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Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff he missed in History Class from houtworks

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly

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Speaker 1: from and I'm Tracey Wilson, and today is part two

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Speaker 1: of our History of Narcolepsy uh. And in the first

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Speaker 1: episode we talked about what narcolepsy is and when it

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Speaker 1: was first written about, at least in the Western record,

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Speaker 1: and of the work that was being done by German

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Speaker 1: psychiatrist Carl Friedrich Otto Westfall in the late eighteen seventies.

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Speaker 1: And as we left off, Westpall was really kind of

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Speaker 1: onto the idea that he was uh that what he

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Speaker 1: was seeing in these two particular cases that he talked

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Speaker 1: about might actually be a unique condition and not something

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Speaker 1: that could be lumped under an existing diagnosis. And today

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Speaker 1: we're going to pick up with the next big step

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Speaker 1: in the history of narcolepsy. So Jean Baptiste Edward Jeleno

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Speaker 1: is always mentioned in articles about narcilepsy and history because

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Speaker 1: he coined the term. He did so right out of

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Speaker 1: the gate in his article on narcilepsy, which first appeared

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Speaker 1: in the Gazette of the Civil and Military Hospitals of

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Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire. Jelano was born in eighteen twenty eight

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Speaker 1: in Boardeaux in the south of France, and he served

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Speaker 1: as a Navy physician and made a name for himself

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Speaker 1: as a military surgeon through his studies of tropical diseases

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Speaker 1: while traveling aboard ships in the Indian Ocean and UH.

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Speaker 1: One of the other notable things that he did in

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Speaker 1: his medical career was that he introduced the use of

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Speaker 1: arsenic bromide tablets to treat epilepsy. He also helped to

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Speaker 1: set up an insurance system for physicians of advanced age,

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Speaker 1: and he wrote extensively on medical topics ranging from postpartum

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Speaker 1: psychosis to deafness for various publications, and he also founded

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Speaker 1: a Mineral Waters and Health SPA society. In an interesting

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Speaker 1: bit of crossover, he cited the work of Westfall in

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Speaker 1: an article about agoraphobia in eighteen eighty, which is the

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Speaker 1: same year that Jellino appeared on the narcilepsy timeline. We

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Speaker 1: don't know if the two men ever had direct communications

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Speaker 1: with one another, although they were working on some similar

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Speaker 1: areas of medicine. This is all happening right after Germany

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Speaker 1: had been unified by Otto von Bismarck and France and

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Speaker 1: Germany were not exactly super chatty at this point. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so we really don't know if they ever had contact,

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Speaker 1: even though, as we said, he cited some of the

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Speaker 1: other man's work and they they were working in similar areas,

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Speaker 1: but those were areas that were kind of exciting throughout

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Speaker 1: the medical community, so there were many people working on them. Uh.

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Speaker 1: In Jellino's writing on Ourcalepsy, he offers up a case

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Speaker 1: of a barrel seller called Mr G. And he is

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Speaker 1: aged thirty eight, and this man experienced up to two

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Speaker 1: hundred incidents each day of uncontrollable sleep, lasting one to

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Speaker 1: five minutes each and even a thirty minute discussion would

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Speaker 1: be consistently interrupted by sleep attacks. I think Jellino mentions

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Speaker 1: in his writing that the longest he was ever able

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Speaker 1: to witness Mr G going without an a tech was

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Speaker 1: about thirty minutes. The patient had grown dependent on his

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Speaker 1: thirteen year old son to stay with him at all

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Speaker 1: times so that the sun could wake him when he

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Speaker 1: dropped off unexpectedly. Mr G had no history of convulsions,

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Speaker 1: no other medical issues that would explain this condition that

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Speaker 1: he presented himself with before Jeleno on February fifteenth of

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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine. Yeah he had, you know, he wasn't

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Speaker 1: completely free of of medical issues, but none of them

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Speaker 1: could have been attributed to this. Uh. Mr G had

