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Speaker 1: Hey, everyone, we're coming to Salt Lake City, Utah and Phoenix,

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Speaker 1: Arizona this fall. Yeah, October, we're going to be at

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Speaker 1: Salt Lake Cities Grand Theater and then the next night

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Speaker 1: October will be in Phoenix. And we added a second

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Speaker 1: show to our Melbourne show, right, that's right, a second

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Speaker 1: earlier show in Melbourne. So you can get all the

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Speaker 1: information for all of these shows at s y s

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Speaker 1: K live dot com. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know

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Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles stef you took

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Speaker 1: Bryant almost forgot what I say first smooth the sandpaper,

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Speaker 1: and then and there's Jerry right there. So this is

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Speaker 1: the old stuff you should know. The triad, Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: not that kind. What kind you know, like sexual? I

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Speaker 1: don't think they call us triads. Sure, that's that's normally

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Speaker 1: like a tryad's like three mafia families getting together something

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Speaker 1: like that and having sex. Right, No, I think uh,

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Speaker 1: I think a triad very much can can apply to

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Speaker 1: a three person couple, romantic couple. I'm sure we will

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Speaker 1: hear about that. Yeah, well, well you have. I think

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Speaker 1: that's where I learned it. Oh, I got you. We

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Speaker 1: should also speaking of sex, we should also give a

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Speaker 1: bit of a mia culpa. We use the word prostitute

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Speaker 1: and a couple of recent episodes, I think collar bombs

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Speaker 1: and drug courts and that is not the okay word

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Speaker 1: these days. The words you use as sex worker. And

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Speaker 1: I knew that, and I feel bad for saying it.

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Speaker 1: I do too, so sorry. It's all the sex workers.

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Speaker 1: And we've had sex workers right in before with stories

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Speaker 1: and saying, you know, you should do a podcast on

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Speaker 1: this because it's not always what you think, right, And

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Speaker 1: we will someday. First we're gonna do skyscrapers. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: I gotta say, man, this is um. I prefaced the

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Speaker 1: tsunami episode with like core stuff, you should know type stuff.

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Speaker 1: I think this one falls in there, and I kept

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Speaker 1: maybe it's the little kid in me, with like erector

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Speaker 1: sets and lego and stuff like that. But I kept thinking, man,

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Speaker 1: skyscrapers are so incredibly simplistic. It's so beautiful, and I

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Speaker 1: think some beauty and simplicity is something that really gets me.

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Speaker 1: You love Acam's razor, yeah, you love it, But the skyscrapers.

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Speaker 1: When I was just reading about how these things are

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Speaker 1: constructed and all. I'm just like, it's like a little

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Speaker 1: kid designed it. Yeah. I actually looked around him, like,

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Speaker 1: am I missing a section or two on this article?

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Speaker 1: But it's they're pretty straightforward. Actually, yeah, it's They're all

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Speaker 1: just giant penises in the sky, no doubt. Man. Some

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Speaker 1: of them don't even try to hide it. They've got

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Speaker 1: like dages and stuff and a man's name at the top. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's crazy. It's like, uh yeah, I I in researching this,

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Speaker 1: I was like, oh, okay, I get it. Skyscrapers are

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Speaker 1: the jerks of the buildings community. Yeah, well except maybe

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Speaker 1: not because they're super efficient at holding people. And sure, sure, okay,

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Speaker 1: So that's well put man. I'm glad you said that,

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Speaker 1: because it's a there's a bit of a dichotomy going

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Speaker 1: on here. You got the good, you got the bad.

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Speaker 1: You gotta put them both together, and there you have skyscrapers.

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Speaker 1: All right. So this article in House of Work starts

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Speaker 1: out very appropriately and talking about the quest for height,

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Speaker 1: and this has been going on since ancient times, whether

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Speaker 1: it's a church, cathedral or a Tower of Babel, which

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Speaker 1: I looked into that little bit because I was trying

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Speaker 1: to see how metaphoric that was that Nimrods. Didn't he

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Speaker 1: build at you know that Nimrod and think so I

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Speaker 1: don't remember, but go ahead, sorry, well, uh forget the

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Speaker 1: Tower of Babel. Just ancient buildings, like from the Pyramids

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Speaker 1: to the cathedrals. Everyone has always wanted to build things

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Speaker 1: tall because it's a striking thing and it probably has

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Speaker 1: a lot to do with the ego of the man

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Speaker 1: who wanted his name either on it or behind it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: especially if you're part of a civilization that believes in

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Speaker 1: God and you tend to think that God is in

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Speaker 1: the sky. It's a bit saying like, hey, look at

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Speaker 1: look at how close I am here. This building is

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Speaker 1: in my name, Look at me, Look upon me and

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Speaker 1: my building. It's a giant Pallas. Yeah, to the point

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Speaker 1: where there are literal competitions and like I'm gonna add

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Speaker 1: one extra story or build the little antenna five ft

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Speaker 1: higher just to have that claim. You know, there's something

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Speaker 1: very similar in the roller coaster world, which I think

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Speaker 1: we talked about. But at least it's a roller coaster,

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Speaker 1: you know what I'm saying. It's not just a building.

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Speaker 1: This is like I'm going to build the taller roller

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Speaker 1: coaster than you and the people who ARRIVEE me, you're

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Speaker 1: going to be seven percent more scared than your riders.

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Speaker 1: That's that's doing something, if you ask me, you know.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, so there is a there's there's a definite

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Speaker 1: um benefit to building up and early on, yes, it

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Speaker 1: was just basically to glorify a king or a god

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Speaker 1: or something like that. Right. But over time, as people

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Speaker 1: um started settling together in city centers, uh and wanting

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Speaker 1: to be close to the city center, there was a

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Speaker 1: good reason to start building upward. Is that space outward

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Speaker 1: was either at a premium or people didn't want it.

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Speaker 1: They wanted to be in one specific spot. So the

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Speaker 1: the only option you have aside from outward is either

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Speaker 1: upward or downward. We haven't gotten a subterranean buildings yet,

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Speaker 1: I hope to God would never do. So we started

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Speaker 1: building upward. And that's where skyscrapers first came up came from.

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Speaker 1: And um they came about I think in the late

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Speaker 1: eighteen hundreds, the eighteen eighties, and I believe the first

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Speaker 1: one was the Home Life building in Chicago ten whopping stories. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that was a skyscraper back then, and I tried to

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Speaker 1: found the first person who said that, but I couldn't. Um,

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Speaker 1: I found something on it. Oh well, I heard Chicago

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Speaker 1: is where it originated the term. Yeah, yes, as far

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Speaker 1: as buildings go, but it's been in use for a

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Speaker 1: long time before that to describe anything tall, including people.

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Speaker 1: What So, like a very tall woman, you could be

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Speaker 1: like that, gal's a real skyscraper, ain't for real? Fresh

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Speaker 1: It's right, that's exactly how that go down. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: you could use it for like a tall sale on

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Speaker 1: a boat. I've heard that tall horse. Anything tall would

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Speaker 1: be called the skyscraper. So it was just inevitable people

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Speaker 1: are going to start referring to tall buildings as skyscrapers.

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Speaker 1: All right, Well there you have it. So what you're

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Speaker 1: doing with the skyscrapers literally fighting gravity? Um? And you

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Speaker 1: know we mentioned pyramids. When you think about uh like

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Speaker 1: a cheerleader pyramid, how they how they reference it in

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Speaker 1: the article. You need the higher you go, you need

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Speaker 1: more uh support underneath, And so with the pyramid you

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Speaker 1: just go wider. And in theory, you could build something

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Speaker 1: as tall as you want as long as you kept

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Speaker 1: going wider and wider with its foundation to support it.

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Speaker 1: But like you said, you can't do that because people

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Speaker 1: live near one another and these are in city centers.

