1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: on with the show. Welcome to this day in History 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past one day at a 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:26,960 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. 9 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:30,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's 10 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:34,559 Speaker 1: August ten. On this day in the Pueblo peoples of 11 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: the southwestern United States rebelled against the Spanish and what 12 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: came to be known as the Pueblo Revolt. So when 13 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: this happened, some of the indigenous people living in this 14 00:00:44,120 --> 00:00:47,320 Speaker 1: part of the continent, we're living in these permanent communal dwellings. 15 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:52,479 Speaker 1: The Spanish described as pueblo that just meant town or village, 16 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 1: and that's where the name for pueblo in or Pueblo 17 00:00:55,640 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 1: people's comes from. These pueblos had terraces and flat roofs 18 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 1: and buildings that were around a central court, and the 19 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:06,160 Speaker 1: central court was over an underground ceremonial chamber that was 20 00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: called akiva. Pueblos still exist today. Pueblo and people still 21 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:15,960 Speaker 1: exist today. One pueblo in particular, a Coma Pueblo, is 22 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,560 Speaker 1: believed to be one of the oldest continually inhabited places 23 00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:23,760 Speaker 1: in the United States. So, by the nineteenth century, Spanish 24 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:26,039 Speaker 1: forces in the same part of North America that we've 25 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:30,800 Speaker 1: just been talking about we're forbidding indigenous religious practices. They'd 26 00:01:30,880 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: arrived at a pueblo, they would destroy the kiva. Sometimes 27 00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:37,280 Speaker 1: they would build a Catholic church directly on top of 28 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:40,320 Speaker 1: the site that the kiva had been on. They would 29 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:44,839 Speaker 1: destroy masks and other ritual objects, and they would enact 30 00:01:44,920 --> 00:01:50,120 Speaker 1: heavy taxes and imprison anybody who resisted. Plus they introduced 31 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:52,919 Speaker 1: a lot of diseases and a major drought that started 32 00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:55,840 Speaker 1: in sixteen sixty six and lasted for four years. Made 33 00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: life in this part of the continent really difficult. It's 34 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: all through this time of Spain trying to colonize these 35 00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:08,919 Speaker 1: people's The people were resisting. There were ongoing revolts all 36 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:11,959 Speaker 1: through the areas. Some of them were really major. One 37 00:02:12,080 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: was the a Coma revolt that took place in a 38 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: Coma Pueblo in fifteen ninety nine, and after that revolt, 39 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:22,520 Speaker 1: Spain took just decisive action against the pueblo and people. 40 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: They massacred most of the male population over the age 41 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:31,040 Speaker 1: of twenty five. Then, in sixteen seventy five, Spanish authorities 42 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:35,560 Speaker 1: rounded up forty seven Pueblo religious leaders and then convicted 43 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:40,160 Speaker 1: them of sorcery and inspiring to rebel, and these leaders 44 00:02:40,200 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 1: were all beaten publicly. They were sentenced to slavery. Four 45 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:46,320 Speaker 1: of them were sentenced to be executed, although one of 46 00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:49,639 Speaker 1: them took his own life rather than do that. One 47 00:02:49,639 --> 00:02:52,200 Speaker 1: of the men who was imprisoned during this whole big 48 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:56,519 Speaker 1: sweep in sixteen seventy five was a man named Pope, 49 00:02:56,560 --> 00:03:00,680 Speaker 1: and Pope was from San Juan Pueblo. Once he was released, 50 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 1: he went to the northernmost pueblo, which was Taos Pueblo. 51 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:07,320 Speaker 1: He said he had been visited by three spirits who 52 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:11,040 Speaker 1: told him that if the people purged the Spanish from 53 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:14,560 Speaker 1: their world, they would be prosperous again. And then he 54 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:19,520 Speaker 1: got to work, spending years organizing people to rise up 55 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 1: against Spain. There was a big language barrier. At least 56 00:03:23,560 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: seven different languages were spoken among all these pueblos, and 57 00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: so Pope gave each of the pueblos a knotted chord. 58 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:34,760 Speaker 1: They were supposed to untie one of the knots every day, 59 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:37,280 Speaker 1: and when they untied the last knot, that would be 60 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:42,480 Speaker 1: the day of the rebellion. He also gave them deer 61 00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 1: skin marked with pictograms of what was going to happen. 