WEBVTT - How Earth-Like Planets Work 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:04.320 Welcome to you Stuff you should know from house Stuff 0:00:04.320 --> 0:00:12.840 Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 0:00:12.920 --> 0:00:16.959 Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, There's Jerry AND's 0:00:17.000 --> 0:00:22.079 the stuff you should know. Just a few geezas, what not? 0:00:22.440 --> 0:00:29.200 Galizas very good? That was terrible, is what it was. 0:00:29.680 --> 0:00:31.760 I read an article the other day on my people 0:00:31.760 --> 0:00:34.519 find puns so offensive. It's very interesting. Oh yeah, I 0:00:34.600 --> 0:00:38.120 know it is. Yeah, I'm sending my way, will you sure? Thanks, 0:00:38.440 --> 0:00:44.919 You're welcome. Chuck. Yes, have you ever heard of an 0:00:44.960 --> 0:00:50.200 exo planet? Yes? You have. Well that's all I got. 0:00:50.400 --> 0:00:54.000 I'm down. I'm done with Kepler. Kepler is pretty awesome, 0:00:54.040 --> 0:00:56.520 isn't it. Kepler is way awesome. Let's talk about Kepler. 0:00:56.560 --> 0:01:00.440 What is it? Well, Kepler is a guess what you 0:01:00.440 --> 0:01:04.920 call it? A program? Sure, the Kepler Project program. It's 0:01:04.920 --> 0:01:08.360 a mission. Yes, it's all the mission. And since two 0:01:08.400 --> 0:01:13.240 thousand nine they have Their task has been to survey 0:01:13.920 --> 0:01:17.440 the sky in fact, um, well a small patch of 0:01:17.440 --> 0:01:21.320 sky right now. And it's an outer space telescope. Yeah. Sure, 0:01:21.480 --> 0:01:23.840 it's spine on people in the city park. No, no no, 0:01:24.160 --> 0:01:26.760 they shot it out in a space. It's dressed in 0:01:26.840 --> 0:01:31.600 like a silver um jumpsuit, so you can tell it's 0:01:31.600 --> 0:01:34.280 a space telescope and not just like a regular one. 0:01:34.959 --> 0:01:38.720 And uh yeah, it has a little twelve degree um 0:01:38.840 --> 0:01:42.000 field of vision, and what it's doing is just looking 0:01:42.280 --> 0:01:47.400 out into the cosmos in the Milky Way. Still. Yeah, 0:01:47.400 --> 0:01:53.000 specifically near the constellations Sickness and Lira. For now. For now, 0:01:53.640 --> 0:01:56.200 you gotta start somewhere, right, you only have twelve degrees. 0:01:56.640 --> 0:02:00.000 You know, it's not the big ear. It's like a journey. 0:02:00.040 --> 0:02:04.080 You have a thousand miles starts through the singles that. Uh. Basically, 0:02:04.080 --> 0:02:08.840 what they're trying to do is see I think the 0:02:08.919 --> 0:02:12.040 ultimate goal it's just to see what's out there. But 0:02:12.120 --> 0:02:15.720 what they really secretly get giddy about and titter about 0:02:16.160 --> 0:02:20.280 um late at night is finding exoplanets that are like 0:02:20.400 --> 0:02:22.600 our own Earth. I know. I think the whole thing 0:02:22.680 --> 0:02:25.440 was a straight up planet hunting mission. Well yeah, but 0:02:25.600 --> 0:02:27.160 like I said, they're not just like we want to 0:02:27.160 --> 0:02:28.799 find another Earth. They they're like, we want to see 0:02:28.800 --> 0:02:31.080 what's out there because we don't know what's out there. Yes, 0:02:31.240 --> 0:02:33.640 and they get really excited when it's not a big 0:02:33.880 --> 0:02:37.720 giant ball of gas. So the Kepler mission actually the 0:02:37.760 --> 0:02:41.720 first Kepler mission ended this past May because the Kepler 0:02:41.760 --> 0:02:44.880 telescope I think ran out of battery power or something 0:02:44.919 --> 0:02:48.480 like that to turn itself. But they started there. They're 0:02:48.560 --> 0:02:52.000 ramping up the K two mission, which is actually this 0:02:52.040 --> 0:02:54.239 is so amazing to me. I love this stuff. It's 0:02:54.320 --> 0:02:58.960 they're going to use photons light from the Sun to 0:02:59.120 --> 0:03:02.800 move it. Pretty amazing. And the photons are going to 0:03:02.840 --> 0:03:05.679 move this thing called solar power to direct it and 0:03:05.720 --> 0:03:09.720 look in different directions. It is very much so amazing. Um. 0:03:10.040 --> 0:03:13.919 