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Speaker 1: been in a violent fight three years before his contact

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Speaker 1: with doctor Jelenome and after the fight he had been

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Speaker 1: arrested and imprisoned. Not long after that, a log actually

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Speaker 1: fell on his head. But he had continued his life

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Speaker 1: with no apparent consequences of these two events for quite

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Speaker 1: some time. However, about a year after the log incident,

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Speaker 1: Mr G began to experience a loss of muscular tone

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Speaker 1: in his legs and he was laughing aloud or when

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Speaker 1: he game excited because of a good business deal. He

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Speaker 1: started to notice that he would become paralyzed when playing

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Speaker 1: cards if he was dealt a particularly good hand, and

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Speaker 1: then he would drop off to sleep for about a minute.

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Speaker 1: And that's how it began. But his condition progressed pretty rapidly,

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Speaker 1: and soon the slightest excitation would send Mr G into

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Speaker 1: a sleep attack. He tried toward these sleep attacks off

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Speaker 1: to no avail, and he, as anyone else who deals

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Speaker 1: with noircilepsy, had no control over when his body would

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Speaker 1: just fall into a stupor even something as simple as

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Speaker 1: seeing happy children and families at play in the park,

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Speaker 1: he would have this moment of delight and then it

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Speaker 1: would drop him off to sleep. The more intense his emotions,

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Speaker 1: whether it was one of delight or one of pain

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Speaker 1: or anger, the more rapid and intense his sleep attack.

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Speaker 1: The attacks that came upon him when he was very

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Speaker 1: angry were less frequent, but his sleep became deeper and

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Speaker 1: lasted longer. Yeah, so it seems like happiness was a

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Speaker 1: little bit more of a trigger than anger, but the

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Speaker 1: anger ones were a little bit more intense in terms

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Speaker 1: of episodes. Uh. Mr G had already been diagnosed as

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Speaker 1: having a seizure disorder, but none of the treatments that

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Speaker 1: were issued for it did any good. He really didn't

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Speaker 1: think that was what he had. The patient reported no

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Speaker 1: pain associated with his sleep attacks, merely a feeling of

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Speaker 1: deep heaviness and the sensation of his mind being empty.

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Speaker 1: And you may recall that was one of the primary

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Speaker 1: descriptions the sense of empty mindedness of Westfall's primary patient

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Speaker 1: in his study. And Mr G could hear and he

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Speaker 1: was conscious. Despite this apparent stupor right up until the

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Speaker 1: moment where he truly fell asleep, although that sleep only

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Speaker 1: lasted a very brief time. Working alone proved to be

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Speaker 1: better for Mr G than working with a colleague because

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Speaker 1: he enjoyed the company of other people, and he would

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Speaker 1: become very animated while he was talking to them that

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Speaker 1: would trigger a sleep episode. Yeah, while I was reading

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Speaker 1: these notes, and I was reading a translation of Jellano's

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Speaker 1: or Jelino's work on the subject, I became sort of heartbroken. Like,

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Speaker 1: can you imagine every time you experienced laughter or delight

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Speaker 1: you kind of check out for a second. Um, it's

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Speaker 1: sort of a rough thing to think about. Uh. Jelina

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Speaker 1: referred to Mr G's cataplexy in his writing as astasia,

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Speaker 1: and while his patient experienced it, he did not experience

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Speaker 1: hallucinations allegedly were coming around to this um and was

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Speaker 1: able to sleep through the night he woke, he reported

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Speaker 1: just once a night on average. However, there is some

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Speaker 1: contradictory stuff going on here because Mr G also claimed

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Speaker 1: that his infant child he had a thirteen year old son,

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Speaker 1: but he also had a son that was just a

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Speaker 1: baby still, and he claimed that this child had been

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Speaker 1: conceived quote in a moment when the illness came over him.