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Speaker 1: So they had to come up with some you know,

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Speaker 1: with with the eighteen hundreds skyscrapers that were brick and mortar,

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Speaker 1: you could only go so high before it just wasn't

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Speaker 1: possible anymore. They'd just be simply too much weight on

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Speaker 1: that foundation. So it took advancement, and a very specific

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Speaker 1: advancement iron and steel, uh, in order to build these

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Speaker 1: things taller, right, and and so look, one of the

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Speaker 1: other problems with brick and mortar is that and not

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Speaker 1: just supporting the weight. You could add more brick and

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Speaker 1: more mortar, but either you're going to start spreading further

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Speaker 1: and further out and create a bigger and bigger footprint

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Speaker 1: for your building and start running up against your neighbors,

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Speaker 1: or you're using up more and more of the space

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Speaker 1: and the lower floors, so you have like maybe like

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Speaker 1: a little chamber corridor that you can make it through

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Speaker 1: and then that's it for your lower floors. So it

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Speaker 1: doesn't make any sense. But with the advent of iron

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Speaker 1: and steel, you suddenly had relatively um lighter, stronger, and

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Speaker 1: thinner basically building materials to work with, so you could

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Speaker 1: go way taller and use up way less of a

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Speaker 1: footprint on the ground. Yeah. And you know, it started

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Speaker 1: with iron, so you could get these super long, sturdy,

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Speaker 1: solid beams. Uh. And then of course steel was even

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Speaker 1: lighter and stronger than iron. Actually came from iron or

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Speaker 1: comes from iron. Yeah, it's like super pure iron. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and that the deal. I looked up that Bessemer process

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Speaker 1: a little bit, and then it glazed over a bit.

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Speaker 1: They mentioned the Bessemer process, but it was really something

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Speaker 1: called the open hearth process from sixty five that really

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Speaker 1: like brought steel into mass production. Is that just literally

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Speaker 1: removing impurities from iron is how you get steel. From

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Speaker 1: what I understand, it's super pure iron um. And I

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Speaker 1: mean steel has been around for since I think the

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Speaker 1: thirteenth century BC, so thousands of years we've been using steel.

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Speaker 1: But for the most part it's just been like some

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Speaker 1: some artists in blacksmith who like works with one small

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Speaker 1: piece at a time, and the steel that they were

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Speaker 1: making was not very good. It was pretty brittle, and

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Speaker 1: it was stronger than like you know, your average rock

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Speaker 1: or some thing like that, but you couldn't make a

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Speaker 1: building out of it. Then once they figured out that

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Speaker 1: Bessemer process and then the open hearth process where they

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Speaker 1: purified iron and could make large amounts of it at once.

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Speaker 1: Now you suddenly have the kind of climate that skyscrapers

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Speaker 1: couldn't be built in. Yeah, you know, the old saying

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Speaker 1: was you can't make a building from a long sword.

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Speaker 1: Now you can't or is it a broadsword either one?

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Speaker 1: It depends on what country you're in. Okay, alright, so

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Speaker 1: let's talk about my favorite part of this whole thing,

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Speaker 1: which is the skeleton and the superstructure. It's just so

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Speaker 1: beautifully simplistic. Again, the steel skeleton is the support structure

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Speaker 1: of a skyscraper. And these are literally just vertical columns

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Speaker 1: made up of metal beams that are riveted together end

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Speaker 1: to end right in a big giant box. And then

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Speaker 1: at every floor, first floor, a second floor, third floor,

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Speaker 1: I'll keep going. You're gonna have obviously horizontal girders and

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Speaker 1: those are just I was gonna say strapped. That wouldn't

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Speaker 1: be very safe there. Those are just riveted. A good

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Speaker 1: ratchet strap will do it right. Strapped with like a

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Speaker 1: bit of leather, that's it. That's what holds them together.

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Speaker 1: Those are riveted to the columns and that's it on top. Right,

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Speaker 1: So yeah, you've got we've got vertical columns going up,

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Speaker 1: you have girders going horizontally, and then you'll have like

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Speaker 1: diagonal supports that stabilize the girders. Right, came along a

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Speaker 1: little later, right. But all of these things put together,

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Speaker 1: it forms like like what it's called the skeleton, the

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Speaker 1: structure of the building, and it holds up everything because

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Speaker 1: everything is connected to those vertical columns, right, which is

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Speaker 1: pretty great, but it creates an issue in that all

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Speaker 1: the weight is getting transferred straight down through those vertical columns. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's what it does. So like all the horizontal weight,

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Speaker 1: like from the floors, from like the desks you put

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Speaker 1: in there, from the dry wall, from everything, it all

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Speaker 1: gets transferred to those vertical columns, which means that you

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Speaker 1: better have some number one sturdy vertical columns. But you

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Speaker 1: can't just build this thing on the sidewalk. You've got

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Speaker 1: to You've got to you've got to mount them pretty

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Speaker 1: well to the to the earth. And the way you

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Speaker 1: do that is there's a sub layer of clay that

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Speaker 1: you want to dig down to. Depending on how heavy

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Speaker 1: your building is if it's really heavy, you want to

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Speaker 1: dig down to the bedrock, which is the actual crust

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Speaker 1: of the earth. The rest is, you know, just debris

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Speaker 1: and detritus. Yeah. This, this substructure, I think is the

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Speaker 1: kind of the coolest thing. I agree. So you remember

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Speaker 1: we were talking about how, um, if you build with

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Speaker 1: brick and mortar, the taller you build, the thicker the

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Speaker 1: walls have to be to where you have like basically

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Speaker 1: no room left in the lower levels. They figured out

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Speaker 1: how to take that and put it underground and then

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Speaker 1: build a superstructure on top of it. And that's they did. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So each little vertical column, and to make it simple,

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Speaker 1: let's just think of four corners of a building. Um

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Speaker 1: though the structure is much more complicated than that with

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Speaker 1: huge buildings obviously, But each one of those vertical columns

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Speaker 1: sits on a spread footing, which is basically and if

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Speaker 1: you look at the picture on the website article or

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Speaker 1: just google it, it's really again beautifully simplistic. It sits

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Speaker 1: on a big square cast iron plate, and then that

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Speaker 1: sits on what's called grillage, which are just stacks of

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Speaker 1: horizontal steel beams and they're just lined up and then

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Speaker 1: it's almost like a jinga tower. You'll you'll line them

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Speaker 1: up going one way, and then the next layer will

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Speaker 1: be lined up going the other way. And they've done

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Speaker 1: little math to figure out how many they need. And

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Speaker 1: that grillage sits on concrete, this big concrete pad. It's

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Speaker 1: on that clay or the bedrock, and then all of

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Speaker 1: that stuff is buried in concrete, very good measure, just

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Speaker 1: for good measures, and then they coat that. And Butter Scott,

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Speaker 1: I know that that's not getting good. So you've, like

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Speaker 1: you said, you just got this this pyramid essentially underground

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Speaker 1: supporting each column. The toughest pyramid anyone has ever made

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Speaker 1: in the history of humanity is one of these these

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Speaker 1: um spread footings. Tougher than the one from Bringing On

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Speaker 1: the movie. Yes, tougher than that one. This is a

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Speaker 1: good movie, by the way, that's what I've heard. Um.

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Speaker 1: But that's just under one vertical column. And again, if

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Speaker 1: you have just a simple four column structure, you've got

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Speaker 1: four of those taking the weight and distributing the force

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Speaker 1: of gravity pressing down on every square centimeter of this building.

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Speaker 1: It's it's going down to the spread footing and just

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Speaker 1: being distributed back into the earth, saying there you go, fellas,

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Speaker 1: go on your very way and leave this building. Be

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Speaker 1: that's right. I will take your load and spread it thin.

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Speaker 1: And before we take a break, we should mention that

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Speaker 1: all of this means this, this skeletal structure mean is

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Speaker 1: that your outer walls, which are the curtain walls, um,

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Speaker 1: they can be wide open. And so that's why you

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Speaker 1: see floor to ceiling glass and a lot to most

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Speaker 1: of these. Yeah, you don't need it to support anything, no,

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Speaker 1: just itself. That's the only thing it has to support.

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Speaker 1: So that was like a huge revolution in in construction.

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Speaker 1: The idea that you could build with this new material,

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Speaker 1: well not new but newly refined material, newly available material

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Speaker 1: that could support huge tall building and that you could

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Speaker 1: just put an outside wall onto. Well, then now you

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Speaker 1: can do whatever you want with these things. It really

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Speaker 1: kind of open things up and there was a huge

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Speaker 1: change in construction design and skyscrapers pretty quickly after they

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Speaker 1: were introduced. You want to take a break before we

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Speaker 1: talk about that, Yeah, because the functionality of this, which

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Speaker 1: comes next is uh, probably my second favorite thing. Oh boy,

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Speaker 1: All right, Chuck. So we're talking functionality, which, as you said,

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Speaker 1: is your second favorite thing about skyscrapers, right, Well, yeah,

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Speaker 1: because you think of an architect thinking, man, let's just

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Speaker 1: build this tall thing. But there's there's a function of

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Speaker 1: the building beyond let's make it look cool or impressive,

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Speaker 1: which is people live and work and run business out

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Speaker 1: of these things. Hey, by the way, I'm sorry man,

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Speaker 1: this is so it doesn't even qualifies a tangents so

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Speaker 1: off base, but you just said architect. One of our

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Speaker 1: architect friends, Adam Puffin and his wife Serena, welcome their

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Speaker 1: second son recently. Oh great, So congratulations you guys. And

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Speaker 1: I also while I'm at it, I want to give

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Speaker 1: out out to my friends Laurel and Branden for their

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Speaker 1: second son as well. So everybody's having second sons these days.

