1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:03,320 Speaker 1: Hey, it Jorhan Daniel here, and we want to tell 2 00:00:03,360 --> 00:00:06,880 Speaker 1: you about our new book. It's called Frequently Asked Questions 3 00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:09,719 Speaker 1: about the Universe because you have questions about the universe, 4 00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:12,399 Speaker 1: and so we decided to write a book all about them. 5 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:14,800 Speaker 1: We talk about your questions, we give some answers, we 6 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: make a bunch of silly jokes as usual, and we 7 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:20,159 Speaker 1: tackle all kinds of questions, including what happens if I 8 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:22,880 Speaker 1: fall into a black hole? Or is there another version 9 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:25,480 Speaker 1: of you out there that's right? Like usual, we tackle 10 00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 1: the deepest, darkest, biggest, craziest questions about this incredible cosmos. 11 00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:31,800 Speaker 1: If you want to support the podcast, please get the 12 00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:33,879 Speaker 1: book and get a copy not just for yourself, but 13 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: you know, for your nieces and nephews, cousins, friends, parents, dogs, hamsters, 14 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: and for the aliens. So get your copy of Frequently 15 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:46,440 Speaker 1: Asked Questions about the Universe is available for pre order now, 16 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:49,239 Speaker 1: coming out November two. You can find more details at 17 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:53,160 Speaker 1: the book's website, Universe f a Q dot com. Thanks 18 00:00:53,159 --> 00:00:55,000 Speaker 1: for your support, and if you have a hamster that 19 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: can read, please let us know. We'd love to have 20 00:00:57,320 --> 00:01:10,840 Speaker 1: them on the podcast. Hey or hey, would you be 21 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:15,399 Speaker 1: willing to take the ultimate cosmic bungee jump. I do 22 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:18,080 Speaker 1: like to bungee jump. But is there a safety equipment 23 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:20,480 Speaker 1: here involved? Do I get to wear a helmet and 24 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:24,360 Speaker 1: have some liability insurance? Oh no, there are absolutely no guarantees. 25 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,479 Speaker 1: It's just you and a wormhole. You're gonna take the jump, 26 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: just me and the warm hole, and let even close 27 00:01:30,480 --> 00:01:33,360 Speaker 1: in my wearing clothes. All right, I'll give you a space, dude. 28 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:37,320 Speaker 1: All right, Well, that's a tough question, you know. I mean, 29 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: on the one hand, there could be something amazing on 30 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: the other side. On the other hand, I could, you know, 31 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,120 Speaker 1: be shredded to bits before I even go in, or 32 00:01:45,160 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 1: maybe the thing will collapse while I'm going through it, 33 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:49,800 Speaker 1: or maybe i'll I don't know, take me to a 34 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:52,120 Speaker 1: black hole. All right, Well, you're standing on the edge. 35 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:54,280 Speaker 1: Time to make your decision? Are you going in? I 36 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:56,360 Speaker 1: think I'll be polite and let the physicists go in 37 00:01:56,440 --> 00:02:00,080 Speaker 1: first after you. Daniel, this is this our sign, just 38 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 1: not the subjects. Well, you can multitask, then you can 39 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:05,559 Speaker 1: be the first to study it, sending my paper from 40 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: within the wormhole. You can have a loophole within the wormhole. 41 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 1: Hi am or Hamman cartoonists and the creator of PhD comments. Hi, 42 00:02:27,639 --> 00:02:30,360 Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at 43 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: U c Irne. And I've never written a paper from 44 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:36,880 Speaker 1: inside a wormhole? Interesting? What holes have you written papers 45 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:39,840 Speaker 1: from inside of? Sometimes my office feels like a black hole. 46 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:44,080 Speaker 1: You know, he can't actually get out. Oh, no information 47 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:47,360 Speaker 1: comes in. Grad students go in, nothing comes out. Undergrads 48 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:49,519 Speaker 1: come in, but they do escape, and usually with actually 49 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:51,960 Speaker 1: more information than they came in. So maybe my office 50 00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: is actually a white hole. Yeah, maybe you're just admitting 51 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:58,600 Speaker 1: hawking radiation or Hawking graduate students, whites and radiation or 52 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:01,440 Speaker 1: Daniel tegious physics. It is a white holy because your 53 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:05,760 Speaker 1: your wife, your son of white. But welcome to our podcast, 54 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:08,400 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I 55 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 1: Heart Radio in which we emit all kinds of crazy 56 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:15,080 Speaker 1: radiation from our brains into yours. We try to boil 57 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:17,640 Speaker 1: down everything in the universe and explain what we know 58 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: and what we don't know to you, because the universe 59 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:24,440 Speaker 1: presents enormous, cosmic, amazing mysteries that are just fun to 60 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:27,840 Speaker 1: think about, fun to explore, fun to wonder about, and 61 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:29,799 Speaker 1: that's what we do with this podcast, is that we 62 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:32,280 Speaker 1: marin it in the joy of our cluelessness and the 63 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:35,600 Speaker 1: small amount of knowledge that we do have about the universe, 64 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: and share all of it with you. Yeah, it is 65 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 1: a wondrous universe, and we like to dive in and 66 00:03:40,280 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: take a journey and try to worm all of this 67 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: information and knowledge into your ears and into your brains. 68 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 1: You could say we are creating an informational wormhole from 69 00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: our brains to yours. Yeah, we're connecting all of these 70 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,119 Speaker 1: brains across the planet together in a way right through 71 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:59,760 Speaker 1: electromagnetic radiation. Absolutely, And you know that's mostly a joke, 72 00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:02,640 Speaker 1: but there are people out there who say that every 73 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:05,440 Speaker 1: bit of quantum entanglement, every bit of quantum interaction, is 74 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: actually a mini wormhole between particles. And so while we 75 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: joke about it, it could technically actually be true that 76 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: we are creating wormholes from our brains to our listeners. Yeah. 77 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:18,159 Speaker 1: And so the universe has been surprising ever since we 78 00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 1: started studying in with interesting and incredible things like black 79 00:04:21,480 --> 00:04:24,520 Speaker 1: holes and quasars and nutron stars, and so people and 80 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: scientists wonder if there are more interesting kinds of things. 81 00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:30,600 Speaker 1: We still haven't seen out there. We know there are 82 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:32,720 Speaker 1: things out there we haven't seen. Every time we turn 83 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:34,480 Speaker 1: on a new kind of eyeball look out in the 84 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: universe and the new telescope, we find things out there 85 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:40,040 Speaker 1: that we never expected. So the story of the universe 86 00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: is one of constant surprise, of constantly going beyond the 87 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 1: edge of our imagination and shocking us with the crazy 88 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:50,159 Speaker 1: things that reality has waiting for us. Yeah, we are 89 00:04:50,279 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: eager to discover these crazy surprises. And one of the 90 00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:55,799 Speaker 1: things that might be out there there are pretty interesting 91 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 1: and could actually solve a lot of problems is this 92 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: concept of a wormhole. Oh yeah, what kind of problems 93 00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:04,800 Speaker 1: could wormhole solve? Like vacuum cleaners, Well, you know, I 94 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: could fertilize our space compost. That's what warms do, and 95 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:11,160 Speaker 1: they could feed the space birds. That brings up an 96 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:15,200 Speaker 1: interesting question because in compost piles it's mostly the warm castings, 97 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:18,200 Speaker 1: to use the fly phrase, that fertilize the ground. And 98 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,160 Speaker 1: so are you suggesting that wormholes also like have some 99 00:05:21,240 --> 00:05:23,720 Speaker 1: sort of product. Yeah, if you come out the other 100 00:05:23,839 --> 00:05:26,839 Speaker 1: end of a wormhole, you are technically warmhole poop. You're 101 00:05:26,839 --> 00:05:31,480 Speaker 1: transformed into something and nourishing now to fertilize the rest 102 00:05:31,480 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: of space, and you probably have been scrambled, and so 103 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 1: you are there for universe compost. I guess you could 104 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: say that actually we are all made out of stars 105 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:43,279 Speaker 1: that have been composted right to allow for refertilization, and 106 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:46,320 Speaker 1: so we are all made out of star compost. I 107 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: think we're pushing out the analogy. But the idea is 108 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 1: that there might be wormholes out there. And you know, 109 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:52,800 Speaker 1: I guess the problems I was thinking about was space travel. 110 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 1: You know, like, how are we ever going to get 111 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:58,120 Speaker 1: to another galaxy that's millions of light years away, or 112 00:05:58,120 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: even just to the other side of our galaxy, which 113 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:02,320 Speaker 1: hundreds of thousands of light years away, Like even if 114 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:05,200 Speaker 1: you went at the speed of light, which is impossible, 115 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:07,920 Speaker 1: it would still take four hundred thousand years to get 116 00:06:07,960 --> 00:06:11,279 Speaker 1: to the outside. Yeah, space is impossibly vast, and the 117 00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:14,120 Speaker 1: speed of lights, though it seems fast, it's actually slow 118 00:06:14,240 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 1: compared to the distances involved. So you're right, Actually getting 119 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:21,600 Speaker 1: around this incredible universe would require millions of years. And 120 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:24,560 Speaker 1: so if we could somehow connect places in space from 121 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: here to there, so the distances between them were shorter 122 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: than we originally thought we could drive through a loophole 123 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:34,280 Speaker 1: using wormholes to get there, and so indeed, it would 124 00:06:34,279 --> 00:06:36,920 Speaker 1: be exciting if wormholes were there, But on the other hand, 125 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:39,440 Speaker 1: it might be dangerous. It would mean that other places 126 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:42,320 Speaker 1: in the universe could come to find us more rapidly. 127 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:44,360 Speaker 1: What if we just don't answer the door, you know, 128 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,599 Speaker 1: or page the wormho on our Yeah, I don't know. 129 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:50,160 Speaker 1: The wormholes have doors or locks on them, right, We 130 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:52,800 Speaker 1: can't just like somebody's ringing the doorbell on the other side. 131 00:06:52,839 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 1: You can't just like, you know, not answer it. Well, 132 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:57,800 Speaker 1: in movies and science fiction movies, they use wormholes a lot. 133 00:06:57,880 --> 00:07:00,599 Speaker 1: I feel especially they're recently right, I feel like they 134 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:03,320 Speaker 1: don't use warp drives anymore than now. They use wormholes. 