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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert, joined by Sarah Dowdy. Okay, Sarah, Hi Katie.

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Speaker 1: So I've been trying to get you all morning to

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Speaker 1: agree to do this podcast in dialect, which you won't. Sorry,

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Speaker 1: but you have to at least throw in something. I

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Speaker 1: can read some quotes in a semi dialect about that. Okay,

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Speaker 1: that's that's good enough. Today we're doing The Newsboys Strike

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Speaker 1: of eight nine, as in news Ees the musical, but

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Speaker 1: the real story, not the Disney one. So. Newspapers have

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Speaker 1: been around for a while, obviously, but they really started

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Speaker 1: picking up speed at the beginning of the nineteenth century

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Speaker 1: when prices went way down and consequently circulation goes up

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Speaker 1: um And by the mid nineteenth century there were about

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Speaker 1: four hundred dailies and three thousand weeklies in the US.

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Speaker 1: But there were two big ones. Two big ones, the

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Speaker 1: New York World owned by Joseph Pilitzer and the New

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Speaker 1: York Journal owned by William Randolph Hurst, the two big

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Speaker 1: guys in the newspaper publishing business. Yeah, and the competition

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Speaker 1: between these two guys gets so intense that they start

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Speaker 1: sensationalizing their stories, just making up stuff. Basically, libel is

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Speaker 1: not a big deal at the time, but this is

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Speaker 1: the start of yellow journalism, which actually got its name

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Speaker 1: from one of the cartoon characters in the paper. Right.

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Speaker 1: And at the time, Pulitzer and Hurst were busy trying

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Speaker 1: to sabotage one another by stealing away each other's writers

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Speaker 1: and cartoonists. And one cartoonist, Richard Outcohol I'm sorry, I

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Speaker 1: don't know how to say his name, came up with

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Speaker 1: the character of the yellow Kid, and he appeared in

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Speaker 1: one newspaper which was in color, and people loved him,

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Speaker 1: and so of course the other publisher promptly stole him away,

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Speaker 1: and the Yellow Kid became the emblem of yellow journalism. Really,

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Speaker 1: but these two papers just go at each other, and

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Speaker 1: they would also kind of create stories of their own

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Speaker 1: or blow stories that did exist out of proportion. They

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Speaker 1: essentially drive the United States into war with Spain, which

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Speaker 1: is pretty unbelievable if you think about it, that the

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Speaker 1: Spanish American War is largely the responsibility of two newspaper publishers.

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Speaker 1: Such as the power of the media, it's good for

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Speaker 1: sales apparently to do not start a war on the podcast.

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Speaker 1: But New York City was also home of the newsboys,

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Speaker 1: it was, and the first one was probably about eighteen

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Speaker 1: thirty three, ten year old, selling copies of the New

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Speaker 1: York Sun on the street. And this is different because

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Speaker 1: before then, newspapers used to be sold in stores or

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Speaker 1: sold through subscription. So you'd have newsboys or paper boys

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Speaker 1: who would you know, just like today, come to your house,

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Speaker 1: deliver your paper. That's the subscription that's already existing. Now,

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Speaker 1: the newsies were out on the street hawking these things well,

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Speaker 1: and they bought them wholesale. They weren't working for say,

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Speaker 1: the New York Journal of the New York World. They

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Speaker 1: had to buy a big bundle of them, like a

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Speaker 1: hundred um for fifty cents, and they wouldn't the papers

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Speaker 1: wouldn't buy back the unsold papers, so huge risks. You

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Speaker 1: had to sell one hundred or you were out. And

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Speaker 1: most of these boys were really poor, from you know, tenement.

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Speaker 1: Their little kids too, someone as young as about six

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Speaker 1: years old. Six of the youngest one I saw. So

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Speaker 1: imagine that, you know, you have a hundred papers that

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Speaker 1: you're trying to sell. You're six years old you you're

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Speaker 1: going to stay out as late as you can until

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Speaker 1: the next paper comes out, basically trying to sell what

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Speaker 1: you have to to make your profit. When I like

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Speaker 1: that if they couldn't sell them, they would just make

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Speaker 1: up headlines and start, you know, yelling about like a

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Speaker 1: bridge collapsing, extracts to read all about the bridge that

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Speaker 1: never happened. It's like, oh um a twenty. So people

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Speaker 1: would buy the papers. But Hurst and Pulitzer saw their

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Speaker 1: profits go down in the summer of eighty, which is

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Speaker 1: after the Spanish American War, which they had seen their

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Speaker 1: profits go up, right, so it's only natural that they

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Speaker 1: would go down, But they decided to take advantage of it,

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Speaker 1: and they didn't want to charge their customers any more

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Speaker 1: money because they didn't think they'd go for it. So

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Speaker 1: instead they came up with the crafty plan to make

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Speaker 1: the new seas pay instead. So a hundred papers were

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Speaker 1: now sixty cents instead of fifty cents and a dime

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Speaker 1: is a huge difference in eighteen ninety nine for a

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Speaker 1: poor lone newsboy. Yeah, so the boys go on strike

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Speaker 1: demanding that these two publishing giants lower their prices back

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Speaker 1: to fifty cents, and that was their only real demand.

