WEBVTT - Skyscrapers: 'Scuse me while I kiss the sky 0:00:00.240 --> 0:00:02.960 Hey, everyone, we're coming to Salt Lake City, Utah and Phoenix, 0:00:03.000 --> 0:00:06.560 Arizona this fall. Yeah, October, we're going to be at 0:00:06.600 --> 0:00:09.479 Salt Lake Cities Grand Theater and then the next night 0:00:09.520 --> 0:00:13.880 October will be in Phoenix. And we added a second 0:00:13.880 --> 0:00:16.840 show to our Melbourne show, right, that's right, a second 0:00:16.840 --> 0:00:19.239 earlier show in Melbourne. So you can get all the 0:00:19.280 --> 0:00:22.119 information for all of these shows at s y s 0:00:22.160 --> 0:00:26.640 K live dot com. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know 0:00:27.240 --> 0:00:36.800 from how Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to 0:00:36.840 --> 0:00:40.519 the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles stef you took 0:00:40.600 --> 0:00:44.840 Bryant almost forgot what I say first smooth the sandpaper, 0:00:45.120 --> 0:00:48.960 and then and there's Jerry right there. So this is 0:00:49.040 --> 0:00:54.160 the old stuff you should know. The triad, Yeah, but 0:00:54.280 --> 0:01:00.840 not that kind. What kind you know, like sexual? I 0:01:00.840 --> 0:01:05.080 don't think they call us triads. Sure, that's that's normally 0:01:05.120 --> 0:01:09.800 like a tryad's like three mafia families getting together something 0:01:09.880 --> 0:01:13.280 like that and having sex. Right, No, I think uh, 0:01:13.319 --> 0:01:16.080 I think a triad very much can can apply to 0:01:16.720 --> 0:01:20.080 a three person couple, romantic couple. I'm sure we will 0:01:20.120 --> 0:01:22.319 hear about that. Yeah, well, well you have. I think 0:01:22.319 --> 0:01:24.840 that's where I learned it. Oh, I got you. We 0:01:24.880 --> 0:01:27.080 should also speaking of sex, we should also give a 0:01:27.160 --> 0:01:29.840 bit of a mia culpa. We use the word prostitute 0:01:30.319 --> 0:01:33.600 and a couple of recent episodes, I think collar bombs 0:01:33.640 --> 0:01:37.880 and drug courts and that is not the okay word 0:01:37.920 --> 0:01:41.800 these days. The words you use as sex worker. And 0:01:41.840 --> 0:01:44.360 I knew that, and I feel bad for saying it. 0:01:44.840 --> 0:01:47.320 I do too, so sorry. It's all the sex workers. 0:01:47.440 --> 0:01:51.280 And we've had sex workers right in before with stories 0:01:51.320 --> 0:01:53.600 and saying, you know, you should do a podcast on 0:01:53.640 --> 0:01:57.120 this because it's not always what you think, right, And 0:01:57.200 --> 0:02:03.240 we will someday. First we're gonna do skyscrapers. Yeah, and 0:02:03.320 --> 0:02:06.720 I gotta say, man, this is um. I prefaced the 0:02:06.720 --> 0:02:10.200 tsunami episode with like core stuff, you should know type stuff. 0:02:10.720 --> 0:02:13.880 I think this one falls in there, and I kept 0:02:15.080 --> 0:02:17.320 maybe it's the little kid in me, with like erector 0:02:17.400 --> 0:02:22.600 sets and lego and stuff like that. But I kept thinking, man, 0:02:23.240 --> 0:02:29.840 skyscrapers are so incredibly simplistic. It's so beautiful, and I 0:02:29.880 --> 0:02:33.320 think some beauty and simplicity is something that really gets me. 0:02:34.120 --> 0:02:39.360 You love Acam's razor, yeah, you love it, But the skyscrapers. 0:02:39.360 --> 0:02:41.040 When I was just reading about how these things are 0:02:41.040 --> 0:02:43.239 constructed and all. I'm just like, it's like a little 0:02:43.320 --> 0:02:46.440 kid designed it. Yeah. I actually looked around him, like, 0:02:46.520 --> 0:02:49.200 am I missing a section or two on this article? 