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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm tra c e

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Speaker 2: V Wilson, and I'm Holly Frye. I talked in a

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Speaker 2: recent behind the scenes edition of the show that I

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Speaker 2: had started playing Assassin's Creed Mirage at this point. I

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Speaker 2: have finished playing Assassin's Creed Mirage because it's not that

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Speaker 2: long of a game, and it also did not take

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Speaker 2: long at all playing that game for me to encounter

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Speaker 2: something that I wanted to talk about on the podcast.

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Speaker 2: That was the Badu Musa. These were brothers who lived

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Speaker 2: in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age, and that's the

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Speaker 2: setting for Assassin's Creed Mirage. I also kept triple and

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Speaker 2: quadruple checking whether these guys had come up on the

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Speaker 2: show before, because we've done some previous episodes on figures

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Speaker 2: from the Islamic Golden Age. The Banu Musa also created

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Speaker 2: a number of automata, and we've talked about automata in

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Speaker 2: some other episodes. All my digging through old notes though,

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Speaker 2: suggest that no, apparently we never have. And also, just

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Speaker 2: to be super clear, this is not a sponsored episode.

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Speaker 2: I just got inspired by a video game. So the

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Speaker 2: Islamic Golden Age is a term that was coined in

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Speaker 2: the nineteenth century to describe a period of artistic and

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Speaker 2: intellectual flourishing in the Muslim world. So as with terms

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Speaker 2: like the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, this is a

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Speaker 2: construct that's just meant to help us conceptualize the past.

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Speaker 2: The Islamic Golden Age is usually described as starting with

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Speaker 2: the founding of the House of Wisdom in the eighth

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Speaker 2: century and ending with the siege of Baghdad by Mongol

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Speaker 2: forces in twelve fifty eight. This was a period of invention, creativity,

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Speaker 2: and discovery, as well as of preserving the knowledge of

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Speaker 2: earlier eras. This does not, to be clear, mean that

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Speaker 2: it was always peaceful or stable, and we'll get into

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Speaker 2: some of that later. So this period began not long

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Speaker 2: after the Abbasid Kaliphate took control from the Umayad Caliphate

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Speaker 2: in the year seven fifty. I feel like we have

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Speaker 2: always said this either as caliphate, caliphate or kaliphate on

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Speaker 2: the show. They take a more Arabic pronunciation in this

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Speaker 2: video game, and so it's always like Halif. The halifit

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Speaker 2: the second Abbasid Caliph al Mansour moved the capital from

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Speaker 2: Damascus to Baghdad. Then the fifth Abbasid caliph Harun al Rashid,

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Speaker 2: established the Bite al Hikma, or the House of Wisdom there. Initially,

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Speaker 2: the House of Wisdom, which is also sometimes called the

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Speaker 2: Academy of Science, mainly functioned as a library and a

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Speaker 2: translation center.

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Speaker 1: Initially, most of the translation work done at the House

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Speaker 1: of Wisdom was from Persian into Arabic because the Abbassied

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Speaker 1: court drew a lot of influence from Persia. But the

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Speaker 1: seventh Abbasid caliph, known as alma Mun the scope and

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Speaker 1: roll of the House of Wisdom. It became an academy

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Speaker 1: and intellectual center, and much of the translation work shifted

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Speaker 1: to texts in Greek philosophy and mathematics, as well as

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Speaker 1: works in other languages. While this was a Muslim dynasty,

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Speaker 1: scholars of a range of faiths worked at the House

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Speaker 1: of Wisdom, including Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism. A

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Speaker 1: lot of ancient works that we still have today exist

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Speaker 1: only because they were preserved and translated in the House

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Speaker 1: of Wisdom, and this focus on translation was part of

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Speaker 1: a whole movement one that collected and translated works from

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Speaker 1: all across the known world into Arabic. This work happened

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Speaker 1: not just at the House of Wisdom, but also in