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Speaker 1: And this particular statement in Jellino's writing has been puzzling

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Speaker 1: sleep researchers for quite some time. So it might indicate

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Speaker 1: that the man was actually having a hypnogogic hallucination, so

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Speaker 1: a hallucination as he fell into sleep, or he was

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Speaker 1: experiencing vivid dreams and dreamt the events. However, it may

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Speaker 1: also indicate that he had a sleep attack immediately after

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Speaker 1: having sex with his wife, or that he had an

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Speaker 1: episode of cataplexy before or after the sexual encounter, and

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Speaker 1: that this is the thing that he remembers. So we

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Speaker 1: that's one of those things that crops up and it

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Speaker 1: doesn't quite fit with the general picture. Uh. It's been

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Speaker 1: talked about a lot and discussed in the medical community

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Speaker 1: and amongst those that do sleep studies specifically, but it

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Speaker 1: kind of stays a mystery. So before we get into

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Speaker 1: how Jeleno tried to categorize Mr G's condition, let's have

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Speaker 1: a brief word from a sponsor. Uh. So, Leno puzzles

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Speaker 1: in his writing as to whether this is a condition

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Speaker 1: that should be grouped in an already recognized neurosis group

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Speaker 1: or if it deserves its own definition. And while he

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Speaker 1: relays the notes and diagnosis of Mr G's previous physician,

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Speaker 1: this is the one that diagnosed him with epilepsy, he

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Speaker 1: is not at all convinced that the epilepsy diagnosis holds water.

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Speaker 1: He points out that while some of the symptoms do overlap,

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Speaker 1: as we talked about in our last episode, part of

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Speaker 1: a problem when arcolepsy diagnosis is that all sleep disorders

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Speaker 1: have a lot of overlap, and at this point in history,

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Speaker 1: a lot of things got lumped under epilepsy that really

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Speaker 1: were not ideally supposed to be there. Uh. But he

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Speaker 1: points out that Mr G had never actually had a seizure.

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Speaker 1: It seemed like the previous doctor was noting that he

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Speaker 1: was falling down in these moments of cataplexy, and he

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Speaker 1: was attributing that to a seizure rather than this sort

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Speaker 1: of loss of muscle control. Jelena's article also compares Mr

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Speaker 1: G's condition to quinophobia, which is the fear of open spaces,

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Speaker 1: to sleeping dropsy, which has talked about a lot in

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Speaker 1: the time, and vertigo, and he finds all of them

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Speaker 1: equally unsuitable as labels for this pattern. Of paralysis and

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Speaker 1: sleep that his patient was exhibiting. Jelena dismissed the idea

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Speaker 1: that Mr G's condition was the result of that conch

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Speaker 1: on ahead we talked about earlier. Instead, he offers the

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Speaker 1: theory that his nerve centers didn't get enough oxygen or

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Speaker 1: that the oxygen supply was being depleted too rapidly. So,

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Speaker 1: according to this theory, his body was just in a

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Speaker 1: constant cycle of seeking restorative sleep. Yeah, it's an interesting theory.

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Speaker 1: Modern science doesn't hold that out. But he was really

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Speaker 1: trying to explore some previously undiscovered territory in terms of

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Speaker 1: finding out why this would happen to a person. The

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Speaker 1: treat Mr G. Jellino initially prescribed picrotoxin, and this is

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Speaker 1: a stimulant that's derived from woody vines. Stimulants continue to

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Speaker 1: be part of the the treatment for a lot of

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Speaker 1: people with narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, and the idea

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Speaker 1: was that this picrotoxin would prevent spasmodic contraction of the

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Speaker 1: blood vessels. He also added bromides which were used as sedatives,

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Speaker 1: and unfortunately, this course of treatment had no positive effect

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Speaker 1: on the patient whatsoever, and it actually made him feel weaker.

