Speaker 1: All the media.
Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to it can happen here. This may
Speaker 2: be my final episode on Latin American anarchism. That is,
Speaker 2: we've covered Peru, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, the many
Speaker 2: countries of Central America, the former countries of Grand Columbia,
Speaker 2: and the Spaniphone Islands the Caribbean. Now we'll finally getting
Speaker 2: to the big one, Mexico. And I say we because
Speaker 2: I'm here with Garrison Davis.
Speaker 3: Hello, is this has been It's got to be like
Speaker 3: a year long series now right.
Speaker 4: At this point.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's been going on for some time with breaks
Speaker 2: in between and everything.
Speaker 3: I'm very very excited.
Speaker 2: Yeah, to introduce myself real quick, I'm Andrew Sage. You
Speaker 2: can find me on YouTube androism and we should to
Speaker 2: check out the show notes for all the references, including
Speaker 2: and hell capalities anarchism in Latin America, which was an
Speaker 2: indispensable resource for the entire.
Speaker 4: Of this project.
Speaker 2: Without further Ado faminos, we have a lot to cover.
Speaker 2: Mexico is a massive and storied country, so I can
Speaker 2: only really give you a gist of its pre colonial
Speaker 2: and colonial history. For the necessary context, we have to
Speaker 2: start thousands of years before the name Mexico or Mexico
Speaker 2: even existed. Of course, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the
Speaker 2: land we now call Mexico is home to some of
Speaker 2: the world's most unique ancient civilizations. Whose came the Almechs,
Speaker 2: often called the mother culture of Mesoamerica, known for their
Speaker 2: colossal stoneheads and influence on later cultures. Then the Maya
Speaker 2: with their dazzline cities, mathematics and calendars, and eventually the Aztecs,
Speaker 2: who built the Grand Empire settled onto nour stietland which
Speaker 2: is now Mexico City. Unfortunately, we can't spend much time
Speaker 2: on this rich history. We must progress to the time
Speaker 2: of European contact. In fifteen nineteen, everything changed Spanish Conquistra
Speaker 2: and nan Cortez, and within just two years the mighty
Speaker 2: Aztec Empire fell disease. Alliances with native enemies of the Aztecs,
Speaker 2: Technological advantages and brutal warfare aided the Spaniards to overthrowing
Speaker 2: the civilization of millions. What followed was three centuries of
Speaker 2: colonial rule under New Spain, marked by extraction, Catholic conversion,
Speaker 2: and the mixing, often violently, of indigenous European and African peoples.
Speaker 2: By the early eighteen hundreds, the winds of independence were
Speaker 2: finally blowing. A Catholic priest named Miguel Hidago sparked the
Speaker 2: fight with a cry for freedom in eighteen ten. Specifically,
Speaker 2: he sought the end of rule by Spanish peninsulars, which
Speaker 2: are the people who came from Spain and ruled over Mexico.
Speaker 2: He called for the equality of races, and he called
Speaker 2: for the redistribution of land. As a hill capility put
Speaker 2: it in anarchism in Latin, a miracle. Hidago proposed to abolish,
Speaker 2: even if by gentle and gradual means, what he called,
Speaker 2: in almost Prudonian terms, the horrible right of territorial property, perpetual,
Speaker 2: preditory and exclusive. This whole land topic is going to
Speaker 2: come up a lot in the history. By the way,
Speaker 2: you may be familiar with the phrase land and freedom
Speaker 2: pierre libertad that comes from Mexico.
Speaker 4: Anyway, it took.
Speaker 2: More than a decade of war, but by eighteen twenty
Speaker 2: one Mexico had finally broken free from Spain.
Speaker 4: Freedom, though didn't mean stability.
Speaker 2: The nineteenth century saw emperors come and go because there
Speaker 2: was actually a time when Mexico as a monarchy, foreign
Speaker 2: invasions by the United States via the Manifest Destiny and
Speaker 2: Napoleon's France via monarchical Latin League, and internal power struggles.
