1 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:07,160 Speaker 1: Get in tech with technology with tech Stuff from how 2 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:14,080 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. 3 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:17,240 Speaker 1: I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer at 4 00:00:17,239 --> 00:00:20,439 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works and I love all things tech and 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: happy tenth anniversary. That's right. The show began ten years ago. 6 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: We launched tech Stuff and we are almost a thousand 7 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 1: episodes into this run, which is pretty incredible. And uh, 8 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:41,280 Speaker 1: today I'm gonna look at stuff that launched in two 9 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:44,240 Speaker 1: thousand and eight and how all that stuff has changed 10 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:46,199 Speaker 1: in the last ten years. I thought that would be 11 00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: a fun way to kind of break down the tenth anniversary. 12 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,880 Speaker 1: I didn't want to pick just a topic a company 13 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:57,520 Speaker 1: or a person or anything like that, because I didn't 14 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:00,280 Speaker 1: feel like there was anything that would really encompass all 15 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: that tech Stuff is. So instead, we're gonna look at 16 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:05,360 Speaker 1: stuff that was going on in two thousand eight and 17 00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: then kind of compared to what's going on today. The 18 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:10,560 Speaker 1: first thing I wanted to talk about, however, was the 19 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,679 Speaker 1: show itself. The very first episode of Tech Stuff that 20 00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:19,360 Speaker 1: ever aired, and that's an important designation, was on Tuesday, 21 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:22,680 Speaker 1: June tenth, two thousand and eight, and it had the 22 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: title how the Google Apple Cloud computer will work? Say what. 23 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: It was based off an article that was written by 24 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: Chris Pallette. He was my original co host on tech Stuff. 25 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:36,679 Speaker 1: He's also one of the editors I used to work 26 00:01:36,680 --> 00:01:38,640 Speaker 1: with back when I was a writer for the house 27 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:43,720 Speaker 1: Stuff Works website. And this, uh, this episode. First of all, 28 00:01:43,720 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: it was very short. It's about five minutes long. Uh. 29 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:49,120 Speaker 1: The early episodes of tech Stuff were all that short. 30 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: Maybe some of you really wish for those days to return, 31 00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:55,960 Speaker 1: but back then we were told we could not go 32 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:58,640 Speaker 1: longer than five minutes, and that was really really hard. 33 00:01:59,080 --> 00:02:02,160 Speaker 1: This particular episod it was again about this article, and 34 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: the article was about a hypothetical partnership that could happen 35 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: between Google and Apple, and this was something that was 36 00:02:09,040 --> 00:02:13,519 Speaker 1: being talked about by various analysts, but there weren't any 37 00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: you know, hard evidence to point out to say, hey, 38 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:21,520 Speaker 1: this is a this is absolutely happening. But the guess 39 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:24,519 Speaker 1: was that Google and Apple were going to work together, 40 00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: with Google providing the back end computing system for an 41 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:32,760 Speaker 1: Apple based lightweight computing product, possibly a portable one, so 42 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 1: something along the lines of like the iPad, but where 43 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,920 Speaker 1: all the computing elements would be handled over the cloud, 44 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:43,079 Speaker 1: sort of like netbooks and later the Chrome books that 45 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: would come out, and as it turned out, that never 46 00:02:45,919 --> 00:02:51,359 Speaker 1: really materialized in the way that people were suggesting, although 47 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: we did see that model of cloud computing start to 48 00:02:54,720 --> 00:02:57,200 Speaker 1: take shape, so it's not like it was totally off base. 49 00:02:57,560 --> 00:03:00,799 Speaker 1: But that was the very first episode, and of Tech 50 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 1: Stuff as a podcast has changed dramatically since those days. 51 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:07,320 Speaker 1: Um Obviously, one thing is that it's now a single 52 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:12,000 Speaker 1: host show, and that happened after Chris Pollette after several years, 53 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:15,640 Speaker 1: decided he wanted to go pursue other career opportunities. He 54 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:18,680 Speaker 1: was not terribly interested in being in the limelight. I 55 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:21,600 Speaker 1: can't necessarily blame him for that. He wanted to kind 56 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:24,920 Speaker 1: of separate that from his life. He wanted to have 57 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:28,639 Speaker 1: a more uh private life, and so he left the 58 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: show and pursued his other interests and is doing quite well. 59 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 1: And then Lauren Vogelbaum joined the show for a while 60 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:38,960 Speaker 1: as co host, and then she too wanted to go 61 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:42,120 Speaker 1: and launch some new shows, work on some other projects 62 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 1: and how stuff works, and she couldn't do all that 63 00:03:45,880 --> 00:03:48,200 Speaker 1: and be co host of Tech Stuff, so she also left, 64 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:51,640 Speaker 1: and since then it's been pretty much just me with 65 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 1: occasional guest co hosts and uh and obviously the show 66 00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:58,680 Speaker 1: has changed quite a bit in length as well. When 67 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: we first started, like I said, was about a five 68 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: minute long show per episode. We eventually got the um 69 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:08,120 Speaker 1: the notification that we could go to ten or fifteen minutes, 70 00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:10,480 Speaker 1: and then eventually they said just go as long as 71 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:12,640 Speaker 1: you need to go for whatever the topic happens to be, 72 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:15,120 Speaker 1: and that's when we started seeing episodes get into that 73 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:19,000 Speaker 1: forty minute to an hour long range. And we were 74 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:21,160 Speaker 1: publishing twice a week. Then for a while we were 75 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: publishing for just once a week, and now we're publishing 76 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: five times a week, with classic episodes running on Fridays. 77 00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:31,760 Speaker 1: So the show keeps on changing, except I've been on 78 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:33,840 Speaker 1: every single one of them, so I guess I'm the 79 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 1: one constant in all of tech stuff. And uh, yeah, 80 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 1: we're almost up to a thousand, and by the way, 81 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,359 Speaker 1: just in case you guys are worried, there are no 82 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:44,479 Speaker 1: plans to get rid of tech stuff. We're going to 83 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:48,120 Speaker 1: keep on going. We're gonna keep on making shows about technology. 84 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: There's no shortage of topics to cover, and I'm really 85 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:54,279 Speaker 1: looking forward to doing more of those. But now to 86 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 1: talk about some other stuff that was going on in 87 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: two thousand eight. So one thing that happened in two 88 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:03,560 Speaker 1: thousand eight was the high definition War sort of came 89 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: to an end. Leading up to two thousand eight, there 90 00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:09,200 Speaker 1: were two big formats that were really battling it out. 91 00:05:09,839 --> 00:05:14,039 Speaker 1: H D DVD, which was sort of championed by Toshiba, 92 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:17,680 Speaker 1: and Blu Ray, which was championed by Sony, and the 93 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: two different standards had been fighting it out in the 94 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: marketplace for a while. Both companies have been luring various 95 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 1: movie studios and television production companies to provide content for 96 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 1: their particular platform exclusively. It was pretty ugly, and in 97 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: two thousand eight it ended up being kind of concluded. 98 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:45,200 Speaker 1: H D DVD ended up bowing out to Blu Ray. Now, 99 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,280 Speaker 1: if you're wondering what the difference was between the two formats, well, 100 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,839 Speaker 1: first of all, they were not compatible. So unless you 101 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,200 Speaker 1: had one of just a couple of pieces of equipment 102 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:56,320 Speaker 1: that could play both, you had to choose one or 103 00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:59,839 Speaker 1: the other. The HD DVD could hold about fifteen gigabytes 104 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:03,479 Speaker 1: of data on a single layer of a h D DVD. 105 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:07,840 Speaker 1: You could do multiple layers and increase that but uh, 106 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:10,679 Speaker 1: it was fifteen gigabytes for just a standard single layer 107 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,800 Speaker 1: h D DVD. Blue Ray could hold twenty five gigabytes 108 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:17,839 Speaker 1: on a single layer h D DVD was less expensive 109 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:20,440 Speaker 1: than Blu ray, but Sony was able to lure more 110 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:23,520 Speaker 1: major studios to support Blu Ray over to h D DVD, 111 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: and in January eight just before c e S, in fact, 112 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:30,920 Speaker 1: Blu Ray was able to lure Warner Brothers away to 113 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:34,880 Speaker 1: jump ship because they had been with HD DVD, but 114 00:06:34,920 --> 00:06:37,760 Speaker 1: then they switched over to Blu Ray, and then HD 115 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:40,800 Speaker 1: DVD would cancel their c E S press conference. In 116 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: the wake of that news, they said, well, we really 117 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,919 Speaker 1: need to reevaluate things. We can't just go ahead with 118 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:49,840 Speaker 1: our press conference anymore. It was a real sabotage of 119 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:53,320 Speaker 1: h D DVD and Blu Ray one out, and usually 120 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:56,520 Speaker 1: lack of competition is a bad thing for consumers, but 121 00:06:57,080 --> 00:06:59,159 Speaker 1: in this case, what it meant was that more people 122 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:02,120 Speaker 1: ended up by Blu ray players because it was really 123 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:06,360 Speaker 1: the only platform that was going to actually continue to exist. 