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Speaker 1: In congratulations to all of you guys. That's great. You

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Speaker 1: know Adam, Um, I'm actually building my house up and

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Speaker 1: putting on a second story. And sent some plans to

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Speaker 1: Adam that didn't quite look right. Said, hey, man, you

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Speaker 1: know you told me in New York to hit you

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Speaker 1: up for a little free consult And he said, here's

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Speaker 1: what's wrong. And he went and just sent me back

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Speaker 1: a little advice sketch. Oh that was very cool, and

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Speaker 1: I was like, he kind of solved it. He's like,

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Speaker 1: it was fine. They just head it upside down. Now

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Speaker 1: it's fixed, gonna be weird looking. Yeah, that was nice

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Speaker 1: of him. Did you send him like a muffin basket

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Speaker 1: or something. I didn't, but maybe I'll send him like

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Speaker 1: some baby booties. Now, Oh, there you go, because made

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Speaker 1: of muffets, baby booties. All right, So these things have

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Speaker 1: to be functional because people work in them. Big business

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Speaker 1: runs out of these things. Important things happen, and much

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Speaker 1: like when we were designing our second floor, it's not

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Speaker 1: as easy as just boom, there's a second story. When

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Speaker 1: we were working with our local architect, he was like, well,

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Speaker 1: you gotta get up there. And that's when it first

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Speaker 1: hit me of the problem. What wait, what did he

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Speaker 1: mean by that? You have to be able to access

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Speaker 1: the second story. So that's when it really hit home

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Speaker 1: the problem of stairs. And he was like, no one

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Speaker 1: ever thinks about it. And he said that's usually the

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Speaker 1: biggest issue when designing, like a second floor build on

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Speaker 1: an existing home is that you've got to fit stair somewhere.

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Speaker 1: In the case of skyscrapers, those stairs become elevators. Right,

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Speaker 1: which you don't think about it at all. And yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's you would not have skyscrapers if you didn't have elevators,

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Speaker 1: and it just so happens that they coincided at about

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Speaker 1: the same time. Yeah, I think in New York a

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Speaker 1: department store in eightifty seven was the first passenger evader.

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Speaker 1: It was an Otis brand elevator. That's great, was it really? Yeah? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think built by Elijah Otis himself. I love that.

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure it's a him. I'd feel really terrible

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Speaker 1: if that was, like, like the inventor of the elevator

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Speaker 1: was a woman and I didn't know it. You know,

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Speaker 1: I agree for shame. I guess the h makes it

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Speaker 1: a him. If it was Eliza Otis, then it'd be

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Speaker 1: a woman. But Elijah Otis is the man's version of

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Speaker 1: that probably so okay, but we'll check on that. Uh

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Speaker 1: and if we're wrong, then we will have re recorded

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Speaker 1: that and you will never know. But this elevator is

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Speaker 1: it points out this article is very plainly like it's

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Speaker 1: a balancing act, like you need to get you can't

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Speaker 1: have a lobby full of people standing in line for

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Speaker 1: fifteen minutes because you don't have enough elevators, but then

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Speaker 1: elevator chefts take up a lot of room in the building.

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Speaker 1: So you've got to do the math and figure out

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Speaker 1: the perfect little balance between how many people can we

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Speaker 1: have in this office tower and how many elevators do

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Speaker 1: we need to get them there in due time? Right?

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Speaker 1: And so first of all, we talked about elevators in

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Speaker 1: our elevators episode. Great episode if you remember correctly. Um,

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Speaker 1: but when you add elevators, you're taking up valuable real estate, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: that's just a place where you can't put in office

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Speaker 1: because you've got an elevator shaft going there. So if

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Speaker 1: you want to make your money back on the that

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Speaker 1: real estate, you got to add more floors. But if

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Speaker 1: you have more floors, you have more people. If you

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Speaker 1: have more people, you need more elevators. So they're an

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Speaker 1: architect to do, right. You just go home for the day.

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Speaker 1: Elijah O just by the way, either a magnificently bearded

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Speaker 1: woman or an actual man. Good okay, remedia update. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and look at the hair too. He's basically got my haircut,

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Speaker 1: except it's a little wavier on the sides. Nice. So

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Speaker 1: we couldn't have skyscrapers without elevators. Apparently, think five or

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Speaker 1: six floors is about the max you would want to

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Speaker 1: not have an elevator in. And this is all before

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Speaker 1: the American with Disabilities Act, right, So just just from

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Speaker 1: just logistically speaking, you couldn't go more than five or

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Speaker 1: six floors, So we've got elevators. There's also another innovation

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Speaker 1: that had to happen, and that was with um like

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Speaker 1: fire sprinklers, which those came surprisingly late for a lot

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Speaker 1: of commercial buildings, like there are a lot of hotel

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Speaker 1: fires up until the early nineteen eighties that killed a

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Speaker 1: lot of people before they finally mandated that you need

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Speaker 1: sprinklers in these things because it's ridiculously dangerous to not

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Speaker 1: have fire sprinklers. But with the advent inspired fire sprinklers,

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Speaker 1: it made buildings a lot, a lot safer um and

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Speaker 1: that was one thing that you want to have in

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Speaker 1: a high rise or a skyscraper because it's really it

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Speaker 1: takes a while to get downstairs during a fire, so

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Speaker 1: you just want the fire to be put out so

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Speaker 1: you can get back to work. Yeah, and then the

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Speaker 1: final little piece of that puzzle of design is uh too,

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Speaker 1: it should be a place people want to be in

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Speaker 1: an office they want to work in within reason, so

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Speaker 1: the comfort of the occupants is a big deal. Um,

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Speaker 1: when they designed the Empire State Building, they wanted to

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Speaker 1: make sure that no one would ever be more than

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Speaker 1: fifty sorry, thirty feet away from a window, which is

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Speaker 1: a nice a nice thing to do. It is because sunlight,

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Speaker 1: everyone knows, reaches thirty two ft. So there you get.

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Speaker 1: And did you uh did you see? Did you look

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Speaker 1: up this commerce bunk in Germany? No? I didn't, I

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Speaker 1: did not. It's really lovely. They have all these indoor

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Speaker 1: gardens and it's just gorgeous. It's like a place that

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Speaker 1: you look at and you think and you know it's

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Speaker 1: not they're not silk plants. They're real trees and things.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, it is beautiful. I love that, Like, I

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Speaker 1: just love that about buildings that have like indoor straight

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Speaker 1: up like gardens. You know, there's, um, there's one I

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Speaker 1: can't remember where it is, somewhere in Dunwoody that has

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Speaker 1: like waterfalls and stuff like that and trees going in there.

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Speaker 1: Like I always appreciated embassy suites because they usually I

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Speaker 1: don't think they do anymore, but they used to have

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Speaker 1: like whole like gardens and stuff in the in the

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Speaker 1: lobby and everything. There's just something about a garden inside

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Speaker 1: a house or a building that says like we own

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Speaker 1: you nature, you know, wonderfully oppressive thing. Maybe that's what

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Speaker 1: I appreciate about it. What's the one in Atlanta with

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Speaker 1: the great interior atrium. I don't know, Oh, the Marriott Marquis. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the one with the elevators. Yeah, yeah, yeah, the Marquis. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I mean it's still I can't remember. It is a

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Speaker 1: pretty famous architect and designer who I think passed away

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Speaker 1: within the last year or so. Yeah, and that's one

401
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Speaker 1: of the great And there are a lot of good

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Speaker 1: plants in there too, But that's one of the great

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Speaker 1: sort of retro interior atriums that I've seen. Yeah, it's

404
00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:12,000
Speaker 1: got that great like mod feel to it. Um. It's

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Speaker 1: just it's a good, good building. I wonder who did it.

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Speaker 1: I can't remember. Um. I remember though, being in when

407
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Speaker 1: I was a I believe a senior in high school.