135 00:07:03,360 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 1: And it always looks like a giant ring that opens 136 00:07:06,160 --> 00:07:08,320 Speaker 1: up some kind of like energy door, and then you 137 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:10,120 Speaker 1: go through the door and you appear on the other 138 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:12,320 Speaker 1: side in another part of the galaxy. It's like star 139 00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: Gate or something. Yes, star Gate that was the original wormhole, right, 140 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: And they're all over the place in Rick and Morty 141 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:19,720 Speaker 1: if you watch that shows, it's like wormhole Bananza man. 142 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: So they're used a lot, and they seem pretty simple 143 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 1: on TV and on the movie screen, right, you just 144 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,880 Speaker 1: kind of walk through them. Yeah, you can like look 145 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 1: through them, you can toss stuff through them. They seem 146 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 1: to just sort of like connect to places in space 147 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 1: and in time, and often they like not surrounded by anything, 148 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:37,920 Speaker 1: you know, there's just there or maybe they have like 149 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,360 Speaker 1: a small mechanical frame for whatever device is creating them. 150 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 1: So yeah, they're pretty simple stuff. And so that would 151 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,200 Speaker 1: solve a lot of problems in terms of space travel 152 00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:49,360 Speaker 1: and galactic travel and universe travel. But I guess the 153 00:07:49,440 --> 00:07:53,239 Speaker 1: question is do they really exist and if they did, 154 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:56,560 Speaker 1: could we make one or find one at all? Right, 155 00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: it's a fun question like what if there are wormholes 156 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 1: all over the universe? Where if they exist naturally, would 157 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:05,240 Speaker 1: we even know? Would it be possible, could there be 158 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,400 Speaker 1: one floating around in our solar system? How could we 159 00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:10,400 Speaker 1: even tell? So to be on the podcast, we'll be 160 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:18,840 Speaker 1: asking the question, how do you spot a wormhole? How 161 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: do you find a spot on a wormhole? Or how 162 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: do you find a spot on a wormhole? No, it's 163 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:24,560 Speaker 1: more like you're driving down the freeway and you're looking 164 00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: for an exit, you know, so you're like, where's my exit. 165 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,120 Speaker 1: So now you're like, I gotta get to Alpha Centauri. 166 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:31,880 Speaker 1: Where is the nearest wormhole? It's like, where's this nearest 167 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:34,600 Speaker 1: subway station in Manhattan or something. You know, you got 168 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:36,200 Speaker 1: to look for the little sign and tells you they're 169 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:39,080 Speaker 1: stepped down. Just follow the rats. So the question is 170 00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: how do you find a wormhole? Especially, I guess even 171 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:44,160 Speaker 1: more difficult this how do you find a wormhole that 172 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:46,120 Speaker 1: takes you where you want to go? Yeah, that is 173 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:48,800 Speaker 1: a good question. I think let's start with like finding 174 00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:51,640 Speaker 1: wormholes at all, and then we'll talk about planning trips 175 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:55,160 Speaker 1: and you know, bringing much. Well, well, I kind of 176 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 1: want to know where I'm going for a Daniel, you 177 00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:58,640 Speaker 1: mean we're just going to jump into this podcast without 178 00:08:58,679 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 1: knowing where we're going. That's another really funny question. But 179 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:04,599 Speaker 1: you know, look, we'll pack enough snacks so we'll be 180 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:06,760 Speaker 1: fine no matter where we end up. All right, that's good. 181 00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:09,080 Speaker 1: So anyways, it's usually we were wondering how many people 182 00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:11,720 Speaker 1: out there maybe had an idea about how to find 183 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:14,520 Speaker 1: a warmhole or had heard of an idea about how 184 00:09:14,559 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 1: to find one. So Danny went out there into the 185 00:09:16,840 --> 00:09:21,079 Speaker 1: internet to ask people, could we ever detect a nearby wormhole, 186 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:24,000 Speaker 1: And so in the depths of these strange times, I'm 187 00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: very grateful to everybody who's answering questions online and participating 188 00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:31,080 Speaker 1: in the podcast. We are soon opening up campus here 189 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:34,560 Speaker 1: you see irvines. I'll be walking around campus asking people 190 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:37,200 Speaker 1: in person. But if you'd like to participate online, you 191 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:40,000 Speaker 1: are still very welcome. Just right to me. Two questions 192 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:42,680 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. So think about it 193 00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 1: for a second. If you are looking for a warmhole, 194 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 1: how would you find it? Here's what people had to say. 195 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:51,480 Speaker 1: Probably it's emitting some kind of radiation. If it's a wormhole, 196 00:09:51,679 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: it's probably emitting some kind of lights. And maybe if 197 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:59,959 Speaker 1: it's interacting with other very massive things than some gravitational radiation. 198 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 1: What is lately a lot of movies showing UFOs and 199 00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:12,640 Speaker 1: it looks like the Navy said they confirmed that they 200 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 1: are UFOs that they know. I don't know what they are. 201 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:20,400 Speaker 1: Probably somebody came through a wormhole and forgot to close it. Well, 202 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:24,000 Speaker 1: technically there's no way to know. Well, aless, you on 203 00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 1: Earth and you have a very talent the hole which 204 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: would take you. If outside this window there was a 205 00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:32,440 Speaker 1: worm hole, how would you know there was a worm 206 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:37,120 Speaker 1: all over there well afternoons, open the window and watch. 207 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: That's true. I do not think we could detect a 208 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:47,199 Speaker 1: nearby wormhole. Hmm, interesting question. I don't know if we 209 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:49,960 Speaker 1: could be able to detect a wormhole because I don't 210 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:55,320 Speaker 1: even know if they made any light or radiation. So 211 00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:59,719 Speaker 1: I actually think if there were a wormhole nearby that 212 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:05,120 Speaker 1: we probably wouldn't be able to detect it, unless maybe 213 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:07,480 Speaker 1: we were super close and could observe some of the 214 00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:10,640 Speaker 1: effects directly. I'm not sure we wouldn't be able to 215 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:14,640 Speaker 1: detect it, but we might be able to observe it. 216 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: For instance, if there was a new group of stars 217 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:22,640 Speaker 1: or a new constellation of stars that we've not seen before, 218 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:28,080 Speaker 1: maybe that could lead to the discovery of a wormhole. 219 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:31,240 Speaker 1: I think one possible way to do it is to 220 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:35,760 Speaker 1: basically shoot beam of light and kind of measure how 221 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:38,920 Speaker 1: far it goes into that warm hole. But I'm actually 222 00:11:38,960 --> 00:11:41,040 Speaker 1: thinking about it again. Maybe a better response would be 223 00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:45,880 Speaker 1: if we could detect the gravity coming from that location. 224 00:11:46,240 --> 00:11:49,040 Speaker 1: Um that we did that we think that holds there probably, 225 00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:52,199 Speaker 1: I think is the best response here. Well, I guess yes, Um, 226 00:11:52,559 --> 00:11:57,880 Speaker 1: we would see the gravitational distortion. If there's something behind it, 227 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:01,080 Speaker 1: a cluster of stars or something, than we would see 228 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:04,079 Speaker 1: a sort of lensing effect. Yeah, if it collides with 229 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:07,840 Speaker 1: something big then like another wormhole, I guess we could 230 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:12,920 Speaker 1: have gravitational waves to see them. But I guess that's it, 231 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,559 Speaker 1: all right, A lot of polarized questions. People are like yes, 232 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:21,560 Speaker 1: some people are like no, possible. Nobody said like maybe maybe, 233 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 1: I don't know. There need to be a lot of 234 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:25,839 Speaker 1: confidence here. Yeah, some people are skeptical that wormholes couldn't 235 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:28,560 Speaker 1: even exist in our universe, right, right, And we have 236 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 1: a whole podcast about what a warm hole is, right, absolutely, 237 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:34,480 Speaker 1: we do. We talked about the science of it. We 238 00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:37,360 Speaker 1: have another podcast about white holes, and lots of podcasts 239 00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 1: about black holes and all these fun concepts. Which holes 240 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:43,760 Speaker 1: haven't we talked about so many holes that we should 241 00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:47,800 Speaker 1: never talk about. Yeah, it's not that kind of podcast. 242 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:51,720 Speaker 1: We're not explaining that kind of universe. No, We've done 243 00:12:51,720 --> 00:12:54,360 Speaker 1: the white, the black, the worm There's no gray holes 244 00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:57,199 Speaker 1: in physics as far as I'm aware. Blue holes, red holes. 