124 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: H D DVD was going to go away, and with 125 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:11,160 Speaker 1: more people buying it, that actually helped bring the price 126 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: down on Blu rays and make it more affordable, because 127 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:18,040 Speaker 1: before that only really early adopters with a good deal 128 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:21,240 Speaker 1: of disposable income had bought into the system. Next, I 129 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 1: want to talk about an SLR camera because this is 130 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:26,560 Speaker 1: kind of a funny story. This is two thousand eight, remember, 131 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 1: and that's when the Nikon D nine D came out, 132 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: and the D ninety was a twelve point three megapixel 133 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:38,440 Speaker 1: digital camera. Still is I guess it's an SLR. SLR 134 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:41,920 Speaker 1: stands for single lens Reflex and it was the first 135 00:07:41,960 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: digital SLR to feature video recording capabilities. YEP, and two 136 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,440 Speaker 1: thousand eight, this was brand new. It was a DSLR 137 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:55,000 Speaker 1: capable of shooting video. Before that was all just still images. 138 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: It could record video up to seven P resolution with 139 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:04,560 Speaker 1: twenty four frames per second and only mono sound. So 140 00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:07,760 Speaker 1: the camera also had an auto focus feature whenever you're 141 00:08:07,840 --> 00:08:10,320 Speaker 1: using it for still images, but if you wanted to 142 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,440 Speaker 1: use it for video you had to use manual focus tracking. 143 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:16,840 Speaker 1: I just thought that was interesting that it wasn't until 144 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 1: two thousand eight that we had a digital SLR that 145 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: could take video. And of course now it's a standard 146 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: feature that you're gonna find on all DSLRs. Pretty much. 147 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:28,679 Speaker 1: And it's just interesting to me because some of the cameras, 148 00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:30,320 Speaker 1: in fact, a lot of the cameras we use here 149 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:34,160 Speaker 1: at hell Stuff Works are DSLRs, and it's just one 150 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: of it's funny to think of a time when that 151 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:38,680 Speaker 1: was new, and funny to think that that was the 152 00:08:38,679 --> 00:08:41,720 Speaker 1: same year that tech Stuff came out. Also in two 153 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: thousand eight, USB three point oh was completed as a standard, 154 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: and actually happened in November two thoight, so it happened 155 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 1: after tech Stuff launched. The three point oh standard for 156 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:56,680 Speaker 1: USB represented a huge jump from USB two point oh. 157 00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:59,400 Speaker 1: It allowed for data transfer speeds of up to five 158 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 1: gigabits for a second, plus included two unidirectional data paths. 159 00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:08,280 Speaker 1: This made USB three point oh about ten times faster 160 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:12,319 Speaker 1: than USB two point oh for unidirectional data transfers. It 161 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:14,760 Speaker 1: was even faster if you wanted to exchange data between 162 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 1: two devices. So what I mean by that is with 163 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:20,480 Speaker 1: USB two point oh, you had one pathway and it 164 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:24,360 Speaker 1: was one way per data transfer, so you could send 165 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:27,960 Speaker 1: data from one device to another device in a single direction. 166 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:31,360 Speaker 1: Then you could stop and send data back the other way, 167 00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:33,839 Speaker 1: but you could not do it simultaneously. You only had 168 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 1: the one channel. USB three point oh had two unidirectional pathways, 169 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:40,560 Speaker 1: so it's like you have a pathway from device one 170 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:43,240 Speaker 1: to device two and a different pathway from device two 171 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 1: back to device one, and you could send data back 172 00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:49,840 Speaker 1: across each device simultaneously, so it could be much much faster. 173 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:53,040 Speaker 1: The first products to feature USB three point oh would 174 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: not come out until two thousand nine, and even those 175 00:09:55,559 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: weren't really consumer products. The consumer products wouldn't come out 176 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:01,360 Speaker 1: until two thousand ten. In so it's still a couple 177 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:03,680 Speaker 1: of years out before USB three point I would really 178 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:07,960 Speaker 1: fall into the hands of consumers. Bill Gates retired as 179 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:12,160 Speaker 1: Chief Software Architect for Microsoft in June two thousand and eight. 180 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:15,920 Speaker 1: I actually remember the c E S presentation where he 181 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:18,440 Speaker 1: and Steve Balmer came out and they even showed a 182 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:22,599 Speaker 1: video of what Bill Gates's, uh, the last day in 183 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:24,760 Speaker 1: the office would be like. It was very comedic. It 184 00:10:24,800 --> 00:10:28,960 Speaker 1: was a very funny, little self deprecating video. He would 185 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:32,920 Speaker 1: stay on as chairman of Microsoft until two thousand fourteen. 186 00:10:33,559 --> 00:10:35,600 Speaker 1: They would he would then hand over the role of 187 00:10:35,679 --> 00:10:39,160 Speaker 1: chairman to John W. Thompson. Steve Balmer, who was the 188 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:43,160 Speaker 1: CEO of Microsoft since two thousand would also step down 189 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: in two thousand fourteen and was replaced by Satya Nadela, 190 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 1: and Microsoft went on to acquire Nokia in two thousand 191 00:10:50,679 --> 00:10:54,319 Speaker 1: fourteen for seven point two billion dollars. Also, but mo 192 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:57,320 Speaker 1: Yang or Mojang for a two point five billion that's 193 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:02,480 Speaker 1: the game company that created Minecraft. Uh. Microsoft has of 194 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:06,920 Speaker 1: course been struggling a little bit, especially in areas like mobile. 195 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 1: They were never really able to crack mobile in a 196 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:13,760 Speaker 1: significant way. They weren't able to go up against iPhone 197 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:17,160 Speaker 1: and Android in a way that was really meaningful. And 198 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:19,880 Speaker 1: the cloud has also changed the way the company does 199 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 1: business significantly. It's not only Microsoft is in danger of 200 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:27,240 Speaker 1: just going away, but they've certainly kind of lost some 201 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:31,120 Speaker 1: steam with the domination that the company had had back 202 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,400 Speaker 1: in the eighties and nineties. Also in two thousand eight, 203 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:38,560 Speaker 1: in March, just a little bit before we started tech Stuff, 204 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: Hulu launched for public access. Now the site actually went 205 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:46,280 Speaker 1: live in two thousand seven, and originally when it went live, 206 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:48,880 Speaker 1: it was a website that didn't have any content. You 207 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:51,240 Speaker 1: just went there and it said it was coming soon. 208 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,080 Speaker 1: But then a private beta test followed in late two 209 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:58,800 Speaker 1: thousand seven early two thousand and eight. The actual service 210 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:01,120 Speaker 1: would not launch until the spring of two thousand eight. 211 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:03,760 Speaker 1: It was a joint venture still is a joint venture 212 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:07,320 Speaker 1: between lots of different media companies, but originally it was NBC, 213 00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:10,600 Speaker 1: Universal and Fox, and they've been in the works of 214 00:12:10,960 --> 00:12:14,720 Speaker 1: designing this project for a couple of years. It launched 215 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: with shows and movies from around fifty media companies. There 216 00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:21,840 Speaker 1: were a couple of notable absences from that group, CBS 217 00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: and ABC. We're both absent from that. Of course, CBS 218 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 1: and ABC are competing broadcast networks with NBC and Fox, 219 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: so it's not a huge surprise. But in two thousand nine, 220 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: the Walt Disney Company announced it would purchase a twenty 221 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:40,120 Speaker 1: seven percent steak in Hulu, and later when Disney announced 222 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: in twenty seventeen that it intended to acquire twenty first 223 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:47,680 Speaker 1: century Fox, it would mean that Disney would end up 224 00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: having a thirty percent additional steak in Hulu because Fox 225 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:56,120 Speaker 1: ownedtent of Hulu, so that would give Disney controlling interest 226 00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: in Hulu. And two thousand and sixteen, Hulu would end 227 00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:03,440 Speaker 1: its free ad supported service because up until then you 228 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: could actually log in and watch television shows and movies 229 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:10,680 Speaker 1: with ads without having to make an account or anything. 