So the whole point is is defined planets. But really, 0:03:13.919 --> 0:03:17.359 like you say, what they're looking for our planets that 0:03:17.400 --> 0:03:22.520 fall within what's called the Goldilocks zone or the habitable zone. 0:03:22.800 --> 0:03:25.799 And there's a couple a couple of different types of zones. Yeah, 0:03:25.880 --> 0:03:28.040 if we're talking the Goldilocks zone, what we mean is 0:03:28.080 --> 0:03:32.440 a planet that, um where there is water that doesn't 0:03:32.560 --> 0:03:38.200 evaporate immediately or freeze. Well, yeah, that's one way to 0:03:38.240 --> 0:03:42.400 put it. You know, flowing water would be great, so 0:03:43.000 --> 0:03:48.680 CEO two that'd be awesome. So the whole Earth earthlike planets, right, 0:03:48.800 --> 0:03:50.960 earthlike is what it what it comes down to, able 0:03:51.040 --> 0:03:54.080 to sustain life, right, and the the whole thing. I've 0:03:54.080 --> 0:03:58.240 read this really interesting article, Chuck, and it was I 0:03:58.240 --> 0:04:01.760 think it was an aon magazine like it is one 0:04:01.760 --> 0:04:05.720 of the greatest online magazines ever created, so interesting, everything 0:04:05.800 --> 0:04:08.960 is so well written. It's just great. A on magazine, 0:04:09.400 --> 0:04:15.680 aon magazine anyway. Um, the the person writing this article said, 0:04:17.279 --> 0:04:22.480 what if our conception of life is really limited? And 0:04:22.520 --> 0:04:25.600 when we think of life, we think of like um 0:04:25.839 --> 0:04:32.840 genetic genetic molecules capable of self replicating, right, like us, 0:04:32.880 --> 0:04:36.200 like life, like anything that that can make new copies 0:04:36.240 --> 0:04:41.159 of itself, cellular reproduction. Right. So, um, what if there's 0:04:41.760 --> 0:04:44.720 life has evolved in many, many other ways, not just 0:04:44.880 --> 0:04:46.799 out an outter of space, but here on this planet, 0:04:46.800 --> 0:04:48.840 Like we could be surrounded by life and not even 0:04:48.880 --> 0:04:52.080 be aware of it because we're not thinking of it 0:04:52.120 --> 0:04:56.600 that way. We're strictly looking for evidence of um DNA 0:04:56.720 --> 0:05:00.520 based life. If life evolved in other ways and it's 0:05:00.560 --> 0:05:02.720 we're surrounded by it, that's pretty neat. That's one of 0:05:02.720 --> 0:05:05.040 those late night college conversations, if you know what I mean. 0:05:06.600 --> 0:05:11.719 But with Kepler too, it's looking for planets that could 0:05:11.800 --> 0:05:15.479 sustain a certain brand of life, which is the life 0:05:15.480 --> 0:05:17.800 that we know and the whole thing is predicated on 0:05:17.839 --> 0:05:21.760 the idea that you need water and liquid form to 0:05:22.279 --> 0:05:26.880 be the foundation, the the sustaining foundation of life. And 0:05:26.920 --> 0:05:30.120 so that's what that's what this habitable zone is. It's 0:05:30.120 --> 0:05:33.080 a planet that is far enough away from the Sun 0:05:33.760 --> 0:05:38.719 that it can um. It's it's surface water is not 0:05:38.760 --> 0:05:42.320 going to boil away and turn it into um and 0:05:42.440 --> 0:05:47.279 just just go into the atmosphere far away from its star. Right, 0:05:47.360 --> 0:05:51.400 not necessarily the Sun. Right, it's star is what I mean. 0:05:51.839 --> 0:05:55.800 It's version of our Sun, yes, yes, oh, and but 0:05:55.839 --> 0:05:58.600 it's not so far away that it's not getting enough 0:05:58.640 --> 0:06:01.520 heat so that it just frees. So it's within this 0:06:01.880 --> 0:06:05.920 what's called the circumstellar habitable habitable zone. It's or it's 0:06:05.920 --> 0:06:08.679 in this little distance like we are in our sun. 0:06:08.920 --> 0:06:13.680 Our stars habitable zone are its circumstellar habitable zone, right, 0:06:13.920 --> 0:06:17.400 And so it's looking for planets that um are surrounding 0:06:17.520 --> 0:06:21.479 stars in that little band that's not so close that 0:06:21.560 --> 0:06:24.120 it's too hot and not so far away that it's 0:06:24.120 --> 0:06:27.120 too cold. It's just right. I love it. That's called 