245 00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: Somebody's got to come up with the theory of blue 246 00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:01,080 Speaker 1: holes and red holes. Should just go with that. You know, 247 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:02,680 Speaker 1: do it the other way around. Start with a cool 248 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,720 Speaker 1: name and then form a physics theory around it. What 249 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:07,440 Speaker 1: do you mean, start the other way around? That's how 250 00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:11,200 Speaker 1: they usually start. Man people like supersymmetry. Is that a thing, 251 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:14,280 Speaker 1: Let's make that a thing that sounds cool. That sounds cool, 252 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:17,080 Speaker 1: Let's devote my life to it. And for example, Higgs 253 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:19,440 Speaker 1: obviously had a name before he had a particle, right, 254 00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:22,079 Speaker 1: so he's like, I'm gonna invent the Higgs boson whatever 255 00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:24,960 Speaker 1: it is. Interesting. He knew when he was little that 256 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:28,080 Speaker 1: he was going to discover that the story is totally bunk. 257 00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:30,800 Speaker 1: He was not such an immodest person. He didn't name 258 00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,320 Speaker 1: it the Higgs boson. Somebody else coined that phase later 259 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:35,440 Speaker 1: in the literature. So I do not mean to malign 260 00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:37,760 Speaker 1: Peter Higgs. I see, well, in your case, you should 261 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:40,120 Speaker 1: just study white holes because your name is white Sun, 262 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 1: so he could be the whites and white hole. No, 263 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:44,760 Speaker 1: I want to discover a particle and call it the 264 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 1: white song. Oh there you go, So I already got 265 00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:50,040 Speaker 1: my name picked out. I just haven't found any particles yet. 266 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 1: But then you then you're gonna have anti white sons. 267 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,319 Speaker 1: Isn't that you aren't you an anti whit sun. I'm 268 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:03,480 Speaker 1: not an anti white sun. I'm a supersymmetry. Yeah, I'm 269 00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: a s white sun. There you go, a supersymmetric whit sun, 270 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:10,280 Speaker 1: like the other side of the coin. There you go. Together, 271 00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:12,560 Speaker 1: we complete the universe. But I think we should recap 272 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 1: today what a wormhole is because there might be people 273 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,720 Speaker 1: out there who didn't listen to that podcast episode. So 274 00:14:18,920 --> 00:14:21,520 Speaker 1: I guess for our listeners, Daniel, how would you explain 275 00:14:21,520 --> 00:14:24,200 Speaker 1: what a wormhole is? Yeah, and I agree it's important 276 00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:26,120 Speaker 1: before we talk about how we find that we talk 277 00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: about what exactly it is, because understanding what it is 278 00:14:29,480 --> 00:14:31,720 Speaker 1: and what it does is going to be crucial for 279 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:34,120 Speaker 1: figuring out how to see it. So the simplest way 280 00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:37,040 Speaker 1: to think about a wormhole is just a connection between 281 00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: two points in space time. And you know, we're used 282 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:43,760 Speaker 1: to stuff being connected, but usually those connections are simple. 283 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:46,600 Speaker 1: Like you are in one point in space, you're connected 284 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:49,040 Speaker 1: to the points in space around you, meaning you can 285 00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:51,040 Speaker 1: get to them from here. You can go forwards, you 286 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,280 Speaker 1: can go backwards, you can go up, you can go down. 287 00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 1: You're like connected to the nearby points in space time. 288 00:14:56,640 --> 00:14:59,600 Speaker 1: And so now imagine if instead of just being connected 289 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:03,560 Speaker 1: to things that are around you, you're somehow also connected 290 00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:06,960 Speaker 1: to something which otherwise is very very far away. These 291 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:10,440 Speaker 1: are like non trivial connections. Instead of spacetime just being 292 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:13,120 Speaker 1: like a nice mesh where everything is just connected to 293 00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:15,400 Speaker 1: the things right next to it, Instead you have these 294 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:18,680 Speaker 1: weird shortcuts where one point in space is connected to 295 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: something which is otherwise very very far away. Right. That's 296 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: a pretty mind blowing concept, And a lot of people 297 00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: use this analogy of like living in the roll of 298 00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: toilet paper, right, Like, if our universe is sort of 299 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:31,280 Speaker 1: like if you imagine it to be like a sheet 300 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:34,080 Speaker 1: of paper, if you bring it down to two dimensions, 301 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: like we're living on a sheet, and then what happens 302 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:39,480 Speaker 1: if you like bend the sheet and make two points 303 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 1: touch each other that are on paper far away from 304 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:44,320 Speaker 1: each other. Yeah, well, you just came up with another 305 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:48,400 Speaker 1: whole theory. This is Jorge's toilet whole theory of the universe. Yeah. No, 306 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:51,920 Speaker 1: I definitely have it on my bucket list to invent 307 00:15:51,920 --> 00:15:55,360 Speaker 1: any toilet. And these are helpful analogies, but they can 308 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: also be a little bit misleading. That analogy is helpful 309 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: because it makes you think about how points in space 310 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:03,840 Speaker 1: that are far away can be close together. If you 311 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:06,160 Speaker 1: think in another dimension, like you have a sheet of 312 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:08,320 Speaker 1: paper and you have two points in space that are 313 00:16:08,360 --> 00:16:11,040 Speaker 1: far apart. Now fold that paper, so those two points 314 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:14,360 Speaker 1: are close together. The thing that's misleading or confusing is 315 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:17,000 Speaker 1: that the connection is now in some third dimension. You're 316 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:18,840 Speaker 1: like folding this two D sheet of paper and a 317 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 1: third dimension bringing it closer in that third dimension. The 318 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:24,920 Speaker 1: difference is that our space time doesn't fold in some 319 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 1: higher dimension. These connections we're talking about are intrinsic, not 320 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:31,400 Speaker 1: external in some higher dimension. And so when we say 321 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:34,400 Speaker 1: this point in space is nearby another point in space, 322 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 1: we really just mean that the distance between these two 323 00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:38,880 Speaker 1: points is now small. It's just the same way that 324 00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:43,119 Speaker 1: like the bending of space time is intrinsic. It's not external. 325 00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,880 Speaker 1: You know, we have these analogies where somebody puts a 326 00:16:45,960 --> 00:16:48,280 Speaker 1: bowling ball on a rubber sheet to show you like 327 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:51,080 Speaker 1: the bending of space, and again it shows you the 328 00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:54,640 Speaker 1: rubber sheet bending, but it's bending in some external third dimension. 329 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:58,000 Speaker 1: Where really happens when you have a mass in spaces 330 00:16:58,040 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 1: that space bends intrinsically. It just changes the relative distance 331 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:06,200 Speaker 1: between points. There's no like super space in which space 332 00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:09,280 Speaker 1: is hanging out in and bending in that other dimension, 333 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:13,000 Speaker 1: and so here for wormholes. It's helpful, you know, maybe 334 00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:15,639 Speaker 1: to practice thinking in a higher dimension, but really this 335 00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:18,600 Speaker 1: bending happens just in our own dimensions. It's just it's 336 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:22,720 Speaker 1: an internal intrinsic bending, a changing of the relative distances 337 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:25,320 Speaker 1: between two points in space. Right, Well, I feel like 338 00:17:25,359 --> 00:17:27,760 Speaker 1: these analogies with the toilet paper and the sheet of 339 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: paper that bends, it just kind of helps you make 340 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,080 Speaker 1: sense of it, right, because otherwise it just kind of 341 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:34,600 Speaker 1: feels like magic, Like you're telling me, like space is 342 00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:37,000 Speaker 1: the same and it's not been like a sheet of paper. 343 00:17:37,040 --> 00:17:39,639 Speaker 1: It's just the way it is. But somehow, magically, my 344 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:42,640 Speaker 1: point you're on the right is somewhow connected to Alpha Centauri, 345 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:44,280 Speaker 1: you know what I mean. Like it feels like magic. 346 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:47,320 Speaker 1: It feels like magic, but that's because space is different 347 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,920 Speaker 1: from what you imagine. Space can do things like that, 348 00:17:49,960 --> 00:17:52,880 Speaker 1: like he can change the distance between points, and that's 349 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 1: what space bending is. Space can also ripple and it 350 00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:00,000 Speaker 1: can expand. So it feels like magic because it's counterintuitive, 351 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:03,159 Speaker 1: but space can do things that are not intuitive, that 352 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 1: are new and weird to us because we only recently 353 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:08,280 Speaker 1: have a sense for what space is. Are you saying 354 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:10,199 Speaker 1: then that, you know, maybe at this point on my 355 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:13,360 Speaker 1: right here is bend so much that it actually touches 356 00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:16,200 Speaker 1: another point in alva centry. I'm saying that space can 357 00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:19,639 Speaker 1: do things like bend, which changed the relative distance between points, 358 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:21,600 Speaker 1: sort of that photon, for example, appears to curve when 359 00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:24,320 Speaker 1: it goes near a planet. But also space can be 360 00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:28,159 Speaker 1: connected in non trivial ways. That the connection space can 361 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,919 Speaker 1: have are not just like a big mesh where everything 362 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:32,919 Speaker 1: is connected only to the things next to it, but 363 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: these connections can be weird and non trivial. General relativity, 364 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:39,199 Speaker 1: which tells us the rules for how space works and 365 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,760 Speaker 1: what the curvature is, says that that kind of connection, 366 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:44,480 Speaker 1: that kind of shape, right, not just like the curvature, 367 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,280 Speaker 1: but the shape of space is allowed to have these 368 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:50,879 Speaker 1: weird connections. Interesting theoretically, I guess like there's nothing in 369 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:54,439 Speaker 1: the theories that says that they can't be connected in 370 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: this way through warmholes. But it's not something we see 371 00:18:57,320 --> 00:18:59,720 Speaker 1: every day, right exactly, It's not something we've ever seen. 372 00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,199 Speaker 1: These are only theoretical, But you know, theoretical explorations of 373 00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:06,840 Speaker 1: general relativity are really interesting and very fruitful. That's how 374 00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:09,720 Speaker 1: we discovered the idea of a black holes. That people 375 00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:12,200 Speaker 1: were looking at the equations and said, you know, if 376 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:14,159 Speaker 1: these equations are true, if these are the ones that 377 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:16,760 Speaker 1: tell us what space can do, then they allow space 378 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,760 Speaker 1: to do this really really weird thing, like accumulating a 379 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:22,320 Speaker 1: huge amount of mass and having an event horizon. So 380 00:19:22,359 --> 00:19:24,400 Speaker 1: that's where the concept of a black hole came from, 381 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:28,000 Speaker 1: from these theoretical explorations of what can space do. So 382 00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:30,479 Speaker 1: it's a very fruitful way to explore, like the physics 383 00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:33,240 Speaker 1: of the possible universe. Right, except that on our last 384 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,000 Speaker 1: episode you kind of convinced me that black holes don't exist. 385 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:40,119 Speaker 1: So now I don't believe anything you say. I have. 386 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:42,200 Speaker 1: Black holes might not exist in our universe, but they 387 00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:45,119 Speaker 1: definitely exist in the universe of general relativity. We just 388 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: don't know if that actually is our universe. I see 389 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:53,400 Speaker 1: there's a loophole here, there's another hole, another hole within 390 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:55,159 Speaker 1: the hole. Is that loophole going to take you to 391 00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:57,639 Speaker 1: the toilet hole or the white hole or the wormhole? 