1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:18,160 Speaker 1: I'm Holly from and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So, Tracy, 4 00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:23,080 Speaker 1: I had to run to the vet recently, UM, and 5 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:25,480 Speaker 1: I while I was there because it was kind of 6 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: an emergency visit, my regular vet, who I love in 7 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:29,760 Speaker 1: a door and have been with more than a decade, 8 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,440 Speaker 1: was in surgery, so she could not see us. And 9 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:34,199 Speaker 1: we saw another vet at the practice that I had 10 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:36,360 Speaker 1: never met before, and she's fairly new and she was lovely, 11 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: and she was telling me this story about how she 12 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,200 Speaker 1: had just gotten back from Africa. Um. She had gone 13 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:44,880 Speaker 1: with a group to Malawi where they have been having 14 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:48,400 Speaker 1: really big issues with Raby's outbreaks. And basically they go 15 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:53,600 Speaker 1: and they do rabies vaccinations on literally thousands and thousands 16 00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:55,840 Speaker 1: and thousands of dogs. You told me this number, and 17 00:00:55,880 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: it was bind bogglingly huge number. She told me. It 18 00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 1: was estimated seventeen thousands, so many. Yeah, And part of 19 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:06,720 Speaker 1: it is that in Malawi, like it's not so much 20 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: that everyone's worried about the dogs because the dogs are 21 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: not seen as like pets the same way we have 22 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:14,120 Speaker 1: pets here in the United States and many of the 23 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: many other places in the world. But it was because 24 00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: this raby's outbreak had been causing problems where children were 25 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: getting bit by rabid dogs, and so they were trying 26 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:24,360 Speaker 1: to address it that way. And she and I got 27 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:27,560 Speaker 1: into this discussion about how animals are treated much differently, 28 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: and like they don't have the same kind of approach 29 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:33,560 Speaker 1: to veterinary care because they're working animals. It's culturally just 30 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,440 Speaker 1: very very different. Uh. And it got me thinking about 31 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 1: veterinary history. So that is what we're going to cover today, 32 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: a very brief history of veterinary medicine. It is not 33 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: comprehensive by any means, because things were developing all over 34 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:48,960 Speaker 1: the world at different times, uh and in different ways 35 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:52,440 Speaker 1: with different cultures. That's what we're talking about today. There 36 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:55,880 Speaker 1: are also lots of indigenous practices that we don't necessarily 37 00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,960 Speaker 1: have documentation on, but logically we know they existed her 38 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:02,960 Speaker 1: wrecked uh and there are The problem with that is 39 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:05,559 Speaker 1: that a lot of it, like Tracy said, is not documented, 40 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:08,400 Speaker 1: and what documentation there is is a little bit hazy 41 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:12,120 Speaker 1: and often seen through the eyes of a completely different culture. 42 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: So the interpretation is really not entirely trustworthy. UM, So 43 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:19,960 Speaker 1: we're not going to cover everywhere in the world, but 44 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,480 Speaker 1: we're getting a pretty good sampling. Um. A lot of 45 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: European and US stuff, of course, but also uh, some 46 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:29,640 Speaker 1: stuff that was going on in India and China, in 47 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: the Middle East and how all of these different cultures 48 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:35,960 Speaker 1: were developing their own means of caring for animals. And 49 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:38,560 Speaker 1: a couple of caveats in addition to that is that 50 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: we're not going to delve into veterinary care in terms 51 00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: of like the specificity of caring for zoo and aquarium animals. 52 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:50,560 Speaker 1: That is a whole other, fascinating realm of veterinary science, 53 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 1: but it really is its own topic on its own. 54 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:55,480 Speaker 1: So we're focusing on care for animals in this one 55 00:02:55,960 --> 00:02:58,520 Speaker 1: that people would keep as working animals and pets like 56 00:02:58,639 --> 00:03:01,440 Speaker 1: people for lack of better phrasing, because I know not 57 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:04,639 Speaker 1: everyone likes the term ownership when it comes to animals, 58 00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:09,080 Speaker 1: but for this animals that would be owned by people. Uh. 59 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:11,840 Speaker 1: And we I've debated over how to set this up 60 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:13,560 Speaker 1: in terms of like if it would be better to 61 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:16,320 Speaker 1: go with each individual culture in their timeline, But what 62 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:19,120 Speaker 1: I ended up doing was going more or less chronologically. 63 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:21,840 Speaker 1: There are some overlaps of where things are developing over 64 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:24,800 Speaker 1: hundreds of years where it's not entirely chronological, but I 65 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:27,680 Speaker 1: went that way instead. So geographically speaking, we're doing a 66 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:30,640 Speaker 1: lot of traveling and bouncing around the world, so buckle 67 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:33,639 Speaker 1: up for that. We're going to start off with ancient times. 68 00:03:34,520 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: In a History of Veterinary Medicine from nineteen thirty nine 69 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 1: that's in Iowa States Digital Repository. The opening begins the 70 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: birth of veterinary art probably preceded that of human medicine 71 00:03:47,960 --> 00:03:53,680 Speaker 1: and biological existence. Food is the primitive requirement. Veterinary medicine 72 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:58,400 Speaker 1: sustains life, human medicine preserves it. An awareness of animal 73 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 1: health in ancient times is even mentioned in the Bible. 