0:06:27.120 --> 0:06:31.160 the Goldilocks zone. Yeah, that's the name for it. Um. 0:06:31.200 --> 0:06:35.760 So there are they have the Kepler mission has returned 0:06:36.480 --> 0:06:40.680 UM a lot of startling information like thousands, perhaps tens 0:06:40.680 --> 0:06:45.200 of thousands or hundreds of thousands of planets maybe out there. Um, 0:06:45.360 --> 0:06:47.920 in fact, probably are out there. I think it's forty 0:06:47.960 --> 0:06:53.080 billion in the the Milky Way alone, is what estimates 0:06:53.080 --> 0:06:56.760 are unbelievable in the Milky Way alone. Forty billion Earth 0:06:56.920 --> 0:07:03.279 sized planets, not just all plants. Forty potentially Earth sized 0:07:03.320 --> 0:07:05.760 planets in the Milky Way alone. Yeah. So, like I 0:07:05.800 --> 0:07:09.479 was saying, UM, giant balls of gas are fun gas 0:07:09.520 --> 0:07:14.480 giants like Saturn and Jupiter, they're needo torpedo. But UM, 0:07:14.520 --> 0:07:17.640 as far as science really getting um getting their rocks off, 0:07:18.600 --> 0:07:21.960 these Earth size planets are the ones that that that's 0:07:22.000 --> 0:07:24.880 where the money is, you know, right, And when I 0:07:24.880 --> 0:07:26.920 say money, I don't mean cash money, although if we 0:07:26.960 --> 0:07:29.360 colonize them, I guess it could be cash money. But 0:07:29.520 --> 0:07:33.120 the smaller planets, what they call terrestrial planets earthlike planets, 0:07:33.800 --> 0:07:36.720 UM are terrestrial planets would be a great band name, 0:07:36.760 --> 0:07:40.040 by the way, because they are They have heavy metal 0:07:40.080 --> 0:07:47.320 cores and rocky mantle, and they have smaller orbits, shorter years, 0:07:47.360 --> 0:07:50.000 they're close to the host star. All these things that 0:07:50.040 --> 0:07:53.560 are Earth like, which could mean potentially you know something there, 0:07:54.000 --> 0:07:59.440 so okay, so something living. You've got the circumstellar habitable zone, 0:07:59.440 --> 0:08:02.120 which is not too close to the Sun or not 0:08:02.160 --> 0:08:03.880 too close to the star, not too far away from 0:08:03.920 --> 0:08:08.200 the star. But there's also um a larger habitable zone 0:08:08.560 --> 0:08:11.720 that that kind of if you have that one, great, 0:08:12.040 --> 0:08:15.320 But there's some other qualifications that a planet has to 0:08:15.400 --> 0:08:21.080 hit to be considered habitable, and these are galactic habitable zones, right, 0:08:22.200 --> 0:08:24.520 So part of that is that it has to have 0:08:24.680 --> 0:08:27.640 a heavy metal core, like you say, it's got to 0:08:27.680 --> 0:08:31.400 be terrestrial. It also has to um it can't be 0:08:31.440 --> 0:08:35.439 tidally locked. Right. There's we found actually some planets out 0:08:35.440 --> 0:08:39.240 there that fit the bill, except they are tidally locked 0:08:39.240 --> 0:08:42.520 with their star, which means only one side and the 0:08:42.559 --> 0:08:46.240 same side is always facing the sun, which means that 0:08:46.240 --> 0:08:49.480 that is a very very hot body of water right 0:08:49.520 --> 0:08:52.120 there that's facing the sun. And then on the back side, 0:08:52.160 --> 0:08:55.320 the dark side, it's just completely frozen and since it's 0:08:55.320 --> 0:09:01.360 not turning, the atmosphere is not being um kept around, 0:09:01.400 --> 0:09:04.760 the planet is able to like migrate to like say 0:09:04.800 --> 0:09:07.200 the dark side of the planet and just freeze there. 0:09:07.960 --> 0:09:10.079 That's a great example of how you can have all 0:09:10.080 --> 0:09:13.400 these other things. That planet might be in the habitable 0:09:13.480 --> 0:09:16.960 zone for its star, but it falls out of the 0:09:17.000 --> 0:09:20.439 category of a truly habitable planet because it's missing some 0:09:20.520 --> 0:09:23.920 other factors, for example not being tidally locked. So that 0:09:23.920 --> 0:09:28.080 would be the case with Gliza fight one G. So yes, okay, 0:09:28.080 --> 0:09:30.680 So that is was discovered in two thousand ten, and 0:09:30.679 --> 0:09:33.040 there's been a lot of back and forth between a 0:09:33.040 --> 0:09:36.400 lot of different countries and scientists saying is it really there? 