1 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:07,200 Speaker 1: Get in touch with technology with text stuff from how 2 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. Hey there, everyone, and welcome to 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: tex Stuff. I'm Jonathan Strickland, and I'm learning focal bind. 4 00:00:17,079 --> 00:00:20,600 Speaker 1: Today we're going to talk about a technology that uses 5 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:25,640 Speaker 1: h uses sound really really super high pitch sound ultrasound 6 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: in fact, yeah, which you know, first I thought was 7 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:31,360 Speaker 1: something that only transformers could make, as in the characters, 8 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: not the actual devices that change voltages. And that's what 9 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:38,440 Speaker 1: I figured you meant. Okay, Well, I have to make 10 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:40,919 Speaker 1: sure you know I don't we do. We do try 11 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:43,800 Speaker 1: to be scientific here, yes, all right. So, as it 12 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:46,800 Speaker 1: turns out, humans have a certain range of sounds that 13 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:50,160 Speaker 1: a typical human can hear, keeping in mind that different 14 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: people can hear different ranges. Some may be able to 15 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,040 Speaker 1: hear a larger range, some people like me are starting 16 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: to lose some of that range, and some people are 17 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:01,400 Speaker 1: better at lower higher range. Is sure, um that the 18 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:04,800 Speaker 1: average is about twenty to twenty thousand hurts at the 19 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:08,559 Speaker 1: low and high end, right, So beyond twenty thousand hurts 20 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:13,160 Speaker 1: like usually significantly beyond twenty thousand hurts at those higher frequencies. 21 00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:16,240 Speaker 1: We call that ultrasonic. Oh well, you don't quite get 22 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:19,360 Speaker 1: into ultrasonic um right away. I mean, I mean, you know, 23 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:21,319 Speaker 1: you've still got a good audible range. I mean like 24 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:23,920 Speaker 1: beluga whales, for example, can hear up to some like 25 00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:26,600 Speaker 1: a hundred and twenty thousand hurts, but that is still 26 00:01:26,640 --> 00:01:29,920 Speaker 1: not ultrasonic. Well, the true ultrasonic that we're looking at, 27 00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:33,400 Speaker 1: for at least the the technology we'll be talking about 28 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:36,440 Speaker 1: today is in the one to one point five million 29 00:01:36,520 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: hurts or mega hurts range. So that's where we're getting 30 00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 1: to a point where you know, animals are not detecting 31 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:44,560 Speaker 1: this kind of sound. It's not a pitch that's much 32 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 1: higher than a frequency that's much higher frequency in pitch 33 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:52,440 Speaker 1: I'm I'm using almost interchangeably, which is a little this misleading, 34 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:56,240 Speaker 1: but you get what I'm saying. So this is a 35 00:01:56,280 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: technology that's very much based in some part on something 36 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:03,520 Speaker 1: that actual animals are using. Some animals are using right 37 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,640 Speaker 1: eocation yep. And so that's something you probably heard about 38 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:10,160 Speaker 1: whenever you've you heard about things like bats or dolphins 39 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:14,239 Speaker 1: or whales, they all use echolocation as either a primary 40 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:16,640 Speaker 1: way of figuring out what their environments like in the 41 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: case of bats, or you know, one of the many 42 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:23,040 Speaker 1: senses that they rely upon to explore their environments. Right. 43 00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: Humans also use this in the form of sonar or 44 00:02:26,120 --> 00:02:29,520 Speaker 1: I mean really technically radar, because we're talking about electromagnetic 45 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: waves and waves, so yeah, but some are specifically is 46 00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:39,119 Speaker 1: so that is like a sonic wave. So uh. In fact, 47 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:43,359 Speaker 1: sonar was a very important development in our history because radar, 48 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:45,880 Speaker 1: as it turns out, was not the best thing to 49 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: use for underwater because you have a tinuation of those 50 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:51,240 Speaker 1: waves and you could never be really sure that the 51 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: signals you were getting back were really accurate. Sonar is 52 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: a much more accurate means of determining where something is 53 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:01,160 Speaker 1: underwater and whether it's moving towards you moving away. We'll 54 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:03,240 Speaker 1: talk about more of that as we get further into 55 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,760 Speaker 1: this podcast, because some of those basic principles really determine 56 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 1: some pretty cool uses of ultrasonic technology. Yeah, all of 57 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:15,239 Speaker 1: all of that history really builds upon the terrific baby 58 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:18,239 Speaker 1: viewing devices that we know and love today. Um, although 59 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:21,400 Speaker 1: that is certainly not the only use for ultrasound, as 60 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:23,520 Speaker 1: we will also get into. Yeah, I have a favorite 61 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:25,799 Speaker 1: one that I'll mention at the end. So, and it's 62 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:27,679 Speaker 1: one that I've talked about before on tech stuff. But 63 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 1: that's okay. I don't mind repeating myself. All of you 64 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:33,040 Speaker 1: listeners out there who've been around for a while you 65 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: know this, so I appreciate that you you humor me. 66 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:38,360 Speaker 1: I'm glad that you know this about yourself. John, Well, 67 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:41,520 Speaker 1: you know it's you reach a certain age, you come 68 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,360 Speaker 1: to some truths. So first, before I even dive into 69 00:03:44,440 --> 00:03:47,000 Speaker 1: the history of ultrasonic technology, I have to give a 70 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:50,720 Speaker 1: shout out to Dr Jim Sung. He has a presentation 71 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:54,200 Speaker 1: online called the History of Ultrasound and Technological Advances that 72 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: gave me a lot of insight into the the discoveries 73 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:01,840 Speaker 1: that lead to ultrasonic technol aology, and that's where I 74 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: drew a lot of this information. So big to him, 75 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: really really good, clear, yes, very very simple kind of presentation. 