1
00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:11,879
Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Savor production of iHeartRadio. I'm Annie

2
00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:17,759
Speaker 1: Reese and I am alone. I am solo today, tragedy

3
00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:20,919
Speaker 1: of all tragedies. Lauren is in the midst of moving,

4
00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:27,560
Speaker 1: in the midst of fighting off sickness, and I thought,

5
00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:30,440
Speaker 1: you know, I'll just let's take one thing off of

6
00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:35,040
Speaker 1: her plate while still getting you something out there, a listeners,

7
00:00:35,159 --> 00:00:38,320
Speaker 1: because we love you. But yeah, it's just me with

8
00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:43,040
Speaker 1: the classic episode. And I can't ask Lauren why she

9
00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:45,160
Speaker 1: tues it because she's not here.

10
00:00:45,240 --> 00:00:46,560
Speaker 2: I guess there are other ways I could.

11
00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,879
Speaker 1: I could do this, the technology exists, but I like

12
00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:54,040
Speaker 1: going in the mystery of it, you know. But she

13
00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:58,680
Speaker 1: suggested this classic episode on black Pepper, which is a

14
00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:04,680
Speaker 1: really fun one and it does go into all sorts

15
00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:07,240
Speaker 1: of places that I had not anticipated, as with a

16
00:01:07,280 --> 00:01:10,600
Speaker 1: lot of these episodes. And I believe, as I mentioned

17
00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:12,560
Speaker 1: in here, every time I hear the name Pepper, I

18
00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:15,039
Speaker 1: think of my next door neighbor's dog who I used

19
00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:16,240
Speaker 1: to dog sit and he.

20
00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:16,960
Speaker 2: Was super cute.

21
00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:21,880
Speaker 1: But Pepper is definitely something I use. Black Pepper is

22
00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:25,280
Speaker 1: definitely something I use pretty much every day. As mentioned

23
00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:29,640
Speaker 1: in our recent salts Classic Someone Got Me a comically

24
00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:32,640
Speaker 1: large canister of it recently. But I also have some

25
00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:35,880
Speaker 1: fancy black peppers. I like to mix it up every

26
00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:41,320
Speaker 1: now and then. But yeah, please enjoy this classic episode.

27
00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:55,680
Speaker 1: Let us let pass Annie and Lauren take it away. Hello,

28
00:01:55,720 --> 00:01:57,040
Speaker 1: and welcome to food Stuff.

29
00:01:57,080 --> 00:01:58,120
Speaker 2: I'm Annie Reese.

30
00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:04,000
Speaker 3: And I'm Lauren vocal bam and day. We're talking about peppercorns, Yes,

31
00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:10,080
Speaker 3: black pepper kind of mostly yeah, mostly ish ish.

32
00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:12,880
Speaker 1: Lately, I've I've been thinking a lot about black pepper

33
00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:17,160
Speaker 1: in a weird way. Yeah, in a weird way, yes,

34
00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,080
Speaker 1: very strange. No, I was just curious about how almost

35
00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:25,800
Speaker 1: every recipe I feel like calls for salt black pepper.

36
00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:27,200
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, I.

37
00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:29,120
Speaker 1: Just got to wondering why, and I think we do

38
00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:30,959
Speaker 1: kind of get to the bottom of it.

39
00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:33,680
Speaker 3: We do, we do. Yeah, in my household, we so

40
00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:36,400
Speaker 3: frequently run out of black pepper corns because we have

41
00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:40,639
Speaker 3: a grinder. We so frequently run out that. Like, I've

42
00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:44,880
Speaker 3: gone through several tins of white pepper because I have,

43
00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,760
Speaker 3: for some reason, just this enormous quantity of ground white

44
00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:50,720
Speaker 3: pepper in my I don't know, I guess I've just

45
00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:53,399
Speaker 3: a mystery. Yeah, it's like ginger like sometimes you just buy.

46
00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:56,960
Speaker 3: I don't know. You don't know.

47
00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:00,920
Speaker 1: Clearly I did accidentally buy.

48
00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:03,480
Speaker 2: I can't even guess how much it is.

49
00:03:03,919 --> 00:03:08,840
Speaker 1: I bought garlic powder from Amazon Prime and apparently the

50
00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:11,440
Speaker 1: only ship in the size that's you can't see it,

51
00:03:11,440 --> 00:03:12,560
Speaker 1: but it's bigger than my head.

52
00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:13,120
Speaker 3: Oh wow.

53
00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:17,519
Speaker 1: Uh, So I have garlic powder, probably for the next.

54
00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:17,760
Speaker 2: Year or so.

55
00:03:18,240 --> 00:03:19,200
Speaker 3: It's good to have plenty.

56
00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:25,400
Speaker 1: You're yeah, yes, yeah, I suppose so rich in garlic powder. Yes,

57
00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:28,280
Speaker 1: I'm not rich in many ways, but I am rich

58
00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:34,880
Speaker 1: with garlic powder. But anyway, Uh, pepper, Yeah, what is it?

