1 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:06,280 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. We have our latest installment of Unearthed coming 2 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:08,840 Speaker 1: up on the show, and something that is getting a 3 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: brief mentioned in it is the Tunguska events. This was 4 00:00:12,760 --> 00:00:16,000 Speaker 1: a massive explosion that flattened a huge amount of pine 5 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:19,159 Speaker 1: forest in Siberia in night and we covered it on 6 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:23,800 Speaker 1: the show on June, So enjoy it as today's Saturday Classic. 7 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:29,720 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 8 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:38,879 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 9 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Frying and I'm Tracy Vie Wilson. Uh. This 10 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:45,479 Speaker 1: episode is a little bit of a history mystery. It's 11 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:48,160 Speaker 1: also got a good bit of scientific work to counter 12 00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:51,880 Speaker 1: that mystery. But there's still that little slipper that remains 13 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:55,840 Speaker 1: of uncertainty that keeps people guessing. Slash, I think interested 14 00:00:56,440 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: and also just hopeful that it will turn out to 15 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:02,520 Speaker 1: be something crazy. Yeah, we are talking today about something 16 00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 1: that I think a lot of people know a little 17 00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: bit about. Uh. We'll talk about why at the end. 18 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:10,800 Speaker 1: In terms of popular culture, which is the Tunguska event. 19 00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: It's a strange phenomenon that happened in and there is 20 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:18,800 Speaker 1: good news because while this was I think you could 21 00:01:18,880 --> 00:01:22,399 Speaker 1: categorize it as a catastrophic event. It is not really 22 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:25,760 Speaker 1: a sad topic fortunately, as well discuss it a moment. 23 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:27,559 Speaker 1: It happened in a place where people did not really 24 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:31,600 Speaker 1: get hurt. There's one maybe unsubstantiated animals were harmed, but 25 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:36,440 Speaker 1: probably not people. Yes, Uh, And I think probably what 26 00:01:36,520 --> 00:01:38,640 Speaker 1: happened to the animals happened so quickly there was not 27 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:41,880 Speaker 1: really suffering. Uh. It is a fascinating look at the 28 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: ways in which our planet can surprise and mystify us 29 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 1: and offer up questions that we still can't answer even 30 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:51,160 Speaker 1: after more than a hundred years of trying to figure 31 00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 1: them out. Yeah. I think this is one that somebody 32 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:56,040 Speaker 1: recently was like, I'm surprised you haven't talked about this. 33 00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 1: I am surprised we haven't either. Like, I think I 34 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:00,720 Speaker 1: had it in my head for a while, because it's 35 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:03,240 Speaker 1: always something I'm like, oh, yeah, that is interesting. Surely 36 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:05,720 Speaker 1: the previous hosts have done it, And even though we 37 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:09,120 Speaker 1: have been here for a while, I would not put 38 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:11,840 Speaker 1: any bets on my ability to conjure what has and 39 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:14,880 Speaker 1: hasn't been covered by previous hosts. I also am never 40 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:19,320 Speaker 1: surprised because it's the world is just so huge. Yes, yea. 41 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 1: So on June at approximately seven a m. The sky 42 00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: over Siberia lit up with what was described by witnesses 43 00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:33,680 Speaker 1: as a massive fireball or the sky engulfed in fire. 44 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:36,000 Speaker 1: And then there was a bang and a crash and 45 00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: a series of smaller thunking noises like objects falling from 46 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:41,520 Speaker 1: the sky. Yeah. But I want to make clear that 47 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:44,920 Speaker 1: while it's described that way, we'll get we'll get to 48 00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:49,200 Speaker 1: the lack of those objects as we discuss. Uh. The 49 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:52,359 Speaker 1: area around what is known as the Middle Tunguska River 50 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: in Siberia is not densely populated, and it was even 51 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:58,480 Speaker 1: less so in nineteen o eight, which was a good thing. 52 00:02:59,120 --> 00:03:01,280 Speaker 1: Had there been more people in the area when the 53 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:04,440 Speaker 1: largest explosion known to man and it still holds that 54 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:07,799 Speaker 1: title took place, it would likely have resulted in a 55 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 1: massive loss of human life. I read one thing last 56 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,160 Speaker 1: night that said something like if this had happened over London, 57 00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:17,080 Speaker 1: like the whole world would have really felt like a 58 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:21,799 Speaker 1: much bigger impact, because it's almost impossible to calculate how 59 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:25,840 Speaker 1: devastating it would have been. Um. There were some deaths, 60 00:03:25,960 --> 00:03:30,600 Speaker 1: which was primarily herds of reindeer. Uh. There was one 61 00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:34,000 Speaker 1: human who was allegedly flung against a tree and died. 62 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:38,400 Speaker 1: That account is not substantiated. When this blast, which came 63 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:42,840 Speaker 1: as a complete surprise, happened, it was felt across long distances. 