1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from My Heart Radio. 2 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:19,240 Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with my Heart Radio 4 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:23,520 Speaker 1: and how the tech are you? And Happy Halloween. This 5 00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:28,360 Speaker 1: episode is publishing on Halloween, October thirty one, two thousand 6 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:31,200 Speaker 1: twenty two. That's for those of you in the future 7 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: who are listening back on this episode. So throughout this month, 8 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:39,120 Speaker 1: I have published a few episodes that are at least 9 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:45,040 Speaker 1: tangentially connected if I'm being generous to to scary spooky stuff. 10 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:47,879 Speaker 1: It's a little tricky with tech because I don't want 11 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:52,760 Speaker 1: to go into like really big paranormal kind of things 12 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: and technology that purports to do stuff that's impossible, because 13 00:00:57,320 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 1: that really just comes down to debunking. I want to do, um, 14 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:03,640 Speaker 1: you know, some stuff that that has spooky names, but 15 00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:07,280 Speaker 1: ultimately it's not that scary stuff like vampire power and 16 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:11,319 Speaker 1: zombie computers, although those are scary. The phrase ghost in 17 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: the Machine was an episode that kind of thing. But 18 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:16,440 Speaker 1: on Halloween itself, I thought we could chat about something 19 00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:21,800 Speaker 1: Einstein himself referred to as spooky action at a distance, 20 00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:26,080 Speaker 1: and this does tie into tech. We are going to 21 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:29,479 Speaker 1: talk about tech, not just theories and physics, and we're 22 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:31,560 Speaker 1: also going to talk about tech that's in the realistic 23 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:36,479 Speaker 1: world and in like science fiction ee kind of applications. Now, 24 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: Einstein when he said spooky action at a distance, wasn't 25 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: trying to describe, you know, ghosts involved in a long 26 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:48,160 Speaker 1: distance relationship or anything. So we're not gonna have any 27 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:53,080 Speaker 1: specters making you know, erotic FaceTime calls to each other. 28 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:56,080 Speaker 1: That's not what we're talking about here. Instead, we're going 29 00:01:56,120 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: to talk about quantum mechanics. So at the heart of 30 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:05,920 Speaker 1: this concept of spooky action at a distance is this 31 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:13,239 Speaker 1: idea of quantum entanglement and how quantum entanglement violates locality. 32 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:19,840 Speaker 1: So Einstein was a truly brilliant physicist and mathematician, but 33 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 1: he was no Einstein. Okay, all right, that makes no sense. 34 00:02:23,480 --> 00:02:27,360 Speaker 1: He was and Einstein he was the Einstein. But there 35 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:32,080 Speaker 1: were certain leaps he wasn't yet ready to make, and 36 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:36,600 Speaker 1: a big one of those is how quantum mechanics isn't 37 00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:40,639 Speaker 1: necessarily confined to locality. Einstein had issues with quantum mechanics 38 00:02:40,639 --> 00:02:45,240 Speaker 1: in general because quantum mechanics has a lot of elements 39 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:49,400 Speaker 1: to it that seemed completely alien to us based on 40 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 1: our understanding of classical physics, and there were certain bits 41 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:57,520 Speaker 1: of that that Einstein had some real problems with. So 42 00:02:57,560 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 1: what is locality, Well, it what it sounds like, right. 43 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,800 Speaker 1: It's locality is it describes that there's a limitation, like 44 00:03:04,840 --> 00:03:10,360 Speaker 1: a regional limitation on physical events and their consequences. So, 45 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:14,360 Speaker 1: in other words, locality would tell us that an event 46 00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:17,480 Speaker 1: in one part of the world could not possibly affect 47 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:23,240 Speaker 1: something very far away instantaneously, because that would violate locality. 48 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: You know, if I were to sneeze right now and 49 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:29,880 Speaker 1: then a tree where to fall over in the Philippines, 50 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:33,680 Speaker 1: you wouldn't say those two things were immediately connected because 51 00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: that violates locality. There's no there's no causal, uh agent 52 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 1: there to make that happen, right to to go from 53 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:46,640 Speaker 1: my sneeze to the tree falling over in the same 54 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:50,320 Speaker 1: instant to make that makes sense. So this is a 55 00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:54,320 Speaker 1: little different. Actually, it's a lot different from the classic 56 00:03:54,440 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: butterfly effect. That is another concept that doesn't violate low cality. 57 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: So the butterfly effect is a way to describe aspects 58 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: of chaos theory, and in the butterfly effect, a small 59 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: change in a variable or a state can lead to 60 00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: a much larger change in a later state. So a 61 00:04:18,360 --> 00:04:22,560 Speaker 1: classic example is a butterfly flaps its wings on one day, 62 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: and that little disturbance in the air ultimately contributes to 63 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:32,479 Speaker 1: potentially provides the necessary impetus for a tornado that happens 64 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:36,039 Speaker 1: several weeks later. Or you might hear another version of 65 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:38,480 Speaker 1: this where a butterfly flaps its wings in South America 66 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: and that contributes to a tsunami that later hits Southeast Asia. 67 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,960 Speaker 1: That kind of thing. The idea that little things can 68 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:51,560 Speaker 1: be the changing factor that determines whether or not a 69 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:55,400 Speaker 1: larger thing in the future happens or doesn't. Right, But 70 00:04:55,520 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: this doesn't violate locality because you have that aspect of 71 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:05,679 Speaker 1: time that allows something to develop further from an initial event. 