59
00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:39,200
Speaker 3: Pepper corns are the fruit and seed of a tropical

60
00:03:39,240 --> 00:03:43,720
Speaker 3: climbing vine, the piper nigrim. Dry them out, grind them up,

61
00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:46,520
Speaker 3: put them in everything. Yep, they'll add a spicy, hot,

62
00:03:46,800 --> 00:03:48,800
Speaker 3: pikened flavor experience.

63
00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:51,920
Speaker 2: That's a pretty good description, Lauren. Thank you.

64
00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:54,400
Speaker 1: There's any company out there that needs a description for

65
00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:58,720
Speaker 1: their pepper products, I think Lauren just wrote it for you.

66
00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:00,600
Speaker 3: Call me all rights reserved.

67
00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:06,560
Speaker 1: Black pepper is native to a southwestern Indian province called

68
00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:11,520
Speaker 1: Kerala and other parts of Southeast Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Thailand,

69
00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:16,280
Speaker 1: and Vietnam. Most pepper production falls between twenty degrees north

70
00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:18,440
Speaker 1: and twenty degrees south of the equator.

71
00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:20,880
Speaker 2: It likes a tropical, wet.

72
00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:23,120
Speaker 3: Climate, cannot stand freezing temperatures.

73
00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:26,920
Speaker 1: And as we mentioned, we're mainly going to be talking

74
00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:30,360
Speaker 1: about black pepper today, but there are other types. As

75
00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:33,719
Speaker 1: you might guess, there's green, there's white, there's long.

76
00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:38,600
Speaker 3: For black pepper, you pick the fruit when they're mature

77
00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,840
Speaker 3: but still green, not fully ripe yet. You dry them,

78
00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:45,920
Speaker 3: during which they oxidize and may vary lightly ferment. Whoa,

79
00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,680
Speaker 3: they'll wrinkle up and turn from green to black and

80
00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:52,640
Speaker 3: presto peppercorns and all their floral pickaned, pungent, spicy glory.

81
00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:57,359
Speaker 3: Green pepper is harvested even before black pepper, when the

82
00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:01,200
Speaker 3: fruit is not yet fully grown. Pick or otherwise preserve

83
00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:03,880
Speaker 3: these and then eat them whole, cooked in two dishes,

84
00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:06,480
Speaker 3: more like a nut or a vegetable than a dry spice.

85
00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:07,120
Speaker 2: Oh yeah.

86
00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,359
Speaker 3: White pepper is made by letting the fruit mature on

87
00:05:12,400 --> 00:05:15,080
Speaker 3: the vines until it's red and ripe, and then harvesting

88
00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:18,159
Speaker 3: and soaking them in water to let the fruit ferment

89
00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:23,080
Speaker 3: for up to two weeks. Does this mean bacteria poop?

90
00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:26,080
Speaker 2: Bacteria poop? Then yay?

91
00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:28,880
Speaker 3: The flesh of the fruit will fall away, and then

92
00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:32,360
Speaker 3: you dry and grind up the white seeds. It's a

93
00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:34,680
Speaker 3: little bit stronger white pepper than black pepper, and can

94
00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:38,120
Speaker 3: have flavors that develop during the fermentation process, including sort

95
00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:42,640
Speaker 3: of like funky or cheesy notes. Oh really, long pepper

96
00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:47,280
Speaker 3: is a different species Piper lungum, and it's a clustered

97
00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:50,440
Speaker 3: spear of smaller berries that all dry up together and

98
00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:55,160
Speaker 3: are sold whole. A listener sent to some once. Oh yeah, yeah, yeah.

99
00:05:55,680 --> 00:05:58,680
Speaker 3: They were favored by ancient Romans over round peppercorns and

100
00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:01,640
Speaker 3: are a little bit more bitter. They actually remind me

101
00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:05,279
Speaker 3: of like Agnostora bitters a little bit. There's there's something

102
00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:09,599
Speaker 3: again floral and almost Christmassy in there to my palate.

103
00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:10,160
Speaker 2: Uh huh.

104
00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:11,919
Speaker 3: And yes, I went into my kitchen and nod on

105
00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:14,080
Speaker 3: a long peppercorn while I was writing this last night.

106
00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:16,360
Speaker 2: Oh, I was hoping it was night.

107
00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,200
Speaker 1: I was hoping it was like the montage in a

108
00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:22,560
Speaker 1: movie where the main character can't sleep.

109
00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:24,200
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, no, of course, this is like one in

110
00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:24,599
Speaker 3: the morning.

111
00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:26,920
Speaker 2: Excellence, excellence.

112
00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:33,920
Speaker 3: Piper niagram and piper longhum are not closely related, however,

113
00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,120
Speaker 3: to chili peppers. Or two sush one peppers or two

114
00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:40,440
Speaker 3: pink peppercorns, all of which do have a similar effect

115
00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:44,120
Speaker 3: on the palette, but which come from different plant families.

