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Speaker 1: From Mediator's World News headquarters in Bozeman, Montana. This is

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Speaker 1: Kel's We Can Review with Ryan kel Kell and now

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Speaker 1: Here's Kel. The Northern snakehead, an invasive fish species, made

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Speaker 1: national news for crossing the Florida Georgia line, unfortunately the

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Speaker 1: actual state boundary line, not the somehow popular pop country group.

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Speaker 1: The snakehead is a highly adaptable, fast breeding invasive fish

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Speaker 1: species that happened to be very good eating, which makes

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Speaker 1: them literally more palatable than the aforementioned pop country group.

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Speaker 1: The northern snakehead is an obligate air breather, meaning it

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Speaker 1: can breathe with or without water, and even in times

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Speaker 1: when the water they are in is full of oxygen,

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Speaker 1: it will still breathe there. In addition to cycling water

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Speaker 1: through its gills. Tarpan would be a much more revered

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Speaker 1: example of an obligate air breather. The snakehead prefers shallow,

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Speaker 1: muddy streams, but in reality it can make its home

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Speaker 1: just about anywhere it's planted, abandoned, or wriggles into. Snakeheads

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Speaker 1: are native to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Russia, but

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Speaker 1: according to USGS, they were first found in the US

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Speaker 1: in California, Florida and two thousand Massachusetts in No. One,

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Speaker 1: Maryland and OTWO, then North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois,

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Speaker 1: d C Arkansas, New Jersey, Delaware, Mississippi, Missouri, and most

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Speaker 1: recently Georgia. The Maryland pond incident of two thousand two,

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Speaker 1: which I reference here because the meat Eater crew and

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Speaker 1: myself may have actually eaten some fish that could have

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Speaker 1: possibly descended from them. Anyhow, the pond incident occurred to

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Speaker 1: something like this. The owner of the pond had purchased

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Speaker 1: two northern snakeheads because they look cool, I guess from

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Speaker 1: a market in New York and release them eventually. He

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Speaker 1: must have thought better of this and decided to report

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Speaker 1: the situation to the state of Maryland. When they drained

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Speaker 1: the pond, they found not only the two original fish,

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Speaker 1: but an additional hundred or so juvenile fish. The northern

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Speaker 1: snakehead is sexually mature, at about twelve inches in length.

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Speaker 1: They'll spawn several times a year, potentially distributing more than

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Speaker 1: a hundred thousand eggs, which only take two to three

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Speaker 1: days to hatch. The younger fish have the ability to

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Speaker 1: wriggle their way across sections of dry ground to move

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Speaker 1: into new or more suitable habitat. According to the USGS,

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Speaker 1: if needed, they can breathe only air for up to

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Speaker 1: four days. As you can imagine, an invasive fish that

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Speaker 1: can do things like move across dry ground is hard

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Speaker 1: to keep track of. Currently, snakeheads have been reported in

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Speaker 1: fourteen states. In the state of Maryland, local fishermen have

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Speaker 1: taken them with archery equipment up to nineteen point nine

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Speaker 1: pounds and a little over the five inches. The roden

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Speaker 1: real record is out of Virginia at just under eighteen pounds.

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Speaker 1: The bad news is state and in some cases federal

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Speaker 1: agencies have thrown nets and poison like roting known at

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Speaker 1: these sneaky, hungry invaders, but they still keep turning up

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Speaker 1: in new areas. The only good news is that these

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Speaker 1: fish are showing themselves, often at the end of a

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Speaker 1: fisherman's hook. So go buy a fishing license and throw

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Speaker 1: some bait for a tasty invasive kill your catch, preferably

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Speaker 1: by a solid bonk on the head. Remember these fish

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Speaker 1: can breathe there, record where you were and call your

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Speaker 1: local Department and Natural Resources and states like Maryland where

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Speaker 1: it is legal to do, so take your invasive home

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Speaker 1: and eat it. We ate a bunch of Northern snakeheads

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Speaker 1: while in Maryland last October. They were really good, and

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Speaker 1: if you don't like fish, they taste way more like chicken. Heck,

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Speaker 1: if you don't like fishing, you can shoot them with

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Speaker 1: archery equipment and bag them that way. Hopefully you're chopping

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Speaker 1: at the bit to go out and help with this issue.