76 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:12,960 Speaker 1: I did, you know, augment that with extra research, but 77 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:17,960 Speaker 1: it was a great starting point. So in sevento that's 78 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:20,320 Speaker 1: where we have a fellow by the name of Lazaro 79 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:25,560 Speaker 1: Spaladzani who was observing the behavior of bats, and as 80 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:29,320 Speaker 1: he was observing their behavior, he began to hypothesize what 81 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:33,920 Speaker 1: it was that allowed bats to navigate through really dark terrain, 82 00:04:34,320 --> 00:04:36,839 Speaker 1: being able to avoid things, be able to zero in 83 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: on prey. And as he thought about it, he came 84 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:43,040 Speaker 1: up with this hypothesis that perhaps they were making these 85 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:47,039 Speaker 1: very high pitched noises that were not necessarily within the 86 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:48,800 Speaker 1: range of human hearing. You might be able to hear 87 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:50,840 Speaker 1: a few squeaks now and then, but that's about it, 88 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:55,359 Speaker 1: But that they were also uh, reacting to the echoes 89 00:04:55,560 --> 00:04:58,080 Speaker 1: of those noises to hone in on things or to 90 00:04:58,160 --> 00:05:01,080 Speaker 1: avoid obstacles, all right, to find about how far away 91 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,880 Speaker 1: or possibly even how big an obstacle or a predator 92 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,320 Speaker 1: or a piece of prey would be away from them. Yeah, 93 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:10,279 Speaker 1: because if if you're if you're hearing an echo come back, 94 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: but it's not nearly as powerful as the sounds you 95 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,240 Speaker 1: put out your your the result might be, oh, that 96 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:18,880 Speaker 1: thing is close, but it's also small. If you get 97 00:05:18,920 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: a lot of signal back, you're like, Okay, there's something 98 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 1: with a lot of surface area that's not too far away, 99 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:25,839 Speaker 1: and perhaps I don't want to go in that direction anymore. 100 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:29,800 Speaker 1: So he kind of, you know, was the one to 101 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: propose this hypothesis of echolocation. Now that's again one of 102 00:05:36,960 --> 00:05:39,560 Speaker 1: those basic principles that we would build upon to get 103 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:43,280 Speaker 1: to ultrasonic technology. In eighteen twenty six, you have Jean 104 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: Daniel Calladon who was performing a series of experiments using 105 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:49,800 Speaker 1: a bell like a church bell. It was actually a 106 00:05:49,839 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 1: church bell that he put underwater. He had a another 107 00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:56,800 Speaker 1: little lever that had a striker on the end of 108 00:05:56,800 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 1: it to strike the bell. So if you like to 109 00:06:00,279 --> 00:06:02,680 Speaker 1: imagine as one of those you remember then the cartoons, 110 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,160 Speaker 1: the boxing glove that's on the like accordion type thing 111 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:07,920 Speaker 1: stretches out. That's essentially what I imagined this to be. 112 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:10,719 Speaker 1: I'm sure that's exactly what it was not according to 113 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:13,440 Speaker 1: the illustration I saw, but those things are never accurate. 114 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:16,760 Speaker 1: So anyway, there's this bell that's underneath the water, and 115 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: he has a striker under the water as well. And 116 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: then about ten miles away, according to the illustration, there 117 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:25,400 Speaker 1: was a second person in a boat who had a 118 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:27,640 Speaker 1: tube that went down into the water and they would 119 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: essentially put their ear to the tube to listen in 120 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: like an ear earpiece and ear phone, yes, so that 121 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:34,960 Speaker 1: they could you would amplify any sounds they could maybe 122 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:37,039 Speaker 1: you know their and their job was to listen for 123 00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:42,880 Speaker 1: the tone of the bell, and so uh, he would 124 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,880 Speaker 1: call it on strikes the bell, the person in the 125 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: other boat writes down exactly when they heard the tone. 126 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: And the idea here was actually for a call it 127 00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:56,159 Speaker 1: on to show that the sound would travel at a 128 00:06:56,200 --> 00:06:58,960 Speaker 1: different speed through water that it did through the air. 129 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:03,400 Speaker 1: This was us to demonstrate hypothesis that sound traveled at 130 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:06,320 Speaker 1: different speeds through different media, something that we know to 131 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:09,480 Speaker 1: be true now, right, And and in fact, it travels 132 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:11,760 Speaker 1: faster in water than it does the air. Yeah, So 133 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: depending upon it how tightly packed the molecules are and 134 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:17,760 Speaker 1: whatever it is that you're looking at, sound can travel 135 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: much more quickly through some media than others. And it's 136 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 1: because it's a very it's a physical media. It's not 137 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: an electromagnetic it's actual physical molecules banging into each other. 138 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: So if they're more tightly packed, they banging into each 139 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:32,360 Speaker 1: other much more quickly. So in that case he was 140 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:35,360 Speaker 1: able to show that it indeed does travel at different speeds. 141 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:38,400 Speaker 1: Knowing that it travels at different speeds is also very 142 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:41,640 Speaker 1: important for the very basics of ultrasonic technology, which is 143 00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:46,560 Speaker 1: why we're talking about in the first place. So eighty six, 144 00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 1: our next date is eighteen eighty we're just just scorching along. 145 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:58,480 Speaker 1: This is where Pierre and Jacques Curie discover the piece 146 00:07:58,520 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: of electric effect, which we have talked about quite a 147 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:03,760 Speaker 1: few times on tech stuff. All Right, this is this 148 00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:06,840 Speaker 1: winds up being useful in many applications. But so what 149 00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:10,840 Speaker 1: is it? Okay? So certain types of material, like for example, 150 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: quartz crystals have this this particular this particular feature where 151 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: if you were to apply an electric charge to this material, 152 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: it would vibrate, or if you apply a mechanical stress 153 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: to this object, it will then create an electrical charge. 154 00:08:28,360 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: It's this weird reaction of electricity and actual kinetic movement 155 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:37,320 Speaker 1: energy that you're gonna see between the two things. And 156 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:40,920 Speaker 1: in the case of quartz crystals, it's really really regular. 157 00:08:41,080 --> 00:08:42,960 Speaker 1: You know, if you know the properties of the quartz crystal, 158 00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: you are good to go. You know that at a 159 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:48,120 Speaker 1: certain charge, it's always going to give off the same 160 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 1: kind of vibration. So that's why quartz crystals are used 161 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:53,760 Speaker 1: in a lot of watches. It's actually the thing that 162 00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:56,319 Speaker 1: helps keep time right right. It creates the movement in 163 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:59,839 Speaker 1: courts watches because it is so regular or so so predictable. 