116
00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,279
Speaker 3: The pepper and pepper spray also is not from piper niagrim,

117
00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:50,320
Speaker 3: but rather from chili peppers capsicum.

118
00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,760
Speaker 1: Yes, this was a question I had recently. Yeah, and

119
00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:56,240
Speaker 1: Lauren answered it for me right there.

120
00:06:56,440 --> 00:06:57,159
Speaker 2: Thank you, Lauren.

121
00:06:57,920 --> 00:07:01,320
Speaker 3: Now I know that effect that pepper coins have. Yes,

122
00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:05,680
Speaker 3: Pepper's main active ingredient is piperine. It's a stimulant and

123
00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:09,279
Speaker 3: irritant of nerve endings in both your mouth and your nose,

124
00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:12,400
Speaker 3: which is why pepper feels hot on the tongue and

125
00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:14,880
Speaker 3: lips and can make you sneeze when you breathe it

126
00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:18,560
Speaker 3: in through your nose. Research is also found twenty five

127
00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:22,560
Speaker 3: other key pungent and tingling phytochemicals in.

128
00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:28,280
Speaker 1: Pepper, tingling, phido chemicals, tingling, Why goodness.

129
00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:29,240
Speaker 2: Is it not?

130
00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:29,640
Speaker 1: And air?

131
00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:32,000
Speaker 2: Is it just me? Or is it the pepper?

132
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:35,280
Speaker 3: Is it just The phytochemicals could be anything? Well. One

133
00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:38,440
Speaker 3: of those is rotundon, which is also responsible for the

134
00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:40,160
Speaker 3: peppery flavors in wines.

135
00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:42,160
Speaker 2: Oh, thank you rotundone.

136
00:07:43,640 --> 00:07:46,160
Speaker 3: And how it's grown, so okay, I guess that maybe

137
00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:47,600
Speaker 3: at the top of this I should have explained what

138
00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:51,760
Speaker 3: a pepper plant looks like. Pepper vines for cultivation grow

139
00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:54,640
Speaker 3: to about three feet or or nine meters long, and

140
00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:57,880
Speaker 3: they're grown on either trellises or other support plants and

141
00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:01,840
Speaker 3: various crop trees stuff like that. And the flowers and

142
00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:05,280
Speaker 3: then the berries grow in these kind of clustery spears

143
00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,480
Speaker 3: that look a little bit like like miniature grapes. They

144
00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:11,960
Speaker 3: grow green and then color red as they ripen. The

145
00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:14,680
Speaker 3: leaves and berries aren't really bothered by pests because they're

146
00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:17,560
Speaker 3: so pungent, but the roots are subject to a few

147
00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:21,880
Speaker 3: pests and diseases when you're growing them. They're harvested by hand,

148
00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:25,040
Speaker 3: often by small scale farmers who tend to sell them

149
00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:28,120
Speaker 3: to larger farms or collectors who then sell them to

150
00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:33,240
Speaker 3: big distributors and exporters. And unfortunately, these strata of labor

151
00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:37,079
Speaker 3: mean the big companies like for example, AVT McCormick, are

152
00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:41,839
Speaker 3: not directly responsible for either a farm labor conditions only

153
00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:47,640
Speaker 3: like supplier and processor conditions or b farmer's income. There

154
00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:50,680
Speaker 3: are some fair trade initiatives in place, but according to

155
00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:53,839
Speaker 3: a report in The Ecologist. The big companies don't always

156
00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:57,559
Speaker 3: separate out fair trade peppercorns from non fair trade when

157
00:08:57,559 --> 00:09:01,760
Speaker 3: they receive these batches from suppliers, so it's hard to

158
00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:04,560
Speaker 3: know what you're getting unless you really do your homework,

159
00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:05,880
Speaker 3: like crazy hard.

160
00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:10,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, that is unfortunately true for a lot of not

161
00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:14,800
Speaker 1: only foods, but particularly I find spices. Absolutely, yeah, some

162
00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:19,480
Speaker 1: pepper corn numbers. Some things I read called pepper the

163
00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:24,199
Speaker 1: world's most used spice, and it once made up seventy

164
00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:30,320
Speaker 1: percent of the international spice trade. In twenty thirteen, Vietnam

165
00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,800
Speaker 1: was the largest producer of pepper, exporting about one hundred

166
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:38,760
Speaker 1: and thirty five thousand tons valued in the nine hundred

167
00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:43,520
Speaker 1: million dollar range. That same year, Americans consumed about twenty

168
00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:45,920
Speaker 1: seven thousand tons of black pepper.

169
00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:51,120
Speaker 3: However, pepper can be a volatile market, which is almost

170
00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:53,480
Speaker 3: a pun about volatile colm.

171
00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:54,839
Speaker 2: Anyway, almost fun.

172
00:09:55,840 --> 00:09:59,280
Speaker 3: In the twenty odds, prices per kilo of pepper dropped

173
00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:02,440
Speaker 3: by eighty percent in like just a few years, and

174
00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:05,480
Speaker 3: prices are back up since then. But it is apparently

175
00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:07,600
Speaker 3: one of the least predictable commodities.