230 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:14,079 Speaker 1: You could just watch it. Then it would require users 231 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:16,800 Speaker 1: to sign up for either a seven dollars and ninety 232 00:13:16,880 --> 00:13:20,640 Speaker 1: nine cent tier of service that had limited commercials, or 233 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:23,280 Speaker 1: an eleven dollar and ninety nine cent tier for an 234 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:26,200 Speaker 1: ad free service. I remember when this happened, a lot 235 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:29,600 Speaker 1: of users got upset because they didn't like the idea 236 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:32,360 Speaker 1: of having to pay for a subscription service where you 237 00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:35,920 Speaker 1: still had ads at all, even if there was another 238 00:13:36,040 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: option to pay a little bit more and get an 239 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 1: ad free experience. The idea was, hey, I already had 240 00:13:43,080 --> 00:13:47,240 Speaker 1: an ad an ad experience that was otherwise free. Why 241 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 1: am I now having to pay for that? So there 242 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:51,760 Speaker 1: was a bit of a backlash on that. Hulu announced 243 00:13:51,760 --> 00:13:56,360 Speaker 1: in January two eighteen that had seventeen million subscribers at 244 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,320 Speaker 1: the end of two thousand seventeen, which is about a 245 00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:01,960 Speaker 1: third of what Netflix had at that same time in 246 00:14:01,960 --> 00:14:05,439 Speaker 1: the United States. Also, Hulu and Netflix are very different things. 247 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: Netflix is a global entity. It's got a lot of 248 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:12,160 Speaker 1: services and a lot of different countries, whereas Hulu is 249 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:16,000 Speaker 1: US centric but still even in the United States, Netflix 250 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:18,839 Speaker 1: is about three times more popular than Hulu right now. 251 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:22,480 Speaker 1: In two thousand and eight, Tesla began production on the 252 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:26,320 Speaker 1: Tesla Roadster, and there's a sports car that was an 253 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:30,280 Speaker 1: electric sports car of very fancy, kind of sleek looking 254 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:32,600 Speaker 1: sports car. But they had a lot of issues before 255 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: it came out, had a really rocky journey to production, 256 00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,280 Speaker 1: and the company nearly collapsed in on itself several times 257 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:43,200 Speaker 1: before the Roadster ever went into mass production. The company 258 00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:45,760 Speaker 1: held a launch party for the Roadster back in two 259 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:48,800 Speaker 1: thousand and six. This was sort of a preview event 260 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 1: with prototype Tesla Roadsters, and they were meant to kind 261 00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 1: of show off to investors and potential customers and give 262 00:14:56,480 --> 00:15:00,520 Speaker 1: people rides in these prototypes. Elon Musk, who who is 263 00:15:00,560 --> 00:15:03,280 Speaker 1: frequently cited as a co founder, though he really came 264 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:06,520 Speaker 1: on board after the company had already been founded, but 265 00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:12,680 Speaker 1: was able to propel it towards its actual eventual ability 266 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,840 Speaker 1: to do business. He later said that the earliest versions 267 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:20,240 Speaker 1: of the Roadster were quote completely unsafe end quote, and 268 00:15:20,320 --> 00:15:24,120 Speaker 1: that they quote broke down all the time end quote. 269 00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:28,360 Speaker 1: The Roadster could accelerate from zero to a hundred kilometers 270 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:30,640 Speaker 1: an hour or at sixty two miles per hour in 271 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:33,360 Speaker 1: four seconds, with a top speed of two d one 272 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:36,640 Speaker 1: kilometers per hour or hundred twenty five miles per hour, 273 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:38,520 Speaker 1: and on a full battery, it was said to be 274 00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:42,600 Speaker 1: able to travel about two miles or three two kilometers. 275 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: It costs just a touch less than a hundred grand 276 00:15:45,840 --> 00:15:49,360 Speaker 1: if you weren't getting any options on it, and the 277 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: first Tesla Roadster was delivered to Elon Musk. Big surprise, 278 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:56,000 Speaker 1: it's the same car that is now in outer space. 279 00:15:56,640 --> 00:16:02,320 Speaker 1: Musk's other big project is SpaceX, and SpaceX launched his 280 00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:07,600 Speaker 1: Tesla into heliocentric orbit on February six, two thousand eighteen, 281 00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:11,120 Speaker 1: using a Falcon heavy rocket. So the car is supposed 282 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:13,240 Speaker 1: to end up in the neighborhood of Mars, and it's 283 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:15,880 Speaker 1: blasting David Bowie on the radio, which is pretty appropriate. 284 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:19,920 Speaker 1: In two thousand eight top Gear gave the roadster a 285 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:23,040 Speaker 1: bit of a shakedown on their program. They claimed that 286 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:25,440 Speaker 1: it ran out of juice a little early, and Tesla 287 00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:28,640 Speaker 1: ended up suing the BBC for libel, but British courts 288 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: decided against Tesla and in favor of the BBC. Tesla 289 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:36,760 Speaker 1: sold fewer than two thousand, five hundred roadsters during the 290 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 1: run of cars which stretched hill two thousand twelve, and 291 00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:43,600 Speaker 1: today Tesla has produced more than three hundred thousand vehicles. 292 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,520 Speaker 1: The company recently held a press conference where it revealed 293 00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:49,360 Speaker 1: it was closing in on its production goal of five 294 00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:53,800 Speaker 1: thousand vehicles per week for the Model three series, and 295 00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:57,000 Speaker 1: the company still has some analysts concerned because it burns 296 00:16:57,040 --> 00:16:59,400 Speaker 1: through a lot of cash and it may require more 297 00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:01,760 Speaker 1: funding to day in business. So it's it's not all 298 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:03,960 Speaker 1: the woods yet. Next, I want to talk a little 299 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:07,080 Speaker 1: bit about Spore. Spore was a real time strategy game 300 00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:09,479 Speaker 1: in which you would shape the evolution of life forms 301 00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:11,840 Speaker 1: that came out in two thousand and eight. It was 302 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: highly anticipated and it actually experienced several delays before it 303 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: finally came out. But it also included some digital rights 304 00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:25,520 Speaker 1: management technology called secure rom s e c U upper 305 00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:28,080 Speaker 1: case r o M like read only memory, and that 306 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:31,159 Speaker 1: potentially could open up the possibility of security risks to 307 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:34,119 Speaker 1: users computers. That was later revealed, So that was a 308 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:37,440 Speaker 1: bit of a black eye against the game. Uh. It 309 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:42,960 Speaker 1: got decent reviews, good critical reception, but it well largely 310 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:47,920 Speaker 1: it underperformed. That same year, Blizzard announced Diablow three, which 311 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,760 Speaker 1: ended up being a big hit. Games that came out 312 00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:55,320 Speaker 1: that year included stuff like Burnout, Paradise, Super Smash, Brothers, Brawl, 313 00:17:56,040 --> 00:18:00,720 Speaker 1: Ti Rock, Army of Two, Command and Conquer three, Assassin's 314 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:05,200 Speaker 1: Creed for Windows, Mario Kart, we Grand Theft Auto four, 315 00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:10,199 Speaker 1: Mass Effect, Ninja, Guidan To Star Wars, The Force Unleashed 316 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,399 Speaker 1: Bioshot came out for the PS three. It had already 317 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,680 Speaker 1: come out for Xbox the year before Fallout three came out, 318 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:18,240 Speaker 1: and Left for Dead came out. So it was a 319 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:21,040 Speaker 1: good year for games. And that's just a tiny sample 320 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:23,800 Speaker 1: of the games that came out. I picked and chose 321 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:27,000 Speaker 1: from a huge list. Those are pretty good year for games. 