0:02:49.240 --> 0:02:53.480 But it's they're pretty straightforward. Actually, yeah, it's They're all 0:02:53.520 --> 0:02:57.640 just giant penises in the sky, no doubt. Man. Some 0:02:57.760 --> 0:02:59.679 of them don't even try to hide it. They've got 0:02:59.680 --> 0:03:03.799 like dages and stuff and a man's name at the top. Yeah, 0:03:03.960 --> 0:03:08.840 it's crazy. It's like, uh yeah, I I in researching this, 0:03:08.919 --> 0:03:11.720 I was like, oh, okay, I get it. Skyscrapers are 0:03:11.800 --> 0:03:18.640 the jerks of the buildings community. Yeah, well except maybe 0:03:18.680 --> 0:03:22.359 not because they're super efficient at holding people. And sure, sure, okay, 0:03:22.360 --> 0:03:25.280 So that's well put man. I'm glad you said that, 0:03:25.320 --> 0:03:27.839 because it's a there's a bit of a dichotomy going 0:03:27.880 --> 0:03:30.360 on here. You got the good, you got the bad. 0:03:31.200 --> 0:03:35.360 You gotta put them both together, and there you have skyscrapers. 0:03:36.320 --> 0:03:40.440 All right. So this article in House of Work starts 0:03:40.480 --> 0:03:43.400 out very appropriately and talking about the quest for height, 0:03:44.280 --> 0:03:48.280 and this has been going on since ancient times, whether 0:03:48.360 --> 0:03:53.360 it's a church, cathedral or a Tower of Babel, which 0:03:53.920 --> 0:03:55.480 I looked into that little bit because I was trying 0:03:55.480 --> 0:03:59.680 to see how metaphoric that was that Nimrods. Didn't he 0:03:59.720 --> 0:04:03.880 build at you know that Nimrod and think so I 0:04:03.920 --> 0:04:08.560 don't remember, but go ahead, sorry, well, uh forget the 0:04:08.560 --> 0:04:12.080 Tower of Babel. Just ancient buildings, like from the Pyramids 0:04:12.160 --> 0:04:15.400 to the cathedrals. Everyone has always wanted to build things 0:04:15.520 --> 0:04:20.000 tall because it's a striking thing and it probably has 0:04:20.040 --> 0:04:22.560 a lot to do with the ego of the man 0:04:22.680 --> 0:04:27.080 who wanted his name either on it or behind it. Yeah, 0:04:27.560 --> 0:04:30.320 especially if you're part of a civilization that believes in 0:04:30.440 --> 0:04:33.080 God and you tend to think that God is in 0:04:33.120 --> 0:04:37.280 the sky. It's a bit saying like, hey, look at 0:04:37.320 --> 0:04:39.800 look at how close I am here. This building is 0:04:39.839 --> 0:04:43.039 in my name, Look at me, Look upon me and 0:04:43.120 --> 0:04:47.239 my building. It's a giant Pallas. Yeah, to the point 0:04:47.279 --> 0:04:52.040 where there are literal competitions and like I'm gonna add 0:04:52.080 --> 0:04:55.640 one extra story or build the little antenna five ft 0:04:55.720 --> 0:04:59.160 higher just to have that claim. You know, there's something 0:04:59.240 --> 0:05:01.479 very similar in the roller coaster world, which I think 0:05:01.480 --> 0:05:04.480 we talked about. But at least it's a roller coaster, 0:05:04.640 --> 0:05:06.520 you know what I'm saying. It's not just a building. 0:05:06.600 --> 0:05:08.760 This is like I'm going to build the taller roller 0:05:08.800 --> 0:05:11.400 coaster than you and the people who ARRIVEE me, you're 0:05:11.400 --> 0:05:14.320 going to be seven percent more scared than your riders. 0:05:14.920 --> 0:05:17.200 That's that's doing something, if you ask me, you know. 0:05:18.120 --> 0:05:21.320 But yeah, so there is a there's there's a definite 0:05:22.440 --> 0:05:26.760 um benefit to building up and early on, yes, it 0:05:26.839 --> 0:05:30.240 was just basically to glorify a king or a god 0:05:30.400 --> 0:05:34.080 or something like that. Right. But over time, as people 0:05:34.720 --> 0:05:39.400 um started settling together in city centers, uh and wanting 0:05:39.440 --> 0:05:42.200 to be close to the city center, there was a 0:05:42.240 --> 0:05:46.360 good reason to start building upward. Is that space outward 0:05:47.080 --> 0:05:49.479 was either at a premium or people didn't want it. 0:05:49.520 --> 0:05:52.720 They wanted to be in one specific spot. So the 0:05:52.720 --> 0:05:55.800 the only option you have aside from outward is either 0:05:55.960 --> 0:05:59.560 upward or downward. We haven't gotten a subterranean buildings yet, 0:05:59.720 --> 0:06:02.200 I hope to God would never do. So we started 0:06:02.240 --> 0:06:07.520 building upward. And that's where skyscrapers first came up came from. 0:06:07.720 --> 0:06:10.520 And um they came about I think in the late 0:06:10.680 --> 0:06:13.960 eighteen hundreds, the eighteen eighties, and I believe the first 0:06:13.960 --> 0:06:19.760 one was the Home Life building in Chicago ten whopping stories. Yeah, 0:06:19.800 --> 0:06:22.279 that was a skyscraper back then, and I tried to 0:06:22.279 --> 0:06:25.280 found the first person who said that, but I couldn't. Um, 0:06:25.320 --> 0:06:28.560 I found something on it. Oh well, I heard Chicago 0:06:28.600 --> 0:06:33.599 is where it originated the term. Yeah, yes, as far 0:06:33.600 --> 0:06:35.600 as buildings go, but it's been in use for a 0:06:35.600 --> 0:06:40.240 long time before that to describe anything tall, including people. 