Speaker 2: The Zapateec president Benito Juarez, who from eighteen sixty four
Speaker 2: to eighteen sixty seven had resisted foreign occupation by Napoleon's
Speaker 2: Emperor Maximilian and fought for constitutional reform, sought to stabilize, secularize,
Speaker 2: and modernize the country. In the mid eighteen hundreds, figures
Speaker 2: like Quarez led a sweeping movement against the old powers
Speaker 2: of Mexico, the Catholic Church and the military, which had
Speaker 2: long dominated both land and politics. To the layers their reforma.
Speaker 2: They seized church property, secularized education, and promised a new
Speaker 2: era of rights and equality. But there was a catch,
Speaker 2: because to weaken the Church, the liberals sold off its land,
Speaker 2: not to the peasants or indigenous communities who had worked
Speaker 2: on it for generations, but to wealthy buyers e heroes.
Speaker 2: The communal lands of indigenous peoples were privatized under this
Speaker 2: liberal banner freedom and progress. They created a new class
Speaker 2: of landlords and pushed rural people deeper into poverty. But
Speaker 2: Nita Juarez died, but his legacy lived on with those
Speaker 2: reforms to cement the separation of church and state, freedom
Speaker 2: of religion, the prohibition of forced labor, and so on.
Speaker 2: But following him came the Porfiriato earth thirty year long
Speaker 2: dictatorship under the mixed tech president Portfyrio Dias, who continued
Speaker 2: the modernization of the country but also deepened its long
Speaker 2: standing inequalities. Portfolio DEAs surrounded himself with intellectuals known as
Speaker 2: the scientific Coos. They were positivists, as in adherents of
Speaker 2: the positivist school of philosophy, which advocated for rational planning
Speaker 2: and economic development as a path of social progress. His
Speaker 2: slogan was ban Opalo the bread or the stick, and
Speaker 2: reflected the policy of rewarding compliance with prosperity while punishing
Speaker 2: dissent with severe consequences. The liberty order and progress equation
Speaker 2: sacrificed liberty as the Mexican people were expected to trade
Speaker 2: freedom for the benefits of these policies. Workers ended up
Speaker 2: facing low wages, long hours, and of course lacked rights,
Speaker 2: while estate laborers were landless and under the arbitrary rule
Speaker 2: of Mao demos. Education was largely restricted to elites in
Speaker 2: major cities, groups like the Yaqi Indians were forcibly relocated
Speaker 2: as cheap labor to plantations. Governors, those supposedly elected, were
Speaker 2: effectively presidential appointees, monitored by Heife's politicals, who intervened the
Speaker 2: local affairs. The rulatis and elite constabulary maintained order, but
Speaker 2: often disregarded due process, which fostered a whole reign of
Speaker 2: terror in the rural areas. Diaza's popularity eventually waned as
Speaker 2: prosperity was monopolized by a small, often foreign elite. This
Speaker 2: elite emulated European customs, which created a stark divide with
Speaker 2: the growing proletariat and middle classes. By the second half
Speaker 2: of the nineteenth century, Mexico was caught in a contradiction
Speaker 2: a state that promised emancipation through property rights while dispossessing
Speaker 2: the very people it claimed to free. The liberal project
Speaker 2: have feeled them, and in its failure, space opened for
Speaker 2: deeper critiques of property power and the state itself. A
Speaker 2: younger generation began questioning the system, and with this rise
Speaker 2: in criticism, gim rise and repression, which set this stage
Speaker 2: for the Mexican Revolution of nineteen ten.
Speaker 3: This whole era of the of like the turn of
Speaker 3: the millennia and the start of the twentieth century has
Speaker 3: like so much of this same stuff happening all over
Speaker 3: the world. Like that's kind of one of the biggest
Speaker 3: trends that we've been able to see throughout your Latin
Speaker 3: American anarchism series, is like how how much they all
Speaker 3: mirror each other, and like how much of like a
Speaker 3: global movements used to exist, like not like a organized fashion,
Speaker 3: but like there's like some like other force that is
Speaker 3: that is like a driving these like global trends of
Speaker 3: like revoltant revolution. Yeah, and like we see this a
Speaker 3: lot in like the yeah, like the nineteen ten to
Speaker 3: nineteen twenty time period, I mean even just in Latin America.
Speaker 4: Absolutely.
Speaker 2: I also think, of course, it's really easy to notice
Speaker 2: these trends and notice these tides of history in retrospect.