322 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:28,639 Speaker 1: I fall Out three and Left for Dead or two 323 00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: of my favorites. So and I actually really like Grand 324 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:33,919 Speaker 1: Theft Auto four, although it has a much darker and 325 00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:36,720 Speaker 1: more grim tone than a lot of the other entries 326 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:39,880 Speaker 1: in that series. Also in two thousand and eight, Nintendo 327 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:44,640 Speaker 1: would release the we Fit. This was a very very 328 00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:47,840 Speaker 1: good selling peripheral for the Nintendo we This was the 329 00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:50,399 Speaker 1: little balance board that you could play with and uh 330 00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:53,800 Speaker 1: play various games. And the we Fit, a game where 331 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,040 Speaker 1: you would use it to exercise, was really popular. So popular, 332 00:18:57,080 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: in fact, that it was really hard to find a 333 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:03,159 Speaker 1: we Fit it even months after a debut. Nintendo is 334 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:07,679 Speaker 1: pretty famous for producing fewer units than what demand calls for, 335 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:10,919 Speaker 1: and the we Fit was no exception, and I remember 336 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:13,919 Speaker 1: when I was looking for one, it took months before 337 00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:17,040 Speaker 1: I finally found one. Um I think it's the third 338 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:19,880 Speaker 1: best selling video game peripheral of all times, so it's 339 00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:23,399 Speaker 1: pretty impressive. Also in two thousand eight, the Intel Core 340 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: to duo was the state of the art in microprocessors 341 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,720 Speaker 1: at the time, and the york Field quad core processor 342 00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,199 Speaker 1: from Mentel had forty five nanometer components came out in 343 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,880 Speaker 1: March two thousand and eight. The state of the art now, 344 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:40,320 Speaker 1: if you were to compare it to the top of 345 00:19:40,359 --> 00:19:43,480 Speaker 1: the line of Intel, would be the I nine seven 346 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:47,919 Speaker 1: nine eight x C processor, which has eighteen cores, and 347 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:51,320 Speaker 1: that will set you back nearly two thousand dollars now. 348 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:54,159 Speaker 1: Earlier in eighteen, there was a report that revealed that 349 00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:58,200 Speaker 1: two security flaws and Intel chips called Specter and Meltdown 350 00:19:58,320 --> 00:20:01,520 Speaker 1: were in practically every process are made by Intel for 351 00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: the last twenty years, and to be fair, they don't 352 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:07,000 Speaker 1: just affect Intel processors more than that in a second. 353 00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:11,920 Speaker 1: So meltdown is a problem where you're you're supposed to 354 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:17,440 Speaker 1: have isolation between applications and a computer's operating system. They're 355 00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:22,000 Speaker 1: supposed to be bits that prevent data exchanges from happening. 356 00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:25,440 Speaker 1: Willy nilly. It protects data from one app from being 357 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:29,560 Speaker 1: accessed by other apps. But this flaw in various processors 358 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:33,120 Speaker 1: breaks this down. So potentially you could create a program 359 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:35,880 Speaker 1: that would be able to access the information generated by 360 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:39,200 Speaker 1: other programs, and it's possible that since the information could 361 00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:42,720 Speaker 1: be sniffed out and leaked. Specter is kind of similar, 362 00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:46,520 Speaker 1: but using a different vulnerability. Specter is harder to implement, 363 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,120 Speaker 1: but it's also harder to fix, so if you can 364 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:54,520 Speaker 1: effectively leverage Specter, it's harder to fix it. Jan Horne, 365 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 1: who worked on Google Project zero, was one of the 366 00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,320 Speaker 1: individuals to report these flaws. They were report did by 367 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:04,160 Speaker 1: others independently around the same time. It's interesting that Horn 368 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:07,080 Speaker 1: was able to find both of these on Intel chips, 369 00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 1: and the vulnerability would allow an attacker to see all 370 00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:13,440 Speaker 1: sorts of sensitive information, including passwords and log in information, 371 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:16,320 Speaker 1: not to mention sensitive stuff you've stored on your computer. 372 00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:20,199 Speaker 1: Now the meltdown vulnerability affects all Intel processors that were 373 00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:25,320 Speaker 1: produced since n with the exception of Intel Titanium and 374 00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:30,520 Speaker 1: the Intel Atom processors from before specters. Even worse, it 375 00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:34,719 Speaker 1: affects Intel A and D and ARM processors. Now, this 376 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: is a problem that affects MAX and PCs, and it's 377 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: likely to be an issue for a really long time, 378 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:43,959 Speaker 1: and there's not an easy fixed respector various operating system 379 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:47,760 Speaker 1: builds can be patched against meltdown. However, now I have 380 00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:49,679 Speaker 1: a lot more to say about what happened in two 381 00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 1: thousand eight and how it's changed in the ten years since. 382 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:54,680 Speaker 1: But before I get into that, let's take a quick 383 00:21:54,720 --> 00:22:07,159 Speaker 1: break to thank our sponsor. Okay, so Twitter. Now, Twitter 384 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,080 Speaker 1: was already a thing in two thousand and eight. It 385 00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:11,359 Speaker 1: had had a soft launch in two thousand six. It 386 00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:13,879 Speaker 1: got bigger in two thousand seven after it had a 387 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,720 Speaker 1: good showing at south By, and it continued to grow. 388 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:21,720 Speaker 1: In two thousand eight, Jack Dorsey stepped down from his 389 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,520 Speaker 1: role as the Twitter CEO and Evan Williams would take 390 00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 1: over and Twitter would experience rapid growth. So Twitter had 391 00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:32,960 Speaker 1: a pretty good year in two thousand eight. Now it's 392 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,960 Speaker 1: interesting because Jack Dorsey would become the interim CEO again. 393 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,840 Speaker 1: In July two thousand fifteen, he would take over, and 394 00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:46,040 Speaker 1: then he was named permanent CEO in October two thousand fifteen. 395 00:22:46,119 --> 00:22:51,639 Speaker 1: So Dorsey started as CEO, stepped down, took over as 396 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:54,760 Speaker 1: an interim CEO in twenty fifteen, and now as CEO 397 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: of the company once more. Twitter's revenue depends almost entirely 398 00:22:59,880 --> 00:23:03,200 Speaker 1: a UoN advertising, so here's a quick rundown of how 399 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:06,800 Speaker 1: it's been doing recently. From the two thousand eighteen financial report, 400 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:10,120 Speaker 1: the company states that more than eighty five of all 401 00:23:10,280 --> 00:23:13,960 Speaker 1: revenue comes from ads, and that nearly all that revenue 402 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:18,919 Speaker 1: comes from promoted tweets, promoted accounts, and promoted trends, and 403 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:23,280 Speaker 1: the net income for seventeen was sixty one million dollars 404 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:27,439 Speaker 1: with a margin of nine monthly active users. During the 405 00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:30,320 Speaker 1: first quarter of two thousand eighteen, earnings Call was cited 406 00:23:30,359 --> 00:23:33,919 Speaker 1: at three d thirty six million people, with sixty nine 407 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,400 Speaker 1: million of those in the United States. So not the 408 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: dominant factor that it once was, maybe, but still doing 409 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:44,080 Speaker 1: quite well. One thing that debuted in two thousand eight 410 00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:48,040 Speaker 1: that really helped shape the way our world works today 411 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,399 Speaker 1: was the iPhone three G and the App store as well. 412 00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:56,200 Speaker 1: Apple's iPhone three G was actually the second generation iPhone, 413 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,960 Speaker 1: and the name refers to the cell net work technology 414 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:04,320 Speaker 1: it was compatible with, not the generation of the iPhone, 415 00:24:04,359 --> 00:24:06,880 Speaker 1: and that caused some confusion at the time because obviously 416 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:09,480 Speaker 1: it was the second iPhone. It was called the iPhone 417 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:12,679 Speaker 1: three G, and so there had some people wondering, well, 418 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:15,119 Speaker 1: what happened to the iPhone two, Well, it is the 419 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:17,359 Speaker 1: iPhone two. It's just it's called the three G because 420 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:21,720 Speaker 1: the three G network provided faster data transfer speeds than 421 00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:25,439 Speaker 1: the edge network that the original iPhone depended upon. The 422 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:28,679 Speaker 1: price tag for the phone was just a hundred dollars. 423 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,879 Speaker 1: This was a big price cut from the previous iPhone, 424 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:38,280 Speaker 1: although that came along with some pretty hefty UH contract requirements, 425 00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:41,320 Speaker 1: so it wasn't like you were really saving money in 426 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:44,760 Speaker 1: the long run. The money was just shifted to a 427 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:48,320 Speaker 1: monthly fee as opposed to the upfront fee. The iPhone 428 00:24:48,320 --> 00:24:52,000 Speaker 1: three G was in many ways similar to the first iPhone, 429 00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:55,240 Speaker 1: apart from this three G capability. For example, had the 430 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:58,480 Speaker 1: same sort of camera, a two megapixel camera. There was 431 00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:02,280 Speaker 1: no additional camera, just the one, and it didn't have 432 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:06,560 Speaker 1: video capabilities. At that time, it didn't look that different 433 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: from the original iPhone. If you put them side by side, 434 00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:12,400 Speaker 1: they look very similar, although the iPhone three G had 435 00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:17,080 Speaker 1: a slightly thicker black border around the perimeter of the screen, 436 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,879 Speaker 1: and also the back of the iPhone three G was 437 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:23,640 Speaker 1: in plastic. It was either in white or black plastic. 438 00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:27,640 Speaker 1: The original iPhone had a recessed three point five millimeter 439 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:31,360 Speaker 1: headphone jack, which meant that it was really kind of 440 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:34,480 Speaker 1: hard to use third party headphones with it. Because of 441 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,879 Speaker 1: that recessed uh nature, you couldn't a lot of the 442 00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: plugs wouldn't reach, and it frustrated a lot of people 443 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,600 Speaker 1: who didn't want to just have to buy Apple products 444 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:47,520 Speaker 1: to to use the iPhone. So the iPhone three G 445 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 1: no longer had a recessed three point five millimator headphone jack. 446 00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:54,480 Speaker 1: It was flush with the end of the phone, so 447 00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:56,920 Speaker 1: it made it easier to plug stuff into. The three 448 00:25:56,960 --> 00:26:00,399 Speaker 1: G also included GPS hardware in the phone, and that 449 00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:02,959 Speaker 1: would pretty much foretell the beginning of the end of 450 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:06,399 Speaker 1: stand alone GPS devices. It's not like they've all disappeared. 