0:06:41.160 --> 0:06:43.359 What So, like a very tall woman, you could be 0:06:43.400 --> 0:06:49.560 like that, gal's a real skyscraper, ain't for real? Fresh 0:06:51.240 --> 0:06:55.200 It's right, that's exactly how that go down. But yeah, 0:06:55.240 --> 0:06:56.919 you could use it for like a tall sale on 0:06:56.960 --> 0:07:01.440 a boat. I've heard that tall horse. Anything tall would 0:07:01.440 --> 0:07:04.640 be called the skyscraper. So it was just inevitable people 0:07:04.680 --> 0:07:07.400 are going to start referring to tall buildings as skyscrapers. 0:07:07.520 --> 0:07:11.000 All right, Well there you have it. So what you're 0:07:11.040 --> 0:07:16.480 doing with the skyscrapers literally fighting gravity? Um? And you 0:07:16.520 --> 0:07:19.280 know we mentioned pyramids. When you think about uh like 0:07:19.320 --> 0:07:21.560 a cheerleader pyramid, how they how they reference it in 0:07:21.560 --> 0:07:24.680 the article. You need the higher you go, you need 0:07:24.760 --> 0:07:29.240 more uh support underneath, And so with the pyramid you 0:07:29.320 --> 0:07:33.200 just go wider. And in theory, you could build something 0:07:33.240 --> 0:07:35.200 as tall as you want as long as you kept 0:07:35.200 --> 0:07:38.560 going wider and wider with its foundation to support it. 0:07:39.160 --> 0:07:42.320 But like you said, you can't do that because people 0:07:42.840 --> 0:07:45.600 live near one another and these are in city centers. 0:07:45.640 --> 0:07:47.640 So they had to come up with some you know, 0:07:47.720 --> 0:07:51.080 with with the eighteen hundreds skyscrapers that were brick and mortar, 0:07:51.400 --> 0:07:55.240 you could only go so high before it just wasn't 0:07:55.280 --> 0:07:58.240 possible anymore. They'd just be simply too much weight on 0:07:58.320 --> 0:08:02.200 that foundation. So it took advancement, and a very specific 0:08:02.240 --> 0:08:08.360 advancement iron and steel, uh, in order to build these 0:08:08.360 --> 0:08:11.880 things taller, right, and and so look, one of the 0:08:11.880 --> 0:08:14.480 other problems with brick and mortar is that and not 0:08:14.640 --> 0:08:17.400 just supporting the weight. You could add more brick and 0:08:17.440 --> 0:08:21.200 more mortar, but either you're going to start spreading further 0:08:21.280 --> 0:08:23.920 and further out and create a bigger and bigger footprint 0:08:23.920 --> 0:08:26.360 for your building and start running up against your neighbors, 0:08:26.800 --> 0:08:29.280 or you're using up more and more of the space 0:08:29.280 --> 0:08:32.360 and the lower floors, so you have like maybe like 0:08:32.400 --> 0:08:36.400 a little chamber corridor that you can make it through 0:08:37.080 --> 0:08:39.559 and then that's it for your lower floors. So it 0:08:39.840 --> 0:08:42.200 doesn't make any sense. But with the advent of iron 0:08:42.240 --> 0:08:48.560 and steel, you suddenly had relatively um lighter, stronger, and 0:08:49.800 --> 0:08:54.040 thinner basically building materials to work with, so you could 0:08:54.080 --> 0:08:58.000 go way taller and use up way less of a 0:08:58.040 --> 0:09:01.160 footprint on the ground. Yeah. And you know, it started 0:09:01.160 --> 0:09:04.120 with iron, so you could get these super long, sturdy, 0:09:04.280 --> 0:09:07.400 solid beams. Uh. And then of course steel was even 0:09:07.520 --> 0:09:11.360 lighter and stronger than iron. Actually came from iron or 0:09:11.440 --> 0:09:15.000 comes from iron. Yeah, it's like super pure iron. Yeah, 0:09:15.160 --> 