74 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: While the directives of Moses to his people who inspect 75 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 1: animal flesh intended for eating is about the cleanliness of 76 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: items to be consumed, it also indicates that the health 77 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:15,920 Speaker 1: of animals was on people's minds. But even before that time, 78 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: humans were obviously considering animal well being. Once any type 79 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,960 Speaker 1: of animal was domesticated, the humans who lived alongside those 80 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:28,359 Speaker 1: animals would naturally become aware of illnesses that would have 81 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:33,800 Speaker 1: probably gone unnoticed otherwise. Additionally, keeping animals together would promote 82 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:36,760 Speaker 1: the spread of infectious diseases, so it was in humans 83 00:04:36,839 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: best interests to try to treat these problems. And while 84 00:04:40,279 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: there's some evidence that people in the Middle East, for example, 85 00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 1: were applying treatments that could be categorized as rudimentary veterinary 86 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:49,920 Speaker 1: medicine for their flocks as early as nine thousand b C, 87 00:04:50,839 --> 00:04:54,040 Speaker 1: the earliest known individual who is labeled as a healer 88 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:56,400 Speaker 1: of animals was, and I'm going to butcher this name 89 00:04:56,440 --> 00:04:59,160 Speaker 1: because I could not find a good pronunciation guide for it, 90 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:02,480 Speaker 1: was er Lu Gala Dinner, who lived in Mesopotamia around 91 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 1: three thousand BC. During the same time, there were veterinarians 92 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:10,800 Speaker 1: mentioned who served as doctors of oxen and doctors of donkeys, 93 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:13,280 Speaker 1: but none are specifically called out by name, and there 94 00:05:13,320 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: really is not much information about either of those jobs. 95 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:21,839 Speaker 1: Approximately five hundred years later, writings dealing with the care 96 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:26,359 Speaker 1: of horses and cattle started appearing in China. Traditional Chinese 97 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:29,640 Speaker 1: veterinary medicine has been described as a branch of traditional 98 00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 1: Chinese medicine, and the two of them developed concurrently with 99 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: medical treatments for humans, often being adapted for use with animals. 100 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:41,479 Speaker 1: This included veterinary acupuncture, although the first Chinese book about 101 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:46,120 Speaker 1: treating animals with acupuncture didn't appear until the seventh century BC. 102 00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:52,200 Speaker 1: The Ashina Code appeared in Mesopotamia around twenty three b C, 103 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:56,719 Speaker 1: and in it, rabies is clearly discussed via laws about 104 00:05:56,800 --> 00:05:59,960 Speaker 1: mad dogs that made the owners of mad dogs liable 105 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:02,840 Speaker 1: if one of their dogs were to bite and kill someone. 106 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:07,120 Speaker 1: Penalties of payment were clearly established in these laws and 107 00:06:07,160 --> 00:06:09,599 Speaker 1: around the same time, but believed to have been written 108 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,840 Speaker 1: slightly later, the Code of Hammurabi set rules for how 109 00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:17,760 Speaker 1: much veterinarians could charge for their services. The Calhoun Papyri, 110 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:20,880 Speaker 1: written during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, which ran from 111 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,240 Speaker 1: twenty to seventeen eighty two BC, included a text on 112 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:30,520 Speaker 1: veterinary medicine, including herbal remedies for treating domestic animals, and 113 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:33,680 Speaker 1: as we mentioned in our episode on cats, throughout history 114 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:37,039 Speaker 1: and as pretty common knowledge, few lines were much loved 115 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:40,000 Speaker 1: and even revered in ancient Egypt, and cats have been 116 00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:42,920 Speaker 1: found mummified in much the same way that humans were 117 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:46,720 Speaker 1: Vedic literature dating as far back as fifteen hundred BC 118 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,880 Speaker 1: includes descriptions of protective ointments for cows and horses as 119 00:06:50,920 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 1: well as humans. These writings also outline the foundations of 120 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:58,280 Speaker 1: what would become general medical knowledge for both humans and animals, 121 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: and there is discussion of observing animals behavior when they're 122 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: sick to learn more about the potential curative properties of plants, stating, quote, 123 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: the wild boar knows the herb which will cure it, 124 00:07:09,480 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 1: as does the mongoose. So they were basically advocating, watch 125 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: what animals do when they're sick, and you're gonna find 126 00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:17,800 Speaker 1: plants that might help humans too. I'm just gonna take 127 00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:20,840 Speaker 1: a moment to say, don't don't rely on that in 128 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: the wild. No, no, no, they were advocating that. Then 129 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:28,720 Speaker 1: today I say, go to a doctor. Yeah, well, there 130 00:07:28,760 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 1: are definitely things that animals are fine eating that will 131 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:37,360 Speaker 1: kill humans. The many Vedic texts were translated into Tibetan, Arabic, 132 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:41,120 Speaker 1: and Persian, and there are legends incorporated into the included 133 00:07:41,160 --> 00:07:44,680 Speaker 1: discussions of animal care, so God's revealed to the to 134 00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: the people how to care for horses and elephants, for example. 135 00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:52,440 Speaker 1: Later Hippocrates wrote of animal health around four hundred BC. 136 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 1: He described hydro thorax that's an accumulation of water or 137 00:07:57,200 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: fluid on the lungs in livestock animals such as sheep, pigs, 138 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:03,680 Speaker 1: and oxen, and he also described a cow having a 139 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:07,880 Speaker 1: dislocated hip. Livestock ailments were also described in the fourth 140 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,360 Speaker 1: century BC, with that being by Aristotle. This writing features 141 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:15,280 Speaker 1: a detailed description of an ailment in dogs that we 142 00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: now recognize as being an account of rabies. And rabies, 143 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:22,200 Speaker 1: of course, is not confined to dogs that in Aristotle's 144 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,800 Speaker 1: writing he associated with dogs. Dogs are probably the animal 145 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:29,760 Speaker 1: that humans are most likely to be having contact with, 146 00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:36,320 Speaker 1: especially in earlier centuries, that were likely to carry rabies. Yeah. 147 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:40,360 Speaker 1: Horse wellness, including descriptions on proper care, was discussed by 148 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: Athenian soldier Xenophon in his book on Horsemanship, and in 149 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:47,319 Speaker 1: it he states quote, and just as with human beings, 150 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,560 Speaker 1: so with the horse. All diseases are more curable at 151 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:53,680 Speaker 1: their commencement than after they have become chronic or been 152 00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: wrongly treated. He also mentioned that horses could have too 153 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:00,679 Speaker 1: much blood, which would require a veterinary doctor or to address. 