0:09:36.600 --> 0:09:39.480 Is it not there? I think where it lands now is? 0:09:39.520 --> 0:09:43.439 They are pretty sure it's there. Um. But with Glees 0:09:44.240 --> 0:09:50.120 eight one g um, it faces uh the star at 0:09:50.120 --> 0:09:53.400 all times, one side of it does, so it's tightly locked, 0:09:53.440 --> 0:09:56.800 tightly locked. Um. Although it does orbit once every thirty 0:09:56.840 --> 0:09:59.960 seven days, it keeps that face. So basically what they think, 0:10:00.000 --> 0:10:02.520 because if there could be life there, you have what 0:10:02.559 --> 0:10:05.880 they would call an eyeball Earth with a one part 0:10:06.000 --> 0:10:09.560 of this planet having being liquid water right and the 0:10:09.600 --> 0:10:11.720 rest of frozen, so like an eyeball in the middle 0:10:13.240 --> 0:10:16.400 kind of neat. I think what keeps Glees of eight 0:10:16.520 --> 0:10:19.240 one g in the news is the fact that it's 0:10:19.280 --> 0:10:23.240 only twenty point five light years away. Um. And we'll 0:10:23.240 --> 0:10:25.240 talk about some more of these, but a lot of 0:10:25.280 --> 0:10:28.120 them are like over a thousand light years away. So 0:10:28.200 --> 0:10:30.000 let's take a break real quick and we'll get back 0:10:30.040 --> 0:10:50.400 to exoplanets right after this. So check you you touched 0:10:50.440 --> 0:10:52.520 on something I think is very important before we go 0:10:52.559 --> 0:10:56.440 any further there. People say, well, yeah it exists, or no, 0:10:56.559 --> 0:10:58.200 it doesn't exist. And there's a lot of back and 0:10:58.240 --> 0:11:01.440 forth in the scientific community. And the reason is, is 0:11:02.080 --> 0:11:06.160 the as as high powered and awesome as the Kepler 0:11:06.200 --> 0:11:11.360 telescope is it really is. It doesn't look at a 0:11:11.440 --> 0:11:13.520 star and say, oh, look at that planet. That's a 0:11:13.559 --> 0:11:16.600 fine looking planet right there. It looks like, oh yeah, 0:11:16.640 --> 0:11:20.280 I can see water on there and wall like a 0:11:20.320 --> 0:11:24.120 giant pterodactyl like a monkey head. Yes it is. No, 0:11:24.280 --> 0:11:29.400 it can't see these kind of things, right. So there's 0:11:29.520 --> 0:11:34.959 different techniques that are used for hunting planets exoplanets, um, 0:11:35.000 --> 0:11:39.920 that use deduction in a lot of ways in concert 0:11:39.960 --> 0:11:44.880 with these telescopes right to surmise the existence of planets. 0:11:44.880 --> 0:11:51.280 So um, there's three main techniques that even these telescopes 0:11:51.440 --> 0:11:55.559 us Like the Kepler telescope is it uses a photometer 0:11:56.240 --> 0:11:59.920 which senses light, right, and it'll look at a star, 0:12:00.000 --> 0:12:02.760 are and it'll just keep looking at the star, looking 0:12:02.800 --> 0:12:05.360 at the star. It's got a really good Uh, something 0:12:05.400 --> 0:12:07.439 weird just happened at the star got dim and then 0:12:07.440 --> 0:12:11.160 it went back to normal light. And what just happened 0:12:11.200 --> 0:12:15.920 was probably a planet orbited in between the telescope and 0:12:16.000 --> 0:12:19.560 the star, which dim the light of the star. That's right. 0:12:19.600 --> 0:12:22.120 They called that a transit and that technique is called 0:12:22.120 --> 0:12:24.960 the transit method. And so they, like you said, they 0:12:25.000 --> 0:12:27.960 use that photometer and um, if they see that dim 0:12:28.040 --> 0:12:30.360 that's a lead in the right direction. Yeah, and now 0:12:30.400 --> 0:12:34.520 it doesn't prove anything, no, so that that that planet 0:12:35.360 --> 0:12:38.199 becomes a candidate planet. So they go back and they 0:12:38.200 --> 0:12:41.439 look at it. And if they say, use a different technique, 0:12:41.920 --> 0:12:44.600 or if they um, if they come up with the 0:12:44.640 --> 0:12:48.040 same data using that same technique again and again, then 0:12:48.160 --> 0:12:52.600 most likely that planet does