0:09:17.280 and that the deal. I looked up that Bessemer process 0:09:17.280 --> 0:09:20.040 a little bit, and then it glazed over a bit. 0:09:20.559 --> 0:09:23.000 They mentioned the Bessemer process, but it was really something 0:09:23.040 --> 0:09:26.200 called the open hearth process from sixty five that really 0:09:26.280 --> 0:09:30.000 like brought steel into mass production. Is that just literally 0:09:30.000 --> 0:09:33.840 removing impurities from iron is how you get steel. From 0:09:33.840 --> 0:09:37.560 what I understand, it's super pure iron um. And I 0:09:37.559 --> 0:09:40.280 mean steel has been around for since I think the 0:09:40.360 --> 0:09:44.600 thirteenth century BC, so thousands of years we've been using steel. 0:09:45.000 --> 0:09:48.000 But for the most part it's just been like some 0:09:48.000 --> 0:09:51.400 some artists in blacksmith who like works with one small 0:09:51.400 --> 0:09:54.120 piece at a time, and the steel that they were 0:09:54.160 --> 0:09:57.480 making was not very good. It was pretty brittle, and 0:09:57.520 --> 0:09:59.640 it was stronger than like you know, your average rock 0:09:59.760 --> 0:10:01.760 or some thing like that, but you couldn't make a 0:10:01.800 --> 0:10:03.960 building out of it. Then once they figured out that 0:10:04.000 --> 0:10:07.400 Bessemer process and then the open hearth process where they 0:10:07.520 --> 0:10:11.040 purified iron and could make large amounts of it at once. 0:10:11.559 --> 0:10:15.160 Now you suddenly have the kind of climate that skyscrapers 0:10:15.160 --> 0:10:17.199 couldn't be built in. Yeah, you know, the old saying 0:10:17.280 --> 0:10:19.240 was you can't make a building from a long sword. 0:10:20.320 --> 0:10:23.360 Now you can't or is it a broadsword either one? 0:10:23.600 --> 0:10:28.000 It depends on what country you're in. Okay, alright, so 0:10:28.080 --> 0:10:30.600 let's talk about my favorite part of this whole thing, 0:10:30.640 --> 0:10:35.880 which is the skeleton and the superstructure. It's just so 0:10:35.920 --> 0:10:40.720 beautifully simplistic. Again, the steel skeleton is the support structure 0:10:40.760 --> 0:10:46.800 of a skyscraper. And these are literally just vertical columns 0:10:46.840 --> 0:10:49.960 made up of metal beams that are riveted together end 0:10:50.000 --> 0:10:54.160 to end right in a big giant box. And then 0:10:54.559 --> 0:10:57.439 at every floor, first floor, a second floor, third floor, 0:10:57.640 --> 0:11:04.560 I'll keep going. You're gonna have obviously horizontal girders and 0:11:04.640 --> 0:11:08.600 those are just I was gonna say strapped. That wouldn't 0:11:08.600 --> 0:11:11.520 be very safe there. Those are just riveted. A good 0:11:11.600 --> 0:11:14.840 ratchet strap will do it right. Strapped with like a 0:11:14.920 --> 0:11:17.960 bit of leather, that's it. That's what holds them together. 0:11:18.200 --> 0:11:24.760 Those are riveted to the columns and that's it on top. Right, 0:11:24.840 --> 0:11:28.199 So yeah, you've got we've got vertical columns going up, 0:11:28.240 --> 0:11:30.960 you have girders going horizontally, and then you'll have like 0:11:31.000 --> 0:11:36.120 diagonal supports that stabilize the girders. Right, came along a 0:11:36.120 --> 0:11:39.080 little later, right. But all of these things put together, 0:11:39.240 --> 0:11:42.320 it forms like like what it's called the skeleton, the 0:11:42.360 --> 0:11:45.160 structure of the building, and it holds up everything because 0:11:45.200 --> 0:11:51.560 everything is connected to those vertical columns, right, which is 0:11:51.559 --> 0:11:55.199 pretty great, but it creates an issue in that all 0:11:55.360 --> 0:12:00.559 the weight is getting transferred straight down through those vertical columns. Yeah, 0:12:00.720 --> 0:12:03.480 that's what it does. So like all the horizontal weight, 0:12:03.559 --> 0:12:05.720 like from the floors, from like the desks you put 0:12:05.760 --> 0:12:08.559 in there, from the dry wall, from everything, it all 0:12:08.600 --> 0:12:11.120 gets transferred to those vertical columns, which means that