176
00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:10,200
Speaker 2: Really, huh.

177
00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:13,880
Speaker 3: The history of the pepper is also a little bit volatile,

178
00:10:14,559 --> 00:10:17,160
Speaker 3: that is true. And we'll get to that as soon

179
00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:19,319
Speaker 3: as we take a quick break for a word from

180
00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:33,440
Speaker 3: our sponsor and we're back. Thank you, sponsor, Yes, thank you.

181
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:35,240
Speaker 2: All right.

182
00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:43,319
Speaker 1: Some pepper history history, pepper throughout pepper so close. We're

183
00:10:43,320 --> 00:10:47,479
Speaker 1: making the almost puns today, we're working towards it. Archaeological

184
00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:51,440
Speaker 1: evidence discovered in India indicate that the pepper was around

185
00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:55,760
Speaker 1: in the area by two thousand BCE. Histories are fairly

186
00:10:55,760 --> 00:11:00,320
Speaker 1: certain pepper was traded even back then. But once they

187
00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:04,360
Speaker 1: do know for certain is that sometime around thirteen hundred BCE,

188
00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:08,000
Speaker 1: black peppercorns were stuffed in the nostrils of Ramses, the

189
00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:12,080
Speaker 1: greats mummified body. Huh yeah, there you go.

190
00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:13,160
Speaker 2: Mm hm.

191
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:16,120
Speaker 1: Pepper was a part of the Chinese diet by second

192
00:11:16,320 --> 00:11:22,800
Speaker 1: century BCE, and traders from southern Arabia pretty much monopolized

193
00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:25,959
Speaker 1: the spice trade as far back as one thousand BCE,

194
00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:30,240
Speaker 1: which we briefly touched on in our cinnamon episode. And

195
00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:34,400
Speaker 1: like we talked about in that episode, these traders loved

196
00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:39,520
Speaker 1: to tell tales, tall tales about how difficult spices were

197
00:11:39,559 --> 00:11:44,200
Speaker 1: to procure to discourage competition. Oh, pepper was no different.

198
00:11:44,920 --> 00:11:47,200
Speaker 1: To get to a pepper pit, you were going to

199
00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:50,920
Speaker 1: have to go through a dragon first. Yes, dragons are real,

200
00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:53,760
Speaker 1: and the guard dragon pits with pepper and them.

201
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:54,679
Speaker 2: You heard it here.

202
00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:59,240
Speaker 1: First, here's another pepper myth created by traders.

203
00:11:59,559 --> 00:11:59,920
Speaker 2: Quote.

204
00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:02,880
Speaker 1: In order to harvest the pepper, the trees have to

205
00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:06,160
Speaker 1: be burned, driving the poisonous snakes away and in the

206
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:12,200
Speaker 1: process turning the originally white fruit. Yeah. I wouldn't want

207
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:16,240
Speaker 1: to mess with that now. Ancient Greek and Roman records

208
00:12:16,280 --> 00:12:17,959
Speaker 1: mentioned pepper, though.

209
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:20,800
Speaker 3: Through perhaps three hundred BC or so, it was considered

210
00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:26,079
Speaker 3: best used as an antidote, not food stuff. According to Theophrastus.

211
00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:26,040
Speaker 2: Hm hmmm.

212
00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:31,439
Speaker 1: The first century CE Roman cookbook Atpikios called for the

213
00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:33,960
Speaker 1: spice in four fists of its recipes.

214
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:35,400
Speaker 2: Ooh yeah.

215
00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:38,960
Speaker 1: It was used particularly to flavor meats that were dried

216
00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:44,080
Speaker 1: or salted. Emperor Marcus Aurelius excused imported black pepper from

217
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:49,000
Speaker 1: customs tax. But you know who wasn't on board, Oh,

218
00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:51,760
Speaker 1: our good friend Pliny the Elder.

219
00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:53,760
Speaker 3: Pliny, Yes, what are you doing?

220
00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:57,839
Speaker 1: He wrote? Whereas pepper has nothing in it that can

221
00:12:57,920 --> 00:13:01,560
Speaker 1: plead as a recommendation to either fruit are berry, It's

222
00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:03,560
Speaker 1: only desirable quality being.

223
00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:04,720
Speaker 2: A certain pungency.

224
00:13:05,520 --> 00:13:08,199
Speaker 1: And yet it is for this that we import it

225
00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:09,360
Speaker 1: all the way from India.

226
00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:10,400
Speaker 2: Exclamation points.

227
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:13,679
Speaker 3: It's incredulity from plenty.

228
00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:18,079
Speaker 1: He does, not having it, apparently not yet import.

229
00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,280
Speaker 2: It from India. Rome did.

230
00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:21,839
Speaker 1: And when the Vizigas laid siege to the city and

231
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:26,319
Speaker 1: four ten Ce, along with gold, silver and silk, Rome

232
00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:29,960
Speaker 1: offered three thousand pounds of pepper to get them to

233
00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:30,679
Speaker 1: back off.