392 00:19:58,720 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 1: Hopefully a whole we can out of I know, but 393 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 1: you have to listen to the whole episode to find 394 00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:07,920 Speaker 1: out the nice right. And also, wormholes are pretty interesting 395 00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:10,719 Speaker 1: because they cannot just connect points in space that are 396 00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:13,640 Speaker 1: far apart. They can also connect points in time. Yes, exactly, 397 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,960 Speaker 1: these are constructs in space time right where we're imagining 398 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,720 Speaker 1: space has three of the dimensions of a four dimensional 399 00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:24,200 Speaker 1: object called space time, where time is the fourth dimension. 400 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,480 Speaker 1: And we know that relativity is this theory about how 401 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,160 Speaker 1: events in space time are connected. You know, how information 402 00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:33,080 Speaker 1: propagates through space, it takes time to do so, and 403 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:36,560 Speaker 1: so wormholes connect points in space time, which technically means 404 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:38,600 Speaker 1: that one end of the wormhole might be at a 405 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:42,120 Speaker 1: different time than the other end of the wormhole. Wow, 406 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:44,400 Speaker 1: that's mind blowing. And that's sort of like one way 407 00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: you could make time travel possible, right without generating any 408 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:50,120 Speaker 1: paradox is Like, if you have a wormhole that takes 409 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:52,679 Speaker 1: you to another point in time, you could travel and 410 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 1: time and go back and or or fourth. There are 411 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:57,800 Speaker 1: people out there who think that time traveling wormholes might 412 00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:01,280 Speaker 1: actually be a possibility. Of worse, they do potentially lead 413 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:03,679 Speaker 1: to paradoxes, So it's confusing and it's sort of like 414 00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:06,920 Speaker 1: this conflict in the theory itself, so it's not something 415 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:09,920 Speaker 1: we know exactly how to resolve. If you found a wormhole, 416 00:21:09,920 --> 00:21:11,440 Speaker 1: and I'll let you go back in time, then we 417 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:14,240 Speaker 1: would have lots of questions about why there aren't paradoxes, 418 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:17,240 Speaker 1: or maybe we create paradoxes and destroy the universe. So hey, 419 00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:19,520 Speaker 1: I think twice before jumping in. Right, it's a whole 420 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:22,560 Speaker 1: rabbit hole, and we won't get into that today. But 421 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,639 Speaker 1: I guess the big question is are they real? And 422 00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:27,520 Speaker 1: if they are real, could we ever find them? So 423 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,120 Speaker 1: let's get into that, but first let's take a quick break. 424 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:45,439 Speaker 1: All right, we're talking about wormholes and how to find 425 00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:48,880 Speaker 1: a warmhole. We think they might exist, but the question, though, 426 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:51,280 Speaker 1: is will we ever find one or could we ever 427 00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: find one? Or how do you even look for a wormhole? So, Daniel, 428 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:58,280 Speaker 1: we talked about what they are. Generally that they're theoretical, 429 00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 1: they're theoretically allowed, but we haven't observed them. And the 430 00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:04,159 Speaker 1: other interesting thing about them is that they're sort of 431 00:22:04,160 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: related to something called a white hole. Yes, so there's 432 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: a whole family of related topics here, and there's a 433 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: few different ways to think about these things. You know, 434 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:16,679 Speaker 1: there are wormholes that are just wormholes just connections between 435 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:19,240 Speaker 1: points and space that in theory you might be able 436 00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:21,399 Speaker 1: to go through in both directions. And then there are 437 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:24,400 Speaker 1: also separately other things where you have a black hole 438 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: on one side and a white hole on the other side, 439 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:30,399 Speaker 1: and those two are connected by a wormhole, so the 440 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,960 Speaker 1: things that fall into the black hole might be emitted 441 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,320 Speaker 1: out the white hole on the other side. That would 442 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: be one direction, because you can't go into a white 443 00:22:38,119 --> 00:22:40,560 Speaker 1: hole the same way you can't escape a black hole. 444 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:42,960 Speaker 1: And then there are pairs of black holes where people 445 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:46,080 Speaker 1: think maybe the singularities at the hearts of these two 446 00:22:46,119 --> 00:22:49,560 Speaker 1: black holes are connected by a wormhole also, So there's 447 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:51,800 Speaker 1: a whole variety of different kinds of wormholes that you 448 00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: can imagine in theoretical physics. So you can have a 449 00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:58,080 Speaker 1: wormhole without a black hole or a white hole in theory, 450 00:22:58,119 --> 00:23:01,560 Speaker 1: you can. It requires some things sort of special, like 451 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:04,879 Speaker 1: to make this connection between two points in space, you 452 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:07,840 Speaker 1: need some kind of weird matter. Like. Remember the way 453 00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:10,920 Speaker 1: general relativity works is it says if you have a 454 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:14,320 Speaker 1: configuration of matter and energy, it will tell you how 455 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:17,000 Speaker 1: space bends. Now, if you want space to bend in 456 00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:20,440 Speaker 1: a certain way, general relativity doesn't necessarily tell you like 457 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:23,760 Speaker 1: what mass and energy configuration you need to make in 458 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:26,199 Speaker 1: order for that to happen. But people have figured out 459 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,200 Speaker 1: a few solutions, and one solution for just a normal 460 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:32,639 Speaker 1: vanilla wormhole all by itself in space requires something that 461 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:34,520 Speaker 1: we don't know if it exists in the universe, or 462 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:39,040 Speaker 1: requires having something with negative mass, like particles that don't 463 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:41,919 Speaker 1: have mass like you and I, but have negative mass. 464 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,639 Speaker 1: This is called exotic matter, and you need those to 465 00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 1: create this connection and to keep it open to keep 466 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:50,159 Speaker 1: it from collapsing. M I see. So to make a wormhole, 467 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:53,040 Speaker 1: like it's not just like a magic reconnection of space 468 00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:56,000 Speaker 1: or magic like I don't know, rewiring of space. It's 469 00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: like you really have to bend the space that we 470 00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:00,960 Speaker 1: have in order for these two far away points to 471 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,720 Speaker 1: bend so much that they actually touch each other. Yeah, 472 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:05,920 Speaker 1: and you need some weird kind of matter to keep 473 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:08,359 Speaker 1: that connection there for space to not just like snap 474 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:10,760 Speaker 1: back to where it was before. You need some weird 475 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:13,160 Speaker 1: kind of matter that has a property we've never seen 476 00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,760 Speaker 1: before that it's like repulsive gravity, you know, like everything 477 00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:19,920 Speaker 1: that we've seen has mass, and gravity is always attractive. 478 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,200 Speaker 1: It pulls things towards itself. You never see gravity pushing 479 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,520 Speaker 1: things away, and so here you'd create this wormhole, and 480 00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:28,600 Speaker 1: then you need to put something in it to keep 481 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:31,160 Speaker 1: the wormhole from collapsing, which normally would just like fall 482 00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:33,679 Speaker 1: apart and snap back to where it was. Here. To 483 00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,719 Speaker 1: keep that tunnel, to keep that tube that connects the 484 00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,399 Speaker 1: two points in space open, you need to put something 485 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:42,680 Speaker 1: in there that like repels space, that pushes it away. 486 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 1: So that would be like some sort of negative mass object, 487 00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:48,639 Speaker 1: like a particle with negative mass. But I guess how 488 00:24:48,680 --> 00:24:51,320 Speaker 1: would this even work? Like I'm here and I gather 489 00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:54,880 Speaker 1: a bunch of this imaginary mass that we haven't discovered yet, 490 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:57,439 Speaker 1: and then I want to connect the wormhole to Alpha Centaur. 491 00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:00,199 Speaker 1: Someone in Alpha Centaur need to also be doing that, 492 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:04,359 Speaker 1: and then somehow we connect somehow or do I, you know, 493 00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:08,200 Speaker 1: build up this massive with negative mass and then somehow 494 00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: that opens a portal into two Alpha centry? Like, what's 495 00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:14,240 Speaker 1: the instruction manual here, Daniel? As far as I know, 496 00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,400 Speaker 1: there is no instruction manual. All we have is if 497 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:20,080 Speaker 1: there were a wormhole, how would you keep it open? 498 00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:22,240 Speaker 1: There's no recipe for like how do you go from 499 00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,720 Speaker 1: a universe without wormhole to a universe with a wormhole 500 00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:29,440 Speaker 1: step by step instructions for your favorite cartoonist slash engineer 501 00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:32,119 Speaker 1: that we do not have, you know, and that's a 502 00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:34,800 Speaker 1: whole other question, you know, like you might discover, Okay, 503 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:37,920 Speaker 1: here's a solution that let's two black holes orbit each other. Cool. 504 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:39,880 Speaker 1: How do I make two black holes and get them 505 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:42,800 Speaker 1: into orbit is a totally separate problem. So what we've 506 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,800 Speaker 1: done is we figured out, you know, can this solution happen? 507 00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:49,120 Speaker 1: Is it theoretically possible to do? We haven't figured out 508 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,480 Speaker 1: at all, like how to actually assemble that in our universe. Yeah, 509 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:55,640 Speaker 1: I guess that would be the trick, right, That would 510 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:57,680 Speaker 1: be the most interesting part is how do you control 511 00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:00,760 Speaker 1: these wormholes exactly? And so you know, adding to our 512 00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,800 Speaker 1: instruction manual for supervillains, we do not yet have a 513 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:06,159 Speaker 1: recipe for supervillains out there who want to create a 514 00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: portal between here and the sun, for example, and you know, 515 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:12,520 Speaker 1: channel super hot plasma as a weapon. I was you're 516 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:14,400 Speaker 1: saying for you physicists, But if you want to quite 517 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:18,080 Speaker 1: physicists to supervillains, go ahead. We are the lackeys of supervillains. 