64 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:45,840 Speaker 1: Windows broke in homes that were as far away as 65 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:49,320 Speaker 1: thirty five miles or sixty kilometers from the explosion, and 66 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:53,680 Speaker 1: estimated two thousand square kilometers of forest were destroyed. Places 67 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:56,600 Speaker 1: as far away as Great Britain felt the earth shaking, 68 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 1: and in places where people didn't perceive a rumbling seismographs 69 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:04,160 Speaker 1: still picked up a wave of activity that actually circled 70 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: the globe. It registered a second time in Germany. Yes, 71 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: some accounts will say it circled the globe multiple times, 72 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:13,920 Speaker 1: but uh the second time specifically is mentioned in one 73 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:19,400 Speaker 1: of the researchers the early researchers report. So the estimated 74 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:23,480 Speaker 1: power of this mystery explosion is really hard to comprehend, 75 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:26,839 Speaker 1: and apparently it is just as hard to estimate. It 76 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:29,760 Speaker 1: is often compared to the power of atomic bombs, but 77 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:32,719 Speaker 1: with sources claiming it as anywhere from a hundred and 78 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:36,040 Speaker 1: eighty five times more powerful than the bomb that fell 79 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:40,400 Speaker 1: on Hiroshima to one thousand times more powerful. I witness 80 00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:43,120 Speaker 1: accounts are almost difficult to believe. They sound are like 81 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:44,720 Speaker 1: the sorts of things that you would read about in 82 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,679 Speaker 1: an apocalyptic novel. There were claims that allow to the 83 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:51,960 Speaker 1: earth flying star flew across the sky and that a 84 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:55,719 Speaker 1: pillar of fire trailed it. One witness said quote the 85 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:59,040 Speaker 1: sky split into and fire appeared high and wide over 86 00:04:59,080 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 1: the forest. The split in the sky grew larger, and 87 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,560 Speaker 1: the entire northern side was covered with fire. A man 88 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,279 Speaker 1: who had been sitting on his porch forty miles away 89 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 1: from the epicenter of the event described the sensation that 90 00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 1: his shirt had caught fire. Yes, so there's a lot 91 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:20,440 Speaker 1: of heat, noise, visual fire. Fortunately, So just for clarity, 92 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: because we mentioned earlier that this did not really claim 93 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 1: a lot of human lives, and it was in a 94 00:05:25,640 --> 00:05:30,440 Speaker 1: fairly sparsely populated area. The major primary part of it, 95 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:32,600 Speaker 1: we'll talk about this in a moment, happened over a 96 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:36,480 Speaker 1: forest that was completely undeveloped, and so these eyewitnesses were 97 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,880 Speaker 1: in homes and areas that were outside of that forest. 98 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:42,599 Speaker 1: So that is why there are eyewitness accounts, but not 99 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:46,760 Speaker 1: a lot of death and destruction in terms of human life. 100 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:51,240 Speaker 1: There was a massive and I mean massive blast wave 101 00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:54,719 Speaker 1: of wind that followed the explosion that resulted in reports 102 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: that horses, even hundreds of kilometers away were unable to 103 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: remain standing hum and fences were simply blown around. But 104 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,479 Speaker 1: this blast wave is also credited with extinguishing the fire 105 00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:09,719 Speaker 1: that came with the explosion. And maybe the most odd 106 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:12,360 Speaker 1: were the accounts of things that happened in far distant 107 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:16,160 Speaker 1: places following the blast and Great Britain, it was reported 108 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: that the sky remained bright into the night, so much 109 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,040 Speaker 1: so that people could easily read outdoors and play cricket 110 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:25,000 Speaker 1: in the dead of night. That same illumination covered the 111 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 1: rest of Europe in parts of Asia as well. Yeah, 112 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: and it went on for several days, which seems like 113 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:35,960 Speaker 1: a completely strange and weird apocalyptic event. But even though 114 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: this startling thing had happened in the Tunguska area, no 115 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:42,840 Speaker 1: one from the scientific community really went to check it out. 116 00:06:43,240 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: One would think that curious