234
00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:32,480
Speaker 2: But it didn't work.

235
00:13:32,559 --> 00:13:34,680
Speaker 1: No, no, not at all. I'm sure they were tempted

236
00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:35,280
Speaker 1: by the pepper.

237
00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:39,920
Speaker 3: Along these lines, Emperor Theodosius the third is said to

238
00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:42,720
Speaker 3: have sent a bale of pepper to Attila, a bale

239
00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:46,600
Speaker 3: of pepper of the hun fame, and historians think that

240
00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:49,520
Speaker 3: as much as folks did love pepper, a lot of

241
00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:53,200
Speaker 3: these large gifts of peppercorns must have been more symbolic

242
00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:55,480
Speaker 3: than anything else, as they would have gone stale before

243
00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:58,960
Speaker 3: they could have possibly been used. Pepper does have a

244
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,000
Speaker 3: strong flavor, so it might have been considered symbolic of

245
00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:04,800
Speaker 3: power and aggression and virility.

246
00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:05,640
Speaker 2: That's right.

247
00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:12,160
Speaker 1: Rome wasn't the only European country that doug pepper. English

248
00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:15,520
Speaker 1: King Ethel read the second demanded ten pounds of pepper

249
00:14:15,559 --> 00:14:18,640
Speaker 1: as a sort of tax before he'd allow German spice

250
00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:23,400
Speaker 1: traders conduct any business in London in tenth century CE.

251
00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:27,160
Speaker 1: In eleven eighty C, a pepper's Guild was founded in

252
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,720
Speaker 1: London that would eventually become the Grocer's Company. These first

253
00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:36,040
Speaker 1: pepperers functioned at first like the spice versions of alchemists

254
00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:37,640
Speaker 1: at apothecaries would later.

255
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:38,800
Speaker 2: And there's a.

256
00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:40,560
Speaker 1: Spice girl's joke in there's somewhere.

257
00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:41,440
Speaker 2: I know it.

258
00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,360
Speaker 1: I just didn't have time to write it, but it's there.

259
00:14:45,280 --> 00:14:46,880
Speaker 3: The spice versions of themselves.

260
00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:48,040
Speaker 2: Yes, mm hmm.

261
00:14:48,440 --> 00:14:51,400
Speaker 1: Marco Polo observed a whole bunch of pepper when he

262
00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:55,760
Speaker 1: arrived at Java in twelve EIGHTYCE, and control of the

263
00:14:55,800 --> 00:15:00,600
Speaker 1: pepper trade routes fragmented during medieval times, with Muslim traders

264
00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:04,000
Speaker 1: maintaining control over the Middle leg, But once the spices

265
00:15:04,040 --> 00:15:08,240
Speaker 1: reached the Mediterranean, Italian city states like Venice took over

266
00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:11,600
Speaker 1: four hundred tons of pepper a year was going through

267
00:15:11,680 --> 00:15:17,000
Speaker 1: Venice by fifteenth century, which merchants marked up forty percent,

268
00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:20,640
Speaker 1: well speaking of forty percent, over forty percent of all

269
00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:24,920
Speaker 1: value that entered another Italian city state Genoa was due

270
00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:28,760
Speaker 1: to pepper by the fourteenth century CE. Because of the

271
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:32,520
Speaker 1: distance involved shipping, pepper was very expensive. To this day,

272
00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:35,880
Speaker 1: pepper expensive is a phrase in Dutch.

273
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:40,320
Speaker 3: And in French che cobvoi. Pepper was mentioned in dowries,

274
00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:44,480
Speaker 3: ransoms and fines of the times. Wow, you could pay

275
00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:45,640
Speaker 3: for lots of stuff in pepper.

276
00:15:46,240 --> 00:15:48,320
Speaker 1: Then get a ransom note and it says it's like,

277
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:50,600
Speaker 1: give me some pepper, give me to leave ten bounds

278
00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:51,640
Speaker 1: of pepper or else.

279
00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, you'll never see never see him again.

280
00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:56,359
Speaker 2: Oh my goodness.

281
00:15:56,720 --> 00:16:01,200
Speaker 1: Wow, so expensive was pepper of spices. At the time,

282
00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:04,160
Speaker 1: it was one of the things European explorers were hoping

283
00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:07,000
Speaker 1: to find when they set off in search of new worlds.

284
00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:09,720
Speaker 2: Columbus good Gravy.

285
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,760
Speaker 1: There he is again brought back what he thought was

286
00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:15,640
Speaker 1: loads of pepper from West Indies, only to find on

287
00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:20,040
Speaker 1: his return he'd actually been transporting the unvalued chili peppers.

288
00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:21,600
Speaker 2: Oh poor Columbus.

289
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:25,440
Speaker 1: Well well. Portuguese explorer of Vasco de Gama embarked on

290
00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:29,640
Speaker 1: a mission from his king to find quote Christians and spices.