154 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:03,480 Speaker 1: But these were early times. We now know you can't 155 00:09:03,520 --> 00:09:06,080 Speaker 1: have too much blood. Uh. A lot of his advice, 156 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:10,160 Speaker 1: though it was interesting was preventative. He really really advocated 157 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:14,880 Speaker 1: bolstering the horse's strength and health to stave off any issues. Meanwhile, 158 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:19,040 Speaker 1: in India, King Ashoka opened the first animal hospital known 159 00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:22,640 Speaker 1: in the world around to fifty b C. He also 160 00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:26,840 Speaker 1: mandated herbal medicine availability for both people and animals, and 161 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:30,800 Speaker 1: provided for the cultivation of metal medically beneficial plants and 162 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 1: places that lacked them. In Rome, both Virgil, writing in 163 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:38,720 Speaker 1: the first century b C. And Pliny the Elder writing 164 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,560 Speaker 1: in the first century, made mention in their written work 165 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:45,440 Speaker 1: of ailments that took out large numbers of animals, and Columella, 166 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:47,880 Speaker 1: writing around the same time as Pliny the Elder this 167 00:09:48,040 --> 00:09:51,880 Speaker 1: was around UH the year fifty five, wrote a book 168 00:09:51,920 --> 00:09:55,479 Speaker 1: on animal husbandry that discussed disease spread and the necessity 169 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:59,240 Speaker 1: of isolating sick animals to curtail it, stating the diseased 170 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 1: must be separate, rated from the sound, that not so 171 00:10:01,880 --> 00:10:04,720 Speaker 1: much as one may come among them, which may with 172 00:10:04,840 --> 00:10:08,640 Speaker 1: the contagion, affect the rest. Next up, we'll talk about 173 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:12,080 Speaker 1: Galen and the advances made in our knowledge of animal 174 00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:16,240 Speaker 1: physiology while trying to study up on human physiology. But 175 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:27,079 Speaker 1: first we will pause for a word from a sponsor. Galen, 176 00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:29,960 Speaker 1: who lived in the second century, is known primarily as 177 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:33,000 Speaker 1: a physician rather than a veterinarian, but while he was 178 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:35,559 Speaker 1: doing the work that would eventually give him his historical 179 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:39,559 Speaker 1: standing in human medicine, he also studied animals, often dissecting 180 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:42,240 Speaker 1: them as part of his study of anatomy, and this 181 00:10:42,360 --> 00:10:46,199 Speaker 1: was primarily due to the taboo over dissection of human corpses. 182 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:50,360 Speaker 1: Many of the discoveries he made regarding basic physiology applied 183 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:54,280 Speaker 1: to many species, including animals, and those discoveries included the 184 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:59,120 Speaker 1: carriage of blood by arteries, for example, But it also 185 00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:02,400 Speaker 1: meant that he landed at conclusions that were really off base, 186 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: such as just writing about the uterus, which is based 187 00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:09,680 Speaker 1: on dogs and consequently has some errors. Also, just in 188 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:13,479 Speaker 1: case you didn't know, the word husbandry doesn't refer specifically 189 00:11:13,559 --> 00:11:15,640 Speaker 1: to breeding. Sometimes people use it that way, but it 190 00:11:15,679 --> 00:11:19,959 Speaker 1: really means a general care of animals, which can include breathing, 191 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,199 Speaker 1: breeding for healthy lines. One of my favorite things that 192 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:26,920 Speaker 1: includes is husbandry behaviors that you teach animals to make 193 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:30,559 Speaker 1: easier treat them. Yeah, yeah, it's one of those things. 194 00:11:30,679 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: Uh many moons ago I used to volunteer at the 195 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: Georgia Aquarium in their animal husbandry division, and I would 196 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:38,200 Speaker 1: say that and people would be like, do you make 197 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:40,200 Speaker 1: animals mate? And I was like, no, that's not what 198 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:46,319 Speaker 1: husbandry means, Like we're not we're not actually like marrying them. 199 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:50,359 Speaker 1: There were very weird discussions that would sometimes happen. Um. 200 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:55,120 Speaker 1: I feel like that is a mistake people often make 201 00:11:55,320 --> 00:12:00,360 Speaker 1: when they are children or learning language. Yeah, if you've 202 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: never really like looked into, you know, animal care beyond 203 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: just like I have a dog and if he didn't 204 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:08,280 Speaker 1: take to the vet, you may not know that that's 205 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:10,120 Speaker 1: what that term means. There's no shame in it. It 206 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:14,760 Speaker 1: just was charming. The sanscrit text known as the artist Shastra, 207 00:12:15,280 --> 00:12:17,800 Speaker 1: written and revised over the course of the second century 208 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 1: BC through the third century, is a political treatise, but 209 00:12:21,679 --> 00:12:24,560 Speaker 1: it also includes the mention of a military practice of 210 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:29,240 Speaker 1: having a veterinarian travel with armies to tend to tired, injured, elderly, 211 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:33,760 Speaker 1: and sick animals. Circa the third century, a Chinese book 212 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:37,400 Speaker 1: titled pocket Book of Emergency Therapies spelled out how to 213 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: treat horses for a number of ailments, including sunstroke, which 214 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: was treated by blood living. Stop draining horses people if 215 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:49,600 Speaker 1: they don't have too much blood. But they didn't know, 216 00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:51,520 Speaker 1: and they were doing the best they could with what 217 00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:54,400 Speaker 1: the knowledge they had, So I was more thinking. It 218 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:58,000 Speaker 1: is currently about eighty seven degrees in the room I'm 219 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:03,079 Speaker 1: recording in. Please do not drain my blood. Maybe you 220 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:06,320 Speaker 1: would feel cooler. Writing in the fifth century, Vegetius wrote 221 00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:09,600 Speaker 1: a treatise on veterinary medicine. Again, this, like much of 222 00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: what we've been discussing up to this point, is focused 223 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: on horses and livestock, and while he has been lauded 224 00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:18,160 Speaker 1: by some as the father of veterinary medicine, as a consequence, 225 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:21,000 Speaker 1: critics point to the derivative nature of his work as 226 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,240 Speaker 1: evidence that he really doesn't deserve that title. But the 227 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,760 Speaker 1: key contribution that he made to animal science was integrating 228 00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:30,600 Speaker 1: the most current medical knowledge of his time with an 229 00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:33,560 Speaker 1: approach to the care and treatment of animals. And there is, 230 00:13:33,640 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: by the way, still some debate about whether this is 231 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:39,880 Speaker 1: the same Vegetius who also wrote military treatises. Some will 232 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 1: say yes, that's definitely the same person, and others to 233 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:46,160 Speaker 1: think not so much, that it's just two separate people. 