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Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio Welcome Back. I'm your host Eves, and you're

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Speaker 1: tuned into This Day in History Class, a show that

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Speaker 1: takes history and squeezes it into bite size stories. Today

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Speaker 1: is February. The day was February. The IBM computer Deep

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Speaker 1: Blue became the first machine to beat a reigning chess

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Speaker 1: world champion in a regular tournament. Over the years, scientists

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Speaker 1: have turned to chess to test computer's abilities, since the

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Speaker 1: game is challenging but has defined rules. The link between

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Speaker 1: machines and chess goes all the way back to the

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Speaker 1: eighteenth century, when Hungarian inventor Wolfgang von Kimberlin created the Turk,

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Speaker 1: a fake chess playing machine that was actually operated by

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Speaker 1: a human hiding inside of it. By the nineteen fifties,

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Speaker 1: scientists were putting were serious efforts into researching computer chess

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Speaker 1: playing chest computers associate numerical values with the positions of

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Speaker 1: each chess piece using a formula called an evaluation function.

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Speaker 1: The computers used those values to determine the best move

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Speaker 1: to make. After years of researchers developing chests playing hardware,

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Speaker 1: computers were still not able to beat human chess players,

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Speaker 1: but advances in custom chip technology eventually allowed computers to

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Speaker 1: do faster and deeper searching. In A graduate student at

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Speaker 1: a Carnegie Mellon University named Function Shoe began working on

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Speaker 1: a chess playing machine called chip Test. After chip Test

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Speaker 1: came Deep Thought, another computer made to play chess. Shoe,

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Speaker 1: along with some of his classmates, worked on the team

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Speaker 1: that developed Deep Thought. Deep Thought could process seven hundred

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Speaker 1: and twenty thousand moves per second. It was the first

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Speaker 1: computer to beat a grandmaster in a regular tournament game.

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Speaker 1: It also won the nineteen eighty nine World Computer Chess Championship,

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Speaker 1: an event where chess engines compete against one another. IBM

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Speaker 1: Research hired some of the Carnegie Melon researchers to work

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Speaker 1: on the successor to Deep Thought. IBM Research is the

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Speaker 1: innovation arm of IBM and American Technology Company. At IBM,

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Speaker 1: the researchers were joined by other computer scientists, including Jerry

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Speaker 1: Brody and C. J. Tan. They called the computer chess

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Speaker 1: playing system they were working on Deep Blue. Deep Blue

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Speaker 1: went up against Gary Kasparov, a Russian chess grandmaster, in

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Speaker 1: World Chess Champion in nine at a tournament in Philadelphia

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Speaker 1: on February. Deep Blue won the opening game of the match,

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Speaker 1: making it the first machine to win a chess game

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Speaker 1: against a reigning chess world champion under regular tournament time controls.

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Speaker 1: But in the following five games of the match, deep

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Speaker 1: Blue either lost or drew, and Kasparov ended up winning

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Speaker 1: the match. At that point, deep Blue can analyze one

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Speaker 1: hundred million moves per second, but that was not enough

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Speaker 1: to beat human skill and strategy, so the IBM team

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Speaker 1: upgraded Deep Blue to a system unofficially called deeper Blue.

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Speaker 1: They created a thirty processor supercomputer with four hundred and

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Speaker 1: eighty custom integrated circuits that were designed to play chess.

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Speaker 1: The computer could evaluate around two hundred million moves per second.

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Speaker 1: This new version of Deep Blue got a rematch against

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Speaker 1: Kasparov in New York City in May. In this sixth

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Speaker 1: game match, deep Blue defeated Kasparoff in the deciding sixth game,

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Speaker 1: winning three and a half to two and a half.

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Speaker 1: Kasparoff and other chess masters pinned the defeat on a

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Speaker 1: single unexpected move that confused Casparof The match got a

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Speaker 1: lot of media attention and put high powered computing on

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Speaker 1: the world stage. Though Deep Blue was eventually retired. It

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Speaker 1: inspired later computers, and researchers applied its architecture to financial modeling,

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Speaker 1: data mining, and molecular dynamics. Years after the match, one

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Speaker 1: of the computer scientists who designed Deep Blue, Murray Campbell,

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Speaker 1: said the infamous, unexpected move the computer made was the

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Speaker 1: result of a book in the computer software I'm Eves

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Speaker 1: Jeff Coote, and hopefully you know a little more about

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Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. Feel free to share

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Speaker 1: your thoughts or your innermost feelings with us and with

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Speaker 1: other listeners on social media at t d I HC podcast.

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Speaker 1: We also accept electronic letters at this day at I

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Speaker 1: heart media dot com. Thanks for listening and we'll see

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