exist and it becomes a right, 0:12:53.240 --> 0:12:55.920 it becomes a confirmed planet. So it goes from a 0:12:55.960 --> 0:12:58.840 candidate planet to a confirmed planet. Um. And there's a 0:12:58.880 --> 0:13:01.600 lot of criticism in this side actific community because when 0:13:01.600 --> 0:13:04.840 a candidate planet is found, it is far from being 0:13:04.880 --> 0:13:09.600 proven as existing. But um, it's very frequently rushed out 0:13:09.640 --> 0:13:12.160 to the media, which treats it like a new planet's 0:13:12.160 --> 0:13:15.360 been discovered and we know all about it, when we 0:13:15.440 --> 0:13:18.559 really don't even know for a fact it exists, And 0:13:18.760 --> 0:13:23.720 very infrequently the science behind having to deduce its existence 0:13:24.360 --> 0:13:28.280 is explained in in the in the articles that are 0:13:28.280 --> 0:13:33.080 written about them. So it just gets rushed to press 0:13:33.200 --> 0:13:35.800 a little too premisuarly to keep that public interest up, 0:13:35.800 --> 0:13:39.360 you know. Yeah, but it wouldn't hurt to also educate 0:13:39.400 --> 0:13:42.600 the public at the same time. So a lot of 0:13:42.600 --> 0:13:44.440 people say, oh, well that we just discovered a new 0:13:44.440 --> 0:13:47.160 planet where it's still a candidate planet and it doesn't 0:13:47.440 --> 0:13:50.520 we don't necessarily know it exists. It's a good point, um. 0:13:50.640 --> 0:13:54.040 So that the transit method is is the one where 0:13:54.040 --> 0:13:58.120 the light pulses, the star pulses, well, it dims because 0:13:58.120 --> 0:14:01.160 the planet comes in between the telescope and the yeah star. 0:14:01.600 --> 0:14:03.600 Then you have the wobble method, which is pretty neat 0:14:03.640 --> 0:14:07.280 in itself. Um. It looks for changes in relative velocity 0:14:07.720 --> 0:14:12.200 caused by the gravitational pull of another nearby planet. So 0:14:12.360 --> 0:14:14.880 basically what happens is they use the spectrum of light 0:14:14.920 --> 0:14:18.720 for this one and they analyze that spectrum around this 0:14:19.040 --> 0:14:22.200 uh what they think could be a planet. It planet 0:14:22.240 --> 0:14:27.920 it planet it can planet it so, thank you. So 0:14:27.960 --> 0:14:30.400 what happens is if it is being pulled by another planet, 0:14:30.400 --> 0:14:33.000 when it surges towards Earth and then away, it causes 0:14:33.080 --> 0:14:37.120 variations in that light spectrum. So when it comes towards Earth, um, 0:14:37.200 --> 0:14:39.560 it shortens a wavelength and you see a blue spectrum 0:14:39.600 --> 0:14:42.720 more um. When it goes away from Earth, it lengthens 0:14:42.760 --> 0:14:45.440 and you see red more So it's almost like a 0:14:45.520 --> 0:14:50.280 color pulse. Uh. And that is the Wobble method. So 0:14:50.400 --> 0:14:55.520 that's number two. And that's the Doppler effect. Uh is it? Yeah, 0:14:55.640 --> 0:14:59.320 but with light instead of sound. But the Compler effect 0:14:59.400 --> 0:15:02.320 is only sound. No, it's any kind of wavelength. Oh 0:15:02.360 --> 0:15:04.840 I thought the Doppler effect was strictly sound. No, it's 0:15:04.880 --> 0:15:09.120 it's it's any I'm telling you. It's the thing that 0:15:09.200 --> 0:15:15.720 links bats to earthlike planets, to Doppler to a passing ambulance. Yes, man, 0:15:15.720 --> 0:15:19.120 I'm so psyched about the Doppler effect. Uh. And you 0:15:19.160 --> 0:15:20.880 want to go ahead and hit us up with that 0:15:20.960 --> 0:15:24.560 last one micro lensing that's pretty neat too, yes. So, um, 0:15:24.680 --> 0:15:28.680 when you have a star and another star passes, if 0:15:28.680 --> 0:15:31.040 you're looking at a star with say if um, like 0:15:31.080 --> 0:15:34.760 the the Kepler telescope, which the Kepler telescope strictly uses 0:15:34.760 --> 0:15:39.360 the transit method from what I understands, So you have 0:15:39.400 --> 0:15:43.520 another telescope that that is more open minded. Yeah. UM, 0:15:43.560 --> 0:15:46.680 And you're looking at a star and another star comes 0:15:46.720 --> 0:15:50.160 in between you and the star. You're looking at that 0:15:50.360 --> 0:15:53.400 star that's in the foreground, that's in between you and 0:15:53.440 --> 0:15:57.960 the original star. UM actually takes the light and acts 0:15:58.000 --> 0:16:01.480 as a kind of a magnifying lens and intensifies the 0:16:01.560 --> 0:16:04.320 light of the star behind it thanks to its gravity. 