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Speaker 1: other cities in the Kliphate. The Banu Musa lived in

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Speaker 1: the ninth century, and we don't know much about the

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Speaker 1: details of their personal lives. Their father was Musa ibn Shakir,

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Speaker 1: who was probably Persian. In air naming, Ibn means son

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Speaker 1: of So. Musa was the son of Shakir, and Banu

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Speaker 1: means sons of So. The Banu Musa were the sons

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Speaker 1: of Musa, and when described as individuals, their names would

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Speaker 1: end in ibn Musa or ibn Musa ibn Shakir. This

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Speaker 1: makes Banu Musa Brothers, which shows up in articles from

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Speaker 1: time to time, a little bit wonky. It's not exactly wrong,

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Speaker 1: but it's kind of redundant. You're basically tacking English words

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Speaker 1: onto words that already say the same thing in another language.

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Speaker 1: It's like calling them the sons of Musa brothers. Sources

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Speaker 1: describe Musa ibn Shakir as a bandit or a highwayman

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Speaker 1: when he was a young man, but later he turned

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Speaker 1: away from that life to become an astronomer and astrologer.

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Speaker 1: He became friends.

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Speaker 2: With Abu Alabas Abdallah alma Ibn al Rashid. This was

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Speaker 2: the son of Kleaf Harun al Rashid and half brother

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Speaker 2: of Mohammad al Amin. Although al Mamun was older than Alamin,

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Speaker 2: al ma Mun's mother was an enslaved concubine and Alamin's

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Speaker 2: mother was one of al Rashid's legitimate wives who was

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Speaker 2: descended from another caliph, so al Mamin descended from caliph's

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Speaker 2: on both sides and born from a marriage, was chosen

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Speaker 2: to be his father's successor as caliph, while al Mamun

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Speaker 2: was given sovereignty over the Kaliphate's eastern provinces in Khorasan.

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Speaker 2: Harun al Rashid informed his sons of these arrangements in

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Speaker 2: Ato two while they were performing the Haj to Mecca.

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Speaker 2: The timeline is a little bit fuzzy here, but it

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Speaker 2: seems like Musa ibn Shakir became part of al ma

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Speaker 2: Mun's court while he was governing Khorasan, and he was

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Speaker 2: still in that role when Musa died. That left Musa

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Speaker 2: Ibn Shakir's three sons, Muhammad, Ahmad and Ala San in

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Speaker 2: alma Mun's care, they were sent to the House of

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Speaker 2: Wisdom in Baghdad, where they were tutored by an astronomer

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Speaker 2: and astrologer named Yayabin Abif Mansur. Caliph Harun al Rashid

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Speaker 2: died in Ado nine and soon the relationship between Alamin

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Speaker 2: and al Mamun started to deteriorate. These brothers had signed

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Speaker 2: formal agreements during their pilgrimage to Mecca, and among other things,

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Speaker 2: al Mamun had agreed not to rebel against his brother,

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Speaker 2: and Alamine had agreed never to invade alma Mun's territory

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Speaker 2: or aid rebels in rising up against him. There's also

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Speaker 2: a third half brother who was involved in all of this,

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Speaker 2: but was not a major part of it. There was

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Speaker 2: other instability going on at the same time as all this,

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Speaker 2: but basically, in spite of their earlier agreements, the two

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Speaker 2: half brothers started trying to undermine one another and this

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Speaker 2: escalated into war. This is known as the Abassid Civil War,

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Speaker 2: also called the Fourth Civil War or Fourth FeTNA. Alamine

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Speaker 2: and alma Mun were at war with each other from

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Speaker 2: eight eleven to eight thirteen, with alma Mun ultimately besieging

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Speaker 2: Baghdad and taking control as Caliph. Ala Mun was killed,

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Speaker 2: although his brother had apparently wanted him captured. The war

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Speaker 2: continued after this among multiple factions, but to return to