Speaker 2: You know, when you submerged in it, it's just like,
Speaker 2: you know, all these conversations and stuff happening, for sure,
Speaker 2: all these events and stuff happening around you. But when
Speaker 2: by looking in the past you could say, oh wow,
Speaker 2: this is like a global pattern. You know some I'm
Speaker 2: always curious to see, like when we look back, I mean,
Speaker 2: the twenty tens are already over. The narratives around it are
Speaker 2: still formulated, right, We're still in the midst of the
Speaker 2: nineteen twenty in the nineteen twenties, the twenty twenties, say,
Speaker 2: you know, the narratives around it will still be developing
Speaker 2: all now. But we're already halfway through, and I'm sure
Speaker 2: people have already seen certain trends that are going to
Speaker 2: make for some excellent retrospective commentary.
Speaker 4: Definitely.
Speaker 3: Yeah, Like the past ten years we've seen this like
Speaker 3: global far right power grab and this like rebirth of
Speaker 3: right wing populism sweeping a whole bunch of neoliberal democracies,
Speaker 3: like post nineties, post War on Terror, post end of
Speaker 3: history stuff where you see like the full extent of
Speaker 3: like the Clinton, Reagan Thatcher economics completely completely crumble with
Speaker 3: far right populism like taking taking over the reins of
Speaker 3: most popular consciousness. Yeah, to the point where even like
Speaker 3: the more like liberal parties are being quote unquote forced
Speaker 3: to adopt like similar rhetoric looking at like like like
Speaker 3: the Labor Party in the UK and hear in the States,
Speaker 3: how how much like the Democratic Party last year, like
Speaker 3: completely caved on like far right populist talking points on
Speaker 3: immigration and stuff.
Speaker 4: Exactly exactly.
Speaker 2: I think part of it as well as a failure
Speaker 2: to advance a positive, totally direction and a positive program.
Speaker 1: Yeah.
Speaker 2: You know, when we allow the tunes of discourse, the
Speaker 2: arena discussion to be dictated by the right, when we
Speaker 2: simply react to what they are saying, when we simply
Speaker 2: respond to their policies and their efforts, you know, we they.
Speaker 4: Slew down the progress of their goals.
Speaker 2: But ultimately, as long as we are engaged in dialogue
Speaker 2: with their goals, they are stoly inching their goals closer
Speaker 2: and closer to reality.
Speaker 4: Yeah.
Speaker 3: Yeah, that is certainly the trend that I've been seeing
Speaker 3: the past ten years, and I'm sure sure many people have.
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, the overturn windows pretty much entirely dictated
Speaker 2: by what they decide. You know, I think I've mentioned
Speaker 2: this before. The right to decided they wanted to talk
Speaker 2: about critical race theory, and then critical race theory became
Speaker 2: the center of conversation.
Speaker 4: The right decided they wanted to target.
Speaker 3: DEI gender ideology.
Speaker 2: Right, Yeah, and then that becomes the whole thing is
Speaker 2: the whole center of discussion. They're not putting forward the
Speaker 2: policies that are going to hurt pretty much everybody as
Speaker 2: the center of their policy.
Speaker 4: That's more like an aside.
Speaker 2: When they give themselves, you know, salary raises and they
Speaker 2: cut taxes on the ridge. That's not the center of
Speaker 2: their political messages.
Speaker 4: Center the plical messages.
Speaker 2: You know, various culture related issues that they can use
Speaker 2: silly their base, but it's nothing that's actually benefiting people,
Speaker 2: you know. And instead of circumventing that that effort to
Speaker 2: dictate the course of conversation and dictate our own conversations
Speaker 2: instead what it's kind of following along the tail. But
Speaker 2: that's a bit outside the scope of this a bit
Speaker 2: of a digression here. But before we get to the
Speaker 2: point of the Mexican Revolution, though, we should really take
Speaker 2: a look at the slow and sell development of radical
Speaker 2: ideas in Mexico during the nineteenth century. You see, indigenous
Speaker 2: resistance persisted throughout Mexico's history through often quiet, revolved acts
Speaker 2: of non cooperation that would steadily ensure that Spain could
Speaker 2: never fully establish his dominion even after independence. The cldinal
Speaker 2: structure lived on in the haciendas, the church, and the state.
