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Speaker 1: Hey y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two

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Speaker 1: events in history, one from me and one from former

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Speaker 1: host Tracy V. Wilson. On with the show. Welcome to

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Speaker 1: this day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot

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Speaker 1: com and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in

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Speaker 1: History Class. It's the show where we explore the past

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Speaker 1: one day at a time with a quick look at

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Speaker 1: what happened today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's October eleven. Pope John

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Speaker 1: the twenty three opened the Second Vatican Council also known

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Speaker 1: as Vatican Too, on the day in nineteen sixty two.

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Speaker 1: The First Vatican Council had taken place from eighteen seventy.

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Speaker 1: It had been summoned by Pope Pius the ninth, and

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Speaker 1: it was meant to define church doctrine and to address

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Speaker 1: the question of papal infallibility. And then on January twenty nine,

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Speaker 1: nineteen fifty nine, eighty nine years after the First Vatican

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Speaker 1: Council had concluded, Pope John the twenty three announced that

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Speaker 1: he would summoning a second one. Although the First and

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Speaker 1: Second Ecumenical Councils a lot of times they've thought of

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Speaker 1: as a pair Vaticans too. Was really the Roman Catholic

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Speaker 1: Church's twenty one Major Council meeting. Pope John three had

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Speaker 1: been elected pope just a few months before on October

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Speaker 1: nine of ninety eight, and this time this council was

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Speaker 1: to include all the Catholic bishops along with other religious

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Speaker 1: figures within the church. And the goal wasn't to redefine

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Speaker 1: church doctrine as it had been the first time or

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Speaker 1: the earlier time. It was to bring about a spiritual

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Speaker 1: or birth or renewal in the Roman Catholic Church and

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Speaker 1: to quote bring the church up to date. The Pope

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Speaker 1: recognized that the world was changing, The world was changing

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Speaker 1: really quickly, and he thought that the church needed to

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Speaker 1: adapt to keep up. The Pope was also hoping to

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Speaker 1: build better connections to other branches of Christianity and to

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Speaker 1: heal some divisions between them, and just to get rid

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Speaker 1: of any animosity, to get rid of despair bridgement of

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Speaker 1: other faiths by Catholics and of Catholics by other faiths.

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Speaker 1: So representatives of other major churches were also invited to this,

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Speaker 1: although it was in a non voting capacity. This included

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Speaker 1: Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and Protestant observers. The Pope had served

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Speaker 1: in the army during World War Two, and he had

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Speaker 1: worked as a Vatican diplomat, and it's certain that all

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Speaker 1: of this influenced his decision to have this whole council

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Speaker 1: and the focus of the council. The Pope faced a

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Speaker 1: lot of resistance to this idea from within the church.

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Speaker 1: Councils like these generally end with a period of chaos

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Speaker 1: and turmoil. Plus, the Curia or the church administration, was

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Speaker 1: pretty conservative. Some of them thought if they dragged their

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Speaker 1: feet about it long enough, the seventy one year old

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Speaker 1: Pope might not live long enough to see it through,

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Speaker 1: but he did. The council was meant to move in

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Speaker 1: a positive way, keeping in mind that the Catholic Church

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Speaker 1: was supposed to be something that served humanity, not the

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Speaker 1: other way around. It lasted until nineteen sixty five. Pope

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Speaker 1: John the twenty three died in June of nineteen sixty three,

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Speaker 1: and the council had to continue under his successor, Pope

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Speaker 1: Paul the sixth. The council officially concluded on December eighth

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Speaker 1: of nineteen sixty five, and At that point, the Council

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Speaker 1: Fathers had created sixteen documents. Drafts of some of these

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Speaker 1: decrees had been produced before the Council began, and then

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Speaker 1: they had been discussed and debated and revised throughout those proceedings.

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Speaker 1: There were a lot of changes that followed Vatican Too.

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Speaker 1: Mass began to be held in the local language rather

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Speaker 1: than in Latin. Masses also held with the priests facing

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Speaker 1: the congregation, trying to reinforce the idea that the congregation

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Speaker 1: was playing an active part in Mass, rather than to

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Speaker 1: sort of being passive listeners. In some places, Catholic clergy

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Speaker 1: started to become a lot more directly involved in their

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Speaker 1: communities and a lot more politically active, and Catholics were

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Speaker 1: encouraged to develop relationships with people of other faiths, even

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Speaker 1: visiting their churches, which was some thing that had really

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Speaker 1: been discouraged before this point. Overall, Vatican to encourage religious

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Speaker 1: tolerance and acceptance, and a lot more recent years Pope

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Speaker 1: Francis has had a similar focus on this kind of reform.

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Speaker 1: But Vatican Too is not without criticism. Everything from philosophical

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Speaker 1: disagreements to nostalgia for the time when services were in

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Speaker 1: Latin has come up in response to Vatican too. There's

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Speaker 1: also a sense that it didn't do enough to encourage

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Speaker 1: women's equality within the church, and there's been some ongoing

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Speaker 1: discussion about whether the reforms of Vatican To have really

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Speaker 1: been carried out or not, or whether some of it

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Speaker 1: was just lip service. And there are also questions about

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Speaker 1: how or whether these reforms affected or could have affected,

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Speaker 1: the ongoing sex abuse scandal within the church. Thanks to

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Speaker 1: Christopher Hasciotis for his research work on today's episode, Antitari

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Speaker 1: Harrison for all of her audio work on this podcast.

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Speaker 1: You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on

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Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else to get your podcast,

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Speaker 1: and you can tune in tomorrow for a life saving invention.