you 0:12:11.240 --> 0:12:14.480 better have some number one sturdy vertical columns. But you 0:12:14.520 --> 0:12:18.000 can't just build this thing on the sidewalk. You've got 0:12:18.000 --> 0:12:20.800 to You've got to you've got to mount them pretty 0:12:20.800 --> 0:12:22.520 well to the to the earth. And the way you 0:12:22.559 --> 0:12:26.080 do that is there's a sub layer of clay that 0:12:26.200 --> 0:12:28.679 you want to dig down to. Depending on how heavy 0:12:28.720 --> 0:12:31.320 your building is if it's really heavy, you want to 0:12:31.320 --> 0:12:34.000 dig down to the bedrock, which is the actual crust 0:12:34.040 --> 0:12:36.240 of the earth. The rest is, you know, just debris 0:12:36.240 --> 0:12:39.360 and detritus. Yeah. This, this substructure, I think is the 0:12:39.440 --> 0:12:42.920 kind of the coolest thing. I agree. So you remember 0:12:42.960 --> 0:12:45.840 we were talking about how, um, if you build with 0:12:45.840 --> 0:12:48.280 brick and mortar, the taller you build, the thicker the 0:12:48.280 --> 0:12:50.280 walls have to be to where you have like basically 0:12:50.320 --> 0:12:53.360 no room left in the lower levels. They figured out 0:12:53.360 --> 0:12:56.079 how to take that and put it underground and then 0:12:56.200 --> 0:13:01.160 build a superstructure on top of it. And that's they did. Yeah. 0:13:01.200 --> 0:13:03.680 So each little vertical column, and to make it simple, 0:13:03.760 --> 0:13:06.720 let's just think of four corners of a building. Um 0:13:06.960 --> 0:13:09.400 though the structure is much more complicated than that with 0:13:09.640 --> 0:13:12.760 huge buildings obviously, But each one of those vertical columns 0:13:12.760 --> 0:13:15.520 sits on a spread footing, which is basically and if 0:13:15.520 --> 0:13:18.000 you look at the picture on the website article or 0:13:18.040 --> 0:13:22.400 just google it, it's really again beautifully simplistic. It sits 0:13:22.440 --> 0:13:25.600 on a big square cast iron plate, and then that 0:13:25.679 --> 0:13:29.960 sits on what's called grillage, which are just stacks of 0:13:30.800 --> 0:13:33.760 horizontal steel beams and they're just lined up and then 0:13:33.800 --> 0:13:36.480 it's almost like a jinga tower. You'll you'll line them 0:13:36.559 --> 0:13:38.559 up going one way, and then the next layer will 0:13:38.559 --> 0:13:41.439 be lined up going the other way. And they've done 0:13:41.480 --> 0:13:44.480 little math to figure out how many they need. And 0:13:44.720 --> 0:13:49.560 that grillage sits on concrete, this big concrete pad. It's 0:13:49.640 --> 0:13:52.480 on that clay or the bedrock, and then all of 0:13:52.520 --> 0:13:56.480 that stuff is buried in concrete, very good measure, just 0:13:56.520 --> 0:13:59.040 for good measures, and then they coat that. And Butter Scott, 0:14:01.559 --> 0:14:04.160 I know that that's not getting good. So you've, like 0:14:04.200 --> 0:14:08.240 you said, you just got this this pyramid essentially underground 0:14:08.760 --> 0:14:13.200 supporting each column. The toughest pyramid anyone has ever made 0:14:13.200 --> 0:14:15.600 in the history of humanity is one of these these 0:14:15.679 --> 0:14:18.679 um spread footings. Tougher than the one from Bringing On 0:14:18.720 --> 0:14:21.680 the movie. Yes, tougher than that one. This is a 0:14:21.680 --> 0:14:24.760 good movie, by the way, that's what I've heard. Um. 0:14:24.800 --> 0:14:28.360 But that's just under one vertical column. And again, if 0:14:28.400 --> 0:14:31.840 you have just a simple four column structure, you've got 0:14:31.880 --> 0:14:35.160 four of those taking the weight and distributing the force 0:14:35.200 --> 0:14:39.960 of gravity pressing down on every square centimeter of this building. 