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Speaker 1: They didn't have anything about working hours or buying back

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Speaker 1: the papers or anything. They just wanted things to go

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Speaker 1: back to where they were, which wasn't even that great,

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Speaker 1: so it's not an unreasonable request. But New York was

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Speaker 1: kind of in the middle of a strike fever at

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Speaker 1: this time. The streetcar employees were striking, the freight handlers,

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Speaker 1: on the railroad peers, the telegraph messenger boys. So everybody

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Speaker 1: was worked up about better conditions or rights or whatnot.

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Speaker 1: But it didn't work for some of them, like the

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Speaker 1: messenger boys, because they didn't have effective leadership. It was just,

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Speaker 1: you know, kind of a bunch of boys yelling about

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Speaker 1: stuff and throwing some stones and then it ended. But

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Speaker 1: that's not what happened with the news. The news boys

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Speaker 1: had a little kid, Blink, a s kid who was

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Speaker 1: blind in one eye, who was basically their leadership, and

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Speaker 1: the boys refused to sell papers. But not only did

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Speaker 1: they refuse to sell, they harassed all the scabs and

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Speaker 1: for the newsstands that continued to sell the journal in

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Speaker 1: the world, they would mob them and steal the papers

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Speaker 1: and rip them up. And as Pulitzer and Hurst started

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Speaker 1: to fight back and hire these big burly guys to

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Speaker 1: sell papers in front of the publishing houses. The boys

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Speaker 1: even would go after them, create huge mobs to go up.

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Speaker 1: Grown go up against grown men. And it doesn't sound

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Speaker 1: that scary, like, you know, six year olds coming up

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Speaker 1: like musty with rocks. But most of them weren't. They

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Speaker 1: were a little bit older, like ten or eleven, and

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Speaker 1: they had all grown up in the streets and they

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Speaker 1: were pretty tough kids, and we were not going to

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Speaker 1: stand for it. Still, you get there's one episode at

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Speaker 1: Fort Street in Vanderbilt with fifty strikers going against some

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Speaker 1: of these bigoons of pulitzer and hursts. Another with three

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Speaker 1: hundred strikers. So even if they're six years old or so,

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Speaker 1: a lot and have you ever been attacked by a

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Speaker 1: small child, And they I think even took papers out

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Speaker 1: of citizens hands. Who want Yeah, this one episode with

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Speaker 1: the three hundreds strikers, they see five men selling, they

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Speaker 1: jumped them and scattered the papers all over the street,

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Speaker 1: and then these people start picking them up and reading

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Speaker 1: the kind of chief Scates sticking two papers up off

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Speaker 1: the ground, and the newsies grabbed the papers out of

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Speaker 1: their hand and rip them up and they had publicized

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Speaker 1: their strike pretty well. They put up signs everywhere. I

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Speaker 1: was saying one of them, the reds have killed a guy.

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Speaker 1: What sells the extras, so seriously, don't buy. And they

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Speaker 1: were explaining to people what the problem was. We did

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Speaker 1: like their little their code of ethics. Yeah, they didn't

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Speaker 1: go after the older women who sold papers. Uh, these

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Speaker 1: were a lot of the women weren't joining the strike.

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Speaker 1: It was kind of a youth movement, I guess, And

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Speaker 1: they didn't attack them. And kid Blink even said that

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Speaker 1: he didn't like it. He wished that they wouldn't sell

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Speaker 1: the journal in the world, but he wasn't going to

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Speaker 1: go after a woman. He was quit in the paper

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Speaker 1: as saying, a feller can't soak a lady. Is Katie's

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Speaker 1: count dialect? It's not real dialect, y'all? Another time would

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Speaker 1: common Sarah to do it. But they did have some

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Speaker 1: support they did. They the Carlem Newsboys actually organized into

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Speaker 1: a union and the several of the boroughs sent delegates

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Speaker 1: to a new zy board. Basically, they also got some

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Speaker 1: support from the News Dealers and Stationers Association and x

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Speaker 1: Assemblyman Philip Whiz. They told them now keep up the fight,

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Speaker 1: don't violate the law, don't use dynamite, but stick together

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Speaker 1: and you will win. I'm sure if it was a provocation, No,

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Speaker 1: no dynamite. The other papers were thrilled that their journal

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Speaker 1: in the world, we're going against each other like this

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Speaker 1: because they were having to sell more. And actually it's

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Speaker 1: paid off because Katie and I did a lot of

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Speaker 1: our research through the New York Times for the Night,

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Speaker 1: which has archives from where they're offering this the strike story,

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Speaker 1: because the actual papers couldn't really or wouldn't, and the

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Speaker 1: newspaper accounts are really weird. We both had a really

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Speaker 1: good time reading them this morning. That's why we keep

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Speaker 1: talking about dialect because they printed the kids like that.