164 00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:03,760 Speaker 1: Um it also can it's used to create a spark 165 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:05,640 Speaker 1: in the kind of gas lighters that are used for 166 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:08,839 Speaker 1: for candles or cigarettes. And also um, you know, it's 167 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 1: being talked about for energy harvesting kind of materials that 168 00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:14,360 Speaker 1: are being that are in research today right and now. 169 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:18,360 Speaker 1: In the case of ultrasonic technology, this is important because 170 00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:22,680 Speaker 1: the quartz crystals are the things in most ultrasonic transducers 171 00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:26,000 Speaker 1: that are creating the vibrations that themselves are these high 172 00:09:26,360 --> 00:09:30,120 Speaker 1: frequency sound waves. And with something as simple as electricity 173 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:34,439 Speaker 1: or relatively simple or you know, relatively technologically um possible 174 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:38,520 Speaker 1: to put into an instrument. So also they're very important 175 00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:41,000 Speaker 1: for picking the signals back up as its out. Well 176 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:42,439 Speaker 1: we'll talk more about that when we get into the 177 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 1: actual how it works stuff, but all of this, you know, 178 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: again plays into it. So nineteen fifteen you have Paul 179 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:52,800 Speaker 1: Langevin who invents the hydrophone, which again very important this 180 00:09:52,960 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: in this case it's essentially a microphone that can go 181 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:59,440 Speaker 1: into the water, uh and it relies on the piece 182 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: of electric fact in order to pick up signals in 183 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,880 Speaker 1: the water. What it's doing is it's detecting changes in pressure, 184 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:08,000 Speaker 1: which are you know, that's what you know, the sound 185 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:10,360 Speaker 1: that's moving through the water is changing the actual pressure 186 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:14,439 Speaker 1: that the this hydrophone detects. The pressure changes affect the 187 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:17,840 Speaker 1: quartz crystals inside the hydrophone, which then generates the electricity, 188 00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: which then goes to another device that again in turns 189 00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:24,080 Speaker 1: and figure out yeah, or even convert it back over 190 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:26,559 Speaker 1: into sound so that you can listen to what's going 191 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: on underneath. He got the the inspiration to really work 192 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:34,840 Speaker 1: on this after something that happened in nineteen twelve, which 193 00:10:34,880 --> 00:10:37,160 Speaker 1: was when Leonardo DiCaprio sank to the bomb of the 194 00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:41,319 Speaker 1: ocean and froze to death, or more historically speaking, is 195 00:10:41,360 --> 00:10:45,000 Speaker 1: when the Titanic sank. I thought what I just said, Well, um, 196 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,360 Speaker 1: but yeah, yeah. The hydrophone was originally created in order 197 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:52,400 Speaker 1: to help detect icebergs and submarines and large World War 198 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:55,080 Speaker 1: One and World War Two. It was really important. World 199 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:57,320 Speaker 1: War two is also really when sonar I came into play. 200 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:00,560 Speaker 1: But before sonar it was really just listening or stuff 201 00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: that you think that should not be there and we 202 00:11:02,840 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 1: need to get out of here. So ninety seven or 203 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: right thereabouts, a man named Carl Dissick, who was a 204 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,000 Speaker 1: doctor with the University of Vienna, begins to work on 205 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:17,559 Speaker 1: using ultrasound as a means of diagnosing brain tumors. Now, 206 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:21,320 Speaker 1: at this time ultrasonic technology was mostly being used in 207 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: those those non applications exactly. But he thought, you know, 208 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: this could probably tell you more about what's going on 209 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:32,280 Speaker 1: inside a person. Human brain is filled with water. Yeah, 210 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 1: I can, I mean essentially, yeah, I can totally figure 211 00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:36,720 Speaker 1: out what's going on. Maybe if there's a tumor or something, 212 00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:39,840 Speaker 1: I can detect it. Now, his approach is very different 213 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: from what is used today. What we use today is 214 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:48,240 Speaker 1: a reflective technique where you send a signal through a person. 215 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:52,040 Speaker 1: It reflects off of various various stuff we'll go into 216 00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:55,040 Speaker 1: more detail in the second half and bounces back and 217 00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 1: then by a receiver in the instrument right exactly, and 218 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:02,559 Speaker 1: in a computer kind of puts all that data together 219 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:05,240 Speaker 1: to make it meaningful to you. He was actually thinking 220 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:08,840 Speaker 1: about setting up two different ultrasonic transducers, one on either 221 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: side of your noggeting and zapping straight through the brain. 222 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: So he had a receiver on both sides and a 223 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:20,280 Speaker 1: transceiver on both sides, so you're sending signals simultaneously. And 224 00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:23,000 Speaker 1: the idea was that he he thought that the reflection 225 00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:25,280 Speaker 1: would never be reliable enough for you to be able 226 00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:27,199 Speaker 1: to have any sort of precise idea what's going on. 227 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:33,000 Speaker 1: Other people said that his particular techniques were um muddy, 228 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:35,440 Speaker 1: like it was creating too much noise because you had 229 00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 1: these two different sources going at it, and so right right, 230 00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:42,959 Speaker 1: some of it's reflected back, some of it keeps going through, 231 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:46,319 Speaker 1: and so there are people who said that the information 232 00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:49,480 Speaker 1: you would get back from this particular method UH was 233 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:53,679 Speaker 1: you know, not terribly reliable. Dest because it turns out 234 00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:58,880 Speaker 1: would go on to UH be drafted into the Luftwaffe 235 00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:02,160 Speaker 1: during World War Two and actually would become a doctor 236 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:06,760 Speaker 1: treating head wounds for German soldiers. UM. He would continue 237 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,960 Speaker 1: after the war to really be a proponent of ultrasonic 238 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 1: technology being used in the medical field. However, he continued 239 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:16,440 Speaker 1: to say that he wanted the transmission effect was more 240 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:21,360 Speaker 1: important than the reflective effect UH And ultimately some researchers 241 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 1: at M I T determined that the method that Dosik 242 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: was using was creating all this noise I was talking 243 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:31,160 Speaker 1: about before, and it really wasn't reliable. So history would 244 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:35,680 Speaker 1: end up switching gears, going the different direction and still 245 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: using ultrasonic technology. But in a different implementation than he did. Yeah, 246 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:42,240 Speaker 1: and and absolutely that pioneering kind of going like, hey, 247 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:44,679 Speaker 1: human bodies are fill of liquid. We can use this 248 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:47,720 Speaker 1: technology to look at them too. Yeah, it's pretty. It's sound. 