0:14:40.320 --> 0:14:42.560 It's it's going down to the spread footing and just 0:14:42.640 --> 0:14:46.320 being distributed back into the earth, saying there you go, fellas, 0:14:46.720 --> 0:14:48.680 go on your very way and leave this building. Be 0:14:49.200 --> 0:14:52.920 that's right. I will take your load and spread it thin. 0:14:53.720 --> 0:14:55.680 And before we take a break, we should mention that 0:14:55.880 --> 0:15:00.080 all of this means this, this skeletal structure mean is 0:15:00.120 --> 0:15:03.400 that your outer walls, which are the curtain walls, um, 0:15:03.480 --> 0:15:06.480 they can be wide open. And so that's why you 0:15:06.560 --> 0:15:10.920 see floor to ceiling glass and a lot to most 0:15:10.960 --> 0:15:14.880 of these. Yeah, you don't need it to support anything, no, 0:15:15.200 --> 0:15:17.280 just itself. That's the only thing it has to support. 0:15:17.320 --> 0:15:20.760 So that was like a huge revolution in in construction. 0:15:20.840 --> 0:15:24.680 The idea that you could build with this new material, 0:15:24.960 --> 0:15:28.120 well not new but newly refined material, newly available material 0:15:28.400 --> 0:15:31.680 that could support huge tall building and that you could 0:15:31.680 --> 0:15:34.720 just put an outside wall onto. Well, then now you 0:15:34.760 --> 0:15:36.960 can do whatever you want with these things. It really 0:15:37.040 --> 0:15:39.200 kind of open things up and there was a huge 0:15:39.360 --> 0:15:44.360 change in construction design and skyscrapers pretty quickly after they 0:15:44.360 --> 0:15:47.080 were introduced. You want to take a break before we 0:15:47.120 --> 0:15:50.840 talk about that, Yeah, because the functionality of this, which 0:15:50.880 --> 0:16:02.840 comes next is uh, probably my second favorite thing. Oh boy, 0:16:17.440 --> 0:16:21.760 All right, Chuck. So we're talking functionality, which, as you said, 0:16:22.200 --> 0:16:25.760 is your second favorite thing about skyscrapers, right, Well, yeah, 0:16:25.840 --> 0:16:29.880 because you think of an architect thinking, man, let's just 0:16:29.880 --> 0:16:32.880 build this tall thing. But there's there's a function of 0:16:32.920 --> 0:16:36.680 the building beyond let's make it look cool or impressive, 0:16:36.800 --> 0:16:40.640 which is people live and work and run business out 0:16:40.640 --> 0:16:43.080 of these things. Hey, by the way, I'm sorry man, 0:16:43.120 --> 0:16:46.160 this is so it doesn't even qualifies a tangents so 0:16:46.280 --> 0:16:49.120 off base, but you just said architect. One of our 0:16:49.240 --> 0:16:53.320 architect friends, Adam Puffin and his wife Serena, welcome their 0:16:53.360 --> 0:16:57.520 second son recently. Oh great, So congratulations you guys. And 0:16:57.640 --> 0:16:59.680 I also while I'm at it, I want to give 0:17:00.040 --> 0:17:04.119 out out to my friends Laurel and Branden for their 0:17:04.160 --> 0:17:08.200 second son as well. So everybody's having second sons these days. 0:17:08.200 --> 0:17:10.439 In congratulations to all of you guys. That's great. You 0:17:10.480 --> 0:17:14.000 know Adam, Um, I'm actually building my house up and 0:17:14.080 --> 0:17:18.280 putting on a second story. And sent some plans to 0:17:18.359 --> 0:17:21.439 Adam that didn't quite look right. Said, hey, man, you 0:17:21.480 --> 0:17:23.520 know you told me in New York to hit you 0:17:23.600 --> 0:17:26.560 up for a little free consult And he said, here's 0:17:26.560 --> 0:17:29.920 what's wrong. And he went and just sent me back 0:17:29.960 --> 0:17:33.199 a little advice sketch. Oh that was very cool, and 0:17:33.240 --> 0:17:35.040 I was like, he kind of solved it. He's like, 0:17:35.160 --> 0:17:38.920 it was fine. They just head it upside down. Now 0:17:39.000 --> 0:17:41.440 it's fixed, gonna be weird looking. Yeah, that was nice 0:17:41.440 --> 0:17:43.240 of him. Did you send him like a muffin basket 0:17:43.320 --> 0:17:45.280 or something. I didn't, but maybe I'll send him like 0:17:45.640 --> 0:17:48.400 some baby booties. Now, Oh, there you go, because made 0:17:48.400 --> 0:17:54.320 of muffets, baby booties. All right, So these things have 0:17:54.359 --> 0:17:57.280 to be functional because people work in them. Big business 0:17:57.359 --> 0:18:01.639 runs out of these things. Important things happen, and much 0:18:01.760 --> 0:18:05.879 like when we were designing our second floor, it's not 0:18:05.960 --> 0:18:09.560 