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Speaker 2: the Baanu Musa. After Almamun became caliph, they continued their

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Speaker 2: work at the House of Wisdom, including carrying out commissions

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Speaker 2: for him and eventually becoming a major part in the

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Speaker 2: scholarly work that was done there. We know very little

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Speaker 2: about the details of the three brothers' lives, and multiple

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Speaker 2: sources used in this episode describe it as impossible to

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Speaker 2: write separate biographies of them. One of the running jokes

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Speaker 2: in Assassin's Creed Mirage is that the main character cannot

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Speaker 2: tell those three brothers apart. We don't know exact birth

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Speaker 2: or death dates for any of them, but since Muhammad

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Speaker 2: is usually listed first, it's assumed that he was the oldest.

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Speaker 2: He died in eight seventy three, and based on what

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Speaker 2: we know of his life, he was probably at least

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Speaker 2: seventy years old. The brothers do seem to have each

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Speaker 2: had a primary focus for their work, Muhammad in astronomy,

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Speaker 2: al Hassan in geometry and mathematics, and Ahmad in mechanics. Engineering,

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Speaker 2: and the sciences, so they formed an interdisciplinary team, and

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Speaker 2: many of their works were credited to all three of

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Speaker 2: them collectively. We mentioned earlier that when alma Mun was caliph,

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Speaker 2: he expanded the role of the House of Wisdom. Alma

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Speaker 2: Mun wanted to put an end to the ongoing sectarian

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Speaker 2: rivalries and factionalism within the Caliphate, and his dedication to

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Speaker 2: preserving and expanding knowledge was connected to that effort. He

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Speaker 2: was not successful at putting an end to all the

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Speaker 2: various splits and rivalries, but he did encourage the House

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Speaker 2: of Wisdom to take on new translation projects, and he

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Speaker 2: founded astronomical observatories and other centers of learning and study.

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Speaker 2: The Banu Muso were a big part of the translation

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Speaker 2: efforts at the House of Wisdom. They had been orphans

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Speaker 2: without a lot of resources when they first arrived there,

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Speaker 2: but they became wealthy through their works for the caliphs,

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Speaker 2: and they used that wealth to employ a group of translators,

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Speaker 2: reportedly spending five hundred dinars a month. They hired people

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Speaker 2: to travel into Byzantine territory to are ancient Greek texts

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Speaker 2: and bring them back to Baghdad, and they took some

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Speaker 2: of those trips themselves. Muhammad is credited with recruiting renowned

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Speaker 2: mathematician and translator Tabid iban Kura of Haran in northern

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Speaker 2: Mesopotamia to work at the House of Wisdom on one

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Speaker 2: of these trips. There are some ancient works that we

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Speaker 2: only have today because of translations that the Banu Musa

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Speaker 2: commissioned and paid for, including that of the first century

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Speaker 2: Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In addition to their translation projects,

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Speaker 2: the Banu Musa produced work of their own, and they

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Speaker 2: did this through the reigns of multiple califs. We will

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Speaker 2: talk more about that after a sponsor break. One of

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Speaker 2: the things Caleph al Mamun directed the Banu Musa to

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Speaker 2: do was to calculate the circumference of the earth to

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Speaker 2: check the work of ancient scholars. They did this by

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Speaker 2: going to the desert of Alsan Djar in what's now

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Speaker 2: in northern Iraq. They measured the highest point of the

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Speaker 2: pole star in the sky in the ninth century that

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Speaker 2: would have been Polaris in the northern hemisphere as it

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Speaker 2: is today. They walked north until the star's highest point

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Speaker 2: was one degree higher than it had been. They measured

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Speaker 2: the distance that they traveled with ropes. Then they repeated

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Speaker 2: the process going south. Using these measurements, they calculated that

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Speaker 2: the circumference of the Earth was twenty four thousand miles

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Speaker 2: or thirty eight thousand, six hundred kilometers. That is pretty

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Speaker 2: close the measurement recognized the day is twenty four thousand,

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Speaker 2: nine hundred one miles or forty thousand, seventy five kilometers.