249 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:50,439 Speaker 1: It's not like it's ionizing radiation. It's not something that's 250 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:53,360 Speaker 1: gonna cause you some form of harm. It's it's a 251 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:56,720 Speaker 1: physical that There are a couple of concerns that I've 252 00:13:56,720 --> 00:14:00,120 Speaker 1: heard here and there about the ultrasonic waves interfere ing 253 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,439 Speaker 1: or or creating small bubbles or or various things like right, right, 254 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,440 Speaker 1: But it's not an ionizing radiation, which is the main 255 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:10,040 Speaker 1: difference between that and other imaging. Definitely better than X rays. Yes, 256 00:14:10,760 --> 00:14:14,560 Speaker 1: uh so that's when Dr George Ludvig writes a paper 257 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,600 Speaker 1: describing the use of an ultrasonic device to diagnose skull stones, 258 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,240 Speaker 1: and in nineteen fifty one, doctors Wild and Neil began 259 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 1: publishing studies on ultrasonic characteristics of benign versus malignants, not 260 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: intended as a detection tool actually, but rather as a 261 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:30,640 Speaker 1: diagnostic tool once a tumor had been found, so, in 262 00:14:30,680 --> 00:14:33,240 Speaker 1: other words, to determine whether or not this tumor effect 263 00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:36,160 Speaker 1: is benign or malignant. So yeah, so this is after 264 00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: we've already established it there is a presence of a tumor. 265 00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:43,160 Speaker 1: Ninety eight we got Dr Ian Donald, who I love 266 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:47,280 Speaker 1: his technical title, which was Professor of Midwifery at the 267 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:51,000 Speaker 1: University of Glasgow. Yeah, he pioneered O B G Y 268 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,120 Speaker 1: and ultrasound, which is what most of us think about 269 00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:55,600 Speaker 1: when we think of ultrasound devices in medical fields. I 270 00:14:55,640 --> 00:14:58,000 Speaker 1: think it's it's I think for the common lay person, 271 00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:00,320 Speaker 1: that is the application in which we have seen and 272 00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 1: heard it used. Yeah, and it's it's certainly one that 273 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: oh no, that was kind of a sorry, didn't do 274 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 1: it this time. So it's it's certainly the thing that 275 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:10,920 Speaker 1: we see all the time in movies and television, and 276 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,720 Speaker 1: you know, it's the sty it's that's the typical couple 277 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,000 Speaker 1: is in the hospital. This is the picture of the baby. 278 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: It's also I mean I just recently saw one because 279 00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:20,280 Speaker 1: my sisters have. Yeah, a lot of people are born, 280 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: it turns out, Yeah, and it's a very popular way 281 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,760 Speaker 1: of of imaging before. I mean, you know, especially and 282 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:28,280 Speaker 1: we'll we'll go into this a little bit more later, 283 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:30,080 Speaker 1: but you know, it's it's really terrific for figuring out 284 00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:32,360 Speaker 1: what's going on with a baby without doing any kind 285 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:34,200 Speaker 1: of harm to the mother or the baby. Right right, 286 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:37,720 Speaker 1: You don't want anything that could potentially disrupt development or 287 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:41,720 Speaker 1: cause other complications. Uh So, skipping way ahead, because obviously 288 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:44,880 Speaker 1: ultrasound by this time had been an established medical technology. 289 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:48,040 Speaker 1: It also was used in other applications. Will talk a 290 00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:51,840 Speaker 1: little bit about that later. Uh, skipping way ahead, we 291 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: get to a point where Daniel Lichtenstein pioneers a point 292 00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:57,760 Speaker 1: of care long ultrasound in the I c U and 293 00:15:57,840 --> 00:16:00,720 Speaker 1: says that ultrasound is the real step the scope. At 294 00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:04,280 Speaker 1: this stage, we're talking about precision where uh, it was 295 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: much greater than anything that desn'k ever managed. It was 296 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:09,920 Speaker 1: something where you could actually get a really accurate look 297 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:13,360 Speaker 1: and in some cases a three dimensional look at what's 298 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:16,360 Speaker 1: going on inside a person without it being invasive or 299 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:19,840 Speaker 1: terribly invasive. Because there are some there are some exceptions 300 00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: we'll talk about, yes, but but this is mostly thanks 301 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:26,320 Speaker 1: to advancements in computers and the digitization of ultrasound exactly. 302 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: So we're gonna talk a lot more about how this 303 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:31,560 Speaker 1: actually works, what's really going on with this stuff. But 304 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,120 Speaker 1: before we get into that, let's take a quick break 305 00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: to thank our sponsor. Alright, so we're back. Let's talk 306 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:41,600 Speaker 1: about how ultrasonic technology actually works. You have to be 307 00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:45,200 Speaker 1: able to have something that creates an ultrasonic signal, and 308 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:47,560 Speaker 1: it has to be able to pick up that ultrasonic signal, 309 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:50,280 Speaker 1: and then it has to be able to interpret that signal. 310 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:54,600 Speaker 1: So these are these are some important elements that again 311 00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:57,360 Speaker 1: would only have been possible due to the work of 312 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:01,800 Speaker 1: the people we talked about in the first half. So, uh, 313 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,720 Speaker 1: your basic your basic approach here. This is before I 314 00:17:04,760 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: get into any of the actual Here's the technical stuff 315 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:11,359 Speaker 1: that's going on. Is you've got a device that sends 316 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 1: the signal out which then encounters the various tissue barriers 317 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:20,960 Speaker 1: in a person's body for ultrasonic medical imaging anyway. So, uh, 318 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:26,399 Speaker 1: as it encounters these barriers, some of those ultrasonic waves 319 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:30,359 Speaker 1: are gonna bounce back. So the machine starts to collect 320 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:32,840 Speaker 1: the data of the material of the waves that bounce back, 321 00:17:32,840 --> 00:17:36,000 Speaker 1: the intensity of those waves, and the length of time 322 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 1: it took for them to go out and bounce back, 323 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:40,560 Speaker 1: give the idea of things like the depth and the 324 00:17:40,680 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: nature of the tissue itself. The uh, some of the 325 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,040 Speaker 1: waves will continue to penetrate into the patient's body and 326 00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:50,120 Speaker 1: then bounce off other boundaries. So these boundaries are things 327 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:53,719 Speaker 1: like boundaries between liquids and soft tissue, or soft tissue 328 00:17:53,720 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 1: and hard tissue, so and oregon and bones, that kind 329 00:17:57,080 --> 00:18:00,920 Speaker 1: of thing. And as the waves go and bounce back, 330 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:03,359 Speaker 1: we start to be able to look at that data 331 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,760 Speaker 1: and determine what kind of tissue it was going through, 332 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:09,560 Speaker 1: because because we know that that these sound waves travel 333 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:13,520 Speaker 1: at different speeds through different types of Yeah, exactly, so 334 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,320 Speaker 1: by knowing, you know, if you know that sound travels 335 00:18:16,359 --> 00:18:18,680 Speaker 1: at such and such a speed as it goes through bone, 336 00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: which we do know, I mean I don't know it. 337 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:24,439 Speaker 1: I don't We don't personally know. But human kind knows. 