518 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:20,399 Speaker 1: You know, we are creating tools they used to destroy 519 00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:25,879 Speaker 1: the world. Here the minions exactly, you were overalls also, 520 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,120 Speaker 1: and monocles, and only in the lab, only in the lab. 521 00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:30,479 Speaker 1: I guess what you're saying is, we don't know how 522 00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:32,880 Speaker 1: to make a wormhole. But the question I guess we're 523 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:35,720 Speaker 1: tackling today is that if there are wormholes out there, 524 00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:37,880 Speaker 1: how would we even find them? All? Right? So then 525 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:40,000 Speaker 1: how do we detect the wormhole? It depends on the 526 00:26:40,040 --> 00:26:42,600 Speaker 1: kind of wormhole we're talking about. Let's talk about first 527 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,560 Speaker 1: the simplest kind of wormhole, which is just like a 528 00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,800 Speaker 1: connection between two points in space. These things would not 529 00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:51,360 Speaker 1: be that easy to see because there's nothing like around 530 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:54,639 Speaker 1: them necessarily. They're just like a connection between here and there, 531 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:57,679 Speaker 1: So they're not like directly visible. They're just like this 532 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:00,439 Speaker 1: fold in space. So you would have to see them 533 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:02,879 Speaker 1: only because you see something like go in or something 534 00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:05,840 Speaker 1: come out, or you see like the distortion they have 535 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:09,159 Speaker 1: on things behind them, right, sort of like can you 536 00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:14,280 Speaker 1: see a transparent lens The material itself is invisible, but 537 00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:16,199 Speaker 1: it has an effect on the light going through it. 538 00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:20,160 Speaker 1: Then you can tell something is there without directly seeing it, right. 539 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 1: And the other problem is that they might be super small. Right, 540 00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:26,720 Speaker 1: the theory doesn't predict giant wormholes. It predicts tiny little wormholes. 541 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:29,520 Speaker 1: The theory allows for super tiny wormholes like ten to 542 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:32,880 Speaker 1: the minus thirty five, you know, plank scale size wormholes, 543 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:36,520 Speaker 1: but it also allows for larger wormholes that potentially you 544 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:39,320 Speaker 1: could even send a person through. Okay, right now, we're cooking, 545 00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:42,439 Speaker 1: but you're saying they wouldn't be easy to see because 546 00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:43,960 Speaker 1: it's sort of like, how do you see a hole 547 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,160 Speaker 1: in space? Right Like, it would just sort of look 548 00:27:46,280 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: like it's sort of like if you put a TV 549 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,159 Speaker 1: out in space with a with a picture of more stars, 550 00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:52,199 Speaker 1: it would be hard to tell it's there. Yeah, And 551 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:54,520 Speaker 1: so what you need to do is see some sort 552 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,920 Speaker 1: of inconsistency, right Like if you had a TV out 553 00:27:56,960 --> 00:27:58,919 Speaker 1: in space but an image of stars on it and 554 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,480 Speaker 1: you changed your goal, then the image would no longer 555 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:04,080 Speaker 1: be appropriate, or if the stars behind it were moving 556 00:28:04,119 --> 00:28:06,280 Speaker 1: and the image didn't catch up, and then you would 557 00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:09,040 Speaker 1: see this like inconsistency between the image you're looking at 558 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:11,760 Speaker 1: and what's in the background. And that's what you need 559 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,639 Speaker 1: to spot a wormhole because wormhole would in theory, be 560 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:17,600 Speaker 1: sending you light and information from a different part of 561 00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:19,760 Speaker 1: the universe. And so as you look at the wormhole, 562 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:23,600 Speaker 1: you're looking at stars whose light has come through the wormhole, 563 00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:26,320 Speaker 1: So you're looking at another part of the universe. So 564 00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:29,800 Speaker 1: you need to somehow identify the boundary, right to know 565 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:31,719 Speaker 1: that the stars you're looking at in the center are 566 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:34,240 Speaker 1: on the other part of the universe connected by the wormhole, 567 00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:37,359 Speaker 1: and the stars outside this circle are you know, in 568 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: your local neighborhood, and to see like a discontinuity. But 569 00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: I think what you're saying is that a wormhole wouldn't 570 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,400 Speaker 1: have any substance to it, right like they wouldn't you 571 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,600 Speaker 1: be bumping into things, or wouldn't be exerting gravity on 572 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:50,719 Speaker 1: the things around it. Would just have to look for, 573 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:53,920 Speaker 1: like you said, some kind of inconsistency or maybe see 574 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,160 Speaker 1: like a row of space tourists trying to get into it. Yeah, 575 00:28:57,160 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 1: a pure wormhole that's not like part of a black hole, 576 00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:02,040 Speaker 1: white whole system, or connected to black holes in any 577 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:05,520 Speaker 1: other way, would have no strong gravitational effects. So you know, 578 00:29:05,560 --> 00:29:09,360 Speaker 1: like black holes also technically invisible. You can't see them directly, 579 00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:11,880 Speaker 1: but you can spot them because they suck stuff up 580 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:14,600 Speaker 1: and they have these accretion discs of matter glowing red 581 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:17,520 Speaker 1: hot from the friction and the crazy intense gravity. Wormholes 582 00:29:17,560 --> 00:29:20,760 Speaker 1: don't have that. They don't necessarily have any strong gravity 583 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:22,920 Speaker 1: around them. They're not slurping stuff up, and so there 584 00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 1: are new accretion disks to identify. So it's just sort 585 00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:29,520 Speaker 1: of like seeing a very clear lens out in space 586 00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 1: distorting things or space tourists. That's another great way coming 587 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: out of the subway. You can see all the space 588 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:41,440 Speaker 1: rats scurring in. Do you think space rats eat space pizza? Well, 589 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,880 Speaker 1: if there are no space worms, maybe would I guess, 590 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: would a wormhole glow? You know and the movies that 591 00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:50,640 Speaker 1: the wormholes always glow, they look like glowing you know, 592 00:29:50,760 --> 00:29:55,440 Speaker 1: circles or something. Would wormhole because of this magic energy 593 00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:59,240 Speaker 1: with negative mass, would somehow glow or mid radiation? We 594 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:01,560 Speaker 1: don't think so. We don't think the pure wormholes would 595 00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:04,600 Speaker 1: emit any radiation. A wormhole that's part of a black 596 00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:07,120 Speaker 1: hole white hole system, then yeah, it would look just 597 00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,560 Speaker 1: like a black hole on one side, and so you 598 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,240 Speaker 1: wouldn't necessarily be able to tell it's a wormhole, but 599 00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:14,120 Speaker 1: it would look just like a black hole, and black 600 00:30:14,120 --> 00:30:16,920 Speaker 1: holes do emit a lot of radiation. Again because of 601 00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:19,960 Speaker 1: the stuff that's around the black hole, the intensely high 602 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:22,400 Speaker 1: temperature gas that's emitting a lot of light. And so 603 00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:24,600 Speaker 1: we see black holes throughout the universe. They are called 604 00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:28,240 Speaker 1: quasars because they emit this crazy radiation. But the pure 605 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:31,840 Speaker 1: wormhole wouldn't emit any radiation necessarily. But a wormhole, it's 606 00:30:31,920 --> 00:30:34,880 Speaker 1: part of a black hole system, might right, What about 607 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: one that is part of a white hole? Black hole system? 608 00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,160 Speaker 1: When don't we see stuff coming out of the white 609 00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,160 Speaker 1: hole like constantly, Like that's the wonder where all this 610 00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:45,360 Speaker 1: energy is coming from. Yeah, if you see a white hole, 611 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,560 Speaker 1: then you're basically already seeing a wormhole, because the white 612 00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:51,800 Speaker 1: hole doesn't just like generate random stuff, It emits stuff 613 00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:54,560 Speaker 1: that came through the black hole side. So it's a 614 00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:58,040 Speaker 1: black hole wormhole white hole situation. So if you see 615 00:30:58,040 --> 00:31:00,160 Speaker 1: a white hole, and you're also discovering a worm hole, 616 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:02,480 Speaker 1: because it's a connection between those two points in space, 617 00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:04,960 Speaker 1: connected by the singularity at the heart of the black 618 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:07,400 Speaker 1: hole and this weird heart of the white hole. But remember, 619 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:09,719 Speaker 1: white holes, we don't even know if those actually exist. 620 00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:13,440 Speaker 1: They're a very fuzzy theoretical object. People aren't even sure 621 00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:15,880 Speaker 1: you know what to make of them in the theory, 622 00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,320 Speaker 1: I see, so all white holes are wormholes, but not 623 00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:22,640 Speaker 1: all wormholes are white holes. That's right, Yeah, exactly, the 624 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:26,480 Speaker 1: taxonomy of holes, wholenomy. It's the holy trinity there, or 625 00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:29,240 Speaker 1: I guess we're doing holography. Yeah, and that's the whole truth, 626 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:31,440 Speaker 1: all right. So then what's another way that we could 627 00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:34,440 Speaker 1: detect a warmhole? Do they like bend space time in 628 00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,080 Speaker 1: a particular way that we could maybe see evidence of. 629 00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:39,840 Speaker 1: People think that it might be possible, And I was 630 00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:43,840 Speaker 1: reading this crazy paper where somebody was suggesting an experiment 631 00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:46,880 Speaker 1: to detect wormholes, because you're right, the wormholes they do 632 00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:49,600 Speaker 1: bend space, right in order to connect space here with 633 00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:52,440 Speaker 1: space somewhere else. You're talking about space being banned, and 634 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:55,000 Speaker 1: space can never be discontinuous. You can't just have like 635 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:57,320 Speaker 1: a boundary where space is doing one thing here and 636 00:31:57,320 --> 00:32:00,440 Speaker 1: then something totally different on the other side of its. 637 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:03,800 Speaker 1: Space is always smooth, right, So to have a connection 638 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:06,800 Speaker 1: between here and somewhere else, space has to be bending, 639 00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:09,040 Speaker 1: which means it's going to be bending the most at 640 00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:11,680 Speaker 1: the actual wormhole and then less and less as you 641 00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:14,080 Speaker 1: go away. But it can't be like a kink there 642 00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:16,400 Speaker 1: in space. And so people think that maybe you could 643 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:20,200 Speaker 1: detect wormholes by detecting this bending of space before you 644 00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:22,280 Speaker 1: actually fall in. You don't have to go to the 645 00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:25,080 Speaker 1: wormhole and throw something in. You could see that there's 646 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:28,920 Speaker 1: a wormhole nearby. It's like a nearby wormhole detector. By 647 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,719 Speaker 1: measuring this bending of space interest things. There are no 648 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:37,320 Speaker 1: kinky wormholes. Everything not in this podcast, that's right. Not 649 00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:39,800 Speaker 1: this is the safer word. But you know everything out 650 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: there that has mass also bend space, like the Sun 651 00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:45,400 Speaker 1: bend space, and the Earth bend space, and you bend space. 