as easy as just boom, there's a second story. When 0:18:09.560 --> 0:18:12.200 we were working with our local architect, he was like, well, 0:18:12.280 --> 0:18:14.800 you gotta get up there. And that's when it first 0:18:14.880 --> 0:18:17.480 hit me of the problem. What wait, what did he 0:18:17.520 --> 0:18:19.480 mean by that? You have to be able to access 0:18:19.680 --> 0:18:22.760 the second story. So that's when it really hit home 0:18:22.920 --> 0:18:26.239 the problem of stairs. And he was like, no one 0:18:26.280 --> 0:18:28.800 ever thinks about it. And he said that's usually the 0:18:28.840 --> 0:18:32.520 biggest issue when designing, like a second floor build on 0:18:32.600 --> 0:18:36.040 an existing home is that you've got to fit stair somewhere. 0:18:36.440 --> 0:18:41.840 In the case of skyscrapers, those stairs become elevators. Right, 0:18:41.960 --> 0:18:46.040 which you don't think about it at all. And yeah, 0:18:46.280 --> 0:18:49.680 it's you would not have skyscrapers if you didn't have elevators, 0:18:50.000 --> 0:18:52.600 and it just so happens that they coincided at about 0:18:52.640 --> 0:18:55.680 the same time. Yeah, I think in New York a 0:18:55.760 --> 0:19:00.320 department store in eightifty seven was the first passenger evader. 0:19:00.920 --> 0:19:07.040 It was an Otis brand elevator. That's great, was it really? Yeah? Yeah, 0:19:07.160 --> 0:19:10.000 I think built by Elijah Otis himself. I love that. 0:19:10.920 --> 0:19:13.560 I'm pretty sure it's a him. I'd feel really terrible 0:19:13.600 --> 0:19:15.840 if that was, like, like the inventor of the elevator 0:19:15.920 --> 0:19:17.439 was a woman and I didn't know it. You know, 0:19:18.520 --> 0:19:21.600 I agree for shame. I guess the h makes it 0:19:21.640 --> 0:19:24.560 a him. If it was Eliza Otis, then it'd be 0:19:24.600 --> 0:19:27.840 a woman. But Elijah Otis is the man's version of 0:19:27.880 --> 0:19:31.920 that probably so okay, but we'll check on that. Uh 0:19:31.960 --> 0:19:34.600 and if we're wrong, then we will have re recorded 0:19:34.640 --> 0:19:38.159 that and you will never know. But this elevator is 0:19:38.240 --> 0:19:41.200 it points out this article is very plainly like it's 0:19:41.240 --> 0:19:45.000 a balancing act, like you need to get you can't 0:19:45.000 --> 0:19:47.720 have a lobby full of people standing in line for 0:19:47.760 --> 0:19:50.880 fifteen minutes because you don't have enough elevators, but then 0:19:50.920 --> 0:19:53.040 elevator chefts take up a lot of room in the building. 0:19:53.640 --> 0:19:56.040 So you've got to do the math and figure out 0:19:56.160 --> 0:20:00.119 the perfect little balance between how many people can we 0:20:00.160 --> 0:20:03.119 have in this office tower and how many elevators do 0:20:03.160 --> 0:20:05.480 we need to get them there in due time? Right? 0:20:05.560 --> 0:20:08.320 And so first of all, we talked about elevators in 0:20:08.359 --> 0:20:13.000 our elevators episode. Great episode if you remember correctly. Um, 0:20:13.080 --> 0:20:17.679 but when you add elevators, you're taking up valuable real estate, right, Like, 0:20:17.760 --> 0:20:19.720 that's just a place where you can't put in office 0:20:19.800 --> 0:20:22.680 because you've got an elevator shaft going there. So if 0:20:22.680 --> 0:20:24.720 you want to make your money back on the that 0:20:24.800 --> 0:20:27.560 real estate, you got to add more floors. But if 0:20:27.560 --> 0:20:30.119 you have more floors, you have more people. If you 0:20:30.119 --> 0:20:32.159 have more people, you need more elevators. So they're an 0:20:32.240 --> 0:20:36.119 architect to do, right. You just go home for the day. 0:20:36.760 --> 0:20:40.160 Elijah O just by the way, either a magnificently bearded 0:20:40.200 --> 0:20:48.600 woman or an actual man. Good okay, remedia update. Yeah, 0:20:48.800 --> 0:20:51.240 and look at the hair too. He's basically got my haircut, 0:20:51.320 --> 0:20:55.520 except it's a little wavier on the sides. Nice. So 0:20:55.960 --> 0:21:00.639 we couldn't have skyscrapers without elevators. Apparently, think five