338 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:27,680 Speaker 1: People smarter than you know. You have that thing where 339 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:29,840 Speaker 1: you just trust that people smarter than you are working 340 00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 1: on the problem. In this case, it's true, so not 341 00:18:32,359 --> 00:18:35,240 Speaker 1: so much working as much as have already completely figured out. 342 00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:39,760 Speaker 1: There are charts that you can look at. So the computer, 343 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:41,960 Speaker 1: which we'll talk about in a second, takes all this 344 00:18:42,080 --> 00:18:44,440 Speaker 1: data in and is able to analyze it and determine 345 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: which waves were the ones that passed through liquid, which 346 00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: ones were the ones that passed through soft tissue, which 347 00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,919 Speaker 1: ones passed through hard tissue, and then adding all that 348 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:56,439 Speaker 1: information together is able to create a picture that's then 349 00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: displayed on a display. It sends the information to it 350 00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:03,800 Speaker 1: to place that you get essentially a virtual representation of 351 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 1: whatever it is that's there. Typically it's two dimensional, so 352 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:12,080 Speaker 1: we'll talk a bit about three D. Uh ultra relatively 353 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:16,440 Speaker 1: new development, but it is certainly possible. But your traditional 354 00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:19,639 Speaker 1: ultrasonic images are two dimensional. So it's kind of like 355 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:22,480 Speaker 1: a a side view or top down view, depending upon 356 00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:25,160 Speaker 1: the angle that's being used and what you are specifically 357 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:30,800 Speaker 1: trying to image, right, So, uh, it's a really cool approach. Now, 358 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 1: the parts that are on an ultrasonic machine include the 359 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:36,720 Speaker 1: transducer probra, which we've talked a little bit about. Right. 360 00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:39,520 Speaker 1: This is the device that is sending and receiving the signals. Yep, 361 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:41,879 Speaker 1: that's got at least one quartz crystal in it. It 362 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:44,440 Speaker 1: may have multiple quartz crystals in it, and in fact, 363 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:47,800 Speaker 1: if it does have multiple quarts crystals, you can time 364 00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:51,439 Speaker 1: the different crystals to fire at different you know, you 365 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:53,960 Speaker 1: send charges to them at different times because each one 366 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,359 Speaker 1: has its own independent circuit. And that allows you to 367 00:19:57,640 --> 00:20:01,639 Speaker 1: quote unquote steer the trasonic beam and be able to 368 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:05,280 Speaker 1: get a lot more precision about what's going on. Um 369 00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:07,600 Speaker 1: But even if it only has one crystal, I can 370 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:10,280 Speaker 1: still send and then receive. So what's happening is you 371 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:13,480 Speaker 1: send an electrical charge to the crystal. The crystal vibrates 372 00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:16,879 Speaker 1: at this incredibly high frequency, which creates this ultrasonic sound 373 00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:20,160 Speaker 1: like one to one point five megahurts, And you're talking 374 00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:24,760 Speaker 1: about possibly millions of these in a millions of pulses 375 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:27,479 Speaker 1: in a single second. They go into the body and 376 00:20:27,520 --> 00:20:30,480 Speaker 1: start to bounce off of stuff. When the sounds bounce 377 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:34,520 Speaker 1: back to the transducer probe, they hit the Courts crystal, 378 00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:37,720 Speaker 1: which causes the quartz crystal to vibrate, which then causes 379 00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:41,120 Speaker 1: the electric charge to emanate. So because of that piece 380 00:20:41,119 --> 00:20:44,080 Speaker 1: of electric effect, it works both ways. The device picks 381 00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:47,359 Speaker 1: up the electric charges and that's what it's able to 382 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: use to interpret the actual data that is gathered and 383 00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:54,480 Speaker 1: sent onto the computer. So the computer, it's a CPU 384 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: is you know, it's a computer. It it processes data, 385 00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:01,119 Speaker 1: crunches numbers, It follows specific rules that have been programmed 386 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:03,800 Speaker 1: in that take into account all the basic information that 387 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 1: we understand about how sound travels. So that's how it's 388 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:09,439 Speaker 1: able to build the actual useful information and generates this 389 00:21:09,480 --> 00:21:12,560 Speaker 1: image on the screen. Right. Then you also have controls, 390 00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 1: big surprise there, right, So the controls allow you to 391 00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:18,560 Speaker 1: do things like you have a medical practitioner who's called 392 00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:23,639 Speaker 1: an ultrasonographer. Um, so the ultrasonographer can adjust things like 393 00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:28,160 Speaker 1: the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves, their frequency, the duration 394 00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:31,560 Speaker 1: of the pulses that the transducer probe is creating. All right. 395 00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:34,359 Speaker 1: That the precise frequency of the waves greatly affects the 396 00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:37,800 Speaker 1: resolution of the resulting image. So this is really important, yes, 397 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,880 Speaker 1: it really is. It also will determine how far the 398 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,000 Speaker 1: pulses can penetrate. And on top of all those other things, 399 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,480 Speaker 1: you also have a storage medium of some sort you 400 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: want to save this data. Obviously that might be on 401 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:51,560 Speaker 1: a disk, or it might be on a you know, 402 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:53,439 Speaker 1: just a hard drive or whatever, but it has to 403 00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:56,679 Speaker 1: have some source storage medium and also probably straight to 404 00:21:56,680 --> 00:22:00,320 Speaker 1: the cloud to the cloud, which is possible now, and 405 00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,399 Speaker 1: also a printer so that you can print out an image, 406 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:05,440 Speaker 1: especially in the case of babies. I think that it's 407 00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:08,280 Speaker 1: it's used more often in that case than um, yeah, 408 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:11,960 Speaker 1: than than necessarily like, here's how your heart isn't working that. 409 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:14,120 Speaker 1: I mean maybe if you want to collect that sort 410 00:22:14,160 --> 00:22:16,840 Speaker 1: of thing, maybe you do. I'm not judging, but no, 411 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:21,440 Speaker 1: that's exactly My sister showed me a picture from her ultrasound, 412 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:25,000 Speaker 1: so I got to see my niece or nephew early. 413 00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:29,760 Speaker 1: So that's kind of cool. Um And now you know 414 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:33,159 Speaker 1: the that's that's your basic parts of the ultrasonic device. 415 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,400 Speaker 1: Keeping in mind that other you know, more advanced ones 416 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:39,399 Speaker 1: may have other elements to them, but that's that's what 417 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:42,000 Speaker 1: is kind of the bare requirements for you to have 418 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:46,040 Speaker 1: an ultrasonic medical device. So the only other thing I 419 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:48,720 Speaker 1: need to mention is that those those transducer probes also 420 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:51,600 Speaker 1: tend to have some sort of absorbent material that will 421 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:55,560 Speaker 1: allow it to absorb any uh echoes that would come 422 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:59,320 Speaker 1: from the probe itself, because otherwise you would gets right, So, 423 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,640 Speaker 1: because you don't want the crystal to just start vibrating 424 00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: as soon as something bounces off the interior of the 425 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:05,640 Speaker 1: probe and comes right back at the crystal. So that's 426 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,600 Speaker 1: what the absorbent materials for it's designed. So that it'll 427 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 1: try and direct. There's actually an acoustic lens that directs 428 00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:17,000 Speaker 1: the sound towards the patient's body. So that's the basics. 