1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 1: in history today on with the show. Hi, I'm Eves 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:11,280 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show 4 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:23,759 Speaker 1: that uncovers a little bit more about history every day. 5 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: The day was made nineteen twelve. Ruby Violet Payin Scott 6 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:34,880 Speaker 1: was born in Grafton, New South Wales, Australia, to Amy 7 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:39,080 Speaker 1: and Cyril Herman Pain Scott. Ruby would go on to 8 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:44,720 Speaker 1: become Australia's first female radio astronomer. In the early nineteen twenties, 9 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:49,760 Speaker 1: Ruby's family moved to Sydney. She attended Sydney Girls High School, 10 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:54,640 Speaker 1: where she graduated at age sixteen. After getting scholarships to 11 00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: attend the University of Sydney, she enrolled there and began 12 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:03,600 Speaker 1: studying physics, chemish, three math and botany. In nineteen thirty three, 13 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:06,919 Speaker 1: Ruby got her Bachelor of Science degree from the university 14 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:10,840 Speaker 1: with first class honors in physics and math. Three years 15 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:14,360 Speaker 1: later she received a Master of Science degree in physics, 16 00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: and a couple of years after that she got a 17 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 1: Diploma of Education. Australia was hit hard by the Great 18 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:25,320 Speaker 1: Depression in the nineteen thirties, but Ruby still managed to 19 00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:28,920 Speaker 1: find work as a physicist with the Cancer Research Committee 20 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:32,000 Speaker 1: at the University of Sydney, where she worked from nineteen 21 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 1: thirty six to nineteen thirty eight. There she researched radiation, 22 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:40,119 Speaker 1: which had been identified as a treatment for cancer near 23 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,520 Speaker 1: the beginning of the twentieth century, but when the research 24 00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:46,200 Speaker 1: projects shut down and she was unable to find work, 25 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:50,000 Speaker 1: she began teaching at Woodland's Church of England Girls Grammar 26 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 1: School in Adelaide, but in nineteen thirty nine she returned 27 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:58,360 Speaker 1: to physics research. She began working as a librarian with 28 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:04,160 Speaker 1: Amalgamated Wireless Australasia and Sydney and Electronics manufacturer in two 29 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:08,800 Speaker 1: way radio communications systems operator, becoming the only woman on 30 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: the company's professional staff. But at this time World War 31 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:17,520 Speaker 1: Two was gearing up. In nine she was appointed Research 32 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 1: Scientists in the Division of Radio Physics of the Council 33 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: for Scientific and Industrial Research or c s i R 34 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,960 Speaker 1: to do research on radar, a new defensive weapon. She 35 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:32,600 Speaker 1: also worked in solar astronomy and did research on radar 36 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:37,400 Speaker 1: calibration and the use of interferometry to locate hostile plane positions. 37 00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 1: She became an expert at recognizing Japanese aircraft from other 38 00:02:41,760 --> 00:02:46,080 Speaker 1: sources of radio static. Through her work on small signal 39 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:50,920 Speaker 1: visibility of radar displays and the measurement of receiver noise factors, 40 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: Ruby linked up with Australian scientists Joseph L. Posey. They 41 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: carried out what could be considered the first radio astronomy 42 00:02:59,639 --> 00:03:03,600 Speaker 1: experien erament in the Southern Hemisphere in nineteen forty four 43 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:07,760 Speaker 1: to break down these fields of study. Radio astronomy is 44 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:11,280 Speaker 1: the study of celestial objects that give off radio waves. 45 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: Radio physics is a branch of physics concerned with the 46 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:20,239 Speaker 1: properties and application of radiation. Ruby focused on solar noise 47 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:23,960 Speaker 1: and its correlation with sun spot activity. Her work was 48 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: integral in the discovery of type one, two, and three 49 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:31,640 Speaker 1: solar bursts. Other notable work includes her research with Pozsy 50 00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:35,280 Speaker 1: and Lindsay Macready, where they introduced the use of Fourier 51 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:40,280 Speaker 1: synthesis into radio astronomy. Ruby also helped create a device 52 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:44,560 Speaker 1: called the swept lobe interferometer, which allowed radio astronomers to 53 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 1: identify and observe single way formations. Despite pain Scott's pioneering work, 54 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:53,160 Speaker 1: radio astronomy in Australia at the time was subject to 55 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:59,080 Speaker 1: isolation and Australian journals were not widely read. In nineteen nine, 56 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: c as i ARE became the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 57 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:08,280 Speaker 1: Research Organization or c s i r O. Ruby soon 58 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 1: ran into some conflict that would lead to her resignation. 