234 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,480 Speaker 1: By the seventh century, China had a well defined veterinary 235 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:55,920 Speaker 1: services system and an established school for training veterinarians. A 236 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,400 Speaker 1: book called A Collection of Ways to Care For and 237 00:13:58,520 --> 00:14:03,160 Speaker 1: Treat Horses provided standardized information for students and offered information 238 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:06,480 Speaker 1: that combined all these various learnings and treatment therapies that 239 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:10,520 Speaker 1: have been described in earlier texts. And we don't have 240 00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:13,440 Speaker 1: a great deal of literature regarding animal care in the 241 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:16,360 Speaker 1: early Middle Ages of Europe, though there was certainly study 242 00:14:16,360 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: of horse physiology and health in Arab occupied Spain beginning 243 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:23,840 Speaker 1: in the seven hundreds. Caring for horses, of course, continued 244 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:26,960 Speaker 1: to be a significant driver for work in veterinary care 245 00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:31,760 Speaker 1: around the world for centuries. Sometime prior to the tenth century, 246 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: a Sanskrit text titled Complete Ierbatic System for Horses was 247 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:39,560 Speaker 1: written by a person named Sally Kotra, who went on 248 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:43,040 Speaker 1: to produce additional books as well, including In Praise of 249 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:47,080 Speaker 1: Horses and Treatise on the Marks of Horses. A Tibetan 250 00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: translation of Complete Ierbatic System for Horses also appeared in 251 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:54,000 Speaker 1: eleventh century, and it was translated into Arabic in the 252 00:14:54,120 --> 00:14:58,640 Speaker 1: fourteenth century. Yeah that particular text became really popular and 253 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:02,479 Speaker 1: was used the Law of Different Places. And another Sanskrit 254 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:05,200 Speaker 1: text with an uncertain publication date is the four part 255 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:09,560 Speaker 1: ir Veda for Elephants, and this treatise described serious illness, 256 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: minor ailments, anatomy, surgery and medicines and diet for well 257 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:17,960 Speaker 1: being for elephants. It's a really comprehensive guide to elephant care, 258 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: borrowing advice and techniques from earlier centuries and incorporating it 259 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:25,200 Speaker 1: with newer beliefs and observations. And one of the basic 260 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:28,040 Speaker 1: ideas present in all of the texts we've mentioned from 261 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:32,680 Speaker 1: India specifically is the importance of preventative care. Cleanliness of 262 00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 1: animals and of their food, with warnings against overfeeding, were 263 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: commonly promoted as ways to stave off disease. In the 264 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: early half of the fourteenth century, an Italian farrier named 265 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:46,840 Speaker 1: Jordana Rufo a work that was on horse medicine, and 266 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,280 Speaker 1: this particular volume built to some degree on the previous 267 00:15:50,320 --> 00:15:53,000 Speaker 1: work of Galen, but it was written based on his 268 00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:57,280 Speaker 1: extensive work with horses more than anything else. He rarely 269 00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: made reference to earlier works in this text, instead providing 270 00:16:00,520 --> 00:16:05,680 Speaker 1: his own observations. Also issued a lot of the more 271 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:09,120 Speaker 1: old wives tale style of medicine that had been used 272 00:16:09,160 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: prior to this time, and favored a much more straightforward 273 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:16,120 Speaker 1: approach to animal care that are allied on evidence based conclusions, 274 00:16:16,640 --> 00:16:20,880 Speaker 1: which is a shocker, It's not really a shocker. So 275 00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:24,600 Speaker 1: this was really a big step forward. Yeah, there were 276 00:16:24,640 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: definitely a lot of uh, you know, kind of mystical 277 00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 1: style U. There were even some horoscope based like animal 278 00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: care things that had been going on, and he was like, no, no, no, 279 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 1: just look at the horse, see what is wrong. Addressed 280 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:42,080 Speaker 1: the problem we have. We've dropped, we've name dropped the 281 00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:46,840 Speaker 1: podcast saw Bones a lot um, but they have so 282 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:52,440 Speaker 1: many amazing shows that are about various treatments, largely that 283 00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:56,080 Speaker 1: came to popularity before we really had an evidence based 284 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,960 Speaker 1: system of medicine in the West. Yeah. As for other 285 00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:03,680 Speaker 1: parts of the world, there were veterinarian texts in the 286 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,320 Speaker 1: fourteenth century Memlok period when the Islamic Empire was in 287 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:10,680 Speaker 1: power in large portions of Africa and Asia, and these 288 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:14,280 Speaker 1: even include illustrations of horses being given medicine through a 289 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:17,439 Speaker 1: tube inserted into the animal's mouth, and the writing that 290 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,400 Speaker 1: explained this illustration said that this was an effective way 291 00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:24,800 Speaker 1: to administer treatments to resistant animals. Texts of Hippocrates and 292 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:29,320 Speaker 1: Galen also circulated through the Islamic Empire, translated into Arabic, 293 00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:34,240 Speaker 1: and unlike European animal care, which focused on horses and livestock, 294 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,680 Speaker 1: it appears that in parts of Africa and Asia where 295 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:40,720 Speaker 1: those texts were available, the ideas in them were applied 296 00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:43,520 Speaker 1: to all kinds of animals, including horses and livestock, but 297 00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:46,640 Speaker 1: also cats and dogs, yeah, and even birds. I mean 298 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:50,199 Speaker 1: they really it was a much more diversified approach to 299 00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:53,199 Speaker 1: caring for animals than just focusing on on the working 300 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:57,399 Speaker 1: animals of livestock. Uh Jos van Gistel, who was a 301 00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:00,920 Speaker 1: Flemish man whose name I've probably butchered, who traveled through 302 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:03,639 Speaker 1: the Islamic Empire for four years in the fourteen eighties, 303 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:07,959 Speaker 1: actually mentioned a cat shelter in his writings about Damascus. 