scientists and researchers would flock 117 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,120 Speaker 1: to a location where such an unusual event had taken place, 118 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:53,560 Speaker 1: But again, this took place in central Siberia, an area 119 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:58,160 Speaker 1: notorious for having a harsh climate, making travel challenging. The 120 00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,880 Speaker 1: Middle Tunguska River areas impassively difficult winters, and it can 121 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: get really swampy in its warmer season, which offers a 122 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: whole separate set of challenges. In the early nineteen twenties, 123 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:14,320 Speaker 1: mineralogist Leonid Kulik, who was the St. Petersburg Museum's chief 124 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:18,520 Speaker 1: curator of their meteorite collection, had become deeply interested in 125 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:21,760 Speaker 1: this strange event, and he spent the next several years 126 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:24,840 Speaker 1: trying to get the government to agree to a research trip, 127 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:29,880 Speaker 1: and finally in nine nearly two decades after this strange 128 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: explosion at Tunguska, while the Soviet Union was in power 129 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: at this point, because remember there had been a big 130 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: power shift in the area, Kulick and his team finally 131 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:43,360 Speaker 1: traveled into the area to investigate, and even after two decades, 132 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:47,880 Speaker 1: the damage was both extensive and very obvious. As Kulik 133 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:51,080 Speaker 1: and his men approached the location where this explosion was 134 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:53,480 Speaker 1: reported to have taken place, they saw that the trees 135 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:57,400 Speaker 1: had been completely flattened. Leaning outward from the center of 136 00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,080 Speaker 1: the blast, this section of flattened fourrist was thirty one 137 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:03,760 Speaker 1: miles or fifty kilometers wide, although it was not a 138 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:07,240 Speaker 1: perfect circle, but more of an elongated shape that Kulik 139 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: would later describe as eccentric radial. Yes, sometimes you'll see 140 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: it described as almost like a kind of a deformed 141 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: butterfly shape as well. But Kulick did not find the 142 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:19,440 Speaker 1: crater that he expected at the center of all of 143 00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:22,880 Speaker 1: that destruction. Instead, the trees there in what would be 144 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,960 Speaker 1: the epicenter or stripped bare of foliage and bark. But 145 00:08:26,040 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: they stood upright. They're broken trunk still rising straight into 146 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:33,720 Speaker 1: the air. He also anticipated finding remnants of a meteorite, 147 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: but none were recovered by his team. Kulick theorized the 148 00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: lack of a crater and meteoric rock could be attributed 149 00:08:41,559 --> 00:08:44,480 Speaker 1: to the soft, mucky earth in the area, and that 150 00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:47,559 Speaker 1: whatever had hit it had sunk into the mucky ground. 151 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:51,400 Speaker 1: He wrote about this theory and a report published by 152 00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. In addition to the 153 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:59,040 Speaker 1: explosion itself, there was an aftermath of particular debris, which 154 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:03,120 Speaker 1: Kulik described in the paper quote huge masses of the 155 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: finest substance sprayed by the meteorite in its flight through 156 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:09,440 Speaker 1: the atmosphere and raised by the explosion in the Earth's 157 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:12,040 Speaker 1: crust due to the cosmic speed of the impact of 158 00:09:12,080 --> 00:09:15,080 Speaker 1: the meteorite caused a heavy blanket of dust in the 159 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:18,240 Speaker 1: upper layers of the atmosphere, and the formation at a 160 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,359 Speaker 1: height from eighty three to eight kilometers of silvery clouds, 161 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,880 Speaker 1: light clouds and dust screens on the ceiling and in 162 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:29,560 Speaker 1: the lower layers of the stratosphere. Thus were produced those 163 00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: remarkable phenomena called night dawns, which were of incomparable beauty. 164 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:36,839 Speaker 1: These were observed on the day of the fall from 165 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: the place of its occurrence as far as Spain and 166 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:42,760 Speaker 1: from Pheno Scandia to the Black Sea. We're going to 167 00:09:42,840 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: rewind a little bit to talk about some work that 168 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:49,440 Speaker 1: Kulik actually did to try to get information before that trip, 169 00:09:49,559 --> 00:10:01,839 Speaker 1: but first we will pause for a sponsor break. Right 170 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 1: before the break, we read a little bit from Kulik's 171 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,760 Speaker 1: report on all of this, and some of what he 172 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:11,120 Speaker 1: wrote about actually had been published before. He had mounted 173 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:14,520 Speaker 1: an expedition in n One that gathered accounts of the event, 174 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: but it didn't actually make it to the site. Uh. 175 00:10:17,520 --> 00:10:20,600 Speaker 1: That was how Leon and Kulik had first really gotten 176 00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 1: a sense of what had happened at Tunguska. He kind 177 00:10:23,520 --> 00:10:26,559 Speaker 1: of again it's very impassable, difficult to get to. And 178 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:29,360 Speaker 1: I will point out one more time, an undeveloped forests. 