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Speaker 2: They also calculated the length of a year at three

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Speaker 2: hundred and sixty five days and less than six hours.

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Speaker 2: The brothers work in astronomy was built on the framework

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Speaker 2: of Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy, who lived around the

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Speaker 2: year one point fifty. In the Ptolemaic model, the Earth

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Speaker 2: is at the center of the universe, and the Sun, Moon, planets,

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Speaker 2: and stars move around the Earth in circular orbits. This

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Speaker 2: doesn't line up with how these bodies move when observed

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Speaker 2: from the Earth. Ptolemy's explanation for this was that the Sun, Moon, planets,

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Speaker 2: and stars were each contained within an invisible sphere, and

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Speaker 2: that they moved in spherical epicycles while orbiting the Earth.

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Speaker 2: Some descriptions of the Ptolemaic model include another sphere beyond

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Speaker 2: the one containing the stars, which is the prime mover

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Speaker 2: that powers all the others. Sometimes this is called the

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Speaker 2: ninth sphere. This idea might not have come directly from

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Speaker 2: the work of Ptolemy, though, but from later scholars who

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Speaker 2: produced translations and commentaries on his work. Mohammed eb and

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Speaker 2: Musa wrote astronomical texts that explained the motion of the sun, moon, planets,

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Speaker 2: and stars, but without that prime mover. Ahmad Eben Musa

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Speaker 2: also reportedly wrote a work called Book on the Mathematical

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Speaker 2: Proof by Geometry that there is not a ninth sphere

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Speaker 2: outside the sphere of the fixed stars. There katab al Hayal,

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Speaker 2: translated as the Book of Ingenious Devices or Book of Tricks,

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Speaker 2: included one hundred devices along with three others in an appendix.

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Speaker 2: This was probably primarily a Mod's work, but it's credited

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Speaker 2: to all three brothers. These included descriptions of devices from

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Speaker 2: other parts of the world, including Greece and China, as

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Speaker 2: well as the Banu Musa's own original designs. Most of

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Speaker 2: the devices in this book are jugs, flasks, fountains, and

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Speaker 2: oil lamps. There are jugs that can be filled with

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Speaker 2: liquids of different colors, which then pour out each of

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Speaker 2: the colors separately. Thanks to their inner vessels and plumbing,

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Speaker 2: A number of them dispense specific amounts of water or wine,

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Speaker 2: or they refill a basin with a set amount of

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Speaker 2: a liquid. Once that basin has been emptied, the lamps

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Speaker 2: can refill their oil, automatically, trim their wicks, and shield

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Speaker 2: themselves from the wind. This book also includes some devices

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Speaker 2: that we would describe as automata. So one is this

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Speaker 2: arrangement of two basins adjacent to a small animal and

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Speaker 2: a lion, and if only the basin adjacent to the

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Speaker 2: small animal is filled, nothing will happen. But if the

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Speaker 2: basin that's adjacent to the lion is filled, both of

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Speaker 2: the animals drink. There's also one that is a drinking bull,

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Speaker 2: which makes a sound that indicates that it's thirsty. The

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Speaker 2: book also describes one that is a trough filled with water,

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Speaker 2: and when the figurines of twenty animals around it drink

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Speaker 2: from it, nothing happens, But when a bowl figurine that's

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Speaker 2: part of it drinks from it, all of the water disappears.

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Speaker 2: The fountains that are described in this work can produce

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Speaker 2: streams of water in several shapes, including jets, shields, and lilies.

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Speaker 1: Of the valley.