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Speaker 1: That was where the party was on New Year's Eve

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Speaker 1: and they, you know, somehow rented rooms to a bunch

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Speaker 1: of seventeen year olds throughout the building. Yeah, that's dangerous

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Speaker 1: and it was dangerous like for real, Like I remember,

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Speaker 1: I remember hugging the only covered part was the very

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Speaker 1: like you had to kind of hug the wall and

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Speaker 1: you had a at a lip that you could walk under,

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Speaker 1: and I remember walking under there and seeing televisions and

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Speaker 1: potted plants like smashing on the on the floor from

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Speaker 1: idiot children off the balconies. That is so dangerous. Oh

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Speaker 1: my god. They changed. That was like the last year.

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Speaker 1: They had a big policy shift after that. That's like

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Speaker 1: the Lord of the Flies. It was, I mean, my

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Speaker 1: friends and I we were I mean I didn't drink

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Speaker 1: in high school, but all my friends were. But we

423
00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:12,159
Speaker 1: were all like, man, we're getting out of here. This

424
00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:18,400
Speaker 1: is bad news. So we were good kids. Good for you, buddy.

425
00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,960
Speaker 1: By the way, it was John C. Portman Jr. Who

426
00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:26,159
Speaker 1: was the architect. Nice work, all right, Chuck. Now we

427
00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:30,399
Speaker 1: come to it might be my favorite, if not second

428
00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:34,080
Speaker 1: favorite part, which is what wind does to a skyscraper

429
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:37,879
Speaker 1: take it away? So when does some crazy stuff to

430
00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:44,359
Speaker 1: a skyscraper the end it blows on it. Yeah, actually

431
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,720
Speaker 1: it does crazy stuff. So like the when when when

432
00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:52,960
Speaker 1: wind encounters a skyscraper, a skyscraper will sway. Okay, that's

433
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:58,760
Speaker 1: actually Okay, they have designed skyscrapers taking into account really

434
00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:03,119
Speaker 1: heavy gusts of wind, and the building is almost certainly

435
00:26:03,160 --> 00:26:06,480
Speaker 1: not going to fall down. There's actually this really great

436
00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:11,200
Speaker 1: New Yorker story from the nineties about a it's called

437
00:26:11,240 --> 00:26:14,359
Speaker 1: the fifty nine Story Crisis, and it's about the City

438
00:26:14,359 --> 00:26:18,679
Speaker 1: Corps Center, which in eight opened and after it opened,

439
00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:23,560
Speaker 1: basically the architect or the engineer realized he like didn't

440
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,560
Speaker 1: carry a one or something like that, and that the

441
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:30,119
Speaker 1: whole building was in danger of collapsing fully occupied now,

442
00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:33,760
Speaker 1: and that there were there were hurricanes headed toward New

443
00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:37,160
Speaker 1: York that had just the kind of wind that could

444
00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,080
Speaker 1: knock this building down. So they did like this emergency

445
00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:47,399
Speaker 1: retro like um like support structure addition, like they carved

446
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,040
Speaker 1: out the interior walls and just started working on it,

447
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:54,960
Speaker 1: and they managed to save the building for so the

448
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:58,640
Speaker 1: dampers different. This was like they added like basically extra rivets.

449
00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,520
Speaker 1: He went cheap on the river, It's or something like that. Well,

450
00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:03,440
Speaker 1: I did think it was funny. In the article it said,

451
00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:05,159
Speaker 1: you know one thing you can do is just simply

452
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:08,640
Speaker 1: tighten up the rivets and things. Right, I'm like, when

453
00:27:08,720 --> 00:27:11,920
Speaker 1: do you go? May I feel like it's tight enough. Well,

454
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:16,960
Speaker 1: so I think, right, more than perfectly tight. Right. I

455
00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:20,160
Speaker 1: think they're saying, if you add more rivets and more places,

456
00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:26,040
Speaker 1: it'll it'll make the building stronger, and and um, it won't.

457
00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:32,359
Speaker 1: It won't um strain underneath the wind. The problem is

458
00:27:32,359 --> 00:27:34,440
Speaker 1: is what you've just done is create like a very

459
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:38,400
Speaker 1: solid pole, and just with any kind of pole, when

460
00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:41,399
Speaker 1: it sways, the end of it, like a fishing pole,

461
00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:44,440
Speaker 1: is the part that bobbles the most. Right, same thing

462
00:27:44,520 --> 00:27:48,040
Speaker 1: with the skyscraper. So the upper floors are really and

463
00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:52,360
Speaker 1: they they're subject to sway from the wind. Again, they

464
00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:57,120
Speaker 1: usually except for this city Corp thing, they usually account

465
00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,240
Speaker 1: for this stuff and then something. But the problem is

466
00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:05,320
Speaker 1: humans get really freaked out, and not just like psychologically,

467
00:28:05,359 --> 00:28:08,960
Speaker 1: like on a primal level, get really freaked out when

468
00:28:08,960 --> 00:28:11,800
Speaker 1: we're high up and we start moving and we're not

469
00:28:11,880 --> 00:28:15,520
Speaker 1: we're not under it's not under our control. So like

470
00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:18,840
Speaker 1: the building might be sound, but if word gets out

471
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:22,200
Speaker 1: from people that that it sways, people will think it's

472
00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:26,440
Speaker 1: not sound, and so you'll never sell the upper floors,

473
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:28,200
Speaker 1: you'll never run out the upper floors, and maybe the

474
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,720
Speaker 1: whole building will be stayed away from because people will

475
00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,600
Speaker 1: think it's going to collapse at any moment. So because

476
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,359
Speaker 1: of this rumor, mill engineers actually designed for the most

477
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:41,480
Speaker 1: sensitive people, um, who I think can sent something like

478
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:45,800
Speaker 1: fifteen milli ges. So a G is like a force

479
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:49,280
Speaker 1: of acceleration, which is actually what you're sensing when you're

480
00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:52,120
Speaker 1: swaying somewhere, like in the top of a building. This

481
00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:56,400
Speaker 1: is fifteen thousands of one G. Right when you're on

482
00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,640
Speaker 1: a roller coaster, you're experiencing like three four five g's

483
00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:04,200
Speaker 1: is fifteen thousands of one G. And that's what they

484
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 1: designed for. Because beyond that, they found people will start

485
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,320
Speaker 1: complaining and then word might get out to the buildings unsound,

486
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:13,200
Speaker 1: like bring more in here. He's a real whimp. Yeah,

487
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:17,560
Speaker 1: exactly what do you think more? Oh right, Okay, tighten

488
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:21,120
Speaker 1: it up, everybody. But tight tightening it up only goes

489
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:25,160
Speaker 1: so far, right, Um, If the taller you get, tightening

490
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,520
Speaker 1: doesn't help. So you've got to add other stuff. They

491
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:30,320
Speaker 1: come up with some pretty ingenious stuff for that. Yeah,

492
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:32,480
Speaker 1: Like in the sort of I guess what I would

493
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:35,719
Speaker 1: call the Middle period, like empire state building period, they

494
00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:38,959
Speaker 1: started just around that elevator shaft in the middle just

495
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,080
Speaker 1: trusting that up with more beams, diagonal beams, and then

496
00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:47,760
Speaker 1: more recently they've just built these huge concrete cores right

497
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:50,880
Speaker 1: in the center of the building. But that's not the

498
00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:53,920
Speaker 1: coolest part, is it. No, the dampers the coolest part,

499
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:57,760
Speaker 1: or the mass tune damper. I think, yeah, you're tuned

500
00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:00,640
Speaker 1: mass damper. I'm sorry, and I think we' talked about this.