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Speaker 1: The next approach was the inhalation of amal nitrate to

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Speaker 1: dilate the blood vessels whenever Mr D felt an attack

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Speaker 1: coming on. This too, failed to curtail any of his

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Speaker 1: sleep attacks. Similarly, apomorphine injections, stryct nine, arsenate, phosphates, and

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Speaker 1: caffeine were all failures. Yeah, you know, some would initially

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Speaker 1: appear like they might be helping. And it's funny because

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Speaker 1: in the description he talks about whenever Mr G inhales

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Speaker 1: the amill nitrate, his cheeks flush, and so they think

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Speaker 1: like it might be doing some good, but no, uh.

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Speaker 1: Jelena did not differentiate between narcolepsy with catoplexy and narcolepsy

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Speaker 1: without catoplexy, because in his patient there was always cataplexy,

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Speaker 1: although today those two conditions are diagnosed differently, and while

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Speaker 1: Jeleno touched on and ultimately dismissed in Mr G's case,

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Speaker 1: the possibility of an injury being the cause of such

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Speaker 1: a condition, it would be sometime before a narcolepsy would

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Speaker 1: be distinguished into two types. Primary narcolepsy, which is when

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Speaker 1: the cause of the condition is unknown and it seems

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Speaker 1: to exist on its own as a neurological condition, and

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Speaker 1: then secondary narcilepsy characterized by the presence of an underlying

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Speaker 1: neurological condition or a traumatic injury. So both the Westpall

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Speaker 1: and Jelino cases have a lot of factors in common.

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Speaker 1: Neither of them, however, include discussion of automatic behavior. So

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Speaker 1: those are those instances where patients go on with the

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Speaker 1: task that they had been partaking in or doing even

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Speaker 1: during episodes of sleep attacks, like continuing to write even

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Speaker 1: after they've dropped off. One of the important aspects of

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Speaker 1: Jelino's work was his observation that episodes of sleep were

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Speaker 1: often linked to or catalyzed by moments of extreme emotional response.

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Speaker 1: And while Westball seems to have been observing similar triggers

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Speaker 1: for cataplexy, he mentions things like the patients seeing two

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Speaker 1: boys fighting or excitation is bringing on cataplexy, he isn't

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Speaker 1: as detailed, and as we mentioned before, he seems to

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Speaker 1: think that the sleep instances are the result or extension

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Speaker 1: of the muscle weakness. But the truly important development is

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Speaker 1: that these two prominent doctors, and there were others writing,

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Speaker 1: but these are the two that really kind of cemented

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Speaker 1: this Uh, they had now written about patients with what

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Speaker 1: appeared to be really similar conditions. Uh, And so narcolepsy

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Speaker 1: started to really be looked at a little more seriously.

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Speaker 1: But unfortunately, as it gained recognition as a sleep disorder,

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Speaker 1: many sleep issues involving daytime drowsiness were then incorrectly lumped

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Speaker 1: the early twentieth century, cataplexy was given its name in

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Speaker 1: nineteen o two, for example, it wasn't until the encephalitis

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Speaker 1: lethargic outbreak that started in nineteen seventeen that it really

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Speaker 1: got a lot of attention. We have a whole episode

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Speaker 1: on encephalitis lethargica that is extremely scary, so we won't

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Speaker 1: the research on the encephalitis lethargica episode and it was very,

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Speaker 1: very frightening stuff. An accidental Halloween episode. It was not

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Speaker 1: supposed to be scary stuff for Halloween, but it's very

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Speaker 1: we said, uh, many sleep disorders were incorrectly being diagnosed

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Speaker 1: as narcilepsy, and this was sometimes a problem with encephalitis lethargica,

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Speaker 1: particularly in the beginning of it its appearance. Although there

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Speaker 1: were cases of encephalitis lethargica where the narcolepsy diagnosis was legits,

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Speaker 1: and this actually caused some doctors to debate whether or

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Speaker 1: not there were truly any cases of idiopathic narcolepsy or

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Speaker 1: if it really was just always linked to another problem

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Speaker 1: that just wasn't always easily identified. In ninety psychiatrists Constantine