652 00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:47,840 Speaker 1: So in this paper they talk about how to tell 653 00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:49,920 Speaker 1: if the bending of space you're measuring is due to 654 00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:53,479 Speaker 1: wormholes or due to just like the normal bending of 655 00:32:53,520 --> 00:32:56,800 Speaker 1: space from everyday objects, Because I guess every day objects 656 00:32:56,840 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 1: would bend it due to gravity, but wormhole would be 657 00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:03,560 Speaker 1: bending it because of something totally different. Yeah, it has 658 00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:07,080 Speaker 1: negative repulsive gravity inside it to keep it open, and 659 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:09,200 Speaker 1: so the shape of the bending would be a little 660 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:12,240 Speaker 1: bit different, and specifically it would be different in a 661 00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:14,920 Speaker 1: way that light passes through it a little bit differently. 662 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:17,440 Speaker 1: When light travels through space, it doesn't just wiggle it 663 00:33:17,520 --> 00:33:20,600 Speaker 1: also spins right. Light is actually a vector for those 664 00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:23,400 Speaker 1: of you into the math of the electromagnetic field. There's 665 00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:25,520 Speaker 1: this phase it has and it can be like polarized 666 00:33:25,560 --> 00:33:28,360 Speaker 1: in one way or polarized in another way, or linearly 667 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: polarized or whatever. There's this extra bit of information that 668 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,080 Speaker 1: light is always carrying with it, and so in this experiment, 669 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:36,360 Speaker 1: they think that if a wormhole is nearby, it would 670 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:39,360 Speaker 1: change how light propagates through that space. So what you 671 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:43,360 Speaker 1: need are like two satellites flying through space shooting laser 672 00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:46,160 Speaker 1: beams back and forth at each other and constantly measuring 673 00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:48,520 Speaker 1: those laser beams to see if the phase of the 674 00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,000 Speaker 1: light has changed in a way that suggests that there's 675 00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:54,840 Speaker 1: a wormhole nearby. Whoa, And then these two satellites would 676 00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:58,719 Speaker 1: have to scan the entire universe define a wormhole right, well, 677 00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:01,440 Speaker 1: they would be sensitive to worm holes nearby. And so 678 00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:04,280 Speaker 1: it's sort of like your nose, right, you can sniff 679 00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:07,080 Speaker 1: and tell, like somebody's eating a cinnamon roll. You can't 680 00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:10,120 Speaker 1: necessarily tell where it is, And if you walk around 681 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:12,680 Speaker 1: and the smell gets stronger, you can tell you're getting closer, 682 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:14,719 Speaker 1: And if the smell gets weaker, you can tell you're 683 00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,000 Speaker 1: getting further, So this would operate the same way. They 684 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,560 Speaker 1: can sort of tell how close are you to a wormhole, 685 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:22,440 Speaker 1: and then as they drift around, they can tell if 686 00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:24,920 Speaker 1: they're getting closer or further. So yeah, they have to 687 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:26,680 Speaker 1: sort of like you know, you have to send lots 688 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:29,200 Speaker 1: of these things out just floating out through space, hoping 689 00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:30,880 Speaker 1: that one of them finds one, and then you can 690 00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:33,400 Speaker 1: sort of like zoom in on it would bend space 691 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:37,319 Speaker 1: that much like with the radius, with the range of 692 00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:39,680 Speaker 1: effect be so large that you could add this is 693 00:34:39,719 --> 00:34:42,760 Speaker 1: actually feasible. Well, it depends on the size of the wormhole. 694 00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:47,360 Speaker 1: Bigger wormholes easier to find, Smaller wormholes harder to find. Fortunately, 695 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:50,000 Speaker 1: we're interested in bigger wormholes. But then again we also 696 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: think bigger wormholes probably rarer. So you know, this is 697 00:34:53,080 --> 00:34:57,160 Speaker 1: a very exploratory idea, you know, concept, is it actually practical? 698 00:34:57,160 --> 00:34:59,960 Speaker 1: Should somebody spend these billions of dollars building these saddle 699 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,640 Speaker 1: doesn't send them out of space? No, but it's sort 700 00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:06,360 Speaker 1: of theoretically showing that it might be possible to detect 701 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:09,360 Speaker 1: a nearby wormhole. Interesting. Did you just say physics is 702 00:35:09,360 --> 00:35:13,400 Speaker 1: not practical? I just said physics it's not practical exactly. 703 00:35:13,760 --> 00:35:15,920 Speaker 1: If you were looking to explore the universe and maybe 704 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:19,279 Speaker 1: have no impact on humanity, come join us, all right, 705 00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:22,480 Speaker 1: So that's maybe one way that we could see, uh, 706 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:27,279 Speaker 1: wormhole is through their effects on space, whether it's maybe 707 00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:29,960 Speaker 1: many stuff stuff, or maybe we can send satellites to 708 00:35:30,040 --> 00:35:32,000 Speaker 1: go look for them. So let's get into whether or 709 00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:34,760 Speaker 1: not we have seen any out there in space. Maybe 710 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:38,880 Speaker 1: we have or not, But first let's take another quick break. 711 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:55,279 Speaker 1: All right. We're looking for wormholes, Daniel, because I guess 712 00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:56,719 Speaker 1: we're eager to get to the other side of the 713 00:35:56,760 --> 00:36:00,000 Speaker 1: galaxy somehow. And the question is how do we find them? 714 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:01,680 Speaker 1: Do you spot them? How do you know you found one? 715 00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:03,319 Speaker 1: And we talked about a few ways that you could 716 00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:06,480 Speaker 1: do that. Um, but have we found any? So far, 717 00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:10,200 Speaker 1: we have not identified any wormholes. We have exactly zero 718 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,319 Speaker 1: positively identified wormholes on our list. And you know, we 719 00:36:14,440 --> 00:36:17,200 Speaker 1: don't even necessarily know that we've seen any black holes. 720 00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,360 Speaker 1: If you listen to the last episode about dark stars, 721 00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:23,120 Speaker 1: we're not even about those. So it would be pretty 722 00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:25,960 Speaker 1: amazing if we had any wormholes on our list. I 723 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,719 Speaker 1: guess the question is have we been looking for wormholes? 724 00:36:28,760 --> 00:36:30,719 Speaker 1: I've been looking for wormholes. I thought you were looking. Also, 725 00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:32,960 Speaker 1: are you telling me this whole time you've been doing nothing. 726 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,880 Speaker 1: I was looking for other kinds of holes, legal loop holes, 727 00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:41,040 Speaker 1: and you know holes in logic. No, we have been, 728 00:36:41,080 --> 00:36:45,799 Speaker 1: as a species collectively all been looking for wormholes. Not 729 00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:48,080 Speaker 1: by sending out these crazy satellites, but by doing what 730 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:52,080 Speaker 1: we talked about earlier, looking for distortions in space. Because 731 00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:54,600 Speaker 1: we're good at this, we could actually tell if there 732 00:36:54,640 --> 00:36:58,919 Speaker 1: are invisible things floating in space distorting the path of light. 733 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:01,799 Speaker 1: This is one For example, we know that dark matter 734 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:05,160 Speaker 1: is out there. Dark matter some invisible kind of matter 735 00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:08,520 Speaker 1: that has gravity and so changes the curvature of space 736 00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:11,600 Speaker 1: and bend's light as it passes through. So even though 737 00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:14,560 Speaker 1: dark matter itself is invisible, we can see its effect 738 00:37:14,640 --> 00:37:18,120 Speaker 1: on light by seeing this gravitational lensing. And so we've 739 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:22,359 Speaker 1: done something similar for looking for wormholes. We've asked if 740 00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,320 Speaker 1: there was a wormhole between us and this very bright 741 00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,279 Speaker 1: quais are out there, what impact would it have on 742 00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:30,839 Speaker 1: that light? How would it look different? And then let's 743 00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:33,120 Speaker 1: look to see if we can find any quasars that 744 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:36,640 Speaker 1: are distorted in just that way. Interesting, So there are 745 00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:40,640 Speaker 1: physicists out there, like who's portfolio include looking for wormholes. 746 00:37:40,680 --> 00:37:43,480 Speaker 1: It's not just like we're looking for weird things out there, 747 00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:45,920 Speaker 1: it's like they're actually hunting them. They're actually hunting them. 748 00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:48,600 Speaker 1: There's a fun paper from an astronomical survey, the LSST, 749 00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:51,440 Speaker 1: that very specifically did this. You know, they have a 750 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:54,040 Speaker 1: huge data set of looking at big patches of the 751 00:37:54,040 --> 00:37:56,680 Speaker 1: sky for a long time, and so they can look 752 00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,160 Speaker 1: through that data set and ask like, are there any 753 00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:03,480 Speaker 1: objects in here which look like they've been distorted by wormholes? 754 00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:05,440 Speaker 1: And so that's very helpful. If you can come up 755 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:08,040 Speaker 1: with a specific prediction to say a wormhole would look 756 00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:10,280 Speaker 1: like this, they would distort the life from this galaxy 757 00:38:10,360 --> 00:38:13,040 Speaker 1: in this way, then you can hunt for that signature 758 00:38:13,239 --> 00:38:16,799 Speaker 1: in the sky. Interesting, so you said that they do 759 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:20,240 Speaker 1: that by looking at quasars. They've looked at fifty thousand 760 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:22,640 Speaker 1: quasars and they looked at to see if the light 761 00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:25,799 Speaker 1: from those quasars is somehow distorted in a special way 762 00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:29,040 Speaker 1: that only a wormhole might distort it. Yeah, because remember 763 00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:31,400 Speaker 1: wormholes have this negative mass, and so they have a 764 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,799 Speaker 1: different kind of curature of space than for example, dark 765 00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:37,759 Speaker 1: matter or something else. So we see lots of distortion 766 00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:39,759 Speaker 1: out there in the sky due to dark matter and 767 00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:42,800 Speaker 1: other things, which distorts space in one way. But wormholes 768 00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: would have a very distinctive signature and how they've been space. 