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Speaker 1: They actually all the quotes are written in dialects. So

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Speaker 1: instead of certainly they say sweetenly meeting it like really,

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Speaker 1: but that's what they did, and it's it's kind of patronizing,

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Speaker 1: like they didn't take them seriously and wanted to paint

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Speaker 1: them and this in this sort of way, but the

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Speaker 1: other side of ways kind of Dickenzie. I doubt a

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Speaker 1: style permits right now, but it does go along with

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Speaker 1: this sensationalism. Tootect. Yeah, but a lot of kids during

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Speaker 1: a strike are going hungry because a lot of them

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Speaker 1: are homeless and some of them work to support their

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Speaker 1: own families. So all this time they're not making those

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Speaker 1: nickels and dimes. Is a big deal, and it's going

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Speaker 1: on for a while. The journal in world keep on

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Speaker 1: saying that they're doing fun, they're not having any problems,

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Speaker 1: but they really are hurting. Their sales go down sixty percent,

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Speaker 1: and they're getting to the point where they've got to

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Speaker 1: break some kind of deal with the news sees, and

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Speaker 1: so they come to an agreement that price for that

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Speaker 1: stack of a hundred papers is still going to be

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Speaker 1: sixty cents. They're not going to bring it back down

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Speaker 1: to fifty, but they will take back on sold papers

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Speaker 1: for refund. And that kind of leads into child labor

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Speaker 1: concerns because if they can return these papers, and that

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Speaker 1: might mean they don't have to stay up till past midnight,

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Speaker 1: a six year old selling papers. Yeah, it kind of

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Speaker 1: gives you the option to give up at the end

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Speaker 1: of the day you're not selling if the stories aren't good,

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Speaker 1: to just cut your losses. And after the strike, people

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Speaker 1: did start meeting to find out what the plight of

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Speaker 1: the news hees was and realized how young some of

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Speaker 1: these kids were and how dangerous some of the conditions were.

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Speaker 1: They were jumping trolley cars to get around, and many

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Speaker 1: of them lost limbs that way, and they were poor,

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Speaker 1: and they were staying up too late, and there was

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Speaker 1: no effort at all to regulate any of it now

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Speaker 1: and some of the suggestions at the time this doesn't

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Speaker 1: sound very progressive nowadays, but one was to not allow

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Speaker 1: boys under ten on the street after nine pm, or

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Speaker 1: to get parental consent from all the boys parents. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And then a suggestion that sounds pretty good actually, that

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Speaker 1: they should all be badged and uniformed. Yeah, so if

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Speaker 1: you think it would make it a little safer. So

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Speaker 1: a lot of them used to go around and selling

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Speaker 1: at places like saloons and would say that, you know,

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Speaker 1: drunk men said bad things to them, but they would

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Speaker 1: also tip them well, so that's where they went. But

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Speaker 1: clearly most people don't want a seven year old in

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Speaker 1: a saloon um. But industrialized states did start to have

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Speaker 1: some child labor restrictions in the late nineteenth century, but

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Speaker 1: most didn't start until the Russian in the Fair Labor

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Speaker 1: Standards Act of nineteen thirty eight finally set a minimum

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Speaker 1: working age of fourteen and sixteen with certain conditions, right,

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Speaker 1: and there were a lot of other industries that were

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Speaker 1: going through this as well. At the time, mill workers

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Speaker 1: were notoriously badly treated. And actually the newspaper industry itself

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Speaker 1: starts to change a lot after this, so something like

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Speaker 1: the news's plight would become less of an issue. Anyways,

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Speaker 1: Over time, as newspapers started to have syndicated columns, syndicated comics,

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Speaker 1: just little things you could plug into your paper that

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Speaker 1: were available nationally, sensationalized journalism was less of the selling point, right,

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Speaker 1: And we had at the time of the strikes found

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Speaker 1: a little ad that we enjoyed that said, please don't

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Speaker 1: buy the Evening Journal and World because the newsboys has striked,

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Speaker 1: so with something to remember. If you'd like to learn

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Speaker 1: more about strikes and labor unions, come to the website

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Speaker 1: and check out the blog on our homepage at www

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Speaker 1: dot House of Works dot com. For more on this

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Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff works dot com.

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