501
00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,880
Speaker 1: It must have been in the nine eleven memorial. Yeah,

502
00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:05,760
Speaker 1: I think so. But this is one of those things

503
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:08,400
Speaker 1: that again it seems like, whoa, they're getting really complex

504
00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:13,240
Speaker 1: because they're using computers and things now, but at its root,

505
00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:19,800
Speaker 1: tuned massd amper system is also super rudimentary, don't you think, Yeah,

506
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,360
Speaker 1: it really is. So like if the building swaying one way,

507
00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:26,200
Speaker 1: they'll put like a huge like concrete disc on top

508
00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:29,000
Speaker 1: of some oil or something so it can slide, and

509
00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:32,560
Speaker 1: they'll move that the opposite way. So it's like, you know,

510
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:34,520
Speaker 1: how like if you're walking a tight rope or on

511
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:37,040
Speaker 1: like a train track or something like that, and you

512
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:39,680
Speaker 1: start to sway one way like you're gonna fall off,

513
00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:42,600
Speaker 1: you shift your body's weight the other way and you

514
00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:45,800
Speaker 1: managed to stay upright. This is the same thing but

515
00:30:45,920 --> 00:30:48,640
Speaker 1: with the building going one way, the concrete disc goes

516
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:51,920
Speaker 1: the other way, and the building sway is kept within

517
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,840
Speaker 1: an acceptable limit. Yeah, I mean, it's it's amazing that

518
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:57,760
Speaker 1: someone just said, what if we what if we swung

519
00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:01,320
Speaker 1: a big weight up there to interact this way? And

520
00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:03,320
Speaker 1: you know, it gets a little with you know, hydraulics,

521
00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:07,520
Speaker 1: and the computer is actually is what's what's monitoring the

522
00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 1: wind and operating this thing. So that's where it gets

523
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,160
Speaker 1: a little complicated. But at its root, it's just like

524
00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:15,280
Speaker 1: like again like a kid said, well, why don't you

525
00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:18,320
Speaker 1: just do this right? And so so there's some that

526
00:31:18,480 --> 00:31:21,840
Speaker 1: use like the huge concrete weight. Some will use enormous

527
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:25,880
Speaker 1: gallon like um vats of water to slash back and

528
00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:31,080
Speaker 1: forth against this way. Um there's this stuff called magnet

529
00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:36,000
Speaker 1: or heological fluid, which changes from a solid It's normally

530
00:31:36,040 --> 00:31:37,760
Speaker 1: in a solid state, and then when you pass a

531
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,920
Speaker 1: magnetic field over it, it just instantly turns to fluid.

532
00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:45,160
Speaker 1: So they have some dampers and some buildings. I don't

533
00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:46,920
Speaker 1: know if it's actually in use or not, or if

534
00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:50,000
Speaker 1: it's still proposed, but on each floor towards the center

535
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:52,160
Speaker 1: of the building, you'll have a damper made of this

536
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:56,440
Speaker 1: stuff in like a vat, and then when like say,

537
00:31:56,560 --> 00:31:59,840
Speaker 1: an earthquake is detected or some sort of seismic ac

538
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,520
Speaker 1: ativity is detected, it'll trip a magnet that runs a

539
00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:05,400
Speaker 1: magnetic field over these things, and all of a sudden

540
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:09,000
Speaker 1: they turn into liquid and they start slashing the opposite

541
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:12,920
Speaker 1: way and keep the building from swaying too far too

542
00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:16,360
Speaker 1: All right, well, that's not rudimentary. No, it's not. That's magic,

543
00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:19,480
Speaker 1: that's voodoo. It is pretty pretty much. Should we take

544
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,320
Speaker 1: a break, I think? I think so, man, all right,

545
00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:50,200
Speaker 1: well we'll talk a little bit about design right after this. Okay, chuck,

546
00:32:50,280 --> 00:32:53,800
Speaker 1: So we're on the design now, by the way. Yeah,

547
00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:57,360
Speaker 1: And the earliest ones were basically like, look at the

548
00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:59,840
Speaker 1: size of this building I built, and everyone said, well,

549
00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:04,280
Speaker 1: it's ugly as sin, And the architect and an engineer

550
00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:06,800
Speaker 1: and the builder and the owner would say, it doesn't matter.

551
00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:10,040
Speaker 1: It's taller than any of your buildings. And everyone would say,

552
00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:13,320
Speaker 1: that's that's true. But as as billings got taller and taller,

553
00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:15,800
Speaker 1: and like a new one went up every few months

554
00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:17,960
Speaker 1: or a few you know, every year, and some of

555
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:22,320
Speaker 1: the city's um around the world, like New York London

556
00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:30,560
Speaker 1: those two, Um, like, it became a lot more um

557
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:34,200
Speaker 1: important what the building looked like. Yeah. So, I mean

558
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:37,080
Speaker 1: in the twenties and thirties into the forties with what

559
00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:40,760
Speaker 1: one of my favorite movements, the Art Deco movement. Love it.

560
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:44,560
Speaker 1: You get my favorite building, which is the Chrysler Building, uh,

561
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,560
Speaker 1: and the Empire State Building, which is still just gorgeous

562
00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:50,840
Speaker 1: to look at. You know. So when we're in New Zealand,

563
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:53,320
Speaker 1: if you have time, there's a town there called Napier

564
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:58,600
Speaker 1: and it got leveled by an earthquake in n and

565
00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:01,760
Speaker 1: they said, well, we're gonna rebuild the town. What's like

566
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:07,040
Speaker 1: the current um trend in architecture. Oh, it's Art Deco.

567
00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:12,080
Speaker 1: So it's an Art Deco town. The town is it's gorgeous. Man,

568
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,120
Speaker 1: it's all in like pastels and everything is just a

569
00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:18,680
Speaker 1: beautiful town from the nineteen thirties that they just rebuild

570
00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:24,239
Speaker 1: all all Art deco. Um. So you know that was

571
00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:28,239
Speaker 1: that rang true for a while, but then eventually you know, like, um,

572
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:30,640
Speaker 1: you know, architecture goes and trends, and we had a

573
00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:34,320
Speaker 1: bad trend in the nineteen sixties. And in Atlanta certainly

574
00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:37,480
Speaker 1: has its share of international style buildings that is what

575
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:41,000
Speaker 1: it's called, which I don't know why, but for some reason,

576
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:47,000
Speaker 1: they sort of just reverted back to these monoliths. Uh

577
00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:49,320
Speaker 1: and and a lot of them were torn down Atlanta,

578
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:51,319
Speaker 1: but some of them are still here and they're just

579
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:54,560
Speaker 1: they're the ugliest buildings in the city. I like some

580
00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:57,239
Speaker 1: of them, like not necessarily the ones in Atlanta, but

581
00:34:57,520 --> 00:35:00,840
Speaker 1: like the Sears Tower, the Willis Tower is is an

582
00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:06,800
Speaker 1: international style. Yeah, the un interesting at least because it's staggered, right, Okay,

583
00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:10,759
Speaker 1: that's still technically international style. UN Headquarters in New York

584
00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:14,600
Speaker 1: International style. Some of them can have a retro style, now, right,

585
00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:16,879
Speaker 1: I think that's what I appreciate about something. But yeah,

586
00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:18,640
Speaker 1: you're right, and some of them are also just like that.

587
00:35:18,719 --> 00:35:23,359
Speaker 1: It's just fuggle. Yeah you know. Uh and this year's

588
00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:25,440
Speaker 1: are Willis Tower. We still call it this Year's tower.

589
00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:29,400
Speaker 1: Let's be honest. Um, that one is unique in that

590
00:35:29,719 --> 00:35:35,359
Speaker 1: it is uh it's it's tubes, right, yeah, and they're

591
00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:38,040
Speaker 1: staggered in height. So they kind of played with this

592
00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:41,640
Speaker 1: new thing for um. I think I don't know if

593
00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:44,080
Speaker 1: it was for the skeleton or what, but they built

594
00:35:44,120 --> 00:35:47,279
Speaker 1: like steel tubes and then fill them with concrete, so

595
00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:50,600
Speaker 1: that provided the structure. But they they they staggered them,

596
00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:54,640
Speaker 1: so it created this cool look to the building that

597
00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:58,080
Speaker 1: it's known for. Yeah. I did the Architectural River tour

598
00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:01,040
Speaker 1: in Chicago when I was there last summer, and the

599
00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:03,160
Speaker 1: lady we had was great and she told us the story.

600
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:06,640
Speaker 1: I just couldn't remember it quite right. Yeah, it is

601
00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:10,759
Speaker 1: the Series Tower. I feel bad for Mr Willis, but

602
00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:16,919
Speaker 1: it's it's just the Series Tower. Um. And then you've

603
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:21,759
Speaker 1: got now kind of like like whatever, whatever you want

604
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:24,640
Speaker 1: to do, that's that's what we want. Like in some

605
00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,080
Speaker 1: some are great, some are not so great. But I

606
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:30,839
Speaker 1: think that's always been the way with skyscrapers. Some are great,

607
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:33,200
Speaker 1: some are not so great. But either way, you've got

608
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:36,120
Speaker 1: a big old sky scraper in your city now, whether

609
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:38,359
Speaker 1: you like it how it looks or not. Yeah, they're

610
00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:41,040
Speaker 1: getting kind of funky, like in a place like New

611
00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:45,719
Speaker 1: York where it's um like even one uh is it

612
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:50,759
Speaker 1: one World Trade Center now of the Freedom Tower? Oh right,

613
00:36:50,880 --> 00:36:54,439
Speaker 1: but I believe they call it one WTC still as well,

614
00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:56,879
Speaker 1: now is it? I don't know, Well, it's just called

615
00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,840
Speaker 1: the Freedom Tower. We'll call it one World Trade Center.