304 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:10,400 Speaker 1: This shelter was adjacent to a hospital for the poor, 305 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,240 Speaker 1: and to the best of my knowledge and it's it's 306 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:16,359 Speaker 1: mentioned in several places that this is probably the first 307 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 1: known cat shelter specifically in the world, but there's always 308 00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:22,920 Speaker 1: the possibility there were others that we just haven't didn't 309 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:27,159 Speaker 1: stumble across in our writings. There were also practitioners of 310 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:31,520 Speaker 1: animal medicine who specialized in things such as horse obstetrics. 311 00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:34,000 Speaker 1: Since horses were a vital part of the culture, it 312 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:36,719 Speaker 1: makes sense that their care might be more specialized than 313 00:18:36,720 --> 00:18:41,120 Speaker 1: the more general medicine practiced on other animals. Over All, 314 00:18:41,119 --> 00:18:44,320 Speaker 1: the Islamic Empire had a fairly comprehensive approach to caring 315 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:48,320 Speaker 1: for animals of all kinds, and books on horse care 316 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:51,000 Speaker 1: and anatomy continued to be produced in Europe during this 317 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: time as well, and the movable type printing press meant 318 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:56,120 Speaker 1: that such books could be shared with a wider audience 319 00:18:56,119 --> 00:19:00,480 Speaker 1: than ever before. Carlo Ruini of Bologna wrote a volume 320 00:19:00,520 --> 00:19:04,440 Speaker 1: examination of equine physiology titled Anatomy of the Horse Infirmity 321 00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:07,199 Speaker 1: and Its Remedies. When he wrote it is still a 322 00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:10,320 Speaker 1: little bit unclear. It wasn't published until after his death 323 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:14,359 Speaker 1: in fift but it was translated and republished throughout the 324 00:19:14,400 --> 00:19:18,320 Speaker 1: sixteen hundreds. Volume one of ruin He's in depth of 325 00:19:18,359 --> 00:19:21,920 Speaker 1: work is dedicated to describing equine anatomy, while volume two 326 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,800 Speaker 1: focuses on identifying and treating disease. Much of the science 327 00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:31,240 Speaker 1: discussed regarding horse ailments is based on the four humors caloric, sanguine, phlegmatic, 328 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,760 Speaker 1: and melancholics. There was a lot of work still to 329 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:40,000 Speaker 1: be done. Yeah, again advanced for the time. Uh. And 330 00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:41,760 Speaker 1: it was one of those things where these books that 331 00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:44,879 Speaker 1: were circulating, we're kind of enabling people to care for 332 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:49,600 Speaker 1: their own animals outside of the being necessarily like veterinarians. 333 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:53,159 Speaker 1: In the late seventeen hundreds, Philippe Etienne la Fosse, the 334 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:55,879 Speaker 1: son of a farrier, wrote a number of books about 335 00:19:55,880 --> 00:20:00,159 Speaker 1: horse care, featuring colored plates to illustrate the text, and 336 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,200 Speaker 1: other writers quickly followed with their own books about equine 337 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:05,960 Speaker 1: health and illness. But even though there was more and 338 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,520 Speaker 1: more information being made available in Europe at the time, 339 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:12,240 Speaker 1: there was still no formalized course of study for animal care, 340 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: remaining ahead of Western practices. Asian veterinary practices really expanded 341 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:21,159 Speaker 1: by the mid seventeen hundreds to include standardized care of 342 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:24,280 Speaker 1: smaller animals such as dogs and cats, in addition to 343 00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:28,320 Speaker 1: the larger livestock species. And we're about to talk about 344 00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:32,119 Speaker 1: why and how Europe finally established formal veterinary training, but 345 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: before we do, let's pause for a word from one 346 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:44,480 Speaker 1: of our sponsors. The catalyst for veterinary schools in Europe 347 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:48,679 Speaker 1: was in fact illness. As render pest, scabies, pneumonia, and 348 00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:51,399 Speaker 1: other ailments became common enough in their outbreaks is to 349 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:55,480 Speaker 1: sometimes be described as plagues, it became apparent that doctors 350 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:59,879 Speaker 1: educated and specializing in animal care were needed. To that end, 351 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:04,399 Speaker 1: the first established college of veterinary medicine opened in Leon, 352 00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:07,560 Speaker 1: France in seventeen sixty one. It was set up in 353 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:10,280 Speaker 1: what had once been a hotel and then had been 354 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:14,320 Speaker 1: converted into a house. Students from around Europe, which thirty 355 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:17,639 Speaker 1: eight of them at all, were enrolled when opened. Early 356 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:22,600 Speaker 1: courses at the college included bisection, pharmacy, surgery, and horsemanship, 357 00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:25,520 Speaker 1: among others, and the school was so successful that the 358 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:28,520 Speaker 1: Leon Veterinary College was made a royal school by King 359 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 1: Louis the fifteenth. Just four years after the school at 360 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:35,040 Speaker 1: Leon opened, A second was established in out Four, France, 361 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:39,320 Speaker 1: in seventeen sixty five to meet demand. Claude bourge Law, 362 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,919 Speaker 1: the founder of the veterinary school at Leon, had taken 363 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,720 Speaker 1: something of a gamble. Ongoing financing of the school was 364 00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,200 Speaker 1: unstable at best when it opened, and so One of 365 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:52,199 Speaker 1: the ways he proved it's worth was putting his students 366 00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:55,639 Speaker 1: to work using their newly acquired knowledge to address outbreaks 367 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:59,040 Speaker 1: of render pest. After only six months, he was able 368 00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:01,320 Speaker 1: to show quite clear only the benefits of their work, 369 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:04,680 Speaker 1: which is how things took off so quickly. Yeah, those 370 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:07,720 Speaker 1: students were basically like working actively at the same time 371 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:11,040 Speaker 1: they were learning, so they were really really uh learning 372 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,520 Speaker 1: on the job and helping to address problems that were 373 00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: going on in the area around them. And this success 374 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:19,159 Speaker 1: of the French schools led to the establishment of schools 375 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 1: throughout Europe. By the end of the seventeen seventies, there 376 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:28,160 Speaker 1: were veterinary colleges in Dresden, Copenhagen, Hanover and Vienna. Budapest, Berlin, Munich, 377 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:30,439 Speaker 1: and London all