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Speaker 1: If so, there's just one more thing to remember. Snakeheads

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Speaker 1: are often mistaken for another obligate air breather, the bow fin.

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Speaker 1: This is a problem because while snakeheads are invasive and

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Speaker 1: highly destructive, both fin are native and beneficial to their

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Speaker 1: home ecosystems. Both fin, like gar get a bad rap

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Speaker 1: for some anglers who claim wrongly that they eat more

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Speaker 1: desirable sport fish and harm their populations. These native fishes

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Speaker 1: have been swimming in our waters for a significantly longer

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Speaker 1: than popular sport fish. If both fin were so destructive bass,

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Speaker 1: and while I probably wouldn't be all of where they

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Speaker 1: are today. For more about this very cool fish, check

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Speaker 1: out our most recent trash Fish Tuesday article at the

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Speaker 1: Meat Eater dot com and bone up on your anal

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Speaker 1: rays and general fish identification skills before you head out

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Speaker 1: to kill a pile of snakeheads so you don't accidentally

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Speaker 1: take out a swath of bow fin instead. This week

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Speaker 1: we've got horseshoe crabs, warblers, ducks, and the Fortnight Fishery.

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Speaker 1: But first, let me tell about my week. I purchased

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Speaker 1: three and a half horsepower two stroke outboard engine off

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Speaker 1: a Craigslist thinking how easily it would power my old canoe.

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Speaker 1: I had visions of getting into some really sneaky pheasant

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Speaker 1: spots for opening weekend of Montana's Chinese ringneck pheasant opener.

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Speaker 1: That's another invasive specie, by the way. Instead, I just

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Speaker 1: powered the canoe and the oil and gas spilling stinky

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Speaker 1: little engine down the river for three days, really making

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Speaker 1: me think how much I enjoy my super clean, non smelly,

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Speaker 1: super powerful steel battery power chainsaw. You could cut a

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Speaker 1: cord of wood with that thing with all of your

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Speaker 1: sent free white tail clothes on, then go climb a

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Speaker 1: tree and smell nothing but my nature and ideally a

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Speaker 1: sneaky old buck. In other news, I got an email

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Speaker 1: from a listener named Kelsey who lives only thirty minutes

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Speaker 1: from Steven Ronella's hometown. Kelsey wants to know what role

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Speaker 1: porcupines play in the ecosystem, as it seems everyone in

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Speaker 1: the area shoots them on site, while Kelsey finds them

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Speaker 1: quote freaking adorable. Well, Kelsey, the reality is I don't

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Speaker 1: really know what the role of the porcupine is other

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Speaker 1: than being a common mountain lion meal. However, I do

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Speaker 1: know that the name porcupine is derived from the Latin

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Speaker 1: names porcas and spina, which we americanized quill pig, which

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Speaker 1: is a catchy name, and the North American porcupine packs

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Speaker 1: around thirty thousand quills, which is impressive. More importantly, Buddy's

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Speaker 1: grandpa got really ticked at us for killing a quill

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Speaker 1: pig to collect a five dollar bounty, stating that you

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Speaker 1: never kill porcupines because they are an animal you can

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Speaker 1: kill with a stick if you're ever lost in the woods.

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Speaker 1: The porcupines diet is not limited to but does include

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Speaker 1: tree bark, and I have seen the scars from their

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Speaker 1: teeth on lots of young trees that eventually died, making

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Speaker 1: me wonder if part of their role is to act

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Speaker 1: as a natural tree thinner or deforester. But that is

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Speaker 1: just my theory. If there are any North American porcupine

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Speaker 1: experts that have the actual honest answer to kelseason now

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Speaker 1: my question, please right in to ask Cal at the

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Speaker 1: mediator dot com and let us know. Now for some

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Speaker 1: real up to date stuff, I am currently sitting in

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Speaker 1: a converted to loafing shed on a converted dairy to

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Speaker 1: fishing slash hunting operation in South Dakota Lynn Lake Lodge.

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Speaker 1: If you don't know it, it is pretty darn great.