Speaker 2: So the indigenous communities would continue to resist, sometimes in
Speaker 2: profoundly anti authoritarian ways, by the nineteenth century. And this
Speaker 2: history is courtesy Anahill Cappialities anarchism Latin America. As I
Speaker 2: mentioned in eighteen sixty one, a man arrived in Mexico
Speaker 2: with a very distinct name. He was Platino Constantino Rourkanati.
Speaker 2: He was a Greek immigrant, radicalized by the revolutions in
Speaker 2: Europe and steeped in the works of Furia. Was a
Speaker 2: utopian socialist and prudon who was an anarchist Fuist anarchist.
Speaker 2: He had fled the counter revolutionary tide crashing over the
Speaker 2: continent with a mission. Rocannati believed Mexico, with its long
Speaker 2: standing indigenous traditions of communal landholding and mutual aid, was
Speaker 2: the perfect place to plant the seeds of a new
Speaker 2: utopian society. And in a lot of ways he was right.
Speaker 4: You know.
Speaker 2: He saw in the hero system the indigenous Kuna lan
Speaker 2: Tenniel a living echo of the kind of society utopians
Speaker 2: in Europe could only dream of. Where the liberally saw backwardness,
Speaker 2: Rourkanati saw potential. His aim wasn't to civilize these communities,
Speaker 2: but to learn from them and held them protect their
Speaker 2: autonoity from the encroaching state through political philosophy and practice.
Speaker 2: He seems to be a very interesting fellow, by the way,
Speaker 2: I mean. He apparently spoke seven languages. He practiced medicine
Speaker 2: by day and philosophy by night. He was a Christian,
Speaker 2: but not anything like the Christians that dominated Mexico at
Speaker 2: the time, because as an hil Caplite, he puts it
Speaker 2: for him, the essence of Christianity is charity, that is
Speaker 2: love for all, as it is taught in the Gospels,
Speaker 2: and that essence is the moral foundation of socialism and
Speaker 2: revolution as well. Pure Christianity, he wrote, is the religion
Speaker 2: that will regenerate the world when people finally come to
Speaker 2: understand the power of its basic principles liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Speaker 2: But it is Christianity without dogma like Saint Simon's and
Speaker 2: without priesthood, liturgy, or hierarchical organization, the model for which
Speaker 2: he finds in the life of Jesus and his earliest followers.
Speaker 2: Primitive Christianity is authentic Christianity, but has been entirely degraded
Speaker 2: by the Catholic and Protestant churches, and has nothing to
Speaker 2: do with so many sects that call themselves Christian end quote.
Speaker 2: A few months after his arrival in eighteen sixty one,
Speaker 2: he published a socialist primary in Mexico that marked him
Speaker 2: as the first anarchist to put forward distinctly anarchist theory
Speaker 2: in the country. In the mid eighteen sixties, he formed
Speaker 2: a group called Lass Socil the goal of spreading the
Speaker 2: ideas of mutualism, free association, anti capitalist cooperation through books,
Speaker 2: pamphlets and education. Barucannati and his collaborators launched workers schools
Speaker 2: aimed the promoting literacy, political consciousness, and autonomy. Once at
Speaker 2: school was the Esquila de Rio id Socialismo, the School
Speaker 2: of Lightning and Socialism Hellier. It combined moral instruction with
Speaker 2: a deep critique of the exploitative labor system. This was,
Speaker 2: you know, education as a rebellion, not just to read,
Speaker 2: but to recognize the exploitation and to imagine alternatives. Rotconnati
Speaker 2: thought of his socialism as the fullest expression of the
Speaker 2: French revolutionary motto of liber equality and fraternity, which no
Speaker 2: half measure like liberalism could ever reach. He recognized that
Speaker 2: the immediate objective must be quote, the extinction of poverty,
Speaker 2: the distribution and increase to the commonwealth, the abolition of prostitution,
Speaker 2: and the conservation of all our faculties, including the intellectual, physical,
Speaker 2: and moral ones, for the transformation of humanity through science, beauty,
Speaker 2: and virtue end quote.
Speaker 4: One of those things was not like the others.