451 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:10,240 Speaker 1: There's still stand alone GPS devices on the market, but 452 00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:15,120 Speaker 1: they've been largely replaced by smartphones, and the iPhone three 453 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:19,679 Speaker 1: G was kind of the harbinger of that. So for 454 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:23,000 Speaker 1: those people who still have a stand alone GPS receiver, 455 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,080 Speaker 1: it's kind of interesting. But most people, I think have 456 00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,360 Speaker 1: switched over to smartphones. Just as I think a lot 457 00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:32,359 Speaker 1: of people have decided to depend upon their smartphones as 458 00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: their MP three player they're streaming video device, they don't 459 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:41,240 Speaker 1: tend to have as many people depending on stand alone 460 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:44,080 Speaker 1: dedicated devices. I used to be a holdout for that. 461 00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:46,320 Speaker 1: If you've been listening to tech stuff for a long time, 462 00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:48,879 Speaker 1: you know that. Chris and I when we would have 463 00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:51,480 Speaker 1: these discussions, I would talk to them about how I 464 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:53,879 Speaker 1: don't want to have all my music on my phone 465 00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:57,359 Speaker 1: because at that time phones had very limited storage space, 466 00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:59,639 Speaker 1: and there weren't a lot of streaming services that you 467 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:03,040 Speaker 1: could use to listen to music. Uh and if you 468 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:04,800 Speaker 1: did want to do that, you were eating up a 469 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:07,399 Speaker 1: lot of data. And if you didn't have a really 470 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,359 Speaker 1: good network nearby or Wi Fi hotspots you could connect to, 471 00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:14,680 Speaker 1: then you have a lot of interruption in your service. 472 00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: So I preferred having a dedicated MP three player and 473 00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:23,160 Speaker 1: a dedicated GPS. But these days the technology has improved 474 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:26,359 Speaker 1: so significantly over the last ten years that I can't 475 00:27:26,359 --> 00:27:29,960 Speaker 1: imagine having carrying around extra MP three player or having 476 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:33,960 Speaker 1: an extra GPS system to UH to depend upon in 477 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,720 Speaker 1: a vehicle. There's just no need for it anymore. Today's 478 00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:41,280 Speaker 1: iPhones are, of course, way more advanced and sleek than 479 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:44,000 Speaker 1: the iPhone three G was. They also did away with 480 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,440 Speaker 1: that three point five billimeter headphone jack entirely. Of course, 481 00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:49,000 Speaker 1: the iPhone is not alone in this, A lot of 482 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,359 Speaker 1: phones have gotten rid of that as My Android phone, 483 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:55,040 Speaker 1: for example, doesn't have a three point five millimeter jack either, 484 00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:57,479 Speaker 1: So I can't just point fingers at Apple for this. 485 00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:01,200 Speaker 1: Apple also launched the apps door in two thousand and eight, 486 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:03,359 Speaker 1: which is, you know, kind of hard to believe. It 487 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,399 Speaker 1: didn't exist during the original iPhone run. For the full 488 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:08,720 Speaker 1: year iPhone was out and there was no app store 489 00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:13,159 Speaker 1: at all. Initially, the app store had about five apps available, 490 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,200 Speaker 1: and today it's more than two million, and it wasn't 491 00:28:16,240 --> 00:28:18,600 Speaker 1: always a guarantee that we would get an app store. 492 00:28:18,640 --> 00:28:21,760 Speaker 1: Steve Jobs initially opposed the idea of allowing third party 493 00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,479 Speaker 1: developers to create applications for the iPhone. He was worried 494 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:28,920 Speaker 1: that it would negatively impact the Apple experience. It's a 495 00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:31,320 Speaker 1: very Apple thing, and a very Steve Jobs thing to 496 00:28:31,359 --> 00:28:35,199 Speaker 1: want to control that experience precisely to deliver to the 497 00:28:35,280 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: user what Steve Jobs felt was the ideal experience. Jobs 498 00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: was not about giving the user what he or she wanted. 499 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:46,720 Speaker 1: Jobs was all about giving the user what Jobs wanted, 500 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:51,200 Speaker 1: and he was worried that allowing third party developers to 501 00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:54,920 Speaker 1: create apps would fracture his device, it would make it 502 00:28:55,640 --> 00:28:58,720 Speaker 1: uh do things that it wasn't intended to do and 503 00:28:58,760 --> 00:29:03,080 Speaker 1: perhaps dilute the experience. But eventually he was convinced to 504 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:07,880 Speaker 1: do otherwise, and it ended up being a incredibly profitable 505 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:11,240 Speaker 1: decision for Apple because Apple would take about thirty of 506 00:29:11,240 --> 00:29:15,080 Speaker 1: the revenues generated from apps, whether it was a purchase 507 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:18,320 Speaker 1: price upfront or an ongoing subscription fee or whatever it 508 00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:21,160 Speaker 1: might be. Apple would get a thirty percent take, so 509 00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:26,120 Speaker 1: developers would take the other sevent This made Apple truckloads 510 00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:31,720 Speaker 1: of money, like massive truckloads. A Forbes piece from January 511 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:35,440 Speaker 1: two eighteen stated that the App Store earned eleven point 512 00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:40,440 Speaker 1: five billion dollars in revenue for Apple in two thousand seventeen, 513 00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:45,719 Speaker 1: So it ended up being an incredibly beneficial decision for 514 00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:48,920 Speaker 1: Apple to go with this app store approach. It's a 515 00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:52,560 Speaker 1: very uh low cost way for Apple to make a 516 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:56,800 Speaker 1: huge amount of money. Google Android came out in two 517 00:29:56,800 --> 00:29:59,240 Speaker 1: thousand and eight. We even did an episode titled how 518 00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,600 Speaker 1: the Google Android Phone will work back in the early 519 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:06,680 Speaker 1: days of tech Stuff. Android was revealed in two thousand seven, 520 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,520 Speaker 1: but the first device running on Android did not come 521 00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:12,200 Speaker 1: out until the fall of two thousand eight. Android had 522 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,080 Speaker 1: started out as a startup in two thousand three. It 523 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,960 Speaker 1: was founded by Rich Minor, Nick Sears, Chris White, and 524 00:30:18,960 --> 00:30:22,280 Speaker 1: Andy Ruben. Reuben wanted to create an operating system platform 525 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:26,120 Speaker 1: for mobile devices that would allow for more rich experiences 526 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,720 Speaker 1: and one's the largely depend upon context like the location 527 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:34,480 Speaker 1: of the user, for example, and Google would acquire Android 528 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:37,960 Speaker 1: the company in two thousand five for a bunch of money, 529 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:39,600 Speaker 1: but it was kind of a private affair, so that 530 00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:43,280 Speaker 1: number has never been officially acknowledged. Most estimates put somewhere 531 00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:48,000 Speaker 1: around fifty million dollars. The first phone to feature the 532 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:51,720 Speaker 1: Android operating system was the HTC Dream a k a. 533 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:54,960 Speaker 1: The g One on the T Mobile network. I don't 534 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:57,440 Speaker 1: think I had a g One. I remember I got 535 00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 1: the HTC G two. I don't remember event HTC Dream, 536 00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:05,280 Speaker 1: but the HTC G two, which came out in I 537 00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:11,120 Speaker 1: definitely had. And both of those featured a screen that 538 00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:14,760 Speaker 1: would slide up to reveal a physical keyboard underneath, and 539 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,400 Speaker 1: I really like that. I don't like on screen keyboards, 540 00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:21,400 Speaker 1: even though I've had phones for the last several years 541 00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:23,600 Speaker 1: and that's the only kind that I've bought were the 542 00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:27,080 Speaker 1: ones with on screen keyboards. I've always preferred the physical ones. 543 00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:30,200 Speaker 1: I just felt like it gave a better experience. Android 544 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:34,440 Speaker 1: would trail a year behind iPhone and the iOS obviously 545 00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:36,760 Speaker 1: that came out in two thousand seven, and Android didn't 546 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:39,000 Speaker 1: have a phone out till two thousand and eight. But 547 00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:43,840 Speaker 1: Dad didn't hurt Android very much. In the Android operating 548 00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:48,600 Speaker 1: system accounts for nearly eighty six percent of all smartphone 549 00:31:48,640 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: operating system market share worldwide eight six percent. Compare that 550 00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 1: to iOS is about fourteen percent. Pretty Much everything else 551 00:31:58,640 --> 00:32:01,560 Speaker 1: is scrambling for less and a per cent of the share. 