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Speaker 1: We went out and shot mallards in a flooded corn

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Speaker 1: field this morning, plucked and cleaned our birds about lunchtime,

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Speaker 1: and now we need to go find more birds. So

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna make this quick one, but don't worry, we

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Speaker 1: still got lots to cover this area. Although I do

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Speaker 1: understand it is hit or miss. Two years ago it

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Speaker 1: was in an absolute drought with hardly a duck or

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Speaker 1: goose to be found. Now it's basically completely underwater, which

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Speaker 1: is hard luck for the farmers, but good luck if

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Speaker 1: you're a duck. Has giant salamanders that I'm absolutely infatuated with,

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Speaker 1: So you know, you can go a lot of places

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Speaker 1: and see a duck. But if you ever make it

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Speaker 1: out this way, you're in luck. Because monster salam manders

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Speaker 1: leopard salam matters, I believe they're called their tiger salam manders. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: I cannot mention duck hunting without mentioning the duck stamp.

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Speaker 1: The duck stamp, for those of you who do not know,

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Speaker 1: is a fifteen dollar federal tax stamp that you must

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Speaker 1: buy if you hunt migratory game birds like doves, cranes, geese,

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Speaker 1: and of course ducks. Of that, fifteen dollars fourteen dollars

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Speaker 1: and seventy cents is retained and placed into the Migratory

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Speaker 1: Bird Conservation Fund. These funds have been used for bird

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Speaker 1: refuges in every state, roughly six million acres, for wildlife

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Speaker 1: the habitat they need, and in some places some incredible

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Speaker 1: wildlife viewing as well as hunting and fishing opportunities. The

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Speaker 1: stamp was created in nineteen thirty four. That year, about

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Speaker 1: six hundred and thirty four thousand stamps were sold. Last

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Speaker 1: year two thousand eighteen, over one and a half million

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Speaker 1: stamps were sold, which is great, but it's not as

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Speaker 1: good as it once was. In nineteen seventy one, over

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Speaker 1: two point four million stamps were sold. What was happening

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Speaker 1: in seventy one? They got more folks to buy duck

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Speaker 1: stamps than right now this age of technology and free

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Speaker 1: flowing knowledge. I don't know, but I do know this

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Speaker 1: stamp benefits everyone that enjoys clean water and wildlife. So

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Speaker 1: go buy a duck stamp. You can send me a

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Speaker 1: letter with it. If you aren't interested and hunting a

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Speaker 1: duck with it, I'll be very pleased with you either way.

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Speaker 1: Moving over to our hematology desk. If you've ever seen

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Speaker 1: a horseshoe crab, which if you've ever spent any time

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Speaker 1: on any beaches out east you likely have, you know

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Speaker 1: they kind of look like a giant armored tadpole, or

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Speaker 1: maybe more like a soldier's helmet, only with a tail

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Speaker 1: and some spindly legs. Point is, they're kind of an

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Speaker 1: odd looking creature and probably not one that you get warm,

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Speaker 1: fuzzy feelings about. They don't have the big doughey eyes

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Speaker 1: and soft fur that tends to make humans get all sentimental.

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Speaker 1: But let me just tell you this hand is maybe cute,

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Speaker 1: but they haven't come close to doing for you what

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Speaker 1: horseshoe crabs have. In fact, you can likely thank horseshoe

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Speaker 1: crabs for saving your very life no joke. Every single

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Speaker 1: American who has ever had an injection, which is pretty

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Speaker 1: much all of us, can thank horseshoe crabs for the

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Speaker 1: safety and sterility of the contents of that injection. More specifically,

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Speaker 1: we can thank the blood of horseshoe crabs for that

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Speaker 1: gift because their blood has a unique and incredible kind

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Speaker 1: of superpower. Stay with me here for just a second.

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Speaker 1: Horseshoe crab blood, which happens to be a creepy shade

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Speaker 1: of bright blue, also contains a chemical called coagulagon that

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Speaker 1: detects and traps even the slightest traces of bacteria. Back

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Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty six, doctors began to extract coagulagon from

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Speaker 1: horseshoe crab blood and use it to test medicines. When

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Speaker 1: put into a solution, like say, for instance, about cha

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Speaker 1: polio vaccine, coagul a gen will find any bacterial presence,

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Speaker 1: even at a concentration of one part per trillion, surround

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Speaker 1: it and trap it. And for the past sixty years

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Speaker 1: or so, horseshoe crab blood has been used to test

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Speaker 1: the safety of every drug certified by the f d A.