had veterinary schools by the end of 378 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:34,440 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century, and from there the educational offerings continued 379 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:38,200 Speaker 1: to expand on the European continent. The first veterinary school 380 00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:41,880 Speaker 1: in North America was established in Ontario, Canada in eighteen 381 00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: sixty two, so it took almost a hundred years before 382 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:49,240 Speaker 1: North America got its own veterinary college. As for the 383 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: United States, that really wasn't until after the Revolutionary War 384 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:56,560 Speaker 1: that there was enough density in domesticated animals for people 385 00:22:56,600 --> 00:23:00,240 Speaker 1: to see animal based disease events and the knee for 386 00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:04,399 Speaker 1: specialized medicine to address them. Colonists had managed their own 387 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:06,919 Speaker 1: animals up to that point, but as the new nation 388 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,200 Speaker 1: began to grow and the animal population grew along with it, 389 00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:14,680 Speaker 1: needs changed. Early on, the low prestige jobs of cow 390 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,399 Speaker 1: leach and ferrier developed to see to the needs of 391 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,520 Speaker 1: cows and livestock in the case of the cow leach, 392 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:22,440 Speaker 1: and horses in the case of the farrier, but there 393 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:25,600 Speaker 1: was no schooling associated with either job. They were largely 394 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:29,840 Speaker 1: based on intuition and guesswork. In sevent an outbreak of 395 00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:32,920 Speaker 1: Texas cattle fever had moved from the south, where it 396 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,879 Speaker 1: was normally seen farther north into both Pennsylvania and Maryland, 397 00:23:37,160 --> 00:23:40,679 Speaker 1: and this resulted in the first legislative act connected to 398 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 1: animal disease in the United States. North Carolina's legislature forbade 399 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:48,040 Speaker 1: cattle that had passed through areas with long leaf pine 400 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:53,040 Speaker 1: into or through their state. While it was not yet 401 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:56,600 Speaker 1: known that Texas cattle fever was caused by a protozoan parasite, 402 00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,680 Speaker 1: the connection that ticks were involved had been figured out, 403 00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:03,080 Speaker 1: and ticks were known to thrive in long leaf pine forests, 404 00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:06,120 Speaker 1: so that is why if cattle had been driven through 405 00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 1: such forests, they were not allowed in North Carolina. Incidentally, 406 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,280 Speaker 1: it would be another century before that protozoan cause of 407 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:16,480 Speaker 1: Texas cattle fever was identified by a pathologist named Theobald Smith. 408 00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:19,879 Speaker 1: But as the United States headed into the eighteen hundreds, 409 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:22,920 Speaker 1: even though there were no veterinary colleges in the country, 410 00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:27,120 Speaker 1: European educated veterinarians offering care of livestock started to set 411 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:32,080 Speaker 1: up practices. These were primarily in metropolitan areas along East Coast. 412 00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:35,919 Speaker 1: Because it was a new industry and was unregulated in 413 00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:38,159 Speaker 1: the States, there were plenty of people claiming to be 414 00:24:38,240 --> 00:24:43,520 Speaker 1: veterinarians who had no real schooling or credentials to speak of. Yeah, 415 00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:47,640 Speaker 1: there are some pretty disturbing stories, uh that I did 416 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:50,159 Speaker 1: not include here, but you know, basically people showing up 417 00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:51,720 Speaker 1: and go, yeah, I'm a horse dent does don't pull 418 00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:55,320 Speaker 1: your horse's teeth. Um that really may have had some 419 00:24:55,359 --> 00:24:59,199 Speaker 1: practical experience but had no formal training at all. The 420 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:02,320 Speaker 1: New York College of Veterinary Surgeons was established in eighteen 421 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:05,520 Speaker 1: fifty seven, and from then to the early nineteen hundreds, 422 00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,760 Speaker 1: dozens of schools open throughout the United States. An additional 423 00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:13,920 Speaker 1: regulation established more consistency across all colleges for comprehensive training. 424 00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:18,520 Speaker 1: Between eighteen sixty six and nineteen thirty four, twenty thousand, 425 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:22,640 Speaker 1: seven hundred and sixty two people graduated from US veterinary colleges. 426 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:28,400 Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty three, the American Veterinary Medical Association formed 427 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:31,280 Speaker 1: after a number of veterinarians had been corresponding with one 428 00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:34,840 Speaker 1: another and realized that an official affiliation might be beneficial. 429 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:38,119 Speaker 1: Forty delegates met in New York for the first meeting 430 00:25:38,359 --> 00:25:42,560 Speaker 1: from They were from New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maine, Ohio, 431 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:47,879 Speaker 1: and Delaware. And just as European livestock being ravaged by 432 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:51,200 Speaker 1: illness led to the birth of the Veterinary College, outbreaks 433 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,679 Speaker 1: of disease among animals in the US led to the 434 00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:57,959 Speaker 1: establishment of the Bureau of Animal Industry. After decades of 435 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:00,920 Speaker 1: fighting off one episodic after an another, the b a 436 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:03,679 Speaker 1: I was formed in eighteen eighty four with the signing 437 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:06,920 Speaker 1: of the Animal Industry Act by President Chester A. Arthur. 438 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,480 Speaker 1: Since anesthesia wasn't used in the treatment of humans until 439 00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:15,360 Speaker 1: the mid eighteen hundreds. Animals were definitely not getting yet 440 00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:18,760 Speaker 1: in the West either. Sedatives had been used for animals 441 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,359 Speaker 1: to varying degrees in other parts of the globe, though. 442 00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:25,040 Speaker 1: Many of the untrained and unethical people who were claiming 443 00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:28,359 Speaker 1: to be veterinarians in the United States were undoubtedly causing 444 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:31,280 Speaker 1: many horses and other livestock a good deal of trauma. 