616
00:36:59,840 --> 00:37:04,520
Speaker 1: You're right, um that one fits in even though it

617
00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:07,360
Speaker 1: has a newish look, but it fits into the landscape

618
00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:09,839
Speaker 1: because it's there's a lot of tall buildings in New York.

619
00:37:09,840 --> 00:37:12,560
Speaker 1: When you see like sometimes in the Middle East, like

620
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,520
Speaker 1: in Um although Dubai has got a lot of tall

621
00:37:15,520 --> 00:37:18,840
Speaker 1: ones now or Malaysia, there will be so much taller

622
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:22,760
Speaker 1: than the surrounding buildings that it's just sort of odd

623
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:27,160
Speaker 1: looking to me. Well. Plus also, you know, you you

624
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,040
Speaker 1: hope that the architect is going to design the thing

625
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:34,359
Speaker 1: to fit the surroundings rather than really stand out. And

626
00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:37,560
Speaker 1: but regardless, I mean, these are not public buildings. These

627
00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:41,719
Speaker 1: are privately owned buildings almost across the board, and you,

628
00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:44,600
Speaker 1: the city dweller who lives there and has to look

629
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:47,240
Speaker 1: at this thing every day, are totally at the mercy

630
00:37:47,320 --> 00:37:50,919
Speaker 1: of the person designing it. Like that's that's whatever gets

631
00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:53,560
Speaker 1: put up gets put up, and you had no say whatsoever.

632
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:56,760
Speaker 1: And um, which can be good in a lot of cases,

633
00:37:56,800 --> 00:38:01,239
Speaker 1: it can also be bad. Um, but there are it

634
00:38:01,320 --> 00:38:03,719
Speaker 1: seems like more often than not, the stuff that they're

635
00:38:03,719 --> 00:38:06,799
Speaker 1: putting up these days is pretty pretty interesting to look at.

636
00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:11,439
Speaker 1: Like there's um zahahidid who I think when the prints

637
00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:13,239
Speaker 1: cure prize a couple of years ago, and I think

638
00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:17,600
Speaker 1: she died. Recently, she put up this um building. I

639
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:19,759
Speaker 1: don't know if it's done yet or not, but it's

640
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:24,480
Speaker 1: called one thousand Museum Tower in Miami, and it is gorgeous.

641
00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:29,520
Speaker 1: It's super Miami, like the exterior skeleton actually twists and

642
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:33,600
Speaker 1: curves and they snakes around the outside of the curtain

643
00:38:33,640 --> 00:38:37,440
Speaker 1: wall even in some points. But it fits like it

644
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:39,880
Speaker 1: fits Miami. Like you just look at this building, You're like,

645
00:38:40,280 --> 00:38:42,359
Speaker 1: I can't imagine that building anywhere else in the world,

646
00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:45,240
Speaker 1: or more at home anywhere else in the world that Miami.

647
00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:48,919
Speaker 1: So it's good. Like it's neat, it's interesting, it's it's

648
00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:52,799
Speaker 1: cool to look at, but it also fits the surroundings, Yeah,

649
00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:55,200
Speaker 1: for sure. And you know that one. I just looked

650
00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:57,759
Speaker 1: at it. It's that's pretty cool looking. It looks uh

651
00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:00,680
Speaker 1: some of them are looking very futuristic. Now me, that

652
00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:05,040
Speaker 1: looks very futuristic. Yes, yeah, which is uh, you know,

653
00:39:05,120 --> 00:39:07,520
Speaker 1: it's fine. I'm kind of I like the throwback style,

654
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:10,960
Speaker 1: but uh, I don't mind a little future every now

655
00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:15,239
Speaker 1: and then. The question of how high can you go

656
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:19,680
Speaker 1: is very hotly debated. Some designers and architects say, if

657
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:22,920
Speaker 1: you had enough money, you could go a mile high.

658
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:27,560
Speaker 1: Other people say, no, you probably couldn't. Um, it's not

659
00:39:27,680 --> 00:39:31,360
Speaker 1: very feasible, at least not now. Yeah, but in the future,

660
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,080
Speaker 1: you know, And they say this is an efficient way

661
00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:39,799
Speaker 1: to builds up and environmentally friendly is to go up, right,

662
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:43,960
Speaker 1: it is? It depends, It depends. Did you read that

663
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:48,000
Speaker 1: one article about glass. Yeah, so that's that's pretty hotly

664
00:39:48,040 --> 00:39:51,920
Speaker 1: debated right now in the architectural community. Huh yeah. I

665
00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:53,600
Speaker 1: don't know if they're trying to start it up or

666
00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:56,600
Speaker 1: if it is actually already a thing of debate. But

667
00:39:56,640 --> 00:39:59,520
Speaker 1: there are some architects, some pretty prominent ones too, who

668
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:04,920
Speaker 1: said we should stop like building glass towers. They're kind

669
00:40:04,960 --> 00:40:08,239
Speaker 1: of cold, they're unfeeling, they just don't create a sense

670
00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:12,799
Speaker 1: of community. Plus they're super wasteful, like they're really expensive

671
00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:16,319
Speaker 1: and consume a lot of energy to um heat and

672
00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,640
Speaker 1: cool because there's a lot of um loss of heat

673
00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:23,040
Speaker 1: and a lot of heat creeping in depending on the

674
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:26,960
Speaker 1: time of the year, and they're just kind of wasteful actually,

675
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:31,560
Speaker 1: And that coupled with the idea that there's now this

676
00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:37,120
Speaker 1: trend moving toward tearing down taller and taller buildings and

677
00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:41,239
Speaker 1: replacing them with even taller new skyscrapers, especially when there's

678
00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:44,040
Speaker 1: really nothing wrong with that skyscraper in the first place.

679
00:40:44,360 --> 00:40:48,600
Speaker 1: But say, like in in Chicago, if the Willis family

680
00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:52,399
Speaker 1: had known that they were their their tower was still

681
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:54,359
Speaker 1: going to be known as the Sears Tower, no matter what.

682
00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:56,920
Speaker 1: They may have torn that thing down and built something

683
00:40:56,960 --> 00:40:59,560
Speaker 1: else in its place, right, And that seems to be

684
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:02,239
Speaker 1: the trend. It's like, oh, that'll always be known as

685
00:41:02,320 --> 00:41:04,399
Speaker 1: you know this, this this building. I want to tear

686
00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:07,000
Speaker 1: it down and put up my own building that is

687
00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:11,040
Speaker 1: super duper wasteful. And there's those are two big criticisms

688
00:41:11,080 --> 00:41:14,440
Speaker 1: as far as skyscrapers are going right now, um in

689
00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:16,719
Speaker 1: the world from what I can understand. Yeah, that one

690
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:19,600
Speaker 1: article you since said that to seventy Park in New

691
00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,879
Speaker 1: York will be the first building taller than two hundreds

692
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:27,759
Speaker 1: to be demolished, and that the average lifespan. There was

693
00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:31,759
Speaker 1: a study from the the Council on Tall Buildings and

694
00:41:31,920 --> 00:41:35,080
Speaker 1: Urban Habitat that found the average lifespan of the one

695
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:39,359
Speaker 1: hundred tallest demolished buildings is forty one years. That is,

696
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:43,360
Speaker 1: that is not long enough for the amount of expense

697
00:41:43,440 --> 00:41:46,840
Speaker 1: that goes into them, the amount of materials and energy

698
00:41:47,960 --> 00:41:50,239
Speaker 1: you like, I think that same article says like these

699
00:41:50,239 --> 00:41:52,640
Speaker 1: things should be built for a hundred to two hundred years.

700
00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:56,840
Speaker 1: I mean, what is it a football stadium? Basically, Yeah,

701
00:41:56,960 --> 00:41:58,719
Speaker 1: they don't even have forty one years. You could me

702
00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:02,799
Speaker 1: fourteen fifteen years now, Yeah, I think about it. Man.

703
00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:06,440
Speaker 1: So like the with the Brave Stadium, the ted was

704
00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:10,960
Speaker 1: like built nine for the Olympics and it's it was

705
00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:14,440
Speaker 1: abandoned two years ago and two so it made it

706
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:18,520
Speaker 1: um twenty years, twenty years and it's being used now.