552 00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:06,360 Speaker 1: So it's down to mostly Android, a little bit iPhone, 553 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:11,720 Speaker 1: and then everybody else. So why did Android dominate? It's 554 00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:15,480 Speaker 1: not necessarily a sign that it's a superior operating system. 555 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: Now I prefer Android to iOS, but I think Apple's 556 00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:23,480 Speaker 1: smartphone operating system is pretty amazing, and I don't deny 557 00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:26,719 Speaker 1: that it's it's fantastic. It really is great. I just 558 00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:32,360 Speaker 1: prefer Android. But I think the reason why Android outperforms Apple. 559 00:32:32,360 --> 00:32:35,160 Speaker 1: In fact, i'm pretty sure this is the reason, is 560 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:39,400 Speaker 1: that Google allows numerous handset manufacturers to use the Android 561 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,400 Speaker 1: operating system on their products. You just license it from Google, 562 00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:45,280 Speaker 1: and if you want an iOS device, you have to 563 00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:48,920 Speaker 1: go through Apple for hardware. Apple is the only company 564 00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:53,480 Speaker 1: that makes devices that run iOS, so there's a limitation 565 00:32:53,520 --> 00:32:56,960 Speaker 1: on what sort of models and which price points you 566 00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:00,760 Speaker 1: can get if you want an iOS device, Whereas with Android, 567 00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:05,160 Speaker 1: there's an entire spectrum. You can expands everything from budget 568 00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:08,719 Speaker 1: smartphones to high end models. So there's a lot more 569 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:11,520 Speaker 1: availability there, and I think that's the secret to why 570 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:15,920 Speaker 1: Android is such a dominant player in the operating system space. 571 00:33:15,960 --> 00:33:19,880 Speaker 1: It's not that Android is necessarily superior, although I definitely 572 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:23,400 Speaker 1: prefer it. It's that Android is available on a lot 573 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:27,480 Speaker 1: more products than iOS is, and that's the real reason. Now, 574 00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:30,719 Speaker 1: something else that came online in September two eight, and 575 00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,479 Speaker 1: also was from Google, was the Chrome browser. It is 576 00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,360 Speaker 1: hard for me to believe that tech stuff is older 577 00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:41,640 Speaker 1: than Google Chrome. So what the heck was I using 578 00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:45,920 Speaker 1: to do research back then? That's a rhetorical question. Actually, 579 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:49,640 Speaker 1: remember it was Firefox. But Chrome's big innovation was that 580 00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:54,200 Speaker 1: every tab was to run as a separate instance, which 581 00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:57,680 Speaker 1: meant that the overall browser was much more stable. All 582 00:33:57,760 --> 00:34:02,320 Speaker 1: processes were isolated, so if something went wrong in one tab, 583 00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:05,840 Speaker 1: it would not cause the entire browser to fail, so 584 00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:08,359 Speaker 1: you can keep your other tabs active. So let's say 585 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:10,920 Speaker 1: that you have a plug in that has a compatibility 586 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:14,239 Speaker 1: issue or something, and one tab ends up giving you 587 00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:16,480 Speaker 1: an error. The other tabs would still be fine, so 588 00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:19,000 Speaker 1: you could close out the problematic tab and everything else 589 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:22,640 Speaker 1: would still be there. Chrome combined a search and address 590 00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:26,000 Speaker 1: bar into a single bar, and that also got people 591 00:34:26,040 --> 00:34:28,560 Speaker 1: confused at first, but that was a very new innovation. 592 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:31,839 Speaker 1: You could either type a web address directly into the bar, 593 00:34:32,480 --> 00:34:34,520 Speaker 1: or you could just type in some search terms and 594 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:36,640 Speaker 1: it would pull up a Google search related to that. 595 00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:39,759 Speaker 1: This is, of course, the way Google Chrome still works 596 00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:43,640 Speaker 1: to this day. According to stat Counter, which aggregates data 597 00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:47,600 Speaker 1: to determine market share percentage of various products, Chrome is 598 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:51,440 Speaker 1: the dominant web browser out there today, accounting for nearly 599 00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:55,799 Speaker 1: six of all browsers. The next highest is Safari, which 600 00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:59,640 Speaker 1: is around four. All other browsers each command ten percent 601 00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:03,120 Speaker 1: or less of the market, so Chrome now dominates. But 602 00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,839 Speaker 1: when our show launched, there was no such browser in existence. 603 00:35:07,360 --> 00:35:11,200 Speaker 1: In October two thousand eight, Spotify would launch, so our 604 00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:13,960 Speaker 1: show is actually older than Spotify as well. Now. The 605 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,759 Speaker 1: domain Spotify was registered all the way back in two 606 00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:21,160 Speaker 1: thousand six, and it was founded by Daniel Eck and 607 00:35:21,239 --> 00:35:25,200 Speaker 1: Martin Lawrence En in Stockholm. The service ran a beta 608 00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:27,680 Speaker 1: test that started back in two thousand seven, so that 609 00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:31,560 Speaker 1: predates my show that included running test ads in early 610 00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,960 Speaker 1: two thousand eight before they had their official launch. Now 611 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:40,120 Speaker 1: upon launch, Spotify was initially only available in Scandinavia, the 612 00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:44,480 Speaker 1: United Kingdom, France, and Spain. What's more, the free service 613 00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:48,239 Speaker 1: was invitation only. Now anyone could sign up for a 614 00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:51,279 Speaker 1: premium service that was like a subscription based service, but 615 00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:53,879 Speaker 1: to use just the free ad supported one you had 616 00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:57,759 Speaker 1: to get an invite first. Spotify landed licensing deals with 617 00:35:58,040 --> 00:36:01,080 Speaker 1: most of the major music studios out there, so they 618 00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,759 Speaker 1: were able to play lots of music. Apparently it took 619 00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:06,000 Speaker 1: a really long time, like two and a half years 620 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,480 Speaker 1: to get all of that signed up and and sealed 621 00:36:08,560 --> 00:36:11,600 Speaker 1: up before they could launch. Spotify would end up getting 622 00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 1: a bit of a boost from Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook fame, 623 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:19,040 Speaker 1: but Spotify just didn't become available in the United States 624 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:22,480 Speaker 1: until two thousand eleven, and by then the company was 625 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:27,600 Speaker 1: already valued at one billion dollars. In April two thousand eighteen, 626 00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:31,240 Speaker 1: Spotify filed for a direct listing on the stock market 627 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:35,200 Speaker 1: rather than an initial public offering. This involves doing away 628 00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:39,319 Speaker 1: with intermediaries like underwriters and selling shares directly to the 629 00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:43,839 Speaker 1: public without issuing new shares of stock, so those who 630 00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:45,920 Speaker 1: held stake in the company when it was a private 631 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:48,480 Speaker 1: entity are free to sell their shares to the public. 632 00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:54,600 Speaker 1: At that point, Reuters calculated Spotify's value at nineteen billion dollars. 633 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:58,320 Speaker 1: And now let's talk about one of my favorite technologies 634 00:36:58,360 --> 00:37:01,719 Speaker 1: that really came online into the sand eight, the Large 635 00:37:01,719 --> 00:37:07,040 Speaker 1: Hadron Collider. It started up at ten a m September 636 00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:10,759 Speaker 1: two thousand eight. It fired a proton beam around the 637 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:14,879 Speaker 1: twenty seven kilometer collider for the very first time. And 638 00:37:15,080 --> 00:37:18,560 Speaker 1: the Large Hadron Collider is a particle accelerator and collider. 639 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:23,799 Speaker 1: It uses very narrow beams of particles moving at very 640 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:26,879 Speaker 1: fast speeds, like near the speed of light, in this 641 00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,799 Speaker 1: massive circle, going around and round and round, until two 642 00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:34,560 Speaker 1: beams going in opposite directions are directed to have collisions 643 00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:38,880 Speaker 1: at one of several detectors. There. There are several major 644 00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:44,440 Speaker 1: detectors around this circumference of this device, and there you 645 00:37:44,480 --> 00:37:47,640 Speaker 1: have these particles slamming into each other at very high 646 00:37:48,160 --> 00:37:51,920 Speaker 1: velocity and they break apart, and then we pay attention 647 00:37:51,920 --> 00:37:54,799 Speaker 1: and see what happens. Very those magnets are have to 648 00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:57,040 Speaker 1: be super cool. They have to be cooled with first 649 00:37:57,080 --> 00:38:00,080 Speaker 1: liquid nitrogen and then liquid helium to get them so 650 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:03,479 Speaker 1: cold that they are super conductors. They they you don't 651 00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:07,799 Speaker 1: lose any energy to resistance at that temperature. And the 652 00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:11,440 Speaker 1: collisions produced information about the very basic stuff of our universe. 