429 00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:19,800 Speaker 1: But you know that we mentioned already there's a little 430 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:24,120 Speaker 1: bit more than just the basic display and imaging. There's 431 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:28,440 Speaker 1: this whole three dimensional approach UM, so first of all, 432 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:35,200 Speaker 1: to get the unpleasant parts out. Not all ultrasound is noninvasive, right, UM, 433 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:38,760 Speaker 1: it's not always external that there is recent controversy about 434 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:43,159 Speaker 1: this UM in in abortion law. Oh I did not 435 00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:47,280 Speaker 1: know this, right, Well, it's it's the trans translational ultrasound 436 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:53,040 Speaker 1: in contests. So yeah, because because sometimes UM, for for 437 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,320 Speaker 1: for many applications, you're looking at something in the body 438 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,280 Speaker 1: that is not the most easily accessed from the outside. 439 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:03,720 Speaker 1: So by by inserting a probe with an ultrasound uh 440 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:06,880 Speaker 1: bit on the end into an orifice of one kind 441 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:10,280 Speaker 1: or another, UM, you can determine many things about many 442 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: important internal organs. Yep. So this is uh. You know, 443 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:17,239 Speaker 1: it's probably a little less glamorous and comfortable than your 444 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:20,520 Speaker 1: typical ultrasound, but it's very important and it's still in 445 00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:22,720 Speaker 1: the grand scheme of things. Like you know, it's hard 446 00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:25,400 Speaker 1: to say it's non invasive because you're talking about inserting 447 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:31,119 Speaker 1: something into an orifice. But yeah, exploratory surgery way more invasive, 448 00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:36,639 Speaker 1: So it's you know, it's either way. There's some approaches 449 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:41,000 Speaker 1: now where you can actually create three dimensional images of 450 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:45,119 Speaker 1: stuff using ultrasound, and it's pretty much what you would expect. 451 00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 1: You're you're you're moving the uh, the device, the transducer probe, 452 00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: whether it's internal or external, and you're trying to get 453 00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:56,359 Speaker 1: multiple different views of whatever it is you're imaging. So 454 00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:57,960 Speaker 1: in the case of a baby, it would be the 455 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:01,160 Speaker 1: baby and all you might have to have the patient 456 00:25:01,240 --> 00:25:05,680 Speaker 1: shift around or in order to get angles. But yeah, 457 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:08,400 Speaker 1: the computer takes in all that data and then creates 458 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:11,720 Speaker 1: a three dimensional model of whatever it is it's that 459 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:14,159 Speaker 1: it's encountered, and then you can look at that on 460 00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: the screen. So this could be used in all sorts 461 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:19,760 Speaker 1: of medical approaches. And uh. One of the things that 462 00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:26,320 Speaker 1: relies upon is another basic physical property that are sound waves, 463 00:25:26,359 --> 00:25:28,320 Speaker 1: and that we talked about before. Actually it's of any 464 00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:32,399 Speaker 1: real waves, the Doppler effect, right, the and that's the 465 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:35,320 Speaker 1: thing that that describes how waves change shape when they 466 00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: encounter moving objects. Yeah, so whether you whether the observer 467 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 1: is moving or something is moving toward an observer. This 468 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:46,280 Speaker 1: affects the way sound sounds to us. This is the 469 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:48,640 Speaker 1: way we perceive sound. It also affects the waves themselves. 470 00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:51,919 Speaker 1: So let's say that uh, that Lauren is uh is 471 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:57,200 Speaker 1: screaming at a a single tone, constant pitch, perfect pitch. 472 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,280 Speaker 1: But she is just screaming, and I'm running towards, which 473 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,000 Speaker 1: is probably what's causing the screaming. To me, the pitch 474 00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:05,680 Speaker 1: is going to sound higher in nature than someone who's 475 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:08,679 Speaker 1: standing right next to Lauren wondering why she's screaming. And 476 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,040 Speaker 1: for the person who's running away from Lauren, because that 477 00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:14,280 Speaker 1: person knows when Lauren screams, that's bad news. It sounds 478 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,560 Speaker 1: like it's a lower pitch. Now. That's because as I'm 479 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,240 Speaker 1: running towards Lauren, those waves, the sun waves coming toward me, 480 00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:21,760 Speaker 1: are actually compressed, right uh, huh and uh. And as 481 00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,199 Speaker 1: you would run away from a noise, the sound waves 482 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:28,320 Speaker 1: lengthen and therefore deepen in pitch. Yeah, So this Doppler effect. 483 00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:30,159 Speaker 1: If you know what the Duppler effect is, and you're 484 00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 1: able to measure it properly, you can actually use that 485 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:36,800 Speaker 1: to your advantage. To determine the location of a moving object, 486 00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:39,680 Speaker 1: whether it's moving towards you or away. In this case, 487 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:42,919 Speaker 1: it's being used to help create that three dimensional model. 488 00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:46,440 Speaker 1: At any rate, this method, the Doppler effect method, is 489 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:49,240 Speaker 1: mainly used for very specific types of imaging. Not all 490 00:26:49,359 --> 00:26:52,960 Speaker 1: three D imaging is using this. Mostly it's stuff where 491 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:56,160 Speaker 1: you want to measure something really subtle, like blood flow 492 00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:59,840 Speaker 1: through veins right in. In In early experiments with this, 493 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,400 Speaker 1: an intravenous contrast agent would be introduced um but then 494 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:06,240 Speaker 1: as the method was honed, we've we've become able to 495 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:10,200 Speaker 1: detect movement of the blood cells themselves via change in pitch. 496 00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:13,440 Speaker 1: That's pretty amazing and it's really useful. I mean it's 497 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:17,639 Speaker 1: for diseases that are largely invisible to us, right, oh right, right, 498 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:20,879 Speaker 1: anything vascular, you know, finding clocks or monitoring flow and 499 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:23,159 Speaker 1: risky patients you know, like like after a stroke or 500 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:27,600 Speaker 1: transplanter surgery, um, as well as finding cancerous tumors based 501 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:30,160 Speaker 1: on on the way that the blood flow is being 502 00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:33,879 Speaker 1: affected by the tumor. It's pretty phenomenal. I mean, I 503 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,679 Speaker 1: really find this stuff truly amazing. So it really became 504 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 1: possible only with the digital Revolution of the nineteen eighties, 505 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 1: like we were saying earlier, because you know, computers made 506 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,240 Speaker 1: it possible to to aim more precisely shape that ultrasonic 507 00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:51,280 Speaker 1: beam as we as we mentioned, and and be two 508 00:27:51,359 --> 00:27:55,159 Speaker 1: to use multiple beams from multiple angles simultaneously, which is 509 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:57,919 Speaker 1: that that multi courts action that we were talking about. 