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Speaker 2: The lily of the valley had the water going upward

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Speaker 2: first and then arcing back down, so making the sort

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Speaker 2: of bell like shape of one of those flowers. The

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Speaker 2: shield was similar to that, but wider and flatter. There

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Speaker 2: are also descriptions and diagrams of all these various objects

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Speaker 2: in how they work. They also wrote a treatise called

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Speaker 2: a Book on the Description of the Instrument which plays

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Speaker 2: by itself. This instrument is described as a hydraulic organ

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Speaker 2: or a self playing flute. It used a hydraulic air

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Speaker 2: compressor to force air through a nine hold flute with

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Speaker 2: levers to cover and uncover the holes. The mechanism connected

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Speaker 2: to the levers was a rotating cylinder with adjustable pieces

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Speaker 2: to change which holes were open or closed. It was

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Speaker 2: a little bit like a music box, although the first

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Speaker 2: modern music boxes were not developed until around the seventeen seventies.

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Speaker 2: Because the cylinder could be adjusted to make the flute

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Speaker 2: play different melodies, this is sometimes described as the first

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Speaker 2: programmable machine. The Benu Musa got some criticism for spending

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Speaker 2: so much time on these kinds of devices, even though

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Speaker 2: a lot of their work on this subject had been

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Speaker 2: commissioned by a caliph. People thought these were just novelties

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Speaker 2: with no practical purpose, and that the Banu Musa should

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Speaker 2: be focusing their clearly noteworthy abilities on something more worthwhile.

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Speaker 2: But setting aside the perceptions of whether fun is worthwhile,

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Speaker 2: these objects were based on a lot of technologies that

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Speaker 2: did have practical uses, like self operating valves, timing systems,

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Speaker 2: gear and crank systems, pneumatic controls, and ways to detect

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Speaker 2: and adjust water levels. A lot of these devices had

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Speaker 2: to detect and respond to changes in water pressure or

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Speaker 2: water levels, or they had to maintain steady flows of

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Speaker 2: water or oil or another liquid, and this was particularly

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Speaker 2: important somewhere like Baghdad. Bagdad is surrounded by desert, and

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Speaker 2: in the ninth century when the Banu Musa were living,

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Speaker 2: an extensive network of canals moved water from the Tigris

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Speaker 2: and Euphrates rivers to the city and the surrounding countryside.

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Speaker 2: The canals were used for irrigation, drainage, and transportation, and

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Speaker 2: it was critically important for the water to get where

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Speaker 2: it was supposed to go, but not go where it

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Speaker 2: wasn't a whole sophisticated plumbing system was required to do this,

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Speaker 2: and the fountains were also highly valued in Baghdad, especially

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Speaker 2: by the elite. Fountains were often a focus in gardens

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Speaker 2: and courtyards, and they had both an esthetic and a

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Speaker 2: practical purpose. They looked and sounded beautiful, and they also

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Speaker 2: provided a cooling element in a hot city and a

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Speaker 2: source of water. So a lot of these ingenious devices

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Speaker 2: were based on technologies that allowed people to move and

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Speaker 2: control water in a more immediately practical way. The Banu

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Speaker 2: Musa developed other devices as well, including a clamshell grab

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Speaker 2: that could kind of scoop up earth and was used

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Speaker 2: to dredge rivers and canals, and gas masks and ventilation

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Speaker 2: systems used for people who needed to clean contaminated wells.

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Speaker 2: Much of the Banu Musa's most well known work took

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Speaker 2: place during the rule of tenth Abbasid caliph al Mudawakils.

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Speaker 2: Sometimes al Mudawakil is cited as the person who commissioned

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Speaker 2: the Book of Ingenious Devices, but other sources credit al Mamun.

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Speaker 2: The Banu Musa definitely worked on canals and other public

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Speaker 2: works projects that were commissioned by al Mudawakil. This was

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Speaker 2: connected to some of the disputes that the Banu Musa

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Speaker 2: were involved with, and we will get to that after

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Speaker 2: another sponsor break. Tenth Absid caliph al Mudawakhil was more

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Speaker 2: dogmatic than some of the earlier Absid caliphs had been.