179 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:31,720 Speaker 1: So it's not take a place where there are roads 180 00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: and it's just hard to get over them. There wasn't 181 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,199 Speaker 1: any way to get to places. It's not going to 182 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:40,120 Speaker 1: have people passing by and seeing what happened, right, Uh. 183 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:42,720 Speaker 1: And certainly there's no infrastructure there for him to just 184 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:45,800 Speaker 1: put it all on the jeep and go. But most 185 00:10:45,800 --> 00:10:50,000 Speaker 1: scientists just did not take those accounts seriously. We talked 186 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:53,400 Speaker 1: about all the time how eyewitness accounts aren't always trustworthy. 187 00:10:53,559 --> 00:10:56,080 Speaker 1: These were gathered some years after the event, so there's 188 00:10:56,080 --> 00:10:59,440 Speaker 1: already that passage of time that that makes already potentially 189 00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:04,200 Speaker 1: fallible memory even more fuzzy. Uh. And it just it 190 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: wasn't coming from scientists, it was coming from locals. But 191 00:11:07,559 --> 00:11:11,120 Speaker 1: because Kulik was also able to get ahold of seismic 192 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:14,560 Speaker 1: wave data that confirmed that something certainly had happened in 193 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 1: Siberia in nineteen o eight, this event started to garner 194 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:22,120 Speaker 1: more serious scientific interest. Kulick's writing on the subject of 195 00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:25,480 Speaker 1: the ten event was not the result of just one visit. 196 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:29,199 Speaker 1: He went again in eight with an assistant he refers 197 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: to as a cinema operator, meaning a cameraman. The images 198 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:36,920 Speaker 1: captured on the trip were so stark and startling that 199 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:41,959 Speaker 1: they led to another expedition in nine. Yeah, if you 200 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:44,360 Speaker 1: we will use one of those images as her show art. 201 00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:47,160 Speaker 1: But if you just look around on the internet for 202 00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:49,479 Speaker 1: like a tiny amount of time, you will see them. 203 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:53,480 Speaker 1: They're astonishing. They really do look just completely alien and bizarre. 204 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:58,160 Speaker 1: On the trip, Kulik was joined by a geobotanist named 205 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:02,120 Speaker 1: Elvi Shumiliva and another scientists named E. L. Crin Off, 206 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: and they also had a group of workmen that traveled 207 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:06,160 Speaker 1: with them over the course of a year and a half. 208 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: The numbers of of work when they had at any 209 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:11,480 Speaker 1: given time varied a little bit, uh, but their mission 210 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:15,040 Speaker 1: was basically to thoroughly study the area and its climate 211 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:19,319 Speaker 1: and document everything was really detailed notes. Over the course 212 00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:22,360 Speaker 1: of the journey, the research team investigated points of interests 213 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:24,760 Speaker 1: that might have proven pertinent to the nineteen o eight event. 214 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: There are a lot of side trips to look at 215 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: indentions in the earth and see if those might be 216 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: where debris fell, and they also carefully tracked the shifting 217 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,360 Speaker 1: seasons to analyze if climate conditions may have contributed. Kula 218 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:40,640 Speaker 1: wrote his conclusion as to what exactly had taken place. Quote, 219 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:46,160 Speaker 1: we know that on June behind the Podkamanya, an enormous 220 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:49,800 Speaker 1: iron meteorite fell. We may imagine that this body broke 221 00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:52,600 Speaker 1: into pieces, first in the air and then into the crust, 222 00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:56,440 Speaker 1: which it penetrated in a number of discrete fragments, and 223 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:59,400 Speaker 1: that they're in the crust, these fragments burst into still 224 00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,160 Speaker 1: smaller paces under the action of the escaping incandescent gases 225 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: which were produced at the time. Yes, so he believed 226 00:13:06,679 --> 00:13:09,760 Speaker 1: that this meteorite had exploded in midair, which is why 227 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:12,719 Speaker 1: there were no there was no crater, and that the 228 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 1: pieces that then slammed into the earth and went underground 229 00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:21,080 Speaker 1: also exploded some more, and that that basically broke them 230 00:13:21,160 --> 00:13:23,280 Speaker 1: up to the point that it was difficult. But he 231 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: did believe that you could potentially find large pieces of 232 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: nikoliferous iron down in the earth under the central point 233 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: of the explosion, and he thought those would be buried 234 00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:35,800 Speaker 1: less than eighty two feet that's about twenty five down. 235 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:40,480 Speaker 1: So Kulis trips to Central Siberia provided previously unknown details 236 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,120 Speaker 1: about the Tangooska events to the world outside of the 237 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:46,840 Speaker 1: immediate area, but also opened up this whole Pandora's box 238 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:50,000 Speaker 1: of questions about what really happened there and why there 239 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:55,080 Speaker 1: was no impact. Crater. Series about Tunguska range from scientifically 240 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:58,480 Speaker 1: supported and plausible to downright kukie. So we're going to 241 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:00,680 Speaker 1: start off with some of the more out landish ones 242 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,920 Speaker 1: and work our way up to the harder science explanations, 243 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: like how every history mystery ranges from right too, Oh 244 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:16,840 Speaker 1: it was mold. How you started on like the most 245 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 1: bananas one and I started on the most straightforward one. 246 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: So uranium was discovered in seventeen eighty nine, and at 247 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,800 Speaker 1: the end of the nineteenth century, experiments and nuclear energy 248 00:14:29,880 --> 00:14:34,120 Speaker 1: were really beginning in Earnest Ressus. St. Petersburg Academy of 249 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:38,720 Speaker 1: Sciences started Earnest work in radioactive materials the year after 250 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:43,000 Speaker 1: the Tangusca explosion. But there have been conspiracy theories that 251 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:47,880 Speaker 1: have suggested that nuclear energy and specifically weapons further along 252 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 1: in the globe than the global public new in nineteen 253 00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:53,640 Speaker 1: o eight, and that some sort of nuclear explosion caused 254 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 1: this craterless Tunguska event. Yeah, that's one of those great 255 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: uh perfect storm theories of like, of course there's no 256 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:04,320 Speaker 1: evidence it was all covered up and uh they didn't 257 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:06,040 Speaker 1: know what they were doing yet because it was all 258 00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: done in secret. Uh, there's really no There was no 259 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:14,880 Speaker 1: radioactive uh material or measurement taken that would suggest that 260 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:18,320 Speaker 1: that was the case. What again, is a history mystery 261 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: without the involvement of aliens as an explanation for strange events. 262 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,400 Speaker 1: There have been a number of hoaxes where people claim 263 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:28,760 Speaker 1: to have evidence of aliens landing it to Aungusca, and 264 00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: sometimes the alien explanation and the nuclear explosion explanation are conflated. 265 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:35,960 Speaker 1: They formed sort of a fun ven diagram uh, and 266 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:40,240 Speaker 1: it becomes about a spaceship's nuclear power source malfunctioning and exploding. 267 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,880 Speaker 1: But again, no radioactivity was measured to support any of these, 268 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:47,880 Speaker 1: so probably both. Our favorite theory, even if we don't 269 00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:50,640 Speaker 1: believe it at all, is that this whole thing was 270 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,240 Speaker 1: the result of Nicola Tesla losing control of a wireless 271 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 1: power transmitter he had been working on, which could also 272 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: serve as a death ray. This theory is based on 273 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 1: the idea that Tesla may have been attempting to contact 274 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:07,880 Speaker 1: explore Robert Peary as he camped on Ellesmere Island preparing 275 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:10,880 Speaker 1: to you attempt to reach the North Pole. Also, there's 276 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: just a lot of talk about Tesla developing a death ray. Also, Yeah, 277 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 1: and even some of Tesla's writing is a little uh 278 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:22,360 Speaker 1: nutty enough that people can kind of pick and cherry 279 00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: pick it a little bit to support these kinds of ideas. 280 00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:28,760 Speaker 1: It's not a death ray. I mean, I don't want 281 00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,520 Speaker 1: to shut anybody's dreams down, but I feel confident saying 282 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:36,280 Speaker 1: this was not Nicola Tesla shooting a death ray. Now, 283 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:43,600 Speaker 1: But even as all manner of fanciful explanations have surfaced 284 00:16:43,720 --> 00:16:46,720 Speaker 1: and even taken on lives of their own, scientists have 285 00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:49,040 Speaker 1: been working on this puzzle as well, and they have 286 00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:51,600 Speaker 1: come up with some additional theories, some building on the 287 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:55,200 Speaker 1: ideas of Culic and others going in slightly different directions. 