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Speaker 1: You could say that horseshoe crabs have been very good

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Speaker 1: to humanity, albeit not voluntarily. Humans, however, haven't been so

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Speaker 1: good to the crabs. Historically, commercial uses were harvesting these

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Speaker 1: ancient mollusks by the millions, and when I say ancient,

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Speaker 1: I'm talking horseshoe crabs are in the fossil record dating

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Speaker 1: back four d and fifty million years. Anyway, we've been

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Speaker 1: grinding up these ancient critters for fertilizer and then using

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Speaker 1: them as bait and conk traps. Currently, we still harvest

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Speaker 1: them by the millions, but instead of grinding them up,

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Speaker 1: we stick large needles into them during thirty percent of

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Speaker 1: their blood, then let them go in the hopes that

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Speaker 1: we can capture them again in the future and repeat process.

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Speaker 1: We've been doing this for decades. Assuming that only or

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Speaker 1: so of the blood crabs die, We're getting not a

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Speaker 1: bad percentage out of this renewable resource, if you you know,

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Speaker 1: take into account the benefit to humanity. A new study

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Speaker 1: suggests that while only one in five crabs dies, the

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Speaker 1: practice is still having a pretty significant negative impact on

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Speaker 1: the population. See the crabs only get harvested when they

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Speaker 1: come into the shallows to reproduce. In a normal spawning season,

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Speaker 1: a mature female will travel back and forth in the

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Speaker 1: inner title zone, spawning multiple times. But this new study

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Speaker 1: shows that the bleeding process negatively impacts reproductive success. It

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Speaker 1: seems that whole sticking a giant needle into the carapace

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Speaker 1: and sucking out a third of the blood thing is

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Speaker 1: a bit of a reproductive mood killer. Researchers are getting

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Speaker 1: close to producing a synthetic coagulagent that would alleviate the

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Speaker 1: need for crab bleeding. And here's where the final irony

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Speaker 1: come in. If horseshoe crabs lose their incredible value as

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Speaker 1: pharmaceutical industry dairy cows, they may go back to being

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Speaker 1: fishing bait and fertilize. These creatures have been on earth

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Speaker 1: for more than half a billion years, thanks in part

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Speaker 1: to their crazy bacteria blocking bright blue blood that protects

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Speaker 1: them from infection. We've been working really hard to keep

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Speaker 1: the species alive and well while they were valuable to

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Speaker 1: drug companies. But if they lose that necessity, who's going

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Speaker 1: to give a crap about an alien looking thing scuttling

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Speaker 1: on the sea floor. Moving on to the anthropology debts.

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Speaker 1: Remember how we touched on food waste last episode, Well,

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Speaker 1: it turns out that people have been tinkering with food

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Speaker 1: storage for some time. In fact, Tel Aviv University researchers

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Speaker 1: recently discovered evidence of food storage at cass M Cave

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Speaker 1: that took place between four hundred and twenty thousand and

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Speaker 1: two hundred thousand years ago. Evidence of food storage was

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Speaker 1: found by analyzing the cut marks of an astonishing eighty

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Speaker 1: one thousand and eight hundred and ninety eight bones from

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Speaker 1: mostly fallow deer. Researchers determined that the cut marks made

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Speaker 1: on bones that were found at the cave are different

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Speaker 1: than that of bones that were fresh, leading the researchers

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Speaker 1: to believe that the cave bones were left hide on

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Speaker 1: specifically to help preserve the marrow inside the bone for

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Speaker 1: later consumption. If anyone has tried to clean up an

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Speaker 1: old skull versus a new skull, you know what they're

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Speaker 1: talking about now. The bones that they're talking about, specifically

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Speaker 1: are what we would call four legs. My experience with

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Speaker 1: four legs is I used to give them as dog

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Speaker 1: treats to my dogs all the time. They would stay

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Speaker 1: fresh for a long time. This is anecdotal evidence on

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Speaker 1: the personal side, of course, so that makes sense to me.