Speaker 2: I'm surely you noticed there was a standout in inclusion there,
Speaker 2: but it makes sense considering his background. He also saw
Speaker 2: himself as a cosmopolitan, perhaps owing in part to his
Speaker 2: unique circumstances as a man with a Greek father, Austrian mother,
Speaker 2: a French education, and Mexican who He said, quote, we
Speaker 2: are Cosmopolitans by nature, citizens of all nations, and contemporaries
Speaker 2: to all the asias. The greatest and most heroic human
Speaker 2: actions belong equally to all end quote. In other words,
Speaker 2: our country is the entire world, and all men are brothers.
Speaker 2: He also wrote that the abolition of all government in
Speaker 2: the nations, which frightens you and you consider impossible and absurd,
Speaker 2: they have never tried it will usher in a totally
Speaker 2: new world of institutions in which the peoples of the
Speaker 2: world will live in happiness end quote. Brouclati was a
Speaker 2: pacifist and as a prosch anarchism, which bought his original instruction
Speaker 2: of socialism being via Charles Furia. But eventually he came
Speaker 2: to understand the need for a class struggle, as he said, quote,
Speaker 2: a social revolution in which many heroic victims will be
Speaker 2: sacrificed in the sacred altar to restore the justice denied
Speaker 2: it to the people end quote. His work attracted young radicals,
Speaker 2: many of whom would later play key roles in the
Speaker 2: development of Mexico's labor movement. Before he started Lass social
Speaker 2: he had initiated the first group or is Sudiante Socialistas,
Speaker 2: from which game figures such as Santiago Vilenueva, who tried
Speaker 2: to organize the worker's movement, Permeneghillo, Phil Vicencio and Francisco's
Speaker 2: at a Costa a leader of rural masses. It's the
Speaker 2: core of this group that would help him to create
Speaker 2: lessocl which would educate and agitate but also assist workers
Speaker 2: beyond mutual aid to an active class struggle posture in
Speaker 2: defense of the interests against bosses. So basically he took
Speaker 2: these mutual aid societies and made sure that they didn't
Speaker 2: stay mutual aid societies, that they were radicalized into resistance societies,
Speaker 2: because those sort of mutual aid associations were very common
Speaker 2: in Latin America at the time. You know, workers would
Speaker 2: create these little groups where they would try and support
Speaker 2: each other. But it's very easy to fall back on
Speaker 2: that and to assume, you know, that's all you have
Speaker 2: to do. Making sure that they have a radical posture,
Speaker 2: a revolutionary posture. It's important to ensure that you're not
Speaker 2: just rest in your laurels and expecting change to come
Speaker 2: to you, and indeed they did not expect the change
Speaker 2: to come to them. In June eighteen sixty five, these
Speaker 2: resistant societies supported the first industrial strike in Mexico. Unfortunately,
Speaker 2: it was crushed by the leader of the country at
Speaker 2: the time, Emperor Maximilian, but it was his occupation and
Speaker 2: the economic harshness of it all that fermented the spread
Speaker 2: of anarchist ideas. Another student tut of Rocannati school came
Speaker 2: Julio Chavez, a precursor to the more famous Emiliano Zapata
Speaker 2: and a fervent anarchist communist. He agitated for a peasant
Speaker 2: rebellion and engaged in land expropriations, which grew in popularity
Speaker 2: wherever he was active, from the chalcot Tex Soco region
Speaker 2: where he began, to all the states of Quebler and Morellia,
Speaker 2: as Capelletti recounts, quote, the federal army finally moved against
Speaker 2: him and defeated and imprisoned. He was executed in eighteen
Speaker 2: sixty nine by order of President Benito Juarez. Before he died,
Speaker 2: Chavez cried out, long live Socialism end quote. His manifesto,
Speaker 2: which was written of few months before he died, would
Speaker 2: help introduce more masses in the Mexican movement to the
Speaker 2: idea of class struggle, and like a light bulb over
Speaker 2: one's head, it immediately made it clear who was responsible
Speaker 2: for their suffering. Santiago vid and Weever, and a fellow
Speaker 2: student Rocanati named Vila Vitensio worked arduously to organize the
Speaker 2: artisans and workers in Mexico City, and they definitely had
Speaker 2: the cards stacked against them, but they helped to organize
Speaker 2: an industrial strike in a textile mill in eighteen sixty eight,
Speaker 2: and in eighteen sixty nine they established a Circulo Peraltario
Speaker 2: and in eighteen seventy the Grand Seculio de Obreros de
Speaker 2: Mexico and in eighteen seventy one the newspaper Al Socialista.