59 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:16,320 Speaker 1: She secretly married William Hall, a telephone mechanic, in nineteen 60 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 1: forty four. The two were feminist, environmental conservationists, atheist, and 61 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:25,400 Speaker 1: left leaning. In fact, her colleagues called her Red Ruby 62 00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:30,120 Speaker 1: because of her supposed communist sympathies, but public service rules 63 00:04:30,200 --> 00:04:33,599 Speaker 1: required women to resign when they got married. When c 64 00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: s i r O management found out about the marriage 65 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:40,600 Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty, she was pulled from her permanent position 66 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: and became a temporary employee. She left the organization in 67 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,760 Speaker 1: radio astronomy the next year, when she was pregnant. She 68 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:51,440 Speaker 1: wrote the following to the CEO of c s I 69 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:55,080 Speaker 1: r O. I am of course sorry to give up 70 00:04:55,080 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: the research work I have been doing, and also to 71 00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: leave the laboratory where I have been so happy and 72 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 1: have so many friends. If all goes well, I do 73 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: not expect to be returning to radio physics at least 74 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:10,440 Speaker 1: four some years. When she left, she had one of 75 00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:13,479 Speaker 1: the highest salaries of the scientific staff who were on 76 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:17,840 Speaker 1: the administration. By nineteen fifty three, she had her second 77 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:21,480 Speaker 1: child and she stayed home to raise the two of them. 78 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:25,280 Speaker 1: From nineteen sixty three to nineteen seventy four, Payne Scott 79 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:28,800 Speaker 1: taught math and science at Dane Bank Church of England 80 00:05:28,839 --> 00:05:32,720 Speaker 1: School for Girls. She died of pre senile dementia in 81 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:36,640 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty one. Her son became a statistician and her 82 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:41,320 Speaker 1: daughter and artist. I'm Eve Jeffcote and hopefully you know 83 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 84 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: And here is an additional note about Ruby Payne Scott. 85 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:53,440 Speaker 1: She has been called the first female radio astronomer anywhere, 86 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,240 Speaker 1: though some people would argue that that title belongs to 87 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,560 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Alexander. Get more Notes from History on Twitter, Instagram 88 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:09,040 Speaker 1: and Facebook at t d i h C podcast. Thanks 89 00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:12,039 Speaker 1: again for listening, and I hope you come back tomorrow 90 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:20,800 Speaker 1: for more delicious morsels of history. Hey y'all, I'm Eves 91 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:24,400 Speaker 1: and welcome to This Day in History class, a podcast 92 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:27,160 Speaker 1: where we bring you a little slice of history every day. 93 00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:30,040 Speaker 1: I hope you all are still faring well. I am 94 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:32,960 Speaker 1: faring well. I am still in my closet. Everything is 95 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,040 Speaker 1: going great and I am so happy to still be 96 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:38,040 Speaker 1: bringing you all episodes. With that said, on with the 97 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:51,040 Speaker 1: show The Day was One. Abolitionists and religious leader Eliza 98 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:54,520 Speaker 1: and Gardner was born in New York. Gardner is remembered 99 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:58,160 Speaker 1: for founding the Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal 100 00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:03,040 Speaker 1: Science Church. Gartner's family likely became involved in the A. M. E. 101 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 1: Zion Church when they lived in New York, but when 102 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:09,640 Speaker 1: Eliza was young, the family moved to Boston, where Eliza 103 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:14,040 Speaker 1: was raised in anti slavery circles. In Boston, her father 104 00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: became a ship contractor. The family lived in the mainly 105 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,200 Speaker 1: black West End neighborhood and their home was a stop 106 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,720 Speaker 1: on the Underground Railroad, a network of roots and locations 107 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: that enslaved people used to escape to free states in Canada. 