0:16:04.400 --> 0:16:08.720 This is called micro lensing. Right. If a planet falls 0:16:08.760 --> 0:16:12.200 into that that's an orbit around that other star falls 0:16:12.360 --> 0:16:16.240 in line with this, it takes that um that micro 0:16:16.360 --> 0:16:20.040 lensing effect and amplifies it even further. And then you 0:16:20.080 --> 0:16:23.960 can calculate, based on the amplification of the micro lensing effect, 0:16:24.520 --> 0:16:27.520 the mass of all of the stars and this new 0:16:27.560 --> 0:16:31.440 mystery planet that just came into into line with this orbit. UM, 0:16:31.560 --> 0:16:35.520 And they use that mind blowingly enough to deduce the 0:16:36.360 --> 0:16:39.960 presence of planets around stars too. So you've got these 0:16:39.960 --> 0:16:44.320 three methods and all of them though again it's really 0:16:44.480 --> 0:16:48.200 important to remember this, all of these used deduction, Like 0:16:48.440 --> 0:16:52.720 none of these planets have been visually observed. They are 0:16:52.840 --> 0:16:58.840 all deduced to exist based on um, the mathematical evidence 0:16:59.560 --> 0:17:02.280 that there's something going on here, like that this light 0:17:02.360 --> 0:17:05.879 is dimming, this color is changing, or the light is 0:17:05.960 --> 0:17:08.800 being amplified by something, and it all has to do 0:17:08.840 --> 0:17:12.080 with mass and gravity. It's pretty amazing. Yeah, alright, so 0:17:12.119 --> 0:17:13.959 we'll take a little break here and come back and 0:17:13.960 --> 0:17:18.040 talk about some of these exo planets and if there 0:17:18.040 --> 0:17:40.000 are people living there, there aren't so chuck. Remember we 0:17:40.040 --> 0:17:42.920 mentioned the transit method. You can also use these things 0:17:42.960 --> 0:17:46.119 to deduce even more stuff about these planets once you 0:17:46.200 --> 0:17:51.920 confirm they exist. Personality, right, it's signed like kind of things. Um. 0:17:51.960 --> 0:17:59.480 There's something called transit spectroscopy which uses the apparently the 0:17:59.560 --> 0:18:03.560 atmosp fear of a planet leaves a certain kind of 0:18:03.680 --> 0:18:08.399 mark on the light that it messes with in the 0:18:08.440 --> 0:18:11.159 star that you're looking at. So not only are you 0:18:11.280 --> 0:18:14.720 deducing that the planets there, you're deducing by the effect 0:18:15.040 --> 0:18:17.639 that that planet has on the light the type of 0:18:17.680 --> 0:18:21.880 atmosphere it has as well. So pretty amazing, right, So 0:18:22.280 --> 0:18:25.680 once they figure out that yes, the planet is likely there, 0:18:25.880 --> 0:18:28.480 they go back and look at it and the planet 0:18:28.480 --> 0:18:31.200 goes from a candidate to a confirmed planet, and the 0:18:31.320 --> 0:18:36.720 Kepler Um came up with one thousand and thirty confirmed exoplanets, 0:18:36.760 --> 0:18:40.359 twelve of which are in a Goldilocks zone. Right. Um, 0:18:40.400 --> 0:18:43.880 they really start going to town studying this planet and 0:18:43.920 --> 0:18:46.280 figuring out what its atmosphere is like, where it is 0:18:46.280 --> 0:18:49.480 in relation to the star, what the temperature is, and 0:18:49.520 --> 0:18:52.720 they can tell some pretty amazing stuff about an exo 0:18:52.760 --> 0:18:57.080 planet just from all of these deductions. Yeah, Like, uh, 0:18:57.119 --> 0:18:58.879 I guess let's just talk about a couple of these 0:18:59.040 --> 0:19:03.600 UM the the Gliza. Uh I guess it's a group 0:19:03.640 --> 0:19:08.359 because there are several glazes. There's a gliza. So each 0:19:08.359 --> 0:19:12.160 one of these UM exoplanets is named after the star 0:19:12.320 --> 0:19:15.840 that it orbits. Yeah. So so the Glaza Gleaz is 0:19:15.880 --> 0:19:20.200 