Speaker 2: And this is when the red and black so famously
Speaker 2: associated with anarchism came into the Mexican workers movement. The
Speaker 2: eighteen seventies saw struggles between radical and moderate factions among workers,
Speaker 2: proletarian presses making a name for themselves, and the first
Speaker 2: Convention of the General Workers Congress of the Mexican Republic
Speaker 2: in eighteen seventy six with a manifesto that indicated the
Speaker 2: crown influence of libertarian ideology in Mexico. Of course, there
Speaker 2: was a tension in that Congress between the socialists and
Speaker 2: the anarchists, but water is wet. Sadly, Mexico wasn't ready
Speaker 2: for revolution, or rather, the ruling class wasn't. While Rovercinnati
Speaker 2: and others sold seeds among students and workers, the country
Speaker 2: was swinging toward reaction.
Speaker 4: As I mentioned.
Speaker 2: Earlier, with the rise of Porphilrio Diaz in eighteen seventy six,
Speaker 2: any space for radical thought began to close. Diaz, the
Speaker 2: strong man of Oneization, was obsessed with order and progress.
Speaker 2: He welcomed foreign capital, built railroads across the nation, and
Speaker 2: gutted the countryside to make room for exports, and he
Speaker 2: crushed dissent. While Rocnati avoided outright persecution thanks in parties
Speaker 2: foreign status and pacifist leanings, the educational projects he inspired
Speaker 2: were dismantled or sidelined. The more confrontational elements of the
Speaker 2: early anarchists current went underground. Those who spoke of abolishing
Speaker 2: property or questioned the Porphyria vision of modernity were met
Speaker 2: with jail, exile, or worse. Rotcarati's allies, Alacosta, through his
Speaker 2: newspaper Like International, promoted a twelve point socialist agenda, advocated
Speaker 2: and universal social republic, municipal autonomy, workers' rights, workers associations,
Speaker 2: wage avolition, and property equality. Despite Diaz's rise in eighteen
Speaker 2: seventy seven, he led a present uprising in Sierra Gorda
Speaker 2: and planets to La Baranca, battling federal forces until eighteen eighty.
Speaker 2: Despite his defeat and imprisonment in eighteen eighty one, the
Speaker 2: rebellion persisted. Salacosta's ally, Colonel Alberto Santa Fe, introduced the
Speaker 2: Lays del Pueblo, Influenced by Mercunan's ideas. Though not a
Speaker 2: purely anarchist manifesto, this document emphasized land distribution, national industry promotion,
Speaker 2: army suppression, and free education. Salafe argued that true Mexican
Speaker 2: independence depended on reclaiming stolen lands, a movement which, of
Speaker 2: course ski in traction among the peasants. General Negrete supported
Speaker 2: Santa Fe's revolutionary efforts, just as he had backed Chavez,
Speaker 2: Lopez and Sanlacosta earlier. Santa Fe's resistance against Diaza's dictatorship
Speaker 2: was more radical than mayor electoral opposition. It aimed at
Speaker 2: transferring sovereignty to local municipalities and land to peasant collectors. However,
Speaker 2: by the eighteen nineties, Diaz effectively suppressed most worker movements
Speaker 2: through bribery and repression. While industrial workers and miners fared
Speaker 2: slightly better than the peasant, wages steadily declined after eighteen
Speaker 2: ninety eight. Rodocanati left Mexico in eighteen eighty six after
Speaker 2: giving over two decades of his life to the cause,
Speaker 2: But as two decades of so and seeds would eventually
Speaker 2: flourish in the Mexican Revolution. What will be covering in
Speaker 2: the next episode Thanks for tuninen A madrasage. You can
Speaker 2: follow me on YouTube at andrewism and patron dot com
Speaker 2: slash Saint Drew.
Speaker 4: Thanks again. This is it Could Happen Here. All power
Speaker 4: to all the people peace.
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