Speaker 1: We'll see you again tomorrow with another episode. For more 163 00:11:56,880 --> 00:11:59,400 Speaker 1: podcasts from I Heeart radio, visit the iHeart radio app, 164 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:02,040 Speaker 1: Apple pod casts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.