288 00:16:55,520 --> 00:17:00,400 Speaker 1: Another expedition went to the Tunguska site for additional research, 289 00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:04,200 Speaker 1: and this group found material that seems to support Kulik hypothesis. 290 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:08,520 Speaker 1: They recovered nickel, heavy silicate and magnetite samples from the 291 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:11,720 Speaker 1: ground at the site, which backed up this whole meteorite theory. 292 00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: To create the kind of effect that happened at Tegusca, 293 00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:17,520 Speaker 1: Scientists have estimated that a meteorite would have had to 294 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:20,119 Speaker 1: be somewhere between a hundred and fifty and three hundred 295 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: feet or between fifty and hundred meters in diameter. Yeah, 296 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:26,640 Speaker 1: and those samples were teeny teeny tiny, Like, there's a reason, 297 00:17:27,720 --> 00:17:29,600 Speaker 1: just in case it's unclear where you're like, how come 298 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:31,639 Speaker 1: they found samples and he didn't returning less than a 299 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:34,480 Speaker 1: millimeter in size? They are itty bitty tiny. In a 300 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:38,480 Speaker 1: paper published Detailing and expedition to the site in nine, 301 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:43,840 Speaker 1: researcher KP. Florensky continued the meteorite hypothesis, but also knew 302 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:48,320 Speaker 1: that this needed still more study, writing quote, the investigation 303 00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:51,320 Speaker 1: into the distribution of meteoric dust in the area of 304 00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:54,600 Speaker 1: the fall permits us with a high degree of probability 305 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:58,200 Speaker 1: to speak of physically observed fragments from the Tunguska meteorite 306 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:02,280 Speaker 1: and the nature of their scattering. However, to transform the 307 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:06,680 Speaker 1: probability into full certainty, the distribution of this material must 308 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:09,680 Speaker 1: be the subject of study in conjunction with the general 309 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:14,919 Speaker 1: study of cosmic dust and its propagation. In three authors A. A. 310 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:19,359 Speaker 1: Jackson the Fourth and MP Ryan Jr. Published a paper 311 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,600 Speaker 1: in the periodical Nature putting forth the theory that the 312 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:25,119 Speaker 1: Tanca event may have been the result of a tiny 313 00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:28,120 Speaker 1: black hole hitting the Earth, writing quote, Since the black 314 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:30,720 Speaker 1: hole would leave no creator or a material residue, it 315 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:34,560 Speaker 1: explains the mystery of the Tongus event. The following year, 316 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:38,080 Speaker 1: Nature published another paper written by William H. Beasley and 317 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:42,960 Speaker 1: Brian A. Tinsley the rather direct contradictory title of Tongus 318 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:47,560 Speaker 1: event was not caused by a black hole. There are 319 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:50,040 Speaker 1: a few instances of back and forth with these theories, 320 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:52,919 Speaker 1: where the follow up written by somebody else's like no, 321 00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:58,119 Speaker 1: no girl, that was not a thing, No honey um 322 00:18:58,160 --> 00:19:00,760 Speaker 1: And as part of the takedown of that black hole theory, 323 00:19:00,920 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: Beasley intensely right quote the air blast could also have 324 00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: resulted from the impact of a small black hole with 325 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:11,120 Speaker 1: a diameter of the order of angstroms and an asteroidal mass. 326 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:14,440 Speaker 1: The black hole would however, have passed through the Earth 327 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:17,879 Speaker 1: in ten to fifteen minutes and caused a similar explosion 328 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:21,119 Speaker 1: at the point of exit. For what it's worth, Jackson 329 00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:23,480 Speaker 1: and Ryan did point out in their own paper that 330 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:26,639 Speaker 1: the quote exit proves a check on the whole hypothesis, 331 00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:30,119 Speaker 1: and they suggested that oceanographic and shipping records should be 332 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:34,199 Speaker 1: consulted for anything that might suggest disturbances in the proper 333 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,200 Speaker 1: exit point that would have happened in eight. In the 334 00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: late nineteen seventies, things circle back around once again to 335 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:43,439 Speaker 1: the idea that an object from space had been the 336 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:45,520 Speaker 1: cause of the Tunguska event. And we're going to talk 337 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:47,320 Speaker 1: about some of that research right after we come back 338 00:19:47,359 --> 00:20:01,040 Speaker 1: from another little sponsor break. In November, Krezac published a 339 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:04,600 Speaker 1: paper in the Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia 340 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:07,760 Speaker 1: asserting that the cause of the Tunguska event had been 341 00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,280 Speaker 1: a fragment of the comet Anka. Because comments are made 342 00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:14,640 Speaker 1: primarily of ice and not rock, this idea explained why 343 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:17,919 Speaker 1: there would