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Speaker 1: von Economo, who I think they talk about in that

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Speaker 1: encephalitis lethargica episode, identified the posterior hypothalamus as the region

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Speaker 1: of the brain that was critical and wakefulness. He proposed

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Speaker 1: that allegian lesion or disease of the posterior hypothalamus was

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Speaker 1: a probable primary cause of narcolepsy, and his interest in

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Speaker 1: sleep science grew. Many treatments for narcolepsy were devised In

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Speaker 1: a tempted inthracol injection of air so that's air pumped

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Speaker 1: into the space under the erechnoid membranes of the brain

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Speaker 1: or spinal cord was tried. Removal of cerebro spinal fluid

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Speaker 1: and radiation of the hypothalamic region. Uh. Those were all

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Speaker 1: attempted to try to treat an oar ecilepsy. None really effective,

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Speaker 1: and the pharmaceutical realm ethidrine sometimes offered marginal help. But

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Speaker 1: in and famines were introduced as a treatment. These had

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Speaker 1: and continue to have a significant effect in the way

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Speaker 1: of reducing drowsiness, but there are a lot of side

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Speaker 1: effects and they can be addictive. Tricyclic antidepressants have also

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Speaker 1: been effective, and in many cases doctors use a combination

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Speaker 1: of antidepressants and stimulants to manage patient care. And then

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Speaker 1: before we get to what is maybe the most fascinating

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Speaker 1: part of an oarcilepsy history, at least for me, should

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Speaker 1: we take a moment to thank one of our sponsors. Sure, okay,

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Speaker 1: So now we're getting into the the middle of the

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Speaker 1: twentieth century where some really interesting stuff starts to happen.

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Speaker 1: Starting in nineteen sixty four, Dr William Demmott, who is

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Speaker 1: the father of modern sleep science and is still going

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Speaker 1: he's in his eighties, now open a sleep clinic at

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Speaker 1: Stanford and their intensive study of the causes and patterns

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Speaker 1: of narcolepsy was conducted. The sleep center actually became permanently

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Speaker 1: established a little over five years later in nineteen seventy.

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Speaker 1: This is also where canine narcolepsy enters the picture. The

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Speaker 1: first case of a dog with narcolepsy was identified in

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventy three. The dog, a toy poodle named Monique,

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Speaker 1: had begun having cataplectic attacks as an adolescent puppy. In

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Speaker 1: some cases, Monique would experience only partial cataplexy, and for example,

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Speaker 1: her only her legs would go limp, but at other

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Speaker 1: times she experienced a full collapse, and justice was the

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Speaker 1: case with Westfall and Jellino's patients. Excitement would trigger Monique.

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Speaker 1: A new toy, oi or food or a treat could

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Speaker 1: prompt an episode of cataplexy, and the years after Monique

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Speaker 1: was identified, Dr DeMott traveled to veterinary schools and met

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Speaker 1: with veterinarians who discussed the condition and identify canines who

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Speaker 1: had it, and so eventually a canine narcilepsy colony was

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Speaker 1: actually founded as part of the Stanford Labs so that

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Speaker 1: researchers could start a breeding program to study the role

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Speaker 1: of heredity in narcolepsy. However, initially all of the puppies

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Speaker 1: produced by this program were asymptomatic, researchers were unable to

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Speaker 1: identify a hereditary component. Fifteen different breeds of dog were

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Speaker 1: identified with canine narcolepsy with cataplexy over the years, and

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Speaker 1: two breeds there were men pinchers and Labrador retrievers were

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Speaker 1: found to actually transfer the condition genetically. So with this discovery,

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Speaker 1: it was revealed that there are both sporadic which is

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Speaker 1: non hereditary random occurrences, and familiar or hereditary versions of

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Speaker 1: canine narcilepsy. And while there have been numerous developments in

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Speaker 1: the study of narcolepsy, and some have been quite recent, uh,

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Speaker 1: one of the biggest then happened in and it started

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Speaker 1: with this ongoing study of the condition in dogs as

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Speaker 1: well as in mice because they will also exhibit narcilepsy.