510 00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,199 Speaker 1: And you're talking about an enormous amount of debt, So 511 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:02,040 Speaker 1: it has to be a powerful computer just to crunch 512 00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:06,439 Speaker 1: all the numbers properly. So as as those technologies have improved, 513 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:08,719 Speaker 1: so have the techniques. So let's talk a little bit 514 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,280 Speaker 1: about what it would be like to go in and 515 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:13,719 Speaker 1: have to have an ultrasound procedure done. Because a lot 516 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 1: of people I think I've only seen this on television 517 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:19,440 Speaker 1: shows or movies. Yeah, um I I if this isn't complete, 518 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,160 Speaker 1: t M I UM, I have actually had an ultrasound done. 519 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:24,440 Speaker 1: Um I. I go in for a mammogram every year, 520 00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:28,879 Speaker 1: and in addition to the mammogram, they also do an ultrasound. 521 00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:31,479 Speaker 1: All right, So so tell me if I got any 522 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:33,280 Speaker 1: of this wrong, because I have not got in for 523 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:35,600 Speaker 1: an ultrasound so I. But I based it off a 524 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,920 Speaker 1: great article called how Ultrasound Works from how stuff works 525 00:28:38,920 --> 00:28:42,760 Speaker 1: dot com plug. So, uh, typically what you have as 526 00:28:42,760 --> 00:28:45,280 Speaker 1: a patient comes in and removes his or her clothing 527 00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:48,400 Speaker 1: or whatever clothing would be in the way specifically of 528 00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 1: the ultrasound equipment. Sure, because you don't want to pick 529 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,560 Speaker 1: up the cloth. That wouldn't be useful, right, That would 530 00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: that would be that would corrupt the signal, So you 531 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,000 Speaker 1: would be that would make things more difficult. Also, it 532 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:01,760 Speaker 1: could end up just even if it didn't directly interrupt 533 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,600 Speaker 1: the signal, it could cause the probe to not be 534 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:09,200 Speaker 1: flush flush against the skin, which could cause problems right 535 00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:13,120 Speaker 1: along those lines. Yeah, so we're getting into the jelly, 536 00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:16,240 Speaker 1: aren't we, the mineral oil based jelly. You might wonder 537 00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: if you've ever seen essentially Yeah, but but if you've 538 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,040 Speaker 1: ever seen any other movies where they they're spreading the 539 00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:26,280 Speaker 1: jelly over a patient's skin before using the ultrasound, you're 540 00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:29,160 Speaker 1: wondering why it's so that they can seal up any 541 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,400 Speaker 1: air pockets that would have formed between the transducer probe 542 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,000 Speaker 1: and the skin of the patient. Right, Because, like we've 543 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 1: said before, since sound waves move differently through different media, 544 00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:41,560 Speaker 1: when you've got air in the way, that's going to 545 00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:43,760 Speaker 1: cause some problems, right, so you don't want any air 546 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:45,600 Speaker 1: in the way. That's why the jelly is used. So 547 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: in case you were ever wondering, that's the purpose. Now 548 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:52,120 Speaker 1: at that point you have the machine sending through those 549 00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:55,160 Speaker 1: ultrasonic signals through the patient and picking up the result 550 00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:59,560 Speaker 1: through the probe through the patient exactly, and then those 551 00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:02,200 Speaker 1: sounds reflecting off of the various tissues within the patient 552 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:04,920 Speaker 1: coming back through the probe, sending those signals back to 553 00:30:04,960 --> 00:30:08,280 Speaker 1: the CPU, which then interprets them and sends the signals 554 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,640 Speaker 1: to display which may or may not be in view 555 00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:14,080 Speaker 1: of the patient, depending upon what the procedure is and 556 00:30:14,160 --> 00:30:16,680 Speaker 1: depending on you know, whether the patient is is conscious 557 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:18,800 Speaker 1: or whether they want to be looking at it um, 558 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:21,760 Speaker 1: and that the tech could at that point mark areas 559 00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:25,719 Speaker 1: for further investigation UM if needed. Yep, and then that's uh. 560 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:28,720 Speaker 1: Information is usually recorded onto the storage media so that 561 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,400 Speaker 1: it can be part of the patient's record. And uh, 562 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:35,040 Speaker 1: then that's the patient is pretty much allowed to Uh, well, 563 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:38,120 Speaker 1: they're they're cleaned up the jelly. Yes, yes, they give 564 00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:40,280 Speaker 1: you a towel so you clean yourself up and then 565 00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:42,600 Speaker 1: you put your clothes on, and that part of the 566 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:46,480 Speaker 1: examination is done so it's pretty simple in the grand 567 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,000 Speaker 1: scheme of things. It's like it's like we said, your 568 00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:53,959 Speaker 1: basic ultrasonic uh investigation there is non invasive, so that's 569 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,719 Speaker 1: a good thing. UM. Now, beyond the diagnoses, they're actually 570 00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:01,800 Speaker 1: looking at using ultrasonic technology to do some treatments. So 571 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:05,480 Speaker 1: it's not just a a tool that's used to check 572 00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:08,600 Speaker 1: up on someone or get another look at something that 573 00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:10,960 Speaker 1: may or may not be a problem. In some cases, 574 00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:14,440 Speaker 1: they're talking about using it to to treat medical conditions, 575 00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:17,800 Speaker 1: often with nanotechnology. Although one of the coolest ones I 576 00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:21,120 Speaker 1: read about recently is another diagnostic tool, not a medical 577 00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:25,840 Speaker 1: treatment tool. It's a nano device that's an a nano 578 00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:30,720 Speaker 1: sized ultrasonic transducer that can actually image the interior of 579 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:34,320 Speaker 1: a cell individual living cell. That's awesome. Yeah, it's pretty 580 00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:37,360 Speaker 1: neat when you can get that precise, that's pretty phenomenal. Uh. Yeah. 581 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:40,000 Speaker 1: We we talked in a previous episode are are one 582 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 1: about gene therapy from December a little bit about one 583 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:47,800 Speaker 1: of the other applications UM, which is using using ultrasound 584 00:31:48,120 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 1: waves to UM to push a little kind of nano 585 00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:56,080 Speaker 1: bubbles of of either medication or or genes or whatever. 