62 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 1: He sent people, he sent runners carrying these chords and 63 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:52,960 Speaker 1: the pictograms to all of the different pueblos. He couldn't 64 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:55,320 Speaker 1: visit all of them himself, so he sent runners and 65 00:03:55,360 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: he would rehearse with them what all of this met 66 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:00,600 Speaker 1: and what the instructions were. Two of the runners were 67 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 1: actually captured during the planning, so Pope sent more runners 68 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:07,520 Speaker 1: to let people know they needed to move up their timeline, 69 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:09,360 Speaker 1: although the news didn't make it all the way to 70 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: the most far out farthest away pueblos. That in August tenth, 71 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: the Poblow and people, along with their allies among the 72 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,960 Speaker 1: Apache and the Navajo, attacked more than twenty Spanish villages 73 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: using the weapons that they had hidden in this uprising. 74 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: They killed more than four Spanish soldiers and civilians, including 75 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:31,159 Speaker 1: twenty one Franciscan priests. Was actually two thirds of the 76 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:34,400 Speaker 1: ecclesiastical force in New Mexico at the time. We don't 77 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:37,800 Speaker 1: know the casualty numbers on the Native side. The only 78 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:41,000 Speaker 1: written records we have of this are Spanish. They're either 79 00:04:41,080 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: written by Spanish people or dictated by the indigenous people 80 00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: to a Spanish scribe, so not as much information about 81 00:04:50,680 --> 00:04:54,440 Speaker 1: the Native side of things. They then attacked the colonial 82 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 1: headquarters in Santa Fe and eventually the colonial governor decided 83 00:04:58,560 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: to abandon the whole area. The pueblo and people got 84 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:04,040 Speaker 1: to work trying to remove Spanish influence from their town, 85 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:09,159 Speaker 1: taking down the churches, trying to repair their own religious sites, 86 00:05:09,240 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: their own sacred objects. Although some Spanish introductions had become 87 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 1: a big part of the way of life among the 88 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:17,800 Speaker 1: pueblos and it wasn't something that could just get rid 89 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:20,520 Speaker 1: of at that point, like raising cattle and sheep was 90 00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:24,359 Speaker 1: introduced by the Spanish regardless, though, the pueblo and people 91 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 1: were free from Spanish rule for twelve years, so a 92 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,279 Speaker 1: lot of people argue that we should call this the 93 00:05:30,279 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 1: Pueblo Revolution rather than the Pueblo Revolt. You could learn 94 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:36,120 Speaker 1: more about it, though, and more about what happened twelve 95 00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: years later in the January episode of Stuff You Miss 96 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 1: in History Class. Thanks to Tari Harrison for her audio 97 00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: skills on these episodes, and you can subscribe to This 98 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 1: Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and 99 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: wherever else you get your podcasts. Tomorrow we will look 100 00:05:53,920 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 1: at a secret diary that was written in code. Welcome 101 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:08,560 Speaker 1: back to This Day in History Class, where we reveal 102 00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:23,160 Speaker 1: a new piece of history every day. The day was August. 103 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:30,360 Speaker 1: The French Revolutionary government opened the Louver as a public museum. 104 00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,440 Speaker 1: In the twelfth century, King Philip the Second was getting 105 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:37,160 Speaker 1: ready to leave France for the Crusades, a series of 106 00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:41,680 Speaker 1: religious wars in the medieval period. The king decided to 107 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:46,039 Speaker 1: build a fortress to protect Paris. Extra protection was needed 108 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: at a weak spot in the fortification near the River Sin, 109 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: so the Louver was added. The castle had a moat 110 00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:59,120 Speaker 1: and circular defensive towers. At this point, the Louver was 111 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,200 Speaker 1: at the outer limit of the city, but over time 112 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:06,320 Speaker 1: people moved near the fort in an urban district came 113 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: to surround it. But by the early fifteen hundreds, King 114 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:14,160 Speaker 1: Francois the First had declared that the capital would be 115 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:17,640 Speaker 1: his main residence, and he decided to have it rebuilt. 