653 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:15,360 Speaker 1: Since it came online, and it took a while before 654 00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:19,080 Speaker 1: the Large Hadron Collider was actually able to do collisions 655 00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:23,960 Speaker 1: that would produce data. The online process was a very long, 656 00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:28,280 Speaker 1: laborious one, but since then they were able to prove 657 00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: or at least a show evidence for the Higgs boson 658 00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:35,279 Speaker 1: particle that have been hypothesized up to that point but 659 00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:39,400 Speaker 1: never proven. And now we've thought that we've observed it. 660 00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:42,120 Speaker 1: You've got very good proof that we've observed it to 661 00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:45,360 Speaker 1: to a very high degree of certainty. And this particle 662 00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:50,000 Speaker 1: is why matter has mass. It's predicted by the Standard model, 663 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:53,920 Speaker 1: and it's pretty cool. Also, the Large Hadron Collider in 664 00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:57,200 Speaker 1: general has shown that the Standard model of physics is 665 00:38:57,360 --> 00:39:01,239 Speaker 1: really really good. That there's no stic decays, there are 666 00:39:01,239 --> 00:39:04,240 Speaker 1: no fundamental rules of the Standard model that don't appear 667 00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:08,000 Speaker 1: to hold up. There are no deviations significant deviations from 668 00:39:08,040 --> 00:39:10,280 Speaker 1: the standard model. And in case you're wondering, the standard 669 00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:14,560 Speaker 1: model covers three of the four fundamental forces in the universe, 670 00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:19,040 Speaker 1: and those would be the strong and weak nuclear forces. 671 00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:22,240 Speaker 1: That's two of them, the electromagnetic force that's the third. 672 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:26,279 Speaker 1: But the fourth one, gravity is not included in the 673 00:39:26,360 --> 00:39:29,480 Speaker 1: standard model. So the Center model is not a complete 674 00:39:29,560 --> 00:39:32,160 Speaker 1: model of how our universe works. It's more of a 675 00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:35,279 Speaker 1: model of how a bunch of our universe works. And 676 00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:39,640 Speaker 1: there's a whole lot left unexplained, including stuff like dark energy. 677 00:39:40,040 --> 00:39:43,120 Speaker 1: So while the LHC has done a lot to reinforce 678 00:39:43,239 --> 00:39:45,560 Speaker 1: the standard model, we still have a lot of questions, 679 00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:48,560 Speaker 1: which is one of the reasons science is so freaking cool. 680 00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:52,240 Speaker 1: Some people are a little disappointed that the LHC hasn't 681 00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:55,359 Speaker 1: turned up stuff outside the standard model, but it has 682 00:39:55,480 --> 00:39:58,520 Speaker 1: only collected about two percent of all the data it 683 00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:02,040 Speaker 1: will generate during its life time, so it's still incredibly 684 00:40:02,120 --> 00:40:05,680 Speaker 1: early in the process. Also, just so you know, it 685 00:40:05,760 --> 00:40:08,680 Speaker 1: did not create an enormous black hole and destroy all 686 00:40:08,680 --> 00:40:11,719 Speaker 1: of us, So that's good. I've got a little bit 687 00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:13,600 Speaker 1: more to talk about with two thousand and eight, but 688 00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:16,160 Speaker 1: before I do, let's take another quick break to thank 689 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:26,080 Speaker 1: our sponsor. All Right, here's something else that happened in 690 00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:27,920 Speaker 1: two thousand night that I thought was pretty cool. The 691 00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:32,280 Speaker 1: white paper Bitcoin, a Peer to peer Electronic Cash System 692 00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:35,560 Speaker 1: was published in November two thousand eight, written by someone 693 00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:39,520 Speaker 1: or possibly more than one someone using the pen name 694 00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:43,560 Speaker 1: Satoshi Nakamoto. This was the white paper that explained the 695 00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:47,319 Speaker 1: principles behind Bitcoin. And in case you don't remember what 696 00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:52,000 Speaker 1: bitcoin is, it is a digital currency and it relies 697 00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:56,840 Speaker 1: upon a system that puts all of the transactions of 698 00:40:56,880 --> 00:41:01,239 Speaker 1: bitcoin into blocks of data, and those blocks end up 699 00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:05,080 Speaker 1: forming a chain we call it blockchain, and the the 700 00:41:05,160 --> 00:41:09,880 Speaker 1: process of verifying a transaction is UH, and it involves 701 00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,680 Speaker 1: solving a really difficult math problem. And if you have 702 00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:16,160 Speaker 1: the computer that solves that math problem first and verifies 703 00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:20,480 Speaker 1: those transactions, you're rewarded with some bitcoins. It's a process 704 00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:25,480 Speaker 1: called mining. The number of bitcoins you're rewarded with decreases 705 00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:28,680 Speaker 1: over time. After a certain number of bitcoins are released 706 00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:31,960 Speaker 1: out into the wild, UH, you get a reduction by 707 00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:34,920 Speaker 1: about half. Actually it is half of the number of 708 00:41:34,920 --> 00:41:40,600 Speaker 1: bitcoins that are released after the next series of successful verifications. 709 00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:42,320 Speaker 1: And this goes on for quite some time until you 710 00:41:42,360 --> 00:41:45,200 Speaker 1: hit another limit, and that's halved again, and so on 711 00:41:45,239 --> 00:41:48,400 Speaker 1: and so forth, until eventually you have all the entire 712 00:41:48,480 --> 00:41:52,600 Speaker 1: supply of bitcoins that will ever exist out in circulation. 713 00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:56,400 Speaker 1: And from that point forward, when you verify a block 714 00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:59,960 Speaker 1: of transactions, you are awarded a small amount of mone 715 00:42:00,040 --> 00:42:03,719 Speaker 1: me as a transaction fee sort of. You're you're rewarded 716 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,200 Speaker 1: for the verification, but you're no longer getting new bitcoins 717 00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:09,880 Speaker 1: at that point, you're just getting a portion of the 718 00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:12,640 Speaker 1: bitcoins that were used in whatever the transaction happened to be. 719 00:42:12,719 --> 00:42:17,319 Speaker 1: It's kind of like getting a charge to run a 720 00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:22,399 Speaker 1: credit card scan. So that's typically how Bitcoin works are 721 00:42:22,680 --> 00:42:25,439 Speaker 1: from a very high level, and no one was really 722 00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:26,920 Speaker 1: sure if it was going to take off or not, 723 00:42:27,080 --> 00:42:28,279 Speaker 1: or if it was just going to be kind of 724 00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:32,120 Speaker 1: this weird scheme. I mean, it's a decentralized currency, there's 725 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:36,279 Speaker 1: no government agency that dictates what it should be. And 726 00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:41,240 Speaker 1: it's value has changed dramatically over time. So since bitcoin 727 00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:44,319 Speaker 1: became a real thing, well I mean as as real 728 00:42:44,320 --> 00:42:47,680 Speaker 1: a thing as digital data gets anyway, it's value has 729 00:42:48,239 --> 00:42:52,920 Speaker 1: gone from less than less than a dime per bitcoin 730 00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:57,400 Speaker 1: to a high of nearly twenty thousand dollars per bitcoin 731 00:42:57,480 --> 00:43:01,000 Speaker 1: in December two thousand seventeen. Now, as I researched the 732 00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:04,080 Speaker 1: show the value was closer to seven thousand, five hundred 733 00:43:04,080 --> 00:43:08,280 Speaker 1: dollars per bitcoin. That was in early juneens. That's pretty 734 00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:10,600 Speaker 1: wild to think that it used to be twenty grand 735 00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:14,799 Speaker 1: per bitcoin. Now it's per bitcoin, and who knows what 736 00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:17,880 Speaker 1: it will be next month. Now. Recently, a report that 737 00:43:17,960 --> 00:43:22,960 Speaker 1: relied on stylo metric analysis of Nakamoto's white papers, concluded 738 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,719 Speaker 1: that Gavin and Reason, a lead developer on bitcoin, is 739 00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:31,640 Speaker 1: actually Satoshi Nakamoto, saying that Andreason's writing and the white 740 00:43:31,640 --> 00:43:36,279 Speaker 1: papers that were attributed to Nakamoto share a lot of 741 00:43:36,320 --> 00:43:40,960 Speaker 1: similarities and and reason denies that claim. Stylometry, as the 742 00:43:41,040 --> 00:43:44,360 Speaker 1: name implies, compares the writing styles of multiple pieces of 743 00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:47,000 Speaker 1: work in an effort to determine if those pieces were 744 00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:50,399 Speaker 1: in fact written by the same person. Stylometry looks at 745 00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:56,040 Speaker 1: word choice and vocabulary and some other elements, and it's 746 00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:59,080 Speaker 1: not an exact science style of metric. Results can be 747 00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:02,799 Speaker 1: easily influens by tweaking a few different inputs, and that's 748 00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:05,920 Speaker 1: led some people to dismiss the strategy, saying it's not 749 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,600 Speaker 1: really reliable. You can't really be sure that the outcome 750 00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:14,839 Speaker 1: is is truly evidence that two pieces of work were 751 00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:17,759 Speaker 1: written by the same person. But what's the big deal? 752 00:44:17,760 --> 00:44:21,440 Speaker 1: Why why do we care who Knakamoto is anyway, because 753 00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:24,839 Speaker 1: after all, we just need to know the currency works well. 754 00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:28,560 Speaker 1: Nakamoto is believed to own about five percent of all bitcoins, 755 00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:32,319 Speaker 1: which would make him a multibillionaire at this point, at 756 00:44:32,360 --> 00:44:35,359 Speaker 1: least on paper, But there's a generally held belief that 757 00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:38,920 Speaker 1: if Nakamoto were to cash in on this five percent, 758 00:44:39,560 --> 00:44:41,960 Speaker 1: it would be viewed as a vote of no confidence 759 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:44,720 Speaker 1: in the virtual currency, and the value of the currency 760 00:44:44,760 --> 00:44:47,919 Speaker 1: would plummet. As a result, so Nakamoto would make out 761 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:50,560 Speaker 1: like a bandit that everyone else would see their currency 762 00:44:50,640 --> 00:44:53,479 Speaker 1: start to lose value, and it could create a sort 763 00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:55,600 Speaker 1: of a run on the currency as everyone tries to 764 00:44:55,640 --> 00:45:00,360 Speaker 1: cash in before the currency is valueless. On a related concern, 765 00:45:00,520 --> 00:45:04,920 Speaker 1: there are these entities called bitcoin whales, and these are 766 00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:09,560 Speaker 1: people or organizations that own a relatively large number of bitcoins. 