769 00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:48,120 Speaker 1: And you're right, they look through this catalog of fifty 770 00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:52,080 Speaker 1: thousand quasars, which is mind blowing already because that means 771 00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:57,040 Speaker 1: that's fifty thousand galaxies, each with a supermassive black hole 772 00:38:57,120 --> 00:39:00,520 Speaker 1: at its center, sending us an incredible beam of light 773 00:39:00,719 --> 00:39:04,040 Speaker 1: across billions and billions of light years, right, Like, just 774 00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:06,399 Speaker 1: imagine hold that picture in your mind for a moment 775 00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:09,319 Speaker 1: of like the Earth being pinioned by these beams of 776 00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:12,200 Speaker 1: light coming from all over the universe. And now we're 777 00:39:12,239 --> 00:39:14,560 Speaker 1: asking whether those beams of light have been like tweaked 778 00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:16,799 Speaker 1: in any tiny little way, so there might be a 779 00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,319 Speaker 1: wormhole along that line between us and one of those 780 00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:23,440 Speaker 1: distant quasars. Interesting, So I guess, how do we expect 781 00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:25,600 Speaker 1: the light to be different if it had gone through 782 00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:28,920 Speaker 1: or near a wormhole on its way here? Like, you know, 783 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:31,200 Speaker 1: if it goes through negative mass, does it get lighter? 784 00:39:31,320 --> 00:39:32,960 Speaker 1: Does light get lighter? Well, you know, if it goes 785 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:35,400 Speaker 1: through dark matter, then it gets sort of like focused. 786 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:37,560 Speaker 1: Like dark matter acts like a lens, and it can 787 00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,600 Speaker 1: make very specific distortions. And so we have these codes 788 00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:43,080 Speaker 1: that allows to do calculations. It's not something we can 789 00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:45,279 Speaker 1: write down with pencil and paper because general relativity is 790 00:39:45,320 --> 00:39:47,880 Speaker 1: so complicated, but we have these computer codes that allows 791 00:39:47,880 --> 00:39:50,480 Speaker 1: to do calculations and predict what pattern it would have. 792 00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:52,640 Speaker 1: You know, just the same way you can say if 793 00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:55,479 Speaker 1: I shine a light through a concave lens, it's gonna 794 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:57,400 Speaker 1: make one image. Well, if you shine a light through 795 00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,280 Speaker 1: a convex lens, it's gonna make a totally different image. 796 00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:02,960 Speaker 1: And so that's sort of the same relationship between what 797 00:40:03,080 --> 00:40:05,920 Speaker 1: dark matter and a wormhole would do to a quasar, 798 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:07,920 Speaker 1: and we definitely have a different pattern. It doesn't just 799 00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:10,200 Speaker 1: like bend the light out and spread it out. It 800 00:40:10,239 --> 00:40:12,759 Speaker 1: also twists it in a weird way because, as we 801 00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:16,080 Speaker 1: said before, it changes the electromagnetic phase of the light. 802 00:40:16,239 --> 00:40:18,720 Speaker 1: So is that what we're looking forward looking for changes 803 00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:21,360 Speaker 1: in the light itself, or also in addition to that, 804 00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:24,440 Speaker 1: we're looking for this lensing effect. Yeah, we're looking for both, 805 00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:27,239 Speaker 1: but this survey in particular was mostly looking for these 806 00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:31,040 Speaker 1: lensing effects, all right, So then we haven't seen any wormholes, 807 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:33,600 Speaker 1: and even though we've looked at fifty quasars. But that 808 00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:35,680 Speaker 1: I guess that doesn't mean that there aren't out there, right. 809 00:40:35,840 --> 00:40:37,520 Speaker 1: That doesn't mean they're not out there. It means that 810 00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:39,400 Speaker 1: we didn't see any, right, And you can't prove a 811 00:40:39,480 --> 00:40:42,120 Speaker 1: negative because there could be just one and just didn't 812 00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:45,279 Speaker 1: happen across this meme from a quasar to Earth. So 813 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:47,759 Speaker 1: it's certainly possible that they're still out there, or there 814 00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:49,560 Speaker 1: could be lots of them and they just didn't cross 815 00:40:49,640 --> 00:40:52,120 Speaker 1: these beams. What you can do when you don't see 816 00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:54,120 Speaker 1: one is you can set a limit on how many 817 00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:57,160 Speaker 1: there could be. You can say, well, if wormholes were everywhere, 818 00:40:57,360 --> 00:40:59,080 Speaker 1: we would have seen them. So what we can do 819 00:40:59,160 --> 00:41:02,680 Speaker 1: is rule out universe being like totally jam packed with wormholes. 820 00:41:02,719 --> 00:41:05,759 Speaker 1: And that's not nothing, right, that is definitely information. It 821 00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:07,640 Speaker 1: means that if there are wormholes out there, you have 822 00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:10,200 Speaker 1: to explain why none of them have ever like tripped 823 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:12,920 Speaker 1: one of these like lasers between the quasar and us M. 824 00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:15,920 Speaker 1: I guess if this light is coming from another galaxy, 825 00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,960 Speaker 1: isn't it mostly empty space between here and other galaxies? 826 00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:22,600 Speaker 1: Like did we expect to find wormholes in the middle 827 00:41:22,760 --> 00:41:25,600 Speaker 1: of nowhere. We don't know where to expect to find wormholes, 828 00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:28,080 Speaker 1: but yeah, it is mostly empty space between here and there, 829 00:41:28,239 --> 00:41:30,640 Speaker 1: But it also passes through the galaxy, right, Like, our 830 00:41:30,680 --> 00:41:33,960 Speaker 1: galaxy is fairly thick, and so for the light to 831 00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:35,800 Speaker 1: get here from another galaxy, it has to pass a 832 00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:39,040 Speaker 1: significant fraction of the way through our galaxy as well. 833 00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:41,480 Speaker 1: So you really are exploring lots of different kinds of 834 00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:44,120 Speaker 1: space when you look at quasars. All right, we haven't 835 00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:46,359 Speaker 1: seen any, but there is sort of a theory, right 836 00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,080 Speaker 1: you were telling me about a black hole that might 837 00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:51,160 Speaker 1: be really close to us. Yeah, if you saw the 838 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:54,319 Speaker 1: movie Contact, then you know in that movie Contact, there's 839 00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:59,080 Speaker 1: this like network of wormholes that connect galaxies. And I think, 840 00:41:59,239 --> 00:42:01,719 Speaker 1: aren't they like at the center of the galaxy where 841 00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:03,600 Speaker 1: the black hole the center of the galaxy is actually 842 00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,360 Speaker 1: an opening into a wormhole network that lets you go 843 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,600 Speaker 1: all around the universe. I don't remember the details of 844 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:10,920 Speaker 1: that movie well enough, but there are people out there 845 00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:13,520 Speaker 1: who are asking that question about the black hole at 846 00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:16,959 Speaker 1: the center of our galaxy. They're wondering, it's a black hole, 847 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:20,200 Speaker 1: but is it also maybe a wormhole or at least 848 00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:22,320 Speaker 1: the entrance to a wormhole, right, because if it's a 849 00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:25,120 Speaker 1: black hole, it can be the exit of a wormhole. Yeah, 850 00:42:25,120 --> 00:42:28,239 Speaker 1: this is one very particular kind of idea where it 851 00:42:28,320 --> 00:42:31,439 Speaker 1: might be a pair of black holes that have their 852 00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:34,759 Speaker 1: singularities overlapped, so they're connected by a wormhole, but the 853 00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:38,160 Speaker 1: wormhole itself might be slightly bigger than the black holes, 854 00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:41,600 Speaker 1: so the black holes are sort of like inside the wormhole, 855 00:42:41,920 --> 00:42:44,800 Speaker 1: allowing some stuff to come out sort of sneaking around 856 00:42:44,840 --> 00:42:48,120 Speaker 1: the black holes. This is the weird black hole wormhole 857 00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:51,080 Speaker 1: combination idea. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. I think you just 858 00:42:51,360 --> 00:42:53,560 Speaker 1: took a jump there. So you're saying that the black 859 00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:55,840 Speaker 1: hole at the center of our galaxy might actually be 860 00:42:55,960 --> 00:42:58,000 Speaker 1: two black holes. Yeah, the black hole the center of 861 00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:00,840 Speaker 1: our galaxy might be connected to another their black holes 862 00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:03,520 Speaker 1: somewhere else in the universe, and the two might be 863 00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:06,600 Speaker 1: sort of like connected by this wormhole which is big 864 00:43:06,719 --> 00:43:10,000 Speaker 1: enough to have the black holes connected, but also for 865 00:43:10,040 --> 00:43:12,880 Speaker 1: other stuff to like get through the wormhole without falling 866 00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:15,359 Speaker 1: into the black hole. Oh, I see what you're saying. 867 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,080 Speaker 1: So this is the regular type of wormhole that doesn't 868 00:43:18,080 --> 00:43:20,120 Speaker 1: start in a black hole. You're just saying that there 869 00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:23,880 Speaker 1: might be a or of a hole next to or 870 00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:26,760 Speaker 1: sort of enveloping the black hole of the center work galaxy. 871 00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:28,440 Speaker 1: This is like a mega wormhole. This would be a 872 00:43:28,480 --> 00:43:32,319 Speaker 1: mega wormhole exactly. There's like a dune size worm and 873 00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:35,759 Speaker 1: at its throat, right, it's throat is larger than this 874 00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:37,719 Speaker 1: black hole at the center of the Milky Way. But 875 00:43:37,760 --> 00:43:41,120 Speaker 1: the black holes like sitting at the mouth of the wormhole, 876 00:43:41,280 --> 00:43:44,080 Speaker 1: but not completely blocking it, so that the wormhole is 877 00:43:44,120 --> 00:43:47,040 Speaker 1: not totally inside the black hole. It's sort of like 878 00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:50,000 Speaker 1: a basketball fits through a hoop, right, the basketball is 879 00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:53,080 Speaker 1: smaller than the hoop. So now imagine, right, the black 880 00:43:53,080 --> 00:43:56,680 Speaker 1: holes like the basketball and the wormholes like the basketball hoop. Interesting, 881 00:43:56,719 --> 00:43:59,040 Speaker 1: And then just on the other side of the wormhole 882 00:43:59,120 --> 00:44:02,000 Speaker 1: is maybe another black coal in in another galaxy or 883 00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:05,480 Speaker 1: somewhere else. Yeah, another black hole in probably another galaxy 884 00:44:05,560 --> 00:44:08,560 Speaker 1: because these supermassive black holes tend to only form at 885 00:44:08,560 --> 00:44:10,759 Speaker 1: the hearts of galaxies. But we don't know until we 886 00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:13,960 Speaker 1: send our favorite cartoonists in right, or our favorite physicists, 887 00:44:14,120 --> 00:44:19,000 Speaker 1: or at least favorite cartoonists either one. Yeah, let's take 888 00:44:19,040 --> 00:44:22,040 Speaker 1: a vote. But this is a crazy idea, Daniel, Why 889 00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:24,480 Speaker 1: would people think this is what's happening. I don't know 890 00:44:24,520 --> 00:44:27,480 Speaker 1: that anybody thinks it's what's happening. But some people wrote 891 00:44:27,520 --> 00:44:31,160 Speaker 1: a paper asking if this was what's happening, how could 892 00:44:31,239 --> 00:44:33,799 Speaker 1: we figure it out? And sort of like trying to 893 00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,879 Speaker 1: work out the mathematics of if you could tell if 894 00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:38,879 Speaker 1: there was a wormhole there, which I think it's really 895 00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:40,839 Speaker 1: fun to think about, you know, like, what are we 896 00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:43,719 Speaker 1: capable of discovering in the universe. If the universe was 897 00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,280 Speaker 1: this way that way, how could we tell the difference. 898 00:44:46,440 --> 00:44:48,880 Speaker 1: It's a really fun mental exercise. And so this paper 899 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:51,799 Speaker 1: is a little bit out there, but I enjoyed reading it. 900 00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:54,200 Speaker 1: It's like, here's something that could be true because we 901 00:44:54,320 --> 00:44:57,320 Speaker 1: just haven't seen that closely to the center of our galaxy. 