291
00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,840
Speaker 1: He seemed to have succeeded, and Portugal overtook the rest

292
00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:35,600
Speaker 1: of the world to control the spice trade. By the

293
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:38,720
Speaker 1: fifteen hundreds, they lost about a third of their trade

294
00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:41,240
Speaker 1: ships along the way, though, But hey, you gotta get

295
00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:44,640
Speaker 1: some of that sweet, sweet, our, savory savory pepper. Yeah,

296
00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:46,720
Speaker 1: and get some They did too, to the tune of

297
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:51,920
Speaker 1: two million kilograms of pepper from India imported annually. But

298
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,720
Speaker 1: Portugal solowly lost control of the trade to the Dutch

299
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:59,360
Speaker 1: in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, particularly in the Big

300
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:03,080
Speaker 1: spice calm. That didn't last too long, though, and the

301
00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:06,639
Speaker 1: British usurped control from the Dutch with the British East

302
00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:09,840
Speaker 1: India Company. It was around this time, though, that pepper

303
00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,000
Speaker 1: lost a bit of its economic punch with the discovery

304
00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:14,480
Speaker 1: of chili peppers.

305
00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:16,920
Speaker 3: Which apparently did not go unvalued forever and ever.

306
00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:21,840
Speaker 1: Yes, yeah, times change, but pepper didn't stay down for long.

307
00:17:21,920 --> 00:17:24,080
Speaker 1: It made a comeback with the help of King Louis,

308
00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:27,840
Speaker 1: the fourteenth Royal chefs. The king was a bit persnickety

309
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:32,280
Speaker 1: when it came to food, and he preferred very little seasoning,

310
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:35,520
Speaker 1: ah very little, to the point that he forbade the

311
00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:38,880
Speaker 1: use of spices outside of salt, pepper and parsley.

312
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:39,640
Speaker 2: That's it.

313
00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:40,240
Speaker 3: Huh.

314
00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:44,359
Speaker 1: Once again, this royal food preference spread from the aristocracy

315
00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:47,000
Speaker 1: and from there to anyone could afford it, people trying

316
00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:51,240
Speaker 1: to emulate royalty. And this helped lead salt and pepper

317
00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:55,159
Speaker 1: being to the two spices you're pretty much guaranteed to

318
00:17:55,280 --> 00:17:58,600
Speaker 1: find on tables in the West. Yeah, because one king

319
00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:00,359
Speaker 1: was very particular about his diet.

320
00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:05,040
Speaker 3: It makes so much strange sense, I know, right. Yeah.

321
00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:09,440
Speaker 3: Starting in seventeen ninety seven, Salem, Massachusetts, became the seat

322
00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:14,120
Speaker 3: of a multimillion dollar pepper trade. That's when one captain

323
00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:17,600
Speaker 3: Jonathan Carnes found a route to the island of Sumatra

324
00:18:17,720 --> 00:18:21,399
Speaker 3: in present day Indonesia, thus bypassing the whole English, Dutch,

325
00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:25,280
Speaker 3: et cetera mess, and he successfully brought a cargo of pepper

326
00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:28,080
Speaker 3: back home at a seven hundred percent return on investment

327
00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:31,560
Speaker 3: worth some one point five million dollars or so in

328
00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:32,840
Speaker 3: today's money.

329
00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:35,280
Speaker 2: Is quite the pepper trade. Yeah.

330
00:18:35,320 --> 00:18:37,800
Speaker 3: He managed to make one more voyage before other Salem

331
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:43,320
Speaker 3: shipmasters discovered his route, kickstarting decades of hugely profitable, if

332
00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:47,000
Speaker 3: hugely dangerous pepper business. There was apparently a whole lot

333
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,800
Speaker 3: of like pirting and kidnapping and ransoming around and on Sumatra,

334
00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:55,879
Speaker 3: but the pepper trade through Salem was nonetheless really huge.

335
00:18:56,600 --> 00:19:00,879
Speaker 3: Their captains and traders formed the Salem East Indian Society

336
00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,480
Speaker 3: and exported their pepper through the United States but also

337
00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:08,600
Speaker 3: throughout Europe, and expanded their trade to other products, including

338
00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:14,199
Speaker 3: curiosities aka artifacts, riding the wave of popular Asian exoticism

339
00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:16,760
Speaker 3: that was happening in the eighteenth century or a nineteenth

340
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,760
Speaker 3: century rather sorry, and these from all over Indonesia, India,

341
00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:24,359
Speaker 3: and China. The first live elephant in America stepped ashore

342
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:28,680
Speaker 3: in Salem. Really all of this made Salem the wealthiest

343
00:19:28,720 --> 00:19:31,160
Speaker 3: city per capita in the United States by the early

344
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:35,439
Speaker 3: eighteen hundreds. Salem City seal still bears the image of

345
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:38,960
Speaker 3: a native Sumatran along with the Latin four to the

346
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,800
Speaker 3: farthest port of the rich East. I did not know those,

347
00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:46,440
Speaker 3: I know right, and they would hold the trade until