108 00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:31,040 Speaker 1: Because of this, she was acquainted with anti slavery figures 109 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: like Sojourn Her Truth, Harriet Tubman, and William Lloyd Garrison. 110 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,360 Speaker 1: Once she left school, she supported herself through dressmaking and 111 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: joined church and abolitionist circles. Gartner became a Sunday school teacher, 112 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,800 Speaker 1: and she became the Sunday School superintendent for Boston. She 113 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,200 Speaker 1: organized the first Zion Missionary Society in New England at 114 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:55,360 Speaker 1: her church. The society, which later became known as the 115 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 1: Ladies Home and Foreign Missionary Society, raised money to send 116 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: missionaries to Africa. As Black Methodists debated women's role in 117 00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:07,800 Speaker 1: the church and missionary fundraising, Gardner weighed in on the question. 118 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: She said the following at four am Zion General Conference, 119 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: I come from Old Massachusetts, where we have declared that 120 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:20,040 Speaker 1: all not only men, but women too are created free 121 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:23,280 Speaker 1: and equal, with certain and alienable rights which men are 122 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: bound to respect. She went on to say that women 123 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:29,760 Speaker 1: would continue to support the church if it's male leaders 124 00:08:29,840 --> 00:08:33,840 Speaker 1: supported and respected them. She said, quote, if you commenced 125 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:36,880 Speaker 1: to talk about the superiority of men, if you persist 126 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 1: in telling us that after the fall of man, we 127 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,600 Speaker 1: were put under your feet and that we are intended 128 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:44,400 Speaker 1: to be subject to your will, we cannot help you 129 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: in New England one bit. In addition to her activism 130 00:08:48,440 --> 00:08:51,560 Speaker 1: and the church, she was also in secular clubs. She 131 00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:54,400 Speaker 1: was a founding member of the Woman's Era Club of Boston, 132 00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:57,800 Speaker 1: the first black women's club in the city. She was 133 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:02,679 Speaker 1: associated with Temperance Organization and in Eve. She served as 134 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:05,680 Speaker 1: chaplain at the first National Conference of the Colored Women 135 00:09:05,800 --> 00:09:09,920 Speaker 1: of America, a conference organized by publisher and civil rights 136 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:14,240 Speaker 1: leader Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. The National Federation of Afro 137 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:18,080 Speaker 1: American Women, which was organized during the conference, merged with 138 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:21,440 Speaker 1: other groups to become the National Association of Colored Women 139 00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:24,840 Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety six. In nineteen o eight, Gartner was 140 00:09:24,880 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: featured as an honored guest at the organization's biennial convention. 141 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:32,760 Speaker 1: In nineteen o nine, Gardner founded the Butler Club of 142 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:36,200 Speaker 1: the Boston ami Zion Church. She remained president of the 143 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: organization for more than a decade, and she continued to 144 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: fundraise for the church's missionary society. Gardner died in Boston 145 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:48,560 Speaker 1: in ninety two. I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you 146 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:51,640 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 147 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: And if you have any kind words to send us 148 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:56,080 Speaker 1: about any of the episodes or any episodes you'd like 149 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 1: to see in the future, you can hit us up 150 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,400 Speaker 1: via email at this day at I heard media dot com. 151 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:03,560 Speaker 1: You can also send us a note on social media. 152 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:08,439 Speaker 1: We're at t d I h C Podcast. Thanks again 153 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: for listening to the show. And we'll see you tomorrow 154 00:10:11,960 --> 00:10:18,200 Speaker 1: mm hmm. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit 155 00:10:18,200 --> 00:10:20,880 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 156 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:21,760 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.