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Speaker 1: What doesn't make sense is eighty one thousand, eight hundred

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Speaker 1: nine eight of these four legs marrow bones is the

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Speaker 1: number produced out of the same cave. At four marrow

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Speaker 1: bones per fallow deer, that's roughly twenty thousand, five hundred

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Speaker 1: follow deer consumed at one site. And that's assuming, of course,

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Speaker 1: that these Paleolithic hunters weren't just keeping the extra thick bones.

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Speaker 1: This fine challenges the thought that people from this period

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Speaker 1: only lived hand to mouth. They traveled, killed and eight

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Speaker 1: as they went, or they traveled didn't kill and didn't eat.

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Speaker 1: This fine could be the oldest evidence of food preservation. Ever.

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Speaker 1: Aside from that, it definitely proves that these Paleolithic hunters

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Speaker 1: had a heck of a spot for fallow deer. Good

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Speaker 1: news from US Fish and Wildlife the Kurtland's warbler, one

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Speaker 1: of the very first species on the Endangered Species list,

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Speaker 1: has now been delisted. In the nineteen fifties, fewer than

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Speaker 1: twenty male Kurtland's warblers remained in the wild. Thanks to

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Speaker 1: early efforts from the State of Michigan d n R

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Speaker 1: that number was climbing even prior to the es A

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Speaker 1: listing in one. By two thousand fifteen, that number had

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Speaker 1: climbed to an estimated two thousand three eighty three warblers.

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Speaker 1: This is an example of active cooperative management in the

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Speaker 1: abs sense of natural management. In this case fire. The

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Speaker 1: Curtland warbler needs young pine stands to reproduce the kind

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Speaker 1: generated by naturally occurring forest fires. In the absence of

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Speaker 1: those fires, reforestation projects after timber harvest, alongside the suppression

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Speaker 1: of competitive species like the cowbird, allowed for the rebound

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Speaker 1: of the warbler. Always a win to see a species

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Speaker 1: come off the list they aren't supposed to be on

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Speaker 1: there forever. Now we're checking in with an admittedly understaffed desk,

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Speaker 1: the quote E Sports desk or the indoor Kids desk.

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Speaker 1: Gamers are excited over a couple of new additions to

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Speaker 1: the online game Fortnite. Fortnite being an online community game

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Speaker 1: that is free to play. However, if you want certain

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Speaker 1: things in the game, you can buy them with real money.

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Speaker 1: This game makes hundreds of millions of dollars per month

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Speaker 1: converting hard earned cash into online currency called v bucks

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Speaker 1: in order to buy, you know, fake things, The latest

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Speaker 1: update to the game includes the ability to go fishing,

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Speaker 1: fishing for fish that give your player health. But speaking

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Speaker 1: of player health, there is a class action lawsuit in

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Speaker 1: the works on behalf of ten fifteen year old children

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Speaker 1: against Epic Games, the maker of Fortnite, claiming the game

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Speaker 1: is more addictive than cocaine, and that the marketing aspect

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Speaker 1: of Fortnite encouraged the two kids named in the lawsuit

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Speaker 1: to spend more than a thousand dollars of mom and

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Speaker 1: dad's money on v Bucks. I propose a settlement along

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Speaker 1: the lines of this. Epic Games creates a fishing license

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Speaker 1: that goes directly to a conservation fund to be spent

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Speaker 1: on real live fish and real live fisheries, habitat and restoration. Currently,

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Speaker 1: a thousand v bucks costs less than ten dollars. That

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Speaker 1: seems like a reasonable license fee considering there over two

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Speaker 1: hundred and fifty million Fortnite player is worldwide. If we

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Speaker 1: can't get you outside, we can at least make you

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Speaker 1: e gamers e conservationists. That's all I've got for you

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Speaker 1: this week. Thanks for listening. If you're liking what you're hearing,

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Speaker 1: tell a friend or two and leave me a review

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Speaker 1: by hitting that furthest right hand start. If you're looking

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Speaker 1: to send me straight or send me something interesting, you

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Speaker 1: can always find me at ask cal that's a s

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Speaker 1: k C a L. At the meat eater dot com