be no impact debris ever recovered from the site. 344 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,160 Speaker 1: It would have just evaporated in the atmosphere. In two 345 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:24,639 Speaker 1: thousand seven, Italian scientists put forth another reason why no 346 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:27,560 Speaker 1: impact creator had ever been discovered. It had filled with 347 00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:30,719 Speaker 1: water and looked like any other lake. The lake in question, 348 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:35,399 Speaker 1: like Checko, is, according to the Italian team, unrecorded before 349 00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:37,960 Speaker 1: the Tunguska event, and it has an unusual funnel like 350 00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:40,199 Speaker 1: shape to its bed that made the team think it 351 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:42,560 Speaker 1: could actually be an impact creator. But there are a 352 00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:45,280 Speaker 1: lot of detractors to this whole theory, pointing out that 353 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:49,400 Speaker 1: trees very near Lake Checko are mature and old enough 354 00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:52,680 Speaker 1: that they would have been flattened by such an event, 355 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:55,840 Speaker 1: like the other trees in the area where. Yeah, and 356 00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: then there's that thing where it's like it's in the 357 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:00,400 Speaker 1: middle of Siberia, so there's lots of stuff it wasn't 358 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:05,520 Speaker 1: mapped before them. Um, Yeah, that is not a popular one. 359 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,199 Speaker 1: In samples from a layer of earth from Tunguska that 360 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:13,240 Speaker 1: would have been settled there in nineteen o eight revealed 361 00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:17,480 Speaker 1: microscopic rock fragments that had indeed originated in a meteorite. 362 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: Even analysis doesn't entirely solve this mystery, though. For one, 363 00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:24,840 Speaker 1: it's not certain that all the fragments that they found 364 00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:27,719 Speaker 1: were actually from nineteen o eight, And for another, there 365 00:21:27,720 --> 00:21:31,159 Speaker 1: are anybody fragments of meteorites all over the planet, and 366 00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 1: there's stuff from space hitting the planet literally all the time, 367 00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 1: so even a positive idea of meteoric origin doesn't necessarily 368 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:41,120 Speaker 1: rule out other possibilities, but it is still by far 369 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:45,679 Speaker 1: the most substantiated explanation. Two more thoroughly work through the 370 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:49,560 Speaker 1: exact steps to explain the century old riddle of Tungusca. 371 00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:54,040 Speaker 1: Scientists Natalia A. Artemieva and Valerie V. Shuvalov, in a 372 00:21:54,119 --> 00:21:58,840 Speaker 1: paper published in looked at two other incidents for comparisons 373 00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:03,800 Speaker 1: to Tungusca. One was the collision of comet shoemaker Levy 374 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:09,200 Speaker 1: nine with Jupiter, and then the February Chilly A Bins comedia, 375 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:13,440 Speaker 1: which exploded over Chillia Bins, Russia and blew out windows 376 00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:16,399 Speaker 1: over a two d square mile area. You may have 377 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: seen footage of that on YouTube. It is terrifying. So 378 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:23,040 Speaker 1: their paper suggests that in the tung Goosek event number one, 379 00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 1: a meteor zipped into earth atmosphere, chugging along somewhere between 380 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 1: nine and ten miles per second. Number two, the incoming 381 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:34,000 Speaker 1: object was broken apart in the atmosphere, and number three, 382 00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:36,120 Speaker 1: the rock, which had to have been very brittle, broke 383 00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:39,720 Speaker 1: into teeny tiny vapor like particles that flash burned in 384 00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:43,399 Speaker 1: the atmosphere. That air burst would have been like a 385 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:46,520 Speaker 1: massive bomb going off, creating an impact of force that 386 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:50,680 Speaker 1: slammed into the ground leveled trees and left that particulate 387 00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:55,080 Speaker 1: matter in the atmosphere, which explains that strange silver sky 388 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,600 Speaker 1: event sort of reported in witness accounts, and that account 389 00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:00,800 Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier about the sky i in Britain being 390 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:03,400 Speaker 1: bright enough for a cricket match. It is believed that 391 00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,840 Speaker 1: that strange nighttime light phenomenon was the result of some 392 00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:10,160 Speaker 1: light reflecting off of scattered dust in the atmosphere which 393 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:12,719 Speaker 1: could have come from Earth kicked up from the planet's surface, 394 00:23:13,119 --> 00:23:16,080 Speaker 1: and from the meteorite breaking up into the finest particles. 