767 00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:15,200 Speaker 1: According to Bloomberg, about one thou people own of the 768 00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:19,400 Speaker 1: entire bitcoin market. Now that could spell trouble. The worry 769 00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:21,319 Speaker 1: is that if these whales were to sell off a 770 00:45:21,360 --> 00:45:25,120 Speaker 1: significant portion of their holdings, it would precipitate a steep 771 00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:27,799 Speaker 1: drop in bitcoin value, just like I was talking about 772 00:45:27,840 --> 00:45:31,799 Speaker 1: with Nakamoto, and if they all corroborated to cash in 773 00:45:31,840 --> 00:45:34,520 Speaker 1: at the same time, it could cause a total collapse 774 00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:37,560 Speaker 1: of the system. So let's say that you are one 775 00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:40,160 Speaker 1: of these whales. Let's say that you own a significant 776 00:45:40,239 --> 00:45:43,200 Speaker 1: number of bitcoins and you notice that the value has 777 00:45:43,239 --> 00:45:45,239 Speaker 1: crept as high as it's ever been, maybe it's not 778 00:45:45,320 --> 00:45:48,560 Speaker 1: that twenty dollar mark, and you think, I want to 779 00:45:48,560 --> 00:45:51,839 Speaker 1: cash in now because my investment has grown so much 780 00:45:52,080 --> 00:45:54,160 Speaker 1: it's gonna make me a multi millionaire. But it doesn't 781 00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:56,080 Speaker 1: do me any good just to hold onto bitcoins. I 782 00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,760 Speaker 1: would rather have quote unquote real currency, because is it's 783 00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:04,279 Speaker 1: hard to spend a currency, a unit of currency if 784 00:46:04,280 --> 00:46:09,200 Speaker 1: its value fluctuates so dramatically so quickly. If one day 785 00:46:09,320 --> 00:46:13,320 Speaker 1: it's worth in the next day it's worth twenty dollars 786 00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:16,959 Speaker 1: and you spend it back when it was, you can't 787 00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:20,160 Speaker 1: help but think, wow, I lost thousands of dollars on 788 00:46:20,239 --> 00:46:23,239 Speaker 1: that transaction because I spent it too quickly. But if 789 00:46:23,239 --> 00:46:26,279 Speaker 1: you trade it in for a more stable currency, then 790 00:46:26,560 --> 00:46:30,480 Speaker 1: you might feel better about it. So if you did that, 791 00:46:30,760 --> 00:46:33,399 Speaker 1: if you went and traded this in, other people might 792 00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:37,960 Speaker 1: see it as a sign that you feel the value 793 00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,200 Speaker 1: of bitcoin is as high as it's ever going to be, 794 00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:42,920 Speaker 1: and other people might want to cash in as well, 795 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:45,080 Speaker 1: And pretty soon you've got a lot of people selling it, 796 00:46:45,160 --> 00:46:47,480 Speaker 1: not a whole lot of people buying, and the value 797 00:46:47,560 --> 00:46:54,799 Speaker 1: of the coin drops as supply greatly outpaces demand, and 798 00:46:54,840 --> 00:46:58,200 Speaker 1: then eventually the value could collapse in on itself. So 799 00:46:58,239 --> 00:47:01,279 Speaker 1: it's a dangerous thing. Hasn't happened yet, though, and at 800 00:47:01,320 --> 00:47:04,640 Speaker 1: least not on that scale. We've definitely seen massive fluctuations 801 00:47:04,640 --> 00:47:07,640 Speaker 1: in value. But some people say it's just little market 802 00:47:07,640 --> 00:47:12,920 Speaker 1: corrections that have returned it to a more stable bitcoin 803 00:47:13,040 --> 00:47:17,480 Speaker 1: per dollar exchange rate. Still astronomical, I mean, for a 804 00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:22,080 Speaker 1: bitcoin is pretty incredible. Also, in two thousand eight, Facebook 805 00:47:22,160 --> 00:47:25,560 Speaker 1: launched a major site redesign that forced all users to 806 00:47:25,640 --> 00:47:29,759 Speaker 1: opt in by September of that year, and people hated it. 807 00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:32,479 Speaker 1: And of course the same thing has happened several times 808 00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:36,400 Speaker 1: since then. Whenever Facebook does a redesign, you can expect 809 00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:38,439 Speaker 1: the next month to be filled with people talking about 810 00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:40,680 Speaker 1: how much they hate the redesign. And these would be 811 00:47:40,760 --> 00:47:44,480 Speaker 1: the same people who hated the last redesign. So eventually, 812 00:47:44,480 --> 00:47:47,000 Speaker 1: what happens is people get used to the redesign. They 813 00:47:47,080 --> 00:47:48,640 Speaker 1: might not love it, but they get used to it, 814 00:47:48,760 --> 00:47:52,320 Speaker 1: and then they hate change anyway. Facebook would turn cash 815 00:47:52,360 --> 00:47:55,560 Speaker 1: flow positive for the very first time in two thousand nine. 816 00:47:56,080 --> 00:47:59,560 Speaker 1: The Social Network, A film about Facebook's early days, would 817 00:47:59,560 --> 00:48:03,040 Speaker 1: debut in two thousand ten. Google Plus would launch in 818 00:48:03,080 --> 00:48:05,239 Speaker 1: two thousand eleven. I'll talk more about that in our 819 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:09,440 Speaker 1: next episode. Facebook Messenger would launch in two thousand eleven. 820 00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,919 Speaker 1: Facebook would acquire Instagram in two thousand twelve for one 821 00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:17,200 Speaker 1: billion dollars. I talked about that recently in the Instagram episodes, 822 00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:21,040 Speaker 1: and Facebook would hold its initial public offering in two 823 00:48:21,080 --> 00:48:24,200 Speaker 1: thousand twelve, and it would be valued at one hundred 824 00:48:24,360 --> 00:48:29,040 Speaker 1: four billion dollars upon opening of the stock market. In 825 00:48:29,520 --> 00:48:35,799 Speaker 1: Facebook acquired Oculus Virtual Reality and also acquired the messaging 826 00:48:35,920 --> 00:48:39,240 Speaker 1: service WhatsApp that year for a massive amount of money. 827 00:48:39,640 --> 00:48:45,160 Speaker 1: My Space was way ahead of Facebook in traffic up 828 00:48:45,280 --> 00:48:49,080 Speaker 1: through the beginning of two thousand and eight until April nineteen, 829 00:48:49,520 --> 00:48:51,520 Speaker 1: and that was the first time when Facebook would take 830 00:48:51,560 --> 00:48:54,359 Speaker 1: the lead in traffic, and then Facebook pretty much kept it. 831 00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:58,400 Speaker 1: So it's hard to remember that now. It's hard to 832 00:48:58,640 --> 00:49:00,759 Speaker 1: believe it, really, but in two thousand eight when tech 833 00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:04,360 Speaker 1: Stuff launched, my Space was a real contender with Facebook. 834 00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:07,719 Speaker 1: It was it was doing well, or at least it 835 00:49:07,840 --> 00:49:10,799 Speaker 1: was on the tail end of doing well. It was 836 00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:14,920 Speaker 1: just on the precipice of dropping off the map. So 837 00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:18,200 Speaker 1: News Corps, which had bought my Space in July two 838 00:49:18,239 --> 00:49:23,359 Speaker 1: thousand five for five hundred eighty million dollars, would hold 839 00:49:23,360 --> 00:49:25,719 Speaker 1: onto the site until two thousand eleven, and at that 840 00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:29,280 Speaker 1: point they tried to sell it, and their first attempts 841 00:49:29,320 --> 00:49:32,160 Speaker 1: to sell it failed. They were looking to get somebody 842 00:49:32,200 --> 00:49:35,040 Speaker 1: to at least put in a bid of fifty million 843 00:49:35,040 --> 00:49:39,840 Speaker 1: dollars and that didn't work. Eventually, they were able to 844 00:49:40,320 --> 00:49:43,480 Speaker 1: sell my Space to a company called Specific Media for 845 00:49:43,520 --> 00:49:46,080 Speaker 1: an undisclosed amount, although it was rumored to be around 846 00:49:46,120 --> 00:49:49,239 Speaker 1: thirty five million. So News Corps bought it at five 847 00:49:49,680 --> 00:49:53,759 Speaker 1: eight million and sold it at thirty five million. Ouch. Eventually, 848 00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:58,600 Speaker 1: Time Inc. Bought my Space in and it used to 849 00:49:58,640 --> 00:50:00,920 Speaker 1: be the most visited site on the Internet, at least 850 00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:04,640 Speaker 1: for US users. Now it's ranked below one thousand, six 851 00:50:04,719 --> 00:50:07,799 Speaker 1: hundred in the United States. And that's just kind of 852 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:10,719 Speaker 1: a quick overview of some of the things that were 853 00:50:10,760 --> 00:50:13,120 Speaker 1: going on in two thousand eight and how they've changed 854 00:50:13,160 --> 00:50:16,320 Speaker 1: in those ten years. In our next episode, I'm gonna 855 00:50:16,640 --> 00:50:20,000 Speaker 1: dive into this a little bit on a different different path. 856 00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:23,680 Speaker 1: I'm gonna look at things companies that did not exist 857 00:50:23,719 --> 00:50:26,280 Speaker 1: in two thousand and eight but they do exist today 858 00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:28,640 Speaker 1: and tell you a little bit about those. So stuff 859 00:50:28,680 --> 00:50:31,640 Speaker 1: that popped up in the decades since we started doing 860 00:50:31,680 --> 00:50:35,400 Speaker 1: this show, stuff that launched after tech stuff did but 861 00:50:35,560 --> 00:50:38,920 Speaker 1: did not stick around. So I'll talk about companies like 862 00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:43,759 Speaker 1: Pebble and Cool and Yik yak, stuff like that, and 863 00:50:43,800 --> 00:50:47,799 Speaker 1: then the stuff that existed before tech Stuff launched but 864 00:50:47,960 --> 00:50:52,600 Speaker 1: don't exist no more, stuff like Jawbone companies that had 865 00:50:52,640 --> 00:50:56,960 Speaker 1: been around but no longer exist today. So make sure 866 00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,000 Speaker 1: you tune into that next episode. It will be kind 867 00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:02,680 Speaker 1: of a part two celebration of tech Stuff's ten years 868 00:51:03,040 --> 00:51:07,040 Speaker 1: to talk about how time has really made a huge impact, 869 00:51:07,040 --> 00:51:10,680 Speaker 1: how technology changes as years pass, and how things that 870 00:51:10,719 --> 00:51:13,760 Speaker 1: we kind of count on one year can go away 871 00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:16,399 Speaker 1: another year and then five years later you don't even 872 00:51:16,480 --> 00:51:20,520 Speaker 1: think about it anymore. But guys, I want to thank 873 00:51:20,560 --> 00:51:22,959 Speaker 1: you for listening to tech Stuff, for supporting this show. 874 00:51:23,040 --> 00:51:25,800 Speaker 1: Some of you have been with me since the very beginning. 875 00:51:26,239 --> 00:51:29,000 Speaker 1: Huge thanks to you, guys. Some of you have probably 876 00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:31,680 Speaker 1: started listening pretty recently, and thanks to you as well. 877 00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:35,359 Speaker 1: I'm glad all of you can be part of this community. 878 00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:38,480 Speaker 1: I really look forward to doing a ton more shows. 879 00:51:38,719 --> 00:51:41,200 Speaker 1: We've got a lot of really cool things coming down 880 00:51:41,239 --> 00:51:43,560 Speaker 1: the line that I think you guys will be excited about, 881 00:51:43,640 --> 00:51:46,359 Speaker 1: including you know, have you ever wanted to buy like 882 00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:49,680 Speaker 1: a tech stuff T shirt? Stay tuned, guys. That's all 883 00:51:49,680 --> 00:51:53,000 Speaker 1: I can say about that, But I'm really excited to 884 00:51:53,239 --> 00:51:56,040 Speaker 1: keep on working on this show and to do brand 885 00:51:56,040 --> 00:51:58,880 Speaker 1: new episodes about all sorts of technology topics. If you 886 00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:02,200 Speaker 1: have a suggestion for something I absolutely should cover, whether 887 00:52:02,239 --> 00:52:04,560 Speaker 1: it's a technology, maybe it's a person that I should 888 00:52:04,719 --> 00:52:07,920 Speaker 1: I should profile, or a company, let me know, or 889 00:52:07,960 --> 00:52:09,960 Speaker 1: maybe there's someone you would like me to interview or 890 00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:12,720 Speaker 1: have on as a guest host. Send me a message. 891 00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:15,319 Speaker 1: The email address for the show is tech Stuff at 892 00:52:15,360 --> 00:52:17,840 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com, or drop me a line 893 00:52:17,920 --> 00:52:20,160 Speaker 1: on Twitter or Facebook to handle it both of those 894 00:52:20,239 --> 00:52:23,200 Speaker 1: is tech Stuff H s W. Don't forget to follow 895 00:52:23,280 --> 00:52:27,280 Speaker 1: us on Instagram and I'll talk to you again really 896 00:52:27,360 --> 00:52:35,200 Speaker 1: soon for more on this and thousands of other topics. 897 00:52:35,480 --> 00:52:46,759 Speaker 1: Is it how stuff works dot com.