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Speaker 2: He was known for persecuting unorthodox Muslim sects as well

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Speaker 2: as Christians and Jews and adherents of other religions, and

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Speaker 2: for destroying synagogues and churches. He also revived restrictive rules

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Speaker 2: of dress for Christians and Jews. It seems like, at

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Speaker 2: least for a time, the Banu Musa were in this

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Speaker 2: caliph's favor. He was in power from eight forty seven

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Speaker 2: until he was assassinated in eight sixty one, and the

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Speaker 2: Banu Musa did a lot of work that he commissioned

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Speaker 2: during that time. But one of their last projects for

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Speaker 2: him did not go well. He had commissioned a new canal,

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Speaker 2: and while the Banu Musa designed it, they hired a

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Speaker 2: man called Ahmad Ibn Katir al Farragani to actually do

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Speaker 2: the work. Alfragani made an error and how the canal

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Speaker 2: was leveled. Al Muduwakil heard about this error and told

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Speaker 2: the Banu Musa that if the canal did not work properly,

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Speaker 2: he would crucify them next to it. Astronomer and mathematicians.

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Speaker 2: Thenad bin Ali was tasked with an investigation, and he

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Speaker 2: said the brothers work was good, but the water level

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Speaker 2: in the canal was dependent upon the season, and eventually

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Speaker 2: it became obvious that it was not built correctly. That

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Speaker 2: did not become obvious until about two months after al

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Speaker 2: Muduwakil had been assassinated. Though al Mudawakil was also connected

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Speaker 2: to a decades long feud that the Banu Musa had

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Speaker 2: with polymath and philosopher al Kindi, and explanations are not

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Speaker 2: entirely clear about what was really at the root of

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Speaker 2: this feud. Some accounts describe it as part of a

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Speaker 2: greater intellectual feud between mathematicians and philosophers. Others cite the

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Speaker 2: Banu Musa's personal jealousy over al Kindi's private library and

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Speaker 2: the number and rarity of texts that he had in it.

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Speaker 2: Eleventh century scholar al Baruni described this feud as so

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Speaker 2: intense it would turn children's hair gray. It's also possible

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Speaker 2: all of these things were involved in the feud or

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Speaker 2: other things that we haven't mentioned here. Whatever the details were,

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Speaker 2: the Banu Musa worked with al Mudawakil to seize al

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Speaker 2: Kendi's library and have him beaten and expelled from the

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Speaker 2: House of Wisdom. After the whole incident with the canal,

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Speaker 2: Sanad bin Ali arranged to have the library return to him.

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Speaker 2: Sanad bin Ali seems to have had I had a

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Speaker 2: complicated relationship with the Banu Musa. They worked against him

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Speaker 2: because of his overlap with their own research and his

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Speaker 2: work with Alkndi. They tried to keep him isolated from

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Speaker 2: the caliph, but he also saved their lives by vouching

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Speaker 2: for them during this whole canal situation, and the Batu

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Speaker 2: Musa's dislike of al Kindi also had greater political ramifications.

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Speaker 2: The assassination of al Mudawakil started a period known as

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Speaker 2: the Anarchy at Samara, in which a series of caliphs

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Speaker 2: all died by violence. Samara is northwest of Baghdad on

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Speaker 2: the Tigris River, and it was established by the Abbasid

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Speaker 2: Caliphate as an administrative center and military base. At the

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Speaker 2: same time, the Turkish army, which a series of caliphs

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Speaker 2: had relied on for military support, was taking more and

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00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:51,000
Speaker 2: more control over the caliphant so to walk through it,

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00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:55,199
Speaker 2: Al Mudawakil was murdered by his Turkish guards, possibly with

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Speaker 2: the support of his son and successor, Al Mundasir. Al

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00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:03,720
Speaker 2: Mundasir after six months in power, possibly after being poisoned.