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Speaker 1: Hello everyone, I'm Eves. Welcome to This Day in History class,

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Speaker 1: where we take a tiny bite of history every day.

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Speaker 1: The day was October eleven. The Second Boer War began

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Speaker 1: after Britain rejected the Transpall Ultimatum, which said that the

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Speaker 1: British stopped building up their forces in the region. The

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Speaker 1: conflict was between the British Empire and the self governing

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Speaker 1: Boer states of the Transpall Republic and the Orange Free State.

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Speaker 1: It is also called the Anglo Boer War, the South

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Speaker 1: African War, and simply the Boer War. The word Boar

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Speaker 1: means farmer into to Africans. The Boars were South Africans

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Speaker 1: of Dutch, German or hue Not descent, specifically those who

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Speaker 1: colonize the treads Fall and the Orange Free State. Today,

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Speaker 1: South Africans of European descent who speak Afrikaans are called Africaners.

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Speaker 1: The Cape Colony was under Dutch rule for much of

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Speaker 1: the seventeenth and eighteen centuries, but in eighteen o six

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Speaker 1: it became a British possession as a result of the

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Speaker 1: Napoleonic Wars. The Boars, who had often been hostile and

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Speaker 1: violent toward indigenous Africans and the colonial government, grew to

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Speaker 1: oppose British rule. They were unhappy with Britain's liberal policies,

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Speaker 1: especially as anti slavery ones. The Boyars began an exodus

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Speaker 1: into the Southern African interior known as the Great Trek,

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Speaker 1: displacing and killing many locals along the way. They soon

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Speaker 1: founded the independent states that became known as the South

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Speaker 1: African Republic a k A. Trent Fall and the Orange

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Speaker 1: Free State. The Boars chose to live rural, agrarian lifestyles

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Speaker 1: with a near subsistence economy, so when diamonds and gold

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Speaker 1: were found in the land they occupied. The British and

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Speaker 1: other outside interests exploited the resources and built mines. The

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Speaker 1: British and the Boars in the region were at odds.

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Speaker 1: While both of those groups oppressed indigenous peoples. Afrikaners saw

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Speaker 1: themselves as pioneers who resisted British rule and the savagery

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Speaker 1: of the supposedly inferior black South Africans, and they saw

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Speaker 1: themselves as the rightful owners of the territory they had invaded.

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Speaker 1: The late eighteen hundreds also saw the Scramble for Africa,

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Speaker 1: or the invasion and colonization of African territory by European powers.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy seven, Britain annex Transfall, but the Boars resisted.

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Speaker 1: By eighteen eighty the First Boar War between the UK

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Speaker 1: and the Transfall Boars had begun, and in eighteen eighty

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Speaker 1: one the British recognized the South African Republic, though it

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Speaker 1: was kept under British suzerainty. Though the London Convention of

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty four provided for full independence and self government

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Speaker 1: in the South African Republic. The state still had to

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Speaker 1: get permission from the British government to enter into a

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Speaker 1: treaty with anyone besides the Orange Free State, so tensions

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Speaker 1: remained between Britain and the South African Republic, and the

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Speaker 1: discovery of gold deposits in the viz Waters Front a

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Speaker 1: ridge in the Transfall, made the Republic a potential threat

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Speaker 1: to British dominance in South Africa. Europeans began migrating to

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Speaker 1: Transfall to work in mines. Cecil Rhodes, prime minister of

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Speaker 1: the Cape Colony, tried to overthrow the Transpall government in

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Speaker 1: a filled plot called the Jameson Raid. This insided African

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Speaker 1: or nationalism, and the Transfall formed an alliance with the

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Speaker 1: Orange Free State. Escalating tensions led to the outbreak of

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Speaker 1: the Second Boer War on October eleventh. Britain had rejected

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Speaker 1: the Transpall ultimatum, which said that all disputes between the

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Speaker 1: Orange Free State and the trans Ball had to be

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Speaker 1: settled by arbitration, that British troops on the borders had

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Speaker 1: to be withdrawn, and that troops headed to South Africa

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Speaker 1: by ship should not disembark. The Second Boer War was

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Speaker 1: a violent conflict. Though the Bowers were well armed and

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Speaker 1: had early victories, they were soon overwhelmed by large numbers

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Speaker 1: of British soldiers. Black Africans also participated in the war

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Speaker 1: on the side of the Bowers and the British. The

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Speaker 1: British annexed the Orange Free State and the Transpall in

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Speaker 1: nineteen hundred. Though the British did get help in their

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Speaker 1: military efforts from other colonies and countries, there was plenty

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Speaker 1: of opposition to their action from within and outside of

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Speaker 1: the British Empire. As the Boers continued to fight as guerrillas,

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Speaker 1: the British resisted them, destroyed civilian farms, and put their

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Speaker 1: families into concentration camps. Black Africans were also put in

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Speaker 1: concentration camps. The war ended in nineteen o two, when

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Speaker 1: the Boards surrendered and signed the Treaty of Farina King

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Speaker 1: The Union of South Africa, including the former Boer Republics,

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Speaker 1: was formed in nineteen ten as a self governing dominion

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Speaker 1: of the British Empire. I'm Eves Jeff Coo, and hopefully

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Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you

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Speaker 1: did yesterday. If you know you already spend too much

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Speaker 1: time on social media, spend some of that time with

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Speaker 1: us at T D i h C Podcast on Facebook, Twitter,

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Speaker 1: and Instagram. We also accept electronic letters at this day

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Speaker 1: at I heart media dot com. Thanks for going on

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Speaker 1: this trip through history with us. We'll see you again

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Speaker 1: tomorrow with another episode. For more podcasts from my heart Radio,

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