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Speaker 1: And at that point in hypocreting receptor mutations were identified

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Speaker 1: as the cause of narcolepsian dogs. Hypocreting is a brain

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Speaker 1: chemical that regulates sleep and wakefulness. So abnormal levels of hypocreting,

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Speaker 1: so too much or too little, can cause all kinds

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Speaker 1: of havoc on the sleep cycle system. And the following year,

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Speaker 1: so in two thousands, so we're getting quite recent human

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Speaker 1: earcolepsy was also associated with a deficiency in hypocreting, and

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Speaker 1: while there's ongoing research as to why hypocrete and producing

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Speaker 1: cells are lost why they, you know, shut down, one

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Speaker 1: area that's being explored is that it could potentially be

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Speaker 1: caused by an autoimmune reaction. Surprisingly, narcolepsy and narcolepsy with

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Speaker 1: catapory actually weren't acknowledged as discrete clinical disorders until the

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Speaker 1: publication of the two thousand and one International Classification of

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Speaker 1: Sleep Disorders. Yeah, it's still, in some ways such a

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Speaker 1: new thing, uh, and I'm forever fascinated by it. Part

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Speaker 1: of it is that I've had two friends in my

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Speaker 1: life that have anarcilepsy, the real deal, by which I

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Speaker 1: do know. I mean, I think some people will joke

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Speaker 1: in social circles about, oh, I am my friend is

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Speaker 1: a narcolepsy because they tend to fall asleep a lot.

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Speaker 1: But once you have seen someone actually be in the

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Speaker 1: middle of talking to you and just be out, and

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Speaker 1: then forty seconds later they just start talking again and

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Speaker 1: they're awake, and it's like it never happened, it is

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Speaker 1: very fascinating and you realize that this is a very

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Speaker 1: unique condition and it is not just being sleepy and tired.

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Speaker 1: There are also uh and we'll link to them in

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Speaker 1: the show notes. I have them listed in the sources.

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Speaker 1: There are videos of animals experiencing narcolepsy, which if you're

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Speaker 1: an animal person, it can be a little bit hard

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Speaker 1: to watch initially because you see like these, you know,

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Speaker 1: a dog running around and then suddenly like just losing

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Speaker 1: control of its legs, and it looks very upsetting and frightening.

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Speaker 1: The dogs seem to generally not be too distraught by

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Speaker 1: the whole situation. Um, but it's fascinating to watch. And

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Speaker 1: I think if you watch just a a moment or

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Speaker 1: two of those kinds of films, you'll see pretty quickly

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Speaker 1: that again, this is not just a case of someone

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Speaker 1: being sleepy or nodding off. It's not like when you

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Speaker 1: doze off in a in a meeting because your brain

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Speaker 1: is not getting stimulation. It's really like it's like a

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Speaker 1: switch being flipped in many cases. So that's why I'm

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Speaker 1: fascinated by it. Like I said, I'm fascinated by all

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Speaker 1: the sleep things. I also have a little bit of

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Speaker 1: listener mail. I will this is a more listener mail

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Speaker 1: about our gouty podcast. So these are actually two pieces.

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Speaker 1: One is from our listener Kristen, and she says, I

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Speaker 1: started listening to your podcasts on the way from Seattle

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Speaker 1: to Nebraska for the holidays. That is a twenty two

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Speaker 1: hour drive, she says, and she had lots of time

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Speaker 1: for podcasts, um but when I saw the most re

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Speaker 1: podcast we're on Antony Goudy, I had to listen to them.

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Speaker 1: He's been one of my favorite artists, not just architects,

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Speaker 1: for a long time. It was a major reason why

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Speaker 1: I wanted to visit Barcelona. I think you both did

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Speaker 1: an amazing job going over his life and work, especially

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Speaker 1: his death not to be morbid. It's an important detail

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Speaker 1: of his life and it's one that's sometimes overlooked. There

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Speaker 1: were a couple of points that weren't touched on and

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Speaker 1: might be of interest to listeners who are ever in Barcelona.