348
00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:49,320
Speaker 3: the eighteen forties, when a whole number of factors like

349
00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:51,919
Speaker 3: a bunch of destruction to their ships from the War

350
00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:55,159
Speaker 3: of eighteen twelve and a trade competition from larger cities

351
00:19:55,480 --> 00:19:58,960
Speaker 3: harbors that had better rail routes leading inland like a

352
00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,280
Speaker 3: New York City and boss and would decrease the profitability

353
00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,240
Speaker 3: of their pepper trade, and as with many spices, this

354
00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:10,119
Speaker 3: widespread competition, along with a bunch of collaboration from the

355
00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,920
Speaker 3: farmers and suppliers in the places where pepper was grown

356
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:16,960
Speaker 3: to increase their crops, would turn pepper from a luxury

357
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,320
Speaker 3: to an everyday affordability in the mid eighteen hundreds.

358
00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:24,000
Speaker 2: Yep, and now it's everywhere.

359
00:20:24,520 --> 00:20:29,040
Speaker 3: Yep. You get it for free in little knife and

360
00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:34,520
Speaker 3: fork plastic packets. Yeah, just in case emergency pepper, emergency pepper.

361
00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:37,680
Speaker 1: You never know. I really want to try that sneeze thing. Now,

362
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:41,400
Speaker 1: that was another big question I had. That was really true.

363
00:20:41,720 --> 00:20:46,520
Speaker 3: Yeah, it'll totally make you sneeze. And it has a

364
00:20:46,520 --> 00:20:49,760
Speaker 3: few other medical uses than just making you sneeze. Oh

365
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:53,160
Speaker 3: it does. We will get to those after one last

366
00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:55,320
Speaker 3: quick break for a word from our sponsor.

367
00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:08,080
Speaker 2: And we're back. Thank you, sponsor, Yes, thank you.

368
00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:12,880
Speaker 1: Pepper has been used medicinally and I can hear your

369
00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:18,000
Speaker 1: surprise from here, No way I can, including, according to

370
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:25,040
Speaker 1: the Encyclopedia Britannica, for flatulence relief and to simulate gastric secretions.

371
00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:27,520
Speaker 3: Hmm, yeah, get you juices flow on.

372
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,760
Speaker 2: Sure. That's a very nice way of putting it. Mm hmm.

373
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:33,840
Speaker 1: Throughout history, various types of pepper have been used to

374
00:21:33,880 --> 00:21:37,240
Speaker 1: treat things like hernia's, heart disease, joint pain, I infections,

375
00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:40,600
Speaker 1: excess flynn, constipation and diarrhea.

376
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:45,800
Speaker 3: Also flu by grains, anxiety, depression, gastric worms, strapped throat coma, cholera, boils,

377
00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:51,560
Speaker 3: night blindness, epilepsy, tooth decay, hepatitis, and syphilis coma.

378
00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:54,399
Speaker 2: They're trying to get you to sneeze out of the coma.

379
00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:54,879
Speaker 3: I think so.

380
00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, but these smelling salts yeah.

381
00:21:57,320 --> 00:22:00,080
Speaker 1: Oh, and also we can't forget it was thought to

382
00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:01,880
Speaker 1: elevate virility.

383
00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:03,920
Speaker 3: Everything's inn aphrodisiac.

384
00:22:04,040 --> 00:22:07,080
Speaker 1: Oh, including spam. Somebody scentis a link? Well what, yes,

385
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:09,880
Speaker 1: I can't believe we didn't discover this in our episode.

386
00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:12,240
Speaker 2: I I just moved.

387
00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:15,879
Speaker 3: I just moved bodily back away from the microphone in shock. Okay,

388
00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:19,080
Speaker 3: that's a great listener mail that I look forward to

389
00:22:19,119 --> 00:22:27,040
Speaker 3: reading backed pepper modernly uh piperine, which is that that

390
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:31,360
Speaker 3: key ingredient in pepper has been investigated for some of

391
00:22:31,359 --> 00:22:33,960
Speaker 3: those potential medical uses that have been floating around in

392
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:38,360
Speaker 3: traditional medicine for literal ages and in various human studies.

393
00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:43,800
Speaker 3: Piperine has indeed been found to have anti inflammatory, anti carcinogenic,

394
00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:49,600
Speaker 3: anti asmatic, antioxidant, and even anti diabetic effects, among others.

395
00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:54,439
Speaker 3: But unfortunately, piperine is only slightly soluble in water, so

396
00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:58,439
Speaker 3: it's not readily bioavailable to our cells. It's hard for

397
00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:01,920
Speaker 3: our bodies to use, and research is ongoing about its

398
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:05,240
Speaker 3: possible medicinal uses and better ways for our bodies to

399
00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:10,280
Speaker 3: get at it, which involve like nanoparticle encapsulation in matrices

400
00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:12,720
Speaker 3: of lipids, which is pretty great.

401
00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:13,880
Speaker 2: That is excellent.

402
00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:19,359
Speaker 3: It's also been shown to inhibit the growth pepper in general.