a star. Yeah, and it has several potential habitable planets 0:19:20.240 --> 0:19:23.600 around it. We already talked a little bit about five 0:19:23.680 --> 0:19:26.760 eight one G, but there's also a five eight one C. 0:19:27.400 --> 0:19:30.280 It is twelve thousand miles in diameter UM, which is 0:19:30.320 --> 0:19:34.280 not too much bigger than Earth um, and makes one 0:19:34.320 --> 0:19:39.080 complete revolution in thirteen Earth days, which means it's too hot, 0:19:39.480 --> 0:19:42.719 but it balances that out because it has a surface 0:19:42.720 --> 0:19:48.439 temperature one uh that of our Sun, which means potentially, 0:19:48.640 --> 0:19:52.080 and again this is all speculation. Potentially the temperature range 0:19:52.080 --> 0:19:54.560 on the surface of five eight one C could be 0:19:55.000 --> 0:19:58.720 thirty two degrees to two degrees fahrenheit, such as in 0:19:58.760 --> 0:20:01.919 the wheelhouse. It isn the wheelhouse. I think further study 0:20:02.000 --> 0:20:05.760 has kind of discarded the idea that um gleeza vibe 0:20:05.800 --> 0:20:10.080 eight one c is habitable. Yeah, it's pretty quick right 0:20:10.320 --> 0:20:13.199 as far as breaking news goes. But you raise a 0:20:13.280 --> 0:20:17.439 really good point that if this thing has a revolution 0:20:18.160 --> 0:20:22.560 a year that's thirteen days long, the there's no part 0:20:22.600 --> 0:20:25.080 of the planet that's going to get cool enough to 0:20:25.280 --> 0:20:30.119 even things out. It's gonna just stay too hot. And conversely, 0:20:30.200 --> 0:20:33.960 if the thing has a year that lasts too long, 0:20:34.320 --> 0:20:36.840 it's gonna it's not gonna get hot enough. It's gonna 0:20:36.880 --> 0:20:43.040 stay cool. So that's another galactic habitable zone factor. Well, 0:20:43.160 --> 0:20:45.679 I love him, man, keep them coming. I know. I 0:20:45.760 --> 0:20:48.080 basically went and looked today. I was like, what are 0:20:48.080 --> 0:20:52.040 the most likely habitable exoplanets? And an article from a 0:20:52.119 --> 0:20:55.040 year ago has a top five that's different from an 0:20:55.080 --> 0:20:58.280 article now, Like that's how quickly things change, right, Well, 0:20:58.320 --> 0:21:02.240 I mean these things were all just basically theoretical, like 0:21:02.280 --> 0:21:05.520 we assumed that, you know, a star would have planets 0:21:06.440 --> 0:21:09.080 orbiting it, but it wasn't until the Coupler mission within 0:21:09.119 --> 0:21:10.639 the last like ten years or so, I think it 0:21:10.680 --> 0:21:18.320 was from the Arecibo telescope was the first confirmed exo 0:21:18.320 --> 0:21:22.560 planet to be detected. And that was but once Kepler 0:21:22.720 --> 0:21:26.080 started going, it's they started to come like hard and fast. 0:21:26.720 --> 0:21:29.879 And once they started and people started rushing to press, 0:21:30.520 --> 0:21:32.919 then the science is having to retract them now and 0:21:33.000 --> 0:21:36.160 things are going from yeah, well, well there's a new 0:21:36.160 --> 0:21:38.200 exit planet that we could just travel to now if 0:21:38.200 --> 0:21:42.040 we wanted to to. This thing actually doesn't exist or 0:21:42.160 --> 0:21:46.359 it's not really habitable. I looked. The most recent one 0:21:46.400 --> 0:21:48.840 I found was from like three months ago and May 0:21:48.880 --> 0:21:52.720 of this year, and they say, I believe this was 0:21:52.760 --> 0:21:55.720 from space dot Com said that Kepler forty eight B 0:21:56.640 --> 0:22:00.560 is the most earthlike planet yet that we've discovered. Um 0:22:00.560 --> 0:22:03.040 it orbits a distant star in the constellation of Lira, 0:22:03.200 --> 0:22:08.960 which is where Kepler is looking. Which eight B. It 0:22:08.960 --> 0:22:11.160 gets really confusing. They need to start naming these things, 0:22:11.320 --> 0:22:14.040 they do, you know, So four thirty eight B is 0:22:14.160 --> 0:22:18.240 a little bit bigger than Earth, uh more heat than 0:22:18.359 --> 0:22:22.600 Earth than what we received from the Sun though. UH. 0:22:22.680 --> 0:22:25.800 It's small