902 00:44:57,680 --> 00:45:02,479 Speaker 1: What if there's a giant Norma's wormhole connecting our black 903 00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:05,080 Speaker 1: hole to another black hole in another galaxy? Yeah, and 904 00:45:05,080 --> 00:45:07,480 Speaker 1: it could just be a bunch of physicists watch contact 905 00:45:07,520 --> 00:45:09,879 Speaker 1: and they had an argument afterwards about whether that could 906 00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:12,239 Speaker 1: actually be possible, and somebody came up with this idea. 907 00:45:12,280 --> 00:45:15,080 Speaker 1: They're like, wait, what if there's a black hole inside 908 00:45:15,120 --> 00:45:17,319 Speaker 1: a big wormhole? And somebody else said, you know what, 909 00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:19,000 Speaker 1: that might be true. I bet I could write a 910 00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:21,560 Speaker 1: paper about it. You know, that's how watching science fiction 911 00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:24,400 Speaker 1: and smoking ban in appeals leads to real progress in science. 912 00:45:25,120 --> 00:45:29,719 Speaker 1: I wouldn't recommend that in general, smoking anything sounds kind 913 00:45:29,719 --> 00:45:32,239 Speaker 1: of dangerous. But then what would the ramifications be, Like, 914 00:45:32,280 --> 00:45:34,640 Speaker 1: what would be the consequences? Right, it means that our 915 00:45:35,320 --> 00:45:38,080 Speaker 1: galaxy is connected to another galaxy, so we could maybe 916 00:45:38,160 --> 00:45:41,120 Speaker 1: travel to that other galaxy. Yeah, absolutely, if you could 917 00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:43,720 Speaker 1: get close enough to this black hole without getting shredded. 918 00:45:43,960 --> 00:45:46,760 Speaker 1: Remember we talked about how big black holes are actually 919 00:45:46,840 --> 00:45:49,480 Speaker 1: easier to get close to. People out there are aware 920 00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:51,600 Speaker 1: that even if you're near a black hole without going 921 00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:54,279 Speaker 1: inside it, there's very very strong gravity that could pull 922 00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:58,120 Speaker 1: you apart because of the tidal forces spaghettification. That's actually 923 00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:01,560 Speaker 1: less of a concern near very big black holes because 924 00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,360 Speaker 1: their event horizons are so far from the core that 925 00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:07,280 Speaker 1: the title forces actually aren't strong enough to tear you apart. 926 00:46:07,760 --> 00:46:11,200 Speaker 1: So if it really is a wormhole surrounding these black holes, 927 00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:14,520 Speaker 1: then yes, potentially we could send something through it and 928 00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:17,320 Speaker 1: travel the galaxy. The question is, how could we figure 929 00:46:17,320 --> 00:46:21,080 Speaker 1: out if there's a wormhole there without dropping somebody inside? Well, 930 00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:24,520 Speaker 1: A physicists aren't somebody, so you know, But so, what's 931 00:46:24,560 --> 00:46:27,520 Speaker 1: the theory that there's a whole bunch of negative mass 932 00:46:27,520 --> 00:46:29,960 Speaker 1: at the center of our galaxy creating a wormhole near 933 00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:32,879 Speaker 1: our black hole somehow? And they don't have a theory 934 00:46:32,880 --> 00:46:35,680 Speaker 1: for how this wormhole got formed or even what's holding 935 00:46:35,680 --> 00:46:38,359 Speaker 1: it open. They just presuming, like, if there's a wormhole there, 936 00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:41,440 Speaker 1: how could we tell? And so they played this mental 937 00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:43,520 Speaker 1: game and they realized, well, you know, if there's a 938 00:46:43,520 --> 00:46:48,040 Speaker 1: wormhole here, that means that information can pass through from 939 00:46:48,080 --> 00:46:50,959 Speaker 1: that galaxy to our galaxy. Like, yeah, I can jump 940 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:53,840 Speaker 1: in and go to the other galaxy. But also things 941 00:46:53,920 --> 00:46:57,120 Speaker 1: information can pass through the wormhole because the throat is 942 00:46:57,239 --> 00:46:59,680 Speaker 1: larger than the black holes, right, And so to go 943 00:46:59,719 --> 00:47:01,759 Speaker 1: from the other galaxy to here, you just need to 944 00:47:01,880 --> 00:47:04,799 Speaker 1: pass through the wormhole and like avoid the black holes. 945 00:47:04,880 --> 00:47:09,120 Speaker 1: And that information is potentially including things like gravity. So 946 00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:11,800 Speaker 1: if there's a black hole on the other side and 947 00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:15,960 Speaker 1: there are stars orbiting that black hole, then as those 948 00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:18,239 Speaker 1: stars orbit the black hole, we should be able to 949 00:47:18,320 --> 00:47:22,280 Speaker 1: feel the gravitational poll of stars on the other side 950 00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:26,760 Speaker 1: of the wormhole affecting things on this side. WHOA, yeah, 951 00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:29,520 Speaker 1: I guess the worm of it just connecting space, it 952 00:47:29,520 --> 00:47:32,560 Speaker 1: would transmit gravity to right. So if like you see 953 00:47:32,560 --> 00:47:35,840 Speaker 1: the orbit of the stars around our black holes somehow 954 00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:40,600 Speaker 1: being kind of wobbly or skewed, maybe there's something sucking 955 00:47:40,920 --> 00:47:43,360 Speaker 1: and sucking them through the wormhole. Yeah, And we happen 956 00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:45,799 Speaker 1: to have a great way to test this because there's 957 00:47:45,840 --> 00:47:49,200 Speaker 1: a star that passes very very close to the black 958 00:47:49,239 --> 00:47:51,600 Speaker 1: hole the center of our galaxy. It's called S two, 959 00:47:51,760 --> 00:47:54,640 Speaker 1: and it whips around that black hole once every sixteen years, 960 00:47:54,760 --> 00:47:57,520 Speaker 1: and we're able to calculate its orbit very very precisely. 961 00:47:57,800 --> 00:47:59,640 Speaker 1: And so if it goes off orbit, if it's like 962 00:47:59,719 --> 00:48:02,680 Speaker 1: skew us or jitters a little bit, that might be 963 00:48:02,760 --> 00:48:05,960 Speaker 1: evidence that there's something tugging on it from the other 964 00:48:06,040 --> 00:48:08,480 Speaker 1: side of the wormhole. That's wild. It sounds like a 965 00:48:08,520 --> 00:48:12,680 Speaker 1: great scheme to get funding for sixteen years. It's wild. 966 00:48:12,719 --> 00:48:16,200 Speaker 1: It's also, you know, a fun theoretical idea, but experimentally 967 00:48:16,360 --> 00:48:19,799 Speaker 1: might not be practical because in order to conclude that 968 00:48:19,920 --> 00:48:22,520 Speaker 1: the star is being wiggled by something on the other 969 00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:25,080 Speaker 1: side of this hypothetical wormhole, you have to be able 970 00:48:25,080 --> 00:48:28,080 Speaker 1: to account for everything else that might also be wiggling 971 00:48:28,080 --> 00:48:30,640 Speaker 1: it on our side of the wormhole, which means you 972 00:48:30,719 --> 00:48:33,600 Speaker 1: need to know the position and location velocity of every 973 00:48:33,680 --> 00:48:37,560 Speaker 1: other gravitational object nearby. And that's a hard area to 974 00:48:37,560 --> 00:48:39,840 Speaker 1: map out. It's very close to the center of the galaxy. 975 00:48:40,120 --> 00:48:42,520 Speaker 1: There's a lot of gas and dust there, and so 976 00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,080 Speaker 1: you need to like know everything else very very precisely 977 00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:48,000 Speaker 1: to conclude that something invisible through a wormhole is also 978 00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:50,280 Speaker 1: tugging on this star. And even if it does wiggle, 979 00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:54,080 Speaker 1: it would be wiggle It's like a super tiny amount, right, yeah, exactly. 980 00:48:54,080 --> 00:48:56,920 Speaker 1: We're talking like a millionth of a meter per second 981 00:48:56,960 --> 00:49:00,040 Speaker 1: squared would be to change of the acceleration on a 982 00:49:00,120 --> 00:49:03,400 Speaker 1: star from some stars on the other side of this wormhole. 983 00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:06,359 Speaker 1: So you need very very precise measurements of this star 984 00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:09,399 Speaker 1: and very precise measurements of everything else affecting this star. 985 00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:11,880 Speaker 1: So it's not something we can do today, but and 986 00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:13,759 Speaker 1: I could, but wouldn't I guess it costs that much. 987 00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:15,080 Speaker 1: You just have to look at the stars to see 988 00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:17,399 Speaker 1: if it wiggles a little bit. Yeah, exactly, And that's 989 00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:18,799 Speaker 1: the kind of thing we want to do. Anyway, we're 990 00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:21,800 Speaker 1: studying these black holes and measuring the trajectory of stars 991 00:49:21,840 --> 00:49:23,880 Speaker 1: that go around it, and asking all sorts of questions 992 00:49:23,920 --> 00:49:27,600 Speaker 1: about numerical general relativity. So it's definitely something we want anyways, 993 00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:31,160 Speaker 1: detailed information about the path of stars around black holes. 994 00:49:31,320 --> 00:49:33,680 Speaker 1: And even if there is a wormhole there, it's still 995 00:49:33,719 --> 00:49:36,040 Speaker 1: pretty far away from here, right, Like, I probably would 996 00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:37,600 Speaker 1: never be able to jump into it even if I 997 00:49:37,680 --> 00:49:40,560 Speaker 1: wanted to, because it's still like tens of thousands of 998 00:49:40,640 --> 00:49:42,760 Speaker 1: light years away, right, Yeah, the center of the galaxy 999 00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:44,799 Speaker 1: is not that close, which we should be grateful for 1000 00:49:44,920 --> 00:49:46,839 Speaker 1: because the center of the galaxy is not a very 1001 00:49:46,880 --> 00:49:50,640 Speaker 1: hospitable place. This intense radiation from all the processes at 1002 00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:52,719 Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy, so we wouldn't be able 1003 00:49:52,760 --> 00:49:55,720 Speaker 1: to survive for very long even just because of that radiation. 1004 00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:58,239 Speaker 1: So yeah, not something to worry about. If aliens are 1005 00:49:58,239 --> 00:50:01,400 Speaker 1: passing through that wormhole, there's still really really far away 1006 00:50:01,560 --> 00:50:04,359 Speaker 1: and possibly getting shredded to right. I mean, it's sort 1007 00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:06,440 Speaker 1: of hard to like go around a black couple of 1008 00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:09,440 Speaker 1: black holes. Yeah, well, I'm not an expert on alien biology, 1009 00:50:09,480 --> 00:50:12,640 Speaker 1: but I imagine it's possible for them to survive nearby 1010 00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:15,279 Speaker 1: these big black holes because remember, big black holes are 1011 00:50:15,400 --> 00:50:19,440 Speaker 1: safer to be near than small black holes. All right, well, 1012 00:50:19,480 --> 00:50:21,960 Speaker 1: I guess that sort of answers a question. How do 1013 00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:24,880 Speaker 1: you spot a warm hole? You look close at the 1014 00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:27,479 Speaker 1: distortions it makes to the rest of the universe, because 1015 00:50:27,520 --> 00:50:30,400 Speaker 1: they would distort things in very specific ways. That's right. 1016 00:50:30,440 --> 00:50:32,720 Speaker 1: They're not going to jump out at you and advertise themselves, 1017 00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:35,280 Speaker 1: but if they are out there, they will have subtle 1018 00:50:35,320 --> 00:50:38,560 Speaker 1: effects on the way light travels, way particles moved through space, 1019 00:50:38,920 --> 00:50:41,440 Speaker 1: and you know, somebody might jump out of it and say, hey, 1020 00:50:41,600 --> 00:50:44,000 Speaker 1: help me out. I got questions about the Earth. Hopefully 1021 00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:47,800 Speaker 1: it's the cartoonists and alien cartoonists, because they're just more fun, 1022 00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:50,000 Speaker 1: you know, I see. So when we're sending people and 1023 00:50:50,040 --> 00:50:52,080 Speaker 1: you want to throw in physicists, but when aliens are 1024 00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:55,919 Speaker 1: sending people in, you're hoping they throw the cartoonists. Yes, yes, 1025 00:50:55,920 --> 00:50:58,840 Speaker 1: because they're aliens. You know, maybe in the alien planet, 1026 00:50:58,840 --> 00:51:03,120 Speaker 1: physicists are the most fun, right right, Yeah, But then 1027 00:51:03,360 --> 00:51:07,200 Speaker 1: you know that's theoretically impossible to ny. I'm gonna work 1028 00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:11,120 Speaker 1: on a theory to disapprosate. Why not we can look 1029 00:51:11,160 --> 00:51:15,120 Speaker 1: for impossible wormholes? Why not look for impossible physics? Humor? 1030 00:51:15,239 --> 00:51:17,359 Speaker 1: You gotta set your sides high in Science. You could 1031 00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:20,920 Speaker 1: win the Nobel Prize in Humor. All right, well, we 1032 00:51:20,960 --> 00:51:23,200 Speaker 1: hope you enjoyed that. And I guess the next time 1033 00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:25,239 Speaker 1: you look up at this guy, you have to wonder 1034 00:51:25,239 --> 00:51:28,360 Speaker 1: a little bit. Are we looking maybe at a wormhole? 1035 00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,960 Speaker 1: And is that star you're looking at maybe actually a star? 1036 00:51:31,040 --> 00:51:33,320 Speaker 1: And the whole other part of the universe. Thanks for 1037 00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:43,759 Speaker 1: joining us, see you next time. Thanks for listening, and 1038 00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:46,520 Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge explained the universe is a 1039 00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:50,040 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast For my 1040 00:51:50,120 --> 00:51:53,719 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 1041 00:51:53,840 --> 00:52:01,759 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. No