445 00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:33,960 Speaker 1: Because of all this, it's a clear example of how 446 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:37,200 Speaker 1: medical Charlottanism was a danger to animals as well as 447 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: to people. In nineteen o three, the first woman to 448 00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:45,000 Speaker 1: graduate from veterinary school in the United States was doctor 449 00:26:45,080 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: Mignon Nicholson, who earned her degree from McKillop Veterinary College 450 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:52,520 Speaker 1: in Chicago, but this didn't exactly open the floodgates to 451 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,959 Speaker 1: women veterinarians. In nineteen fifteen, there were a total of 452 00:26:56,359 --> 00:26:59,560 Speaker 1: four women who graduated from US veterinary schools and went 453 00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,560 Speaker 1: into this so even twelve years later, only four. In 454 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:08,280 Speaker 1: nineteen o four, China's first Western style veterinary medical school opened, 455 00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:11,600 Speaker 1: and its focus was primarily on horse care. All this 456 00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:15,879 Speaker 1: was a move toward modernization. In quotation marks. Traditional Chinese 457 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:21,200 Speaker 1: veterinary medicine was also still quite common. On October four 458 00:27:21,359 --> 00:27:25,360 Speaker 1: of nineteen seventeen, the U. S. Army Veterinary Corps was established. 459 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:27,919 Speaker 1: This was not, however, the first time animal care was 460 00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:31,360 Speaker 1: included in parts of the U. S. Military. Farriers had 461 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:34,760 Speaker 1: been army personnel as far back as the late seventeen hundreds. 462 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:40,200 Speaker 1: On December one, nine, Dr Eleen Cust became the first 463 00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:43,440 Speaker 1: woman to graduate from the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 464 00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 1: becoming Great Britain's first woman veterinarian. She was fifty four 465 00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:50,199 Speaker 1: at the time and had been denied the opportunity to 466 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,879 Speaker 1: sit for her examination examinations twenty years prior when she 467 00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:59,240 Speaker 1: actually finished her initial schooling and veterinary science in Edinburgh. Yeah, 468 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:01,800 Speaker 1: she is some and I I would potentially like to 469 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: do as a topic on her own leader. But basically 470 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:06,399 Speaker 1: she had been working in the field that twenty years 471 00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:09,399 Speaker 1: but had never been allowed to actually take her final 472 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,600 Speaker 1: exams and graduate veterinary school, even though she had done 473 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,080 Speaker 1: all of the coursework. In nine nine, I ran across 474 00:28:16,119 --> 00:28:18,280 Speaker 1: this and it struck me as kind of fascinating. It 475 00:28:18,359 --> 00:28:21,280 Speaker 1: was estimated that the cost of a veterinary education in 476 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: a German school was around twelve thousand dollars, a sum 477 00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:27,600 Speaker 1: that seems paltry by today's standards, but really was a 478 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:31,520 Speaker 1: very huge investment at the time. During China's Cultural Revolution, 479 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:34,600 Speaker 1: which we covered a while back in a four part series, 480 00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:39,360 Speaker 1: traditional Chinese veterinary medicine as well as traditional Chinese medicine 481 00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:43,480 Speaker 1: for people, were banned After the Cultural Revolution. However, many 482 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,440 Speaker 1: practitioners of both veterinary medicine and human focused medicine once 483 00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:50,880 Speaker 1: again turned to traditional methods to enhance their modern therapies. 484 00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,560 Speaker 1: This approach came to be called complementary and alternative veterinary 485 00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:59,640 Speaker 1: medicine or integrated medicine. By the middle of the twentieth century, 486 00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:03,920 Speaker 1: veterinary schools were well established throughout the globe, while World 487 00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,360 Speaker 1: War Two had fostered a surge in women working as 488 00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:09,320 Speaker 1: veterinarians that dropped off in the nineteen fifties but then 489 00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:12,760 Speaker 1: built back up over time. Today, there are roughly an 490 00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:15,480 Speaker 1: equal number of women and men in veterinary practice in 491 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:21,000 Speaker 1: the United States, although veterinary schools actually have sev women's students. 492 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: As post World War two leisure lifestyles developed, the place 493 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,360 Speaker 1: of pets became a lot more elevated in Western culture, 494 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,440 Speaker 1: and consequently there was a significant growth of small animal 495 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:34,800 Speaker 1: practices to care for beloved household pets. That really started 496 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:38,440 Speaker 1: in the nineteen fifties where most veterinarians prior to that 497 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,480 Speaker 1: time where large animal caregivers. Things began to shift to 498 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:44,959 Speaker 1: the point where now most veterinary school graduates are likely 499 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:49,720 Speaker 1: headed into small animal practice. In the last five decades, 500 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 1: the science of treating animals has also expanded significantly. Today 501 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:57,280 Speaker 1: they are specialist veterinarians in almost any field you would 502 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:00,760 Speaker 1: find for the treatment of humans. So dental specialists, neurologists, 503 00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:05,000 Speaker 1: and oncologists are all available to provide animals with specialized treatment, 504 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:08,680 Speaker 1: as well as a host of other specialty areas of service. Consequently, 505 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:12,840 Speaker 1: it's estimated that Americans will spend sixteen point sixty two 506 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,000 Speaker 1: billion dollars that is a billion with a B on 507 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:20,920 Speaker 1: veterinary care in twenty seventeen. Yeah, we have come a 508 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 1: long way. It's a it's fascinating to me to think about, 509 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:26,200 Speaker 1: Like I said, when I had that discussion with the 510 00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:29,600 Speaker 1: vet that we saw recently, Uh how here in the 511 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:33,280 Speaker 1: United States, not everywhere, but certainly for a lot of people. 