or 0:21:00.640 --> 0:21:02.840 six floors is about the max you would want to 0:21:02.920 --> 0:21:05.359 not have an elevator in. And this is all before 0:21:05.400 --> 0:21:10.560 the American with Disabilities Act, right, So just just from 0:21:10.600 --> 0:21:13.480 just logistically speaking, you couldn't go more than five or 0:21:13.520 --> 0:21:17.440 six floors, So we've got elevators. There's also another innovation 0:21:17.520 --> 0:21:20.320 that had to happen, and that was with um like 0:21:20.440 --> 0:21:25.080 fire sprinklers, which those came surprisingly late for a lot 0:21:25.080 --> 0:21:27.160 of commercial buildings, like there are a lot of hotel 0:21:27.200 --> 0:21:30.960 fires up until the early nineteen eighties that killed a 0:21:31.000 --> 0:21:34.680 lot of people before they finally mandated that you need 0:21:34.920 --> 0:21:40.320 sprinklers in these things because it's ridiculously dangerous to not 0:21:40.400 --> 0:21:43.920 have fire sprinklers. But with the advent inspired fire sprinklers, 0:21:43.920 --> 0:21:47.959 it made buildings a lot, a lot safer um and 0:21:48.040 --> 0:21:50.000 that was one thing that you want to have in 0:21:50.720 --> 0:21:54.480 a high rise or a skyscraper because it's really it 0:21:54.560 --> 0:21:57.399 takes a while to get downstairs during a fire, so 0:21:57.440 --> 0:21:59.000 you just want the fire to be put out so 0:21:59.040 --> 0:22:01.239 you can get back to work. Yeah, and then the 0:22:01.240 --> 0:22:05.760 final little piece of that puzzle of design is uh too, 0:22:06.440 --> 0:22:08.320 it should be a place people want to be in 0:22:08.359 --> 0:22:12.280 an office they want to work in within reason, so 0:22:12.680 --> 0:22:15.840 the comfort of the occupants is a big deal. Um, 0:22:15.880 --> 0:22:18.199 when they designed the Empire State Building, they wanted to 0:22:18.240 --> 0:22:22.640 make sure that no one would ever be more than 0:22:22.680 --> 0:22:25.840 fifty sorry, thirty feet away from a window, which is 0:22:25.880 --> 0:22:28.800 a nice a nice thing to do. It is because sunlight, 0:22:29.280 --> 0:22:33.520 everyone knows, reaches thirty two ft. So there you get. 0:22:33.840 --> 0:22:36.520 And did you uh did you see? Did you look 0:22:36.560 --> 0:22:41.119 up this commerce bunk in Germany? No? I didn't, I 0:22:41.480 --> 0:22:44.760 did not. It's really lovely. They have all these indoor 0:22:44.800 --> 0:22:48.000 gardens and it's just gorgeous. It's like a place that 0:22:48.040 --> 0:22:50.160 you look at and you think and you know it's 0:22:50.160 --> 0:22:53.520 not they're not silk plants. They're real trees and things. 0:22:54.160 --> 0:22:57.960 Oh yeah, it is beautiful. I love that, Like, I 0:22:58.040 --> 0:23:02.159 just love that about buildings that have like indoor straight 0:23:02.240 --> 0:23:07.800 up like gardens. You know, there's, um, there's one I 0:23:07.840 --> 0:23:10.080 can't remember where it is, somewhere in Dunwoody that has 0:23:10.119 --> 0:23:13.440 like waterfalls and stuff like that and trees going in there. 0:23:14.040 --> 0:23:17.800 Like I always appreciated embassy suites because they usually I 0:23:17.880 --> 0:23:19.560 don't think they do anymore, but they used to have 0:23:19.640 --> 0:23:22.400 like whole like gardens and stuff in the in the 0:23:22.440 --> 0:23:26.600 lobby and everything. There's just something about a garden inside 0:23:26.720 --> 0:23:30.800 a house or a building that says like we own 0:23:30.840 --> 0:23:35.919 you nature, you know, wonderfully oppressive thing. Maybe that's what 0:23:36.000 --> 0:23:38.439 I appreciate about it. What's the one in Atlanta with 0:23:38.440 --> 0:23:45.840 the great interior atrium. I don't know, Oh, the Marriott Marquis. Yeah, 0:23:46.000 --> 0:23:49.440 the one with the elevators. Yeah, yeah, yeah, the Marquis. Yeah. 0:23:49.480 --> 0:23:51.639 I mean it's still I can't remember. It is a 0:23:51.640 --> 0:23:56.360 pretty famous architect and designer who I think passed away 0:23:56.400 --> 0:23:59.879 within the last year or so. Yeah, and that's one 0:23:59.880 --> 0:24:01.399