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Speaker 2: Then the next caliph, al Mustain, was forced to flee

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Speaker 2: Baghdad and was later executed. His successor, al Mutaz, was

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Speaker 2: chosen by the Turkish army. Al Mutaz was deposed and killed,

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Speaker 2: and his successor, al Mutati was killed after only about

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Speaker 2: a year. All of this happened over the span of

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Speaker 2: nine years between eight sixty one and eight seventy. If

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Speaker 2: you are thinking right about now, this seems like a

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00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:31,960
Speaker 2: logical fit for a game with assassins in the name

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00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:36,320
Speaker 2: al Mudawakil is killed during the prologue of Assassin's creed

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Speaker 2: kind of sets up the whole thing. The Banu Musa's

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Speaker 2: involvement with this extremely chaotic and violent period was after

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Speaker 2: the death of al Mutasir, who had not named a successor.

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Speaker 2: One of the candidates was al Mustain's brother, who was

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Speaker 2: friends with al Kindy, so the Banu Musa, particularly Muhammad,

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00:21:56,240 --> 00:22:01,360
Speaker 2: worked against him promoted al Mustain instead. After al Mustan

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Speaker 2: became caliph, Muhammad worked with him, including being sent to

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00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:08,359
Speaker 2: estimate the size of the opposing army when Baghdad was

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Speaker 2: under siege, so they can take that into account when

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Speaker 2: negotiating the terms of al Mustain's abdication. We don't really

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00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:19,639
Speaker 2: have much detail about the lives and work of the

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Speaker 2: Banu Musa after this point, and as we mentioned earlier,

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Speaker 2: the likely oldest of them, Muhammad, died in eight seventy three,

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Speaker 2: so that was not long after the end of the

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Speaker 2: anarchy at Samara. We know that they wrote at least

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Speaker 2: twenty books, but many of those books have not survived

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Speaker 2: until today. While the House of Wisdom and the Greater

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00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,800
Speaker 2: Translation Movement are credited with preserving a lot of ancient

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Speaker 2: texts we would not have otherwise. A lot of the

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Speaker 2: Banu Musa's work was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of

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Speaker 2: Baghdad in twelve fifty eight. Works that still exist today

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Speaker 2: include three complete manuscripts of the Book of Ingenious Devices,

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Speaker 2: several copies of the Book on the Measurement of Plain

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00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:03,520
Speaker 2: and spherical figures, copies of on Mechanical Devices or on Mechanics,

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00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:06,760
Speaker 2: and one of Book on the Description of the Instrument

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00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:11,200
Speaker 2: which sounds by itself. Books that have not survived include

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00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:14,600
Speaker 2: Book on the Steelyard, the Book of the First Movement

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00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:17,480
Speaker 2: of the Spheres, the Book of the Beginning of the World,

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Speaker 2: and the Book on the Nature of Speech, among others.

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Speaker 2: Their work was really influential during the Islamic Golden Age

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Speaker 2: and beyond. They worked with Muhammad ibn Musa al Korizmi,

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00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:30,760
Speaker 2: also known as the Father of Algebra, at the House

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Speaker 2: of Wisdom, although I did find one source that speculated

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00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:39,160
Speaker 2: that Mohammed ibn Musa al Korismi and Mohammad ibn Musa

386
00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:42,919
Speaker 2: ibn Shakir were the same person, which broke my mind

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00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:46,879
Speaker 2: a little bit. The Banu Musa's work in mathematics also

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Speaker 2: influenced ibanel Hatham and other scholars during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Speaker 2: We have done episodes on both Alkorismi and ibenel Hatham.

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00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:59,200
Speaker 1: In the twelfth century, Gerard of Kremona translated the Banu

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00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,560
Speaker 1: Musa's work on geometry into Latin and Book on the

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00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:06,439
Speaker 1: Measurement of Plane and spherical figures, translated as Libertrium fredom

393
00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:11,359
Speaker 1: to Geometria, became a standard geometry text in Europe. Leonardo

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00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:16,359
Speaker 1: Fibonacci's Practica Geometria was influenced by the Banu Mus's geometry work,

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00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,720
Speaker 1: and their ingenious devices likely inspired Leonardo da Vinci.