512 00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:36,240 Speaker 1: You know, our pets are very sort of pampered and 513 00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:39,160 Speaker 1: fussed over and loved and adored, and so it was 514 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: sort of a good reminder to me when she was 515 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:44,840 Speaker 1: talking about how no know animals there are are there 516 00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:47,600 Speaker 1: for protection of their property and territory and that's pretty 517 00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:49,880 Speaker 1: much it. So it's a good reminder to me that like, 518 00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:54,000 Speaker 1: not everyone is is operating under the same circumstances. Yeah, 519 00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:56,920 Speaker 1: I read a really fascinating article recently that was about 520 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:05,000 Speaker 1: efforts to make uh veterinary care more available in indigenous communities, 521 00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:10,680 Speaker 1: which sometimes have their own uh like indigenous practices for 522 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:14,160 Speaker 1: caring for animals um, and how to find ways to 523 00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,720 Speaker 1: do that that are simultaneously respectful um and make sure 524 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:21,040 Speaker 1: that animals are able to get uh like western style 525 00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:24,480 Speaker 1: care when it's actually needed um. Because as with a 526 00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:28,640 Speaker 1: lot of things, there are some places where like the 527 00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:31,880 Speaker 1: western style medicine is the thing that's going to fix 528 00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:36,400 Speaker 1: the problem um, and times where like the more traditional 529 00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:40,320 Speaker 1: practice is going to be completely fine. So uh, that 530 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,200 Speaker 1: was fascinating also. Yeah, one of the pieces that I 531 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:48,040 Speaker 1: read about veterinary medicine and China talked about the traditional 532 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:52,320 Speaker 1: style of treatments that included things like her both therapies 533 00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:55,960 Speaker 1: and acupuncture and other things versus modern medicine. And how 534 00:31:56,000 --> 00:32:01,240 Speaker 1: in some places, particularly in more rural or US financially 535 00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:06,440 Speaker 1: abundant communities, sometimes they relied on the more traditional types 536 00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:10,120 Speaker 1: because they were more cost effective, you know, they were 537 00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:12,600 Speaker 1: much more affordable to people. But that they are similarly 538 00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:17,040 Speaker 1: trying to continue to integrate both traditional and modern medical 539 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:20,000 Speaker 1: practices to kind of create a more holistic approach to 540 00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:24,240 Speaker 1: the whole thing, uh and offer options. It's really a 541 00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:28,240 Speaker 1: fascinating uh field when you think about that. Like again, 542 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:31,360 Speaker 1: I think of it as so much of my experience 543 00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:34,840 Speaker 1: comes from Western medicine, and it's like, yes, my cat 544 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:36,920 Speaker 1: has a problem. We don't know what's wrong with his back, 545 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:40,080 Speaker 1: let's get an m R I. But but that's that's 546 00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:42,080 Speaker 1: not always how everyone thinks, and it's good to be 547 00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:45,160 Speaker 1: reminded of that. Um by the way, my cats had 548 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:50,560 Speaker 1: an m R I is just fine. I won't read 549 00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,440 Speaker 1: a listener mail today, but I have a thing. It's 550 00:32:53,520 --> 00:32:55,600 Speaker 1: kind of a repeat offender. And I say that with 551 00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:58,640 Speaker 1: only love. It's not offensive at all. It is from 552 00:32:58,680 --> 00:33:01,920 Speaker 1: our listener, Emmanuel, who I have talked about before, because 553 00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,680 Speaker 1: she has sent us several amazing parcels of um, fantastic 554 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:13,200 Speaker 1: French fashion periodicals from the past. And she sent another 555 00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:15,440 Speaker 1: parcel and I got it today when I got to work. 556 00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:18,040 Speaker 1: So one of the things that was in this is 557 00:33:18,080 --> 00:33:22,720 Speaker 1: actually really really fascinating. It is and she blessed her 558 00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:25,480 Speaker 1: heart did uh And I mean not not in the 559 00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: catty southern way, but in a genuine bless her heart 560 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:32,640 Speaker 1: She's amazing way. Um. She did some leg work on 561 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:36,800 Speaker 1: figuring out what this one particular little gem was. She 562 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:44,800 Speaker 1: found this tiny children's literature book that is from eighteen 563 00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:48,200 Speaker 1: sixty seven, so it's not fashion related, but it is 564 00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:55,240 Speaker 1: really really fascinating. It's beautifully illustrated. There are color illustrations. 565 00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:58,200 Speaker 1: They're really really cute. It's not very common to find 566 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:02,680 Speaker 1: illustrated books that old from that period, so not fashion, 567 00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:06,000 Speaker 1: but really amazing. Emmanuel, I feel like I owe you greatly. Um, 568 00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:08,840 Speaker 1: you have have gifted us so many wonderful things. She 569 00:34:08,960 --> 00:34:13,320 Speaker 1: also maybe has included some nine twenties era la modes 570 00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:15,760 Speaker 1: for Tracy to look at, since Tracy loves that period 571 00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:17,840 Speaker 1: so much. So when you were next in the office, 572 00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:21,440 Speaker 1: we can all the moment getting together, so thank you 573 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:23,399 Speaker 1: for that. If you would like to write to us, 574 00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:25,719 Speaker 1: you can do so at History podcast at house stuff 575 00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:28,680 Speaker 1: works dot com. You can also visit us across the 576 00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:32,400 Speaker 1: spectrum of social media. We're missed in History pretty much everywhere, 577 00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:37,959 Speaker 1: including Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Tumbler, and Pinterest. If you would 578 00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:39,640 Speaker 1: like to visit our parents site, you can do that 579 00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:42,279 Speaker 1: at house stoffworks dot com. Type in almost anything you're 580 00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:45,359 Speaker 1: interested in in the search bar, including veterinary medicine, and 581 00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:47,440 Speaker 1: you will come up with a wealth of articles and 582 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:51,279 Speaker 1: information to explore. You can visit me and Tracy at 583 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,040 Speaker 1: missed in History dot com, where we have every episode 584 00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:56,360 Speaker 1: of the show ever, show notes of the episodes that 585 00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:59,319 Speaker 1: Tracy and I have worked on together, including our more 586 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:01,640 Speaker 1: recent ones, which you're integrated into the show page and 587 00:35:01,719 --> 00:35:04,239 Speaker 1: not a separate show notes page on their own, just 588 00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:08,280 Speaker 1: so you have one stop historical shopping. You can also 589 00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:12,080 Speaker 1: find occasional other goodies. Tracy has has made a few 590 00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:15,399 Speaker 1: different informational blog posts about how to search for things 591 00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:18,120 Speaker 1: on our site and frequently ask questions so you can 592 00:35:18,160 --> 00:35:20,359 Speaker 1: explore all of that. So do come and visit us 593 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:22,720 Speaker 1: at missed in History dot com. And our parent company 594 00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:29,000 Speaker 1: at House to works dot com for more on this 595 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:31,680 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Does it how stof works 596 00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:40,480 Speaker 1: dot com