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Speaker 1: One is that the sidewalk tiles in some places around

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Speaker 1: Barcelona were designed by Goudy. They have a pattern that

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Speaker 1: looks like fossils and it's quite beautiful. Images can be

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Speaker 1: found by googling Gouty sidewalk tiles. I'm sure you've seen

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Speaker 1: some pictures of them. Also on the roof of Kazamila.

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Speaker 1: There is a small archway that Goudy designed to frame

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Speaker 1: the then unfinished Sagrada Familia. He put an immense amount

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Speaker 1: of effort into all of his work, even connecting them

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Speaker 1: like this, which is which I find to be incredibly impressive,

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Speaker 1: and she includes a picture of it. I did not

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Speaker 1: know either of those things. I remember seeing in some

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Speaker 1: of my image searches. Uh. Some of the sidewalk tiles

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Speaker 1: it I presumed, perhaps foolishly, because I didn't see any

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Speaker 1: right up about them being specifically designed by him for

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Speaker 1: parts of Barcelona, Like I thought they were probably just

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Speaker 1: the pieces that were outside of the buildings that he

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Speaker 1: had designed, But apparently they are out and about uh.

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Speaker 1: And the other one is I won't read the whole email,

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Speaker 1: but it is from our listener Scott, and he mentions

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Speaker 1: to us that just after the Gouty podcast aired, and

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Speaker 1: this was complete accident on our part, there was an

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Speaker 1: article about a chapel being built in Chile based upon

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Speaker 1: the designs of Goudy, and it's going to be the

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Speaker 1: first Gouty design building outside of his native Spain. And

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Speaker 1: he includes a link to the article which you will

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Speaker 1: also put in the show notes, he says, I love

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Speaker 1: it when something I've just learned about makes the news.

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Speaker 1: At the same time, I do too, especially when it

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Speaker 1: happens accidentally and I we look like we're really timely,

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Speaker 1: But that was an absolute accident, So hooray for happy accidents.

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Speaker 1: If you would like to write us, talk to us

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Speaker 1: about sleep disorders or uh architects or whatever else De

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Speaker 1: likes you, you you can do so at History Podcast at

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Speaker 1: House of Works dot com. You can also connect with

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Speaker 1: us at Misston History on Twitter, at Facebook dot com,

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Speaker 1: slash mist in History at Misston History dot combler dot com,

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Speaker 1: on pinterest dot com slash mist in history. And if

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Speaker 1: you would like to purchase some misst in History goodies

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Speaker 1: like shirts in topebags and other fun things, you can

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Speaker 1: do that at our spreadshirt store, which is missed in

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Speaker 1: History dot spreadshirt dot com. You would like to research

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Speaker 1: a little bit about what we talked about today, you

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Speaker 1: can go to our parents side House of Works. Type

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Speaker 1: in the word and oarcilepsy in the search bar to

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Speaker 1: get an article called what is an oarcilepsy? And I

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Speaker 1: mentioned this one in the second of our episodes because

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Speaker 1: it's the timeline there is not quite the same as

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Speaker 1: the one that I mentioned. They kind of pick up

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Speaker 1: with jeleno as the start of really the record of it, uh,

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Speaker 1: because that really is when it came into being as

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Speaker 1: the word in ourcilepsy. So have a peek at that

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Speaker 1: article if you like. You can also visit us at

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Speaker 1: miss in history dot com for all of our episodes,

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Speaker 1: show notes, etcetera. And we encourage you to do so.

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Speaker 1: And if you would like to do research on almost

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Speaker 1: anything you can think of, you can do that at

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Speaker 1: our parents site, how stuff works dot com for more

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00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:19,679
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics because it how

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Speaker 1: stuff works dot com