116 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: Work began on the chateau during the reign of France, 117 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:24,320 Speaker 1: while the first when a small part of the present 118 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: Louver was constructed under architect Pierre Lescoux. Construction continued into 119 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 1: the reign of Unre the second and Charles the ninth, 120 00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: and wings and free standing buildings were added. Almost all 121 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,760 Speaker 1: the French monarchs that followed extended the Louver and its grounds. 122 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:47,600 Speaker 1: Louis the thirteenth and Louis the fourteenth specifically made major 123 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:50,880 Speaker 1: changes to the building complex. The two kings and their 124 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:55,320 Speaker 1: ministers acquired a lot of works of art. In sixteen 125 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: eighty two, King Louis the fourteenth moved his court to Versailles, 126 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:03,160 Speaker 1: and the Louver was no longer a royal residence. The 127 00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,200 Speaker 1: Louver did, though, become home to art academies that displayed 128 00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 1: their work. In the eighteenth century, people began voicing their 129 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: desire for a display of the royal art collections. The 130 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:19,640 Speaker 1: Louver was proposed as a place for a public museum, 131 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,680 Speaker 1: but it took until after the French Revolution broke out 132 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,320 Speaker 1: in seventeen eighty nine for a permanent museum to actually 133 00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:31,360 Speaker 1: be established. The Musai centrala day art as it was called, 134 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:35,960 Speaker 1: then open to the public on August tenth, sevente In 135 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:40,120 Speaker 1: the grand gallery of the Louver, five and thirty seven 136 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:43,600 Speaker 1: paintings were on display. So we're one hundred and twenty 137 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:48,800 Speaker 1: four marble and bronze sculptures, precious marbles, porcelain works, clocks, 138 00:08:48,920 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 1: and other pieces. Many of the works had been confiscated 139 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:58,280 Speaker 1: from the royal family and French nobility. The Louver closed 140 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:01,560 Speaker 1: about three years after it open end because of issues 141 00:09:01,640 --> 00:09:06,760 Speaker 1: with the building, but Napoleon later reopened the museum. He 142 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:12,120 Speaker 1: even renamed it the Mousai. Napoleon his Grand army stole 143 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:16,240 Speaker 1: art and cultural artifacts as they crossed the European continent 144 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:20,760 Speaker 1: in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the Louver's collection 145 00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 1: grew quickly. Thousands of artworks were returned to their owners 146 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:29,640 Speaker 1: after Napoleon's fall, but many stolen artworks remain in the 147 00:09:29,720 --> 00:09:35,120 Speaker 1: Egyptian collection and other departments. Construction of the core care 148 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: and a wing on the north along the Rue de 149 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:42,840 Speaker 1: Rivoli began under Napoleon. Two wings were added in the 150 00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:46,800 Speaker 1: eighteen hundreds, and the Louver complex was completed under the 151 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:51,320 Speaker 1: reign of Napoleon. The third During the Nazi occupation of 152 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:55,480 Speaker 1: Paris in World War Two, the Nazis looted thousands of 153 00:09:55,559 --> 00:09:59,520 Speaker 1: works of art from France. The Louver became a clearing 154 00:09:59,559 --> 00:10:03,040 Speaker 1: center for the art the Germans looted from conquered territories 155 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:06,840 Speaker 1: and from the collections of Jewish people and others that 156 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:11,560 Speaker 1: the Nazis terrorized. Though many works were returned to their owners, 157 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:14,840 Speaker 1: the loub still has arts the win by Nazis in 158 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 1: its possession. In the nineteen eighties and nineteen nineties, the 159 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:24,760 Speaker 1: Louver was remodeled. Architect i Am Pay designed the underground 160 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:28,640 Speaker 1: lobby and the famous steel and glass pyramid in the 161 00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:33,720 Speaker 1: museum's courtyard. The Louver also has satellite locations in Lawns, 162 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:39,160 Speaker 1: France and Abu Dhabi. I'm Eve Jeffcote and hopefully you 163 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 164 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: If there are any upcoming days in history that you'd 165 00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:48,800 Speaker 1: really like me to cover on the show, give us 166 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:53,079 Speaker 1: a shout on social media at t D i h 167 00:10:53,360 --> 00:10:58,200 Speaker 1: D podcast. Thank you for joining me today. See you 168 00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:07,280 Speaker 1: same place, same time tomorrow. M H. For more podcasts 169 00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: from My Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app. 170 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:12,000 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.