707
00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:21,400
Speaker 1: Georgia State took it over. But it was a perfectly

708
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:24,719
Speaker 1: good baseball stadium fifteen minutes from my house. And then

709
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:29,040
Speaker 1: with the Falcons Stadium, that one there was nothing wrong

710
00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:32,680
Speaker 1: with that one. Was there the Georgia Dome Yeah uh no.

711
00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:35,520
Speaker 1: But I gotta say, man, that new Mercedes Been Stadium

712
00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:38,480
Speaker 1: is it nice? Man, it's awesome. I haven't been in

713
00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:40,400
Speaker 1: it yet. It's very cool. It feels like you're at

714
00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:44,080
Speaker 1: an outdoor game, even with the roof closed. Oh cool.

715
00:42:44,320 --> 00:42:46,359
Speaker 1: The way they built it, it's just you should check

716
00:42:46,360 --> 00:42:48,320
Speaker 1: it out at some point. I mean, it is beautiful,

717
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:50,279
Speaker 1: Like I get that it's not lost on me. I'm

718
00:42:50,320 --> 00:42:52,759
Speaker 1: not just such a like a a grump or a

719
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,680
Speaker 1: critic that I'm just like, no, it doesn't matter, Like

720
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:59,080
Speaker 1: I get that. There's also a lot of like civic pride,

721
00:42:59,160 --> 00:43:02,319
Speaker 1: especially that goes into a building like that. Yeah, but

722
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:05,359
Speaker 1: it's also super wasteful. We'll just tear something down while

723
00:43:05,360 --> 00:43:08,040
Speaker 1: it's still totally fine rather than renovating it. And of

724
00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:11,680
Speaker 1: course all the controversy for especially for sports stadiums, around

725
00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:15,759
Speaker 1: tax dollars paying for them, even though it's usually a

726
00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:18,160
Speaker 1: hotel tax, so they can say like it's not on you,

727
00:43:18,239 --> 00:43:20,400
Speaker 1: it's on the people that come to Atlanta. Yeah. I

728
00:43:20,440 --> 00:43:21,960
Speaker 1: don't know if they did that in Cobb County. I

729
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,759
Speaker 1: think it was a straight up like citizens tax. I

730
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,560
Speaker 1: think so for the baseball one. Um. You also send

731
00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:33,279
Speaker 1: a cool article though about wood skyscrapers and how this

732
00:43:33,360 --> 00:43:38,560
Speaker 1: is a new trend and apparently ahead of schedule. Brock

733
00:43:38,719 --> 00:43:43,279
Speaker 1: commons a student Uh, like, I guess it's a dormitory

734
00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:46,480
Speaker 1: at University of British Columbia is now the tallest as

735
00:43:46,480 --> 00:43:51,840
Speaker 1: of now the tallest wooden uh structure at eighteen stories. Yeah,

736
00:43:52,320 --> 00:43:54,560
Speaker 1: and you think, like, well, would that's not good? We

737
00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:57,080
Speaker 1: don't want to start using wood for sky screen is good.

738
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:00,279
Speaker 1: Apparently it is good that it that it can it

739
00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:05,759
Speaker 1: can be sustainably sourced UM and that it can actually uh,

740
00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:11,520
Speaker 1: it uses like in some cases less UM energy than

741
00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:17,640
Speaker 1: creating a skyscraper using concrete and steel UM. And that's

742
00:44:17,680 --> 00:44:21,839
Speaker 1: not including like transport costs or transport emissions as well.

743
00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:26,160
Speaker 1: That's strictly in production UM. And that the stuff they're

744
00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:30,560
Speaker 1: making or using that's called cross laminated timber, which supposedly

745
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:33,359
Speaker 1: is as strong as steel. The big drawback to it

746
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:35,920
Speaker 1: is like twice the price, right now. Yeah, it's just

747
00:44:36,120 --> 00:44:39,959
Speaker 1: a it's it's like what you get with like press board.

748
00:44:39,960 --> 00:44:43,560
Speaker 1: It's it's sheets of wood glued together and compressed together.

749
00:44:44,239 --> 00:44:46,120
Speaker 1: And when you look at this brock Commons, it just

750
00:44:46,280 --> 00:44:49,080
Speaker 1: you know, looks like a ordinary building. And there's another

751
00:44:49,120 --> 00:44:51,560
Speaker 1: building going up somewhere in Japan I couldn't find where.

752
00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:54,879
Speaker 1: It's called the W three fifty building, which I guess

753
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:59,560
Speaker 1: stands for wood and it's tall, which is that's a

754
00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:03,200
Speaker 1: that's like a thirty five story skyscraper made of wood

755
00:45:03,680 --> 00:45:05,880
Speaker 1: and I think ten percent steel, but the rest is

756
00:45:05,920 --> 00:45:10,040
Speaker 1: would UM. And that's going to be really something and

757
00:45:10,160 --> 00:45:12,960
Speaker 1: I imagine a pretty big proving ground for you know,

758
00:45:13,560 --> 00:45:16,319
Speaker 1: this this new material. Yeah, and you mentioned that it

759
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:19,600
Speaker 1: is can be sustainable and uh, because the first thing

760
00:45:19,600 --> 00:45:21,040
Speaker 1: I thought of, of course, is like, now we're going

761
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:23,480
Speaker 1: to tear it on the forest to build buildings. But

762
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,280
Speaker 1: they say that less than one percent of the world's

763
00:45:26,320 --> 00:45:30,759
Speaker 1: forests are harvested each year. Um. It sounds like a

764
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,680
Speaker 1: hornets nest to me. It does. But you know, they

765
00:45:33,719 --> 00:45:35,719
Speaker 1: did this in Canada and they said it was a

766
00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:38,759
Speaker 1: super green project and like the way forward. And I

767
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:42,839
Speaker 1: trust the Canadians on that stuff, me too, man. Um,

768
00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:46,400
Speaker 1: So like we just would be the worst human beings

769
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:49,160
Speaker 1: alive if we didn't talk about the tallest buildings in

770
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:51,799
Speaker 1: the world and the competition for it. Yeah. And also

771
00:45:51,880 --> 00:45:53,840
Speaker 1: real quick, you mentioned the glass didn't what didn't they

772
00:45:53,880 --> 00:45:57,160
Speaker 1: have that one building in London that like melted a car? Yeah,

773
00:45:57,239 --> 00:45:59,920
Speaker 1: the walkie talkie building. Yeah, that was one of the

774
00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:03,040
Speaker 1: problems with glasses. Um. Do you remember And when we

775
00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:06,399
Speaker 1: were in Buckhead, the sovereign building next door. Yes, if

776
00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:08,719
Speaker 1: did you ever walk past it and through the beam

777
00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:12,040
Speaker 1: of light it was blinding. It was really hot too.

778
00:46:12,280 --> 00:46:15,560
Speaker 1: You could imagine like under certain circumstances, it could like

779
00:46:15,640 --> 00:46:18,120
Speaker 1: burn you. Well, there's a building in London that they

780
00:46:18,120 --> 00:46:20,680
Speaker 1: had to share it even further because it melted a

781
00:46:20,719 --> 00:46:24,160
Speaker 1: car that was parked in that beam of melted a car. Yeah,

782
00:46:24,760 --> 00:46:30,239
Speaker 1: loy alright. So the tallest, I mean it's I think

783
00:46:30,280 --> 00:46:34,160
Speaker 1: they said there's something like twenty buildings under construction that

784
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:39,560
Speaker 1: will eclipse the Birge Khalifa. Oh is that right? Wow?