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00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:24,840
Speaker 2: Also, in Assassin's Greed Mirage, there's a little quest line

397
00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,399
Speaker 2: involving one of them. Also, you can bring them materials

398
00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:30,119
Speaker 2: so they can upgrade your tools. One of their books

399
00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:33,280
Speaker 2: is out there somewhere in the world. I found it anyway,

400
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,440
Speaker 2: I enjoyed that game. Talk about it more and behind

401
00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:38,800
Speaker 2: the scenes probably, And I also have some listener mail

402
00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:41,880
Speaker 2: that is not about this at all. This is from Zach.

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00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:46,960
Speaker 2: Zach wrote and the subject line is just gospacho. Hi, Tracy.

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00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 2: I listened to today's behind the scenes episode, and the

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00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:51,480
Speaker 2: moment you said the word gaspacho, I knew what you

406
00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:54,640
Speaker 2: were going to say. I was also completely charmed by

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00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,679
Speaker 2: the availability of gaspacho in Spanish grocery stores. When I

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00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:01,840
Speaker 2: visited Barcelona and I went back to Spain last summer,

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00:25:01,880 --> 00:25:03,680
Speaker 2: I made a point to seek it out as much

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00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:06,359
Speaker 2: as possible. You can also find it in other cities

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00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:09,480
Speaker 2: like Sarcoza. It is truly one of the best small

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00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:13,480
Speaker 2: pleasures of Spain. I wonder if y'all also encountered the

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00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:17,960
Speaker 2: very strange non alcoholic vermuth for children, which has quite

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00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:19,720
Speaker 2: a lot of red number five in it, and which

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00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:25,280
Speaker 2: I haven't seen anywhere but Catalonia. Take care and happy holidays, Zach. So.

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00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:30,439
Speaker 2: I don't think I encountered any non alcoholic vermuth. I

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00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,280
Speaker 2: feel like it came up in a discussion when we

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00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:35,200
Speaker 2: were doing the food tour and you were in a

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Speaker 2: different group with the yeah guide, But I'm not positive

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00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:43,000
Speaker 2: I could be misremembering. Yeah, we did experience the beverage

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00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:47,880
Speaker 2: that is called vermuth in Catalonia, which is a bit

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00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:50,479
Speaker 2: different from what you might just buy in a bottle

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00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:52,160
Speaker 2: right in the United States.

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00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:53,560
Speaker 1: Please refrigerate it.

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00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:57,320
Speaker 2: Be your bottle of Yeah, A lot of people don't

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00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:58,240
Speaker 2: refrigerate vermouth.

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00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:03,280
Speaker 1: You should anyway, I feel strong, yes is shure? Uh So, Yeah,

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00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:03,720
Speaker 1: I don't think.

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Speaker 2: I don't think I encountered a version of vermouth for children.

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00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:13,200
Speaker 2: I enjoyed the vermouth that we were served in Barcelona

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00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:16,000
Speaker 2: on our on our tasting tour that we went on.

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Speaker 2: We are working on planning the next trip. We are

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00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,640
Speaker 2: not ready to announce anything about it yet, So thank

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Speaker 2: you so much.

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00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:25,040
Speaker 1: Zach for this email.

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00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:27,960
Speaker 2: And I'm so glad I'm not the only person who's

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00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:31,639
Speaker 2: just so excited about uh gasbatcha at the grocery store.

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00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:33,919
Speaker 2: If you would like to write to us about this

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00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:37,160
Speaker 2: or any other podcast or a history podcast at aheartradio

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00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:39,840
Speaker 2: dot com. We're on social media at miss in History,

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