though, which means it is UM just because 0:22:25.800 --> 0:22:29.200 it's twelve percent larger means it's seventy has a seventy 0:22:29.640 --> 0:22:34.000 chance of being rocky like Earth. UH. It is four 0:22:34.240 --> 0:22:36.320 d and seventy light years away, which is not too 0:22:36.320 --> 0:22:39.240 bad considering some of these are thousands and thousands of 0:22:39.320 --> 0:22:42.360 light years away. UH completes an orbit around its star 0:22:42.480 --> 0:22:44.959 every thirty five days, which is about ten times as 0:22:45.000 --> 0:22:51.320 fast as Earth. UM. And basically the Harvard Smithsonian Center 0:22:51.400 --> 0:22:56.080 of astro UH for Astrophysics said that UM, they announced 0:22:56.119 --> 0:22:59.280 this one along with seven other planets UM in the 0:22:59.359 --> 0:23:03.840 same habit of ball zone. So decent chance. But UM, 0:23:03.880 --> 0:23:06.720 like I said this this, By the time this comes out, 0:23:06.800 --> 0:23:11.680 this may be old news and debunked. Who knows. UM. 0:23:11.840 --> 0:23:14.440 There's another one that I think they discovered even more recently, 0:23:14.480 --> 0:23:18.560 which is Kepler fifty two B and it's light years 0:23:18.600 --> 0:23:22.640 away UM, and it is an earthlike planet. I think 0:23:22.720 --> 0:23:27.480 it's UM like uh si larger in diameter than the 0:23:27.520 --> 0:23:31.879 Earth UM, but it's still Earth like. It is a 0:23:31.880 --> 0:23:35.879 super Earth, yes, UM. No, that automatically qualifies it as 0:23:35.880 --> 0:23:38.960 a super Earth. So it's it's Earth size, but it's 0:23:38.960 --> 0:23:41.280 not so big that it's like a gas giant. It's 0:23:41.359 --> 0:23:45.720 terrestrial likely um. And it's in the Goldilocks zone for 0:23:45.920 --> 0:23:50.960 its star um, and they're pretty excited about it. Actually. 0:23:51.200 --> 0:23:54.680 I think the it has a mass that's five or 0:23:54.760 --> 0:23:59.359 six times Earth's and so you would be you you 0:23:59.359 --> 0:24:02.679 would feel about double your weight or you would weigh double. 0:24:03.280 --> 0:24:06.159 Well you do here. But they think that if we 0:24:06.200 --> 0:24:10.040 did sink colonists there, their bodies would adapt to be 0:24:10.080 --> 0:24:13.440 like working out all the time. Um, but you would 0:24:13.480 --> 0:24:15.960 become super strong, and if you came back to Earth 0:24:16.200 --> 0:24:19.119 you could just beat everybody up. Interesting because you'd be 0:24:19.119 --> 0:24:22.480 twice as strong. Pretty cool, huh, it'd be great. That's 0:24:22.520 --> 0:24:25.040 the point of space travel is to find ways to 0:24:25.200 --> 0:24:28.160 just walk around and come back and beat everybody up 0:24:28.160 --> 0:24:31.120 on Earth. It's a bully program. That is a good question, though, 0:24:31.160 --> 0:24:33.680 what's the point of all this? If these things are 0:24:33.800 --> 0:24:40.159 light years away? What's what's the point? Um geez, just 0:24:40.280 --> 0:24:44.159 to keep looking beyond? I mean, isn't that exploration the 0:24:44.200 --> 0:24:47.760 whole point? I guess, because it's not like we could 0:24:48.000 --> 0:24:50.359 colonize any of these places, well not now. But I 0:24:50.400 --> 0:24:53.400 think that some people have an eye toward that that 0:24:53.640 --> 0:25:00.200 the if we ever do figure out interstellar travel, um, 0:25:00.240 --> 0:25:02.360 it would be really good to know where we could 0:25:02.400 --> 0:25:06.280 go and take off our helmets and breathe. Yeah, I 0:25:06.359 --> 0:25:08.080 think of it more in the opposite way, like you 0:25:08.119 --> 0:25:10.520 can't stop doing stuff like this. No, I agree with 0:25:10.520 --> 0:25:12.320 because then you've just I don't know, then you're just 0:25:12.840 --> 0:25:16.359 you've given up. You're an isolationist. Yeah, you're adults living 0:25:16.400 --> 0:25:20.280 on Earth and o'tre I'm just gonna die anyway. Well, 0:25:20.359 --> 0:25:23.760 the other thing that they're looking for that that exoplanets 0:25:24.280 --> 0:25:26.960 searches bring into the fold is steady the search for 0:25:27.119 --> 0:25:31.719