785
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:43,920
Speaker 1: And is I think that's currently number one undisputed. But

786
00:46:44,040 --> 00:46:47,120
Speaker 1: the the Jettah Tower j E D D A H

787
00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:51,360
Speaker 1: in Saudi Arabia will be three thousand, two d and

788
00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:53,399
Speaker 1: eight feet high and that will be done in just

789
00:46:53,440 --> 00:46:57,319
Speaker 1: a couple of years. Yeah, that's that's over. It's a

790
00:46:57,400 --> 00:46:59,440
Speaker 1: thousand meters I think on the nose if I'm not

791
00:46:59,520 --> 00:47:02,160
Speaker 1: mistake it. And this is one sticks out like a

792
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,399
Speaker 1: sore thumb too, It definitely does. Um. And then there's

793
00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:09,440
Speaker 1: also one that might be the tallest for a brief

794
00:47:09,480 --> 00:47:12,759
Speaker 1: time because I think it's going to be uh completed

795
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,839
Speaker 1: before the Jetta Tower. But it's in Dubai and it's

796
00:47:15,880 --> 00:47:19,239
Speaker 1: called the Tower, and it'll be nine eight meters or

797
00:47:19,280 --> 00:47:22,640
Speaker 1: three thousand and forty five ft. That's that's I mean,

798
00:47:22,640 --> 00:47:25,240
Speaker 1: I know they say it's good to go up, but

799
00:47:25,280 --> 00:47:27,600
Speaker 1: I don't know. That stuff makes me nervous. There's a

800
00:47:27,640 --> 00:47:31,880
Speaker 1: picture of the Jetta Tower to where a substantial portion

801
00:47:31,920 --> 00:47:35,480
Speaker 1: of it, maybe the top third, is above the cloud lines,

802
00:47:37,320 --> 00:47:39,920
Speaker 1: and it's like, yeah, it's it wouldn't necessarily be like

803
00:47:39,920 --> 00:47:43,920
Speaker 1: that every day, but theoretically, if that's even possible, I

804
00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:47,280
Speaker 1: can't imagine how much like those upper floor pent houses

805
00:47:47,320 --> 00:47:51,040
Speaker 1: are going to go for. It's just nuts, man, but

806
00:47:51,239 --> 00:47:54,200
Speaker 1: they're building them that. I think the tower in Dubai

807
00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:56,960
Speaker 1: is expected to cost a billion dollars, which I'm like,

808
00:47:57,400 --> 00:48:00,760
Speaker 1: that seems kind of inexpensive to me for a thousand

809
00:48:00,760 --> 00:48:03,520
Speaker 1: meter building. Well, I know one person who wouldn't live

810
00:48:03,560 --> 00:48:05,880
Speaker 1: at the top of that thing, and he's sitting across

811
00:48:05,880 --> 00:48:08,960
Speaker 1: from me. Yeah, I'd just like to see pictures of

812
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:11,440
Speaker 1: it and get woozy down here at sea level. I

813
00:48:11,480 --> 00:48:13,000
Speaker 1: don't even have a high thing, and that it makes

814
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:17,399
Speaker 1: me nervous. Yeah, I'm with you, So I guess it's

815
00:48:17,440 --> 00:48:20,560
Speaker 1: about it. There's well, one more thing. There's a lot

816
00:48:20,560 --> 00:48:24,360
Speaker 1: of debate over what constitutes the world's tallest building, and

817
00:48:24,440 --> 00:48:26,759
Speaker 1: the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat that you

818
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:31,200
Speaker 1: mentioned before. They said that there's actually no real definition

819
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:37,000
Speaker 1: of a skyscraper, but there are some types subcategories. I

820
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,719
Speaker 1: guess where there are definitions. There's a super tall which

821
00:48:40,719 --> 00:48:44,839
Speaker 1: is three or more, Mega tall which is six or more,

822
00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:50,400
Speaker 1: and then a tall building is is up to three.

823
00:48:51,480 --> 00:48:54,520
Speaker 1: But I get it doesn't there's no starting basis for it.

824
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:58,480
Speaker 1: But there you go. Skyscraper can be anything tall, just

825
00:48:58,520 --> 00:49:01,560
Speaker 1: like in the old days of it. If you want

826
00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:04,839
Speaker 1: to know more about skyscrapers, uh, just start looking around.

827
00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:07,600
Speaker 1: They're everywhere and you can also read about them on

828
00:49:07,640 --> 00:49:10,120
Speaker 1: how stuff works by typing skyscraper in the search bar.

829
00:49:10,160 --> 00:49:12,160
Speaker 1: And said, so, I said, that's time for listener mail.

830
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:19,000
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this very smart lady emailed us Camilla

831
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:24,200
Speaker 1: size or c's s I s E about Akham's razor,

832
00:49:24,480 --> 00:49:27,040
Speaker 1: and it's very nice about it too. Yeah, did you

833
00:49:27,040 --> 00:49:29,360
Speaker 1: read this one? She said? I thought i'd give a

834
00:49:29,360 --> 00:49:33,200
Speaker 1: small clarification uh slash correction. I'd give you some insight

835
00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:36,840
Speaker 1: on the alleged subjectivity of it. Uh. You explained that

836
00:49:36,920 --> 00:49:41,720
Speaker 1: principle was, when confronted with competing explanations, one should select

837
00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:45,440
Speaker 1: the simplest one. She said, this very common misconception. It

838
00:49:45,520 --> 00:49:50,640
Speaker 1: should be the most parsimonious. How about that word explanation

839
00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:53,960
Speaker 1: is more likely to be true? She said. It seems nitpicky,

840
00:49:54,480 --> 00:49:57,239
Speaker 1: but eliminates a lot of the subjectivity you complained about

841
00:49:57,239 --> 00:50:01,000
Speaker 1: in the episode. The most parsimonious means most economic in

842
00:50:01,040 --> 00:50:03,759
Speaker 1: the sense that it makes the least amount of assumptions.

843
00:50:04,560 --> 00:50:08,080
Speaker 1: That makes total sense, because each additional assumption you're making

844
00:50:08,680 --> 00:50:11,680
Speaker 1: is an additional chance of being wrong. For example, the

845
00:50:11,719 --> 00:50:14,960
Speaker 1: ghost and the photo makes the assumption that ghosts exists

846
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,520
Speaker 1: exists something that has not been proven, whereas the naturalistic

847
00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:24,000
Speaker 1: explanation doesn't need to assume the existence of any light

848
00:50:24,040 --> 00:50:27,239
Speaker 1: phenomena you used to explain that picture because those all

849
00:50:27,360 --> 00:50:31,640
Speaker 1: have been proven to exists around that. So I feel

850
00:50:31,640 --> 00:50:33,520
Speaker 1: like we did talk about that a little bit, but

851
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:36,600
Speaker 1: we weren't very explicit, and I think we kind of

852
00:50:36,640 --> 00:50:38,600
Speaker 1: walked past the idea that that's the basis of the

853
00:50:38,640 --> 00:50:41,000
Speaker 1: whole thing. Yeah, she said, as you explained very well,

854
00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:44,480
Speaker 1: it doesn't disprove the ghost hypothesis, it just makes it

855
00:50:44,560 --> 00:50:47,040
Speaker 1: less likely to be true. Most of science is not

856
00:50:47,080 --> 00:50:50,600
Speaker 1: about proving things anyway, It's about inferring the most likely

857
00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:54,480
Speaker 1: explanations to phenomena. I hope that helps keep up the

858
00:50:54,480 --> 00:50:57,400
Speaker 1: great work that is Camilla size and that is that

859
00:50:57,560 --> 00:50:59,640
Speaker 1: is a good email. Yeah, thanks a lot, Camilla and

860
00:50:59,680 --> 00:51:02,160
Speaker 1: well but appreciate that. And a few people wrote in

861
00:51:02,239 --> 00:51:04,760
Speaker 1: kind of saying something similar, but she definitely put it best.

862
00:51:06,040 --> 00:51:08,279
Speaker 1: If you want to set us straight, you can hang

863
00:51:08,320 --> 00:51:12,840
Speaker 1: out with us on Twitter. I'm at Josh Underscore, UM Underscore, Clark,

864
00:51:13,719 --> 00:51:16,719
Speaker 1: Chuck's at movie Crush Pod, and we're both at s

865
00:51:16,840 --> 00:51:20,120
Speaker 1: Y s K Podcast on Twitter. Chuck's on Facebook dot

866
00:51:20,120 --> 00:51:23,200
Speaker 1: com Slash movie Crush Pod. I actually spend a lot

867
00:51:23,239 --> 00:51:26,160
Speaker 1: of time on the movie Crush Facebook page. Okay, so

868
00:51:26,200 --> 00:51:28,000
Speaker 1: if you want to hang out with Chuck on Facebook,

869
00:51:28,040 --> 00:51:31,520
Speaker 1: go to Facebook dot com Slash movie Crush. Uh. He's

870
00:51:31,560 --> 00:51:34,880
Speaker 1: also on Facebook dot com slash Charles W. Chuck Bryant

871
00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:37,759
Speaker 1: and slash s Y s K or No Stuff you

872
00:51:37,760 --> 00:51:41,040
Speaker 1: Should Know. I mean you're all over Facebook, aren't you. Uh.

873
00:51:41,080 --> 00:51:43,640
Speaker 1: If you want to send us all including Jerry and email,

874
00:51:43,760 --> 00:51:46,160
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875
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Speaker 1: home on the web, Stuff you Should Know dot com

877
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878
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