395 00:23:16,119 --> 00:23:18,879 Speaker 1: This really goes back to Kulik's early work. So this 396 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,560 Speaker 1: is one of those history mysteries that continues to capture 397 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: the attention of the scientific community as they strive to 398 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:28,119 Speaker 1: find really conclusive data that points with one certainty to 399 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:32,080 Speaker 1: the exact cause of the event. It's difficult because we 400 00:23:32,119 --> 00:23:34,359 Speaker 1: have a sample set of exactly one. There has not 401 00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 1: been another event on this scale and in recorded time 402 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:42,119 Speaker 1: for researchers to compare it to. We we do know 403 00:23:42,160 --> 00:23:44,880 Speaker 1: of other massive meteorites hitting the Earth, but like once, 404 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:49,040 Speaker 1: we're okay, there's the obvious craters right there, Nothing quite 405 00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:53,040 Speaker 1: like this at this massive scale has happened. But incidentally, though, 406 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,479 Speaker 1: it is estimated that Earth takes a hit from an 407 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,320 Speaker 1: asteroid the size of the one that most likely hit 408 00:23:58,359 --> 00:24:01,399 Speaker 1: Tunguska about every three years, so we might have another 409 00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:03,879 Speaker 1: data point soon. In the meantime, though, if you'd like 410 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:07,679 Speaker 1: to explore the Tunguska Event from a more fictional perspective, 411 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:10,320 Speaker 1: you've got lots of options. Even though there are as 412 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,679 Speaker 1: plenty of scientific work focusing on explaining and understanding what 413 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:17,680 Speaker 1: happened in Siberia, the remaining mystery is enough to fuel 414 00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: all kinds of fictional versions of the Tunguska Event. Yeah, 415 00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:24,720 Speaker 1: that's probably how many people have heard of it. When 416 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:28,840 Speaker 1: I mentioned it to my husband, he brought up immediately. Oh, 417 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:32,000 Speaker 1: they talked about that on the X Files, and they did. 418 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:35,679 Speaker 1: It has also been mentioned on Dr Who, on Star Trek, 419 00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:38,520 Speaker 1: It's mentioned in the movie Hellboy. I mean, there is 420 00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 1: a list a mile long of things that have used 421 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:45,120 Speaker 1: the Tunguska Event as a part of fiction. It even 422 00:24:45,119 --> 00:24:47,400 Speaker 1: shows up in Buffy the Vampire Slayer at one point, 423 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 1: although they get the details of it wrong, Like Willow 424 00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:51,639 Speaker 1: mentions it and I think she says it happened in 425 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:54,320 Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen, which would have been the Bolshevik Revolution and 426 00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:58,719 Speaker 1: not this um. But so it really is kind of pervasive. 427 00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:03,000 Speaker 1: I think in nerd circles. It's almost like shorthand of 428 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:06,200 Speaker 1: like a fun kind of paranormally thing, but not really 429 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: like most people recognize the science. But if you read 430 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:13,120 Speaker 1: the comic that told the prequel story of Transformers, Dark 431 00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:15,600 Speaker 1: of the Mood, you know the real story of Tungusca, 432 00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:18,160 Speaker 1: which is that it was caused by the Decepticon shockwave. 433 00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: That's what I'm gonna stick to. I've not seen that so, 434 00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:27,240 Speaker 1: but I do know what a Transformer is and a 435 00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:31,399 Speaker 1: Decepticon yeah, uh yeah, and again it you'd have to 436 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,159 Speaker 1: read the comic that like the supplemental material, it's not 437 00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,200 Speaker 1: in the movie. The movie doesn't. I don't think the 438 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:39,199 Speaker 1: movie touches on it. I honestly don't know. I'm not 439 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,960 Speaker 1: having no idea. The hugest fan of the Transformers movies. Um, 440 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,639 Speaker 1: but I did see that comic because someone mentioned that 441 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:53,280 Speaker 1: it had this event in it. They so much for 442 00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:56,440 Speaker 1: joining us on this Saturday. Since this episode is out 443 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:58,440 Speaker 1: of the archive. If you heard an email address or 444 00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:00,679 Speaker 1: a Facebook U R L or something, Miller over the 445 00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:03,840 Speaker 1: course of the show that could be obsolete now. Our 446 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:08,400 Speaker 1: current email address is History podcast at i heart radio 447 00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:11,800 Speaker 1: dot com. Our old how stuff Works email address no 448 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,600 Speaker 1: longer works, and you can find us all over social 449 00:26:14,640 --> 00:26:18,000 Speaker 1: media at missed in History. And you can subscribe to 450 00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:21,360 Speaker 1: our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the I heart 451 00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 1: Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts. Stuff 452 00:26:28,119 --> 00:26:30,080 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class is a production of I 453 00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:33,600 Speaker 1: heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit 454 00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:36,920 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen 455 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:37,959 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.