586 00:31:56,120 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: You want to get inside a cell over to to 587 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,360 Speaker 1: where you want them, and then also using that ultrasound 588 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:05,600 Speaker 1: wave to burst them appropriate. So that becomes a method 589 00:32:05,720 --> 00:32:11,200 Speaker 1: of delivery where you're actually maneuvering medication to some specific location, 590 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: which that that's seems to be the big approach right now, 591 00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:19,760 Speaker 1: using ultrasonic or other technologies that are externally applied to 592 00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:22,720 Speaker 1: get nano based medicines to the right location, because we 593 00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,360 Speaker 1: haven't reached a point yet where we have little like 594 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:28,640 Speaker 1: nano sized spaceships that can go straight to where they 595 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 1: need to go and then deliver the medical payload. So 596 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: a lot of the actual controls are not you know, 597 00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,680 Speaker 1: because we've talked about nano robots before. This idea of 598 00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:41,360 Speaker 1: a autonomous or even semi just semi autonomous machine that 599 00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: can move through the body. We are not there yet. 600 00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:47,080 Speaker 1: But what we can do is create nano sized particles 601 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:52,400 Speaker 1: that can be manipulated externally through things like ultrasonic frequencies, 602 00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,719 Speaker 1: which is kind of cool and you know, speaking of 603 00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: using ultrasonic technology in fun ways, here's a fun way 604 00:32:58,680 --> 00:33:01,400 Speaker 1: the ultrasonic technology is to be used. So back in 605 00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:04,240 Speaker 1: the seventies, Lauren, there used to be an era called 606 00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:07,080 Speaker 1: the nineteen seventies. I do not remember that era because 607 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:09,200 Speaker 1: I was not born yet. I was alive during this era. 608 00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:12,120 Speaker 1: So uh in the early nineteen seventies, a lot of 609 00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:15,640 Speaker 1: televisions that were coming out that had remote controls. Often 610 00:33:15,840 --> 00:33:19,160 Speaker 1: not always, but often would use ultrasonic frequencies to be 611 00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:21,600 Speaker 1: the signals that would send it to the television so 612 00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:23,080 Speaker 1: that you could turn it on or off, or the 613 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:26,560 Speaker 1: volume or change channel or whatever. Uh So you would 614 00:33:26,560 --> 00:33:28,560 Speaker 1: push a button and often it was just on or 615 00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: off like that was sometimes the only control that you had. 616 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:33,720 Speaker 1: Oh sure, I mean we we didn't have channels in 617 00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:36,040 Speaker 1: those days anyways. Usually it is usually about you know, 618 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,000 Speaker 1: between you'd have the channels two through thirteen in the 619 00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:42,080 Speaker 1: new UHF channel. Anyway, you could turn the set on 620 00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:44,560 Speaker 1: or off using this device and it would send us 621 00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 1: ultrasonic frequency that you could not hear, but it would 622 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:49,560 Speaker 1: be picked up by the television and it would do 623 00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:52,040 Speaker 1: whatever it was supposed to do. The fun thing was 624 00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 1: that you could actually trigger this accidentally if you were 625 00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:58,720 Speaker 1: messing around with something else, like I had uh an 626 00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,760 Speaker 1: uncle who talked about how um he thought it was 627 00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:04,959 Speaker 1: amazing when he accidentally turned off the television because he 628 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:10,000 Speaker 1: was carrying um a a like a container of nuts 629 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,360 Speaker 1: and bolts. He was going to do a project, and 630 00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,160 Speaker 1: he tripped and dropped them and they hit the tiled 631 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:18,400 Speaker 1: floor and they and some of them must have created 632 00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:21,200 Speaker 1: this ultrasonic frequency that was the exact same frequency that 633 00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:24,200 Speaker 1: telled the TV to turn off. And so he was 634 00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:26,680 Speaker 1: wondering what was wrong with his television. And it wasn't 635 00:34:26,719 --> 00:34:30,240 Speaker 1: until you know, some further experimentation that he figured out, Oh, 636 00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:34,360 Speaker 1: so sound, Chris Pallette, the he used to change the 637 00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:37,480 Speaker 1: channel or turn this television off by playing with a slinky. 638 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:42,000 Speaker 1: So um yeah, fun times. Now these days, kids, uh, 639 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:45,600 Speaker 1: they're using either infrared or WiFi signals or some crazy 640 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:47,960 Speaker 1: thing like that. So you can play with a slinky 641 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:49,680 Speaker 1: all day along in front of your television and nothing's 642 00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:53,799 Speaker 1: gonna happen unless you happen to have a or a 643 00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:56,960 Speaker 1: mischievous sibling with a remote control who was like, wow, 644 00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:00,560 Speaker 1: look at what you're doing, which could either be funny 645 00:35:00,719 --> 00:35:04,080 Speaker 1: or you know, build you up for a terrible letdown later. 646 00:35:04,880 --> 00:35:08,560 Speaker 1: Ultrasound can also be used to keep your car windshield clean. 647 00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:13,319 Speaker 1: Say what seriously, the vibrations bounce rain to breathe like 648 00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,960 Speaker 1: bugs whatever, right off of your of your windshield. Um, 649 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,120 Speaker 1: there's a high end British car company called McLaren that 650 00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:23,320 Speaker 1: is looking to bring this tech to consumer cars. Um, 651 00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:26,000 Speaker 1: assuming that your consumer with you know, over two hundred 652 00:35:26,080 --> 00:35:29,000 Speaker 1: thousand dollars to drop on a car. So Elon Musk 653 00:35:29,080 --> 00:35:31,680 Speaker 1: will obviously be getting one of these, yes, and by 654 00:35:31,719 --> 00:35:33,880 Speaker 1: putting that on this submarine car, which will be amazing 655 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,239 Speaker 1: because the submarine car will go underwater but no water 656 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,520 Speaker 1: will touch the windshield. It's it's already in use in 657 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:41,960 Speaker 1: some like like high end racing vehicles and stuff like that. 658 00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:45,640 Speaker 1: I'm curious to see that in action. Not curious enough 659 00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:48,480 Speaker 1: to start saving up two for a car I'll never drive, 660 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,319 Speaker 1: but I am curious about it, all right. Well, so 661 00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:54,360 Speaker 1: that's that's kind of our overview of ultrasonic technology specifically 662 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:56,200 Speaker 1: in the medical field. Like we said, there are other 663 00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:59,560 Speaker 1: applications that we kind of just hinted at, but yeah, 664 00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:02,640 Speaker 1: I think that we could do lots more episodes about. So, yeah, 665 00:36:02,680 --> 00:36:05,440 Speaker 1: if you have a specific application of ultrasonic technology that 666 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:07,840 Speaker 1: you want us to cover. You know, maybe there's some 667 00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:10,840 Speaker 1: some wacky technology you've heard about, but you you don't 668 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:12,200 Speaker 1: know a lot about it. You want to hear us 669 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 1: talk about it. Let's know. That's an email, all right, 670 00:36:14,719 --> 00:36:17,800 Speaker 1: dress as tech stunk at Discovery dot com or drops 671 00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:21,080 Speaker 1: the line on Facebook, Twitter or Tumbler. Our handle at 672 00:36:21,120 --> 00:36:23,880 Speaker 1: all three is tech stuff, hs W and Lauren and 673 00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:29,879 Speaker 1: I will talk to you again really soon for more 674 00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:32,279 Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics. Because it has 675 00:36:32,239 --> 00:36:38,760 Speaker 1: to work dot com