403
00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:21,959
Speaker 3: Pepper has also been shown to inhibit the growth of

404
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,679
Speaker 3: some twenty five percent of the microbes that lead to

405
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:29,080
Speaker 3: food spoilage, which make it indeed a worthy culinary ingredient,

406
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:34,760
Speaker 3: especially during humanity's long history pre refrigeration. Yeah for meats

407
00:23:34,760 --> 00:23:39,040
Speaker 3: and stuff like that. And pepper is also currently being

408
00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:42,719
Speaker 3: investigated for some of its terpenes, which are these flavor

409
00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:46,440
Speaker 3: compounds that bind with receptors in the brain that may

410
00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:50,840
Speaker 3: interact with other drugs like cannabis to help lessen unwanted effects,

411
00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:54,040
Speaker 3: such as in the example of cannabis anxiety.

412
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:56,120
Speaker 2: Yeah.

413
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,800
Speaker 1: I saw that a note in the outline before you

414
00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,360
Speaker 1: filled it out, and I was very intrigued.

415
00:24:01,359 --> 00:24:02,960
Speaker 2: I think it just said weed anxiety.

416
00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:07,640
Speaker 3: It was one of the things that popped up when

417
00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:08,440
Speaker 3: I was researching.

418
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:12,080
Speaker 1: I was like, all right, Wow, who knew pepper?

419
00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:13,240
Speaker 3: People are on the case.

420
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:17,560
Speaker 2: People are on the case. That's also a little bit.

421
00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:20,680
Speaker 3: Of an episode preview. We've had it in another few weeks,

422
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:24,959
Speaker 3: not extremely soon, in another month or so. We're plotting

423
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:28,400
Speaker 3: an episode about about edibles.

424
00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:31,280
Speaker 2: Yes, of the weed variety.

425
00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:31,679
Speaker 3: Indeed.

426
00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:38,639
Speaker 1: So that's that's Pepper and a little A side note

427
00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:43,160
Speaker 1: is my neighbor's next door they were named their dog

428
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:43,879
Speaker 1: was named Pepper.

429
00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:44,760
Speaker 3: Huh.

430
00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I totally forgot about it in this whole episode.

431
00:24:47,760 --> 00:24:49,920
Speaker 1: I keep thinking about every time we see.

432
00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:51,080
Speaker 3: You think about the dog.

433
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,840
Speaker 1: Oh, he was a Sweetheartady got hit by a car.

434
00:24:53,960 --> 00:25:00,600
Speaker 3: But this is a roller.

435
00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:02,080
Speaker 2: That was the end.

436
00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:04,480
Speaker 3: Oh that's nice.

437
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: And I'm I'm discovering because I have another friend I

438
00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:10,199
Speaker 1: mentioned in Garlic their dog is named Garlic.

439
00:25:10,320 --> 00:25:13,080
Speaker 2: Yeah, so maybe spices are good pet names?

440
00:25:13,119 --> 00:25:15,960
Speaker 3: Good pet names? Uh, definitely send us pictures of your

441
00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:19,040
Speaker 3: pets if they're named after food items. Yes, I mean

442
00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:20,960
Speaker 3: send us pictures of your pets anyway, Like I just

443
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:22,200
Speaker 3: want to look at pets all day.

444
00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:31,399
Speaker 1: And that brings us to the end of this classic episode.

445
00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:35,199
Speaker 1: We hope that you enjoyed it as much as we

446
00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:39,800
Speaker 1: enjoyed doing it. And yeah, let us all wish Lauren

447
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,240
Speaker 1: happy knew how home. I can't wait to see it.

448
00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:45,359
Speaker 1: I'm going to make her watch the Star Wars Holiday

449
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:47,120
Speaker 1: special Don't Tell.

450
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,840
Speaker 2: Her and Speedy Recovery.

451
00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:53,800
Speaker 1: And yes, as always, we would love to hear from

452
00:25:54,040 --> 00:25:58,080
Speaker 1: you listeners about this or anything else. And I'm going

453
00:25:58,160 --> 00:25:59,360
Speaker 1: to try to do this. I don't know if I've

454
00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:02,040
Speaker 1: ever done it myself, but here we go. You can

455
00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:05,000
Speaker 1: email us at Hello at savorpod dot com. You can

456
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:09,560
Speaker 1: also find us on social media on Facebook, Twitter, and

457
00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:13,000
Speaker 1: Instagram at saver pod. We would love to hear from you,

458
00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:16,840
Speaker 1: savor As a protection of iHeartRadio. For a podcasts on iHeartRadio,

459
00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:18,960
Speaker 1: you can check out the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast, or

460
00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:21,879
Speaker 1: regular listen to your favorite shows. Thanks as always to

461
00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:25,480
Speaker 1: our super producers Andrew Howard and Dylan Fagan. Thanks to

462
00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:27,400
Speaker 1: you for listening, and we hope that lots more good

463
00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:36,280
Speaker 1: things are coming your way.