72 00:05:06,279 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: With the quantum entanglement, the idea is that these things 73 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,400 Speaker 1: are happening instantaneously. There is no time between event one 74 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:17,920 Speaker 1: an event too. You have event one, an event two 75 00:05:17,960 --> 00:05:20,880 Speaker 1: is a consequence of event one, even if those two 76 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:24,239 Speaker 1: events are happening on opposite sides of the world. That 77 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: is what Einstein had a problem with, you know, because 78 00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:31,280 Speaker 1: he wanted to try and figure out how can you 79 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:36,640 Speaker 1: describe event one making event to possible if they're not 80 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:40,480 Speaker 1: in the same locality, and quantum mechanics said that does happen, 81 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: and Einstein was like, no, that that can't be the 82 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:47,159 Speaker 1: way it works. It has to be that there are 83 00:05:47,360 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 1: local events, local variables, perhaps hidden variables, that explain why 84 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:57,599 Speaker 1: these things happen. And it looks like there's some sort 85 00:05:57,640 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: of correlation or perhaps cause relationship between these events to us. 86 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:06,280 Speaker 1: But that's because we're misinterpreting things. We're not looking at 87 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:08,919 Speaker 1: the actual cause. That's what Einstein was saying. He was 88 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:14,919 Speaker 1: just not able to make a jump to understanding quantum entanglement. 89 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: You can understand why, right, because this idea that something 90 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,479 Speaker 1: happens in one place and that can cause a reaction 91 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:25,760 Speaker 1: that is literally a world away at the very same time. 92 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:28,840 Speaker 1: That flies in the phase of our own experience. Right 93 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 1: if you were to drop a piece of pizza and 94 00:06:32,320 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: you saw it hit the floor, you would be shocked 95 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:37,880 Speaker 1: to learn that you caused an earthquake on the other 96 00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:40,720 Speaker 1: side of the world at that exact same moment, like 97 00:06:40,960 --> 00:06:44,200 Speaker 1: pizza hits the floor, earthquake across the world from you, 98 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:46,839 Speaker 1: and that you were somehow the cause of it. That 99 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:50,480 Speaker 1: wouldn't make sense. Even if somehow vibrations from the pizza 100 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: hitting the floor managed to travel all the way through 101 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:56,159 Speaker 1: the Earth to the other side, it would take time 102 00:06:56,480 --> 00:06:58,560 Speaker 1: for the vibrations to go through the entire planet. It 103 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 1: would take the speed of sound through that various media 104 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:06,039 Speaker 1: for it to get there, and then, you know, who 105 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:08,240 Speaker 1: knows what happens once it hits the core. We'd have 106 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:09,920 Speaker 1: to watch a lot of science fiction and horror movies 107 00:07:09,960 --> 00:07:13,200 Speaker 1: to figure that out. So maybe your whale of anguish 108 00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:16,120 Speaker 1: also would contribute. You know, you just lost a piece 109 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: of pizza, so obviously you're going to have a grieving period. 110 00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:22,040 Speaker 1: But we're still limited to the speed of sound here. 111 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 1: It takes time for sound to make its way anywhere. 112 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 1: So even if it were somehow able to go through 113 00:07:26,960 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 1: the entire Earth and cause this earthquake, it would take 114 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: a lot of time. It would not be an instantaneous reaction. 115 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: This really gets to one of the big obstacles when 116 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:39,720 Speaker 1: it comes to understanding or explaining quantum effects. Because the 117 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:44,640 Speaker 1: quantum level, the quantum world obeys a different set of 118 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: rules from the classical realm stuff that is impossible in 119 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: our day to day existence is commonplace and quantum systems. 120 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:58,120 Speaker 1: So let me give you another example. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 121 00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:00,960 Speaker 1: explains that we have a emit when it comes to 122 00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:04,880 Speaker 1: describing particles, and we're really talking about like quantum particles, 123 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:08,239 Speaker 1: sub atomic particles, that kind of thing. So the classic 124 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:12,960 Speaker 1: example is describing a particle's position and its momentum based 125 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: on initial conditions. So Heisenberg hypothesized that the more we 126 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: know about one of these two conditions i e. Its 127 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: position or its momentum, well, the less then we can 128 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 1: know about the other one. So if we had perfect 129 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: knowledge of a particle's position, we would know nothing about 130 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: its momentum. We would be unable to describe where and 131 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 1: at what speed this particle was moving, so it'd be 132 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:40,440 Speaker 1: kind of like a snapshot, Like a perfect snapshot, we 133 00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:42,559 Speaker 1: could see the position of the particle at that moment 134 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: in time, but we would know nothing else about it. Likewise, 135 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:49,480 Speaker 1: if we had perfect knowledge of the particle's momentum, we 136 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:53,720 Speaker 1: would be unable to describe its position at all. So 137 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:57,800 Speaker 1: because of this limitation, we cannot know with certainty both 138 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: pieces of information. So we typically will describe particles like 139 00:09:02,559 --> 00:09:07,200 Speaker 1: these as existing within a range or zone of potential 140 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: positions at any given time. You can think of it 141 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: almost like a cloud that this particle could exist within UH, 142 00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:18,280 Speaker 1: and it could be anywhere within that cloud at any 143 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,760 Speaker 1: given time that you could take the the opportunity to 144 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:27,840 Speaker 1: detect it, and in that instant detect where the particle is. 145 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:33,200 Speaker 1: Then all those possibilities collapse into one fixed position. But 146 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: before you look, it could be anywhere in that cloud. 147 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:39,440 Speaker 1: So there are regions within that cloud where the particle 148 00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:41,840 Speaker 1: is more likely to be found in a given moment, 149 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:45,000 Speaker 1: but there's at least the possibility that it could be 150 00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:49,600 Speaker 1: at any point within the cloud at any specific time. Now, 151 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:53,680 Speaker 1: not only is this different from what we experience in 152 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: our day to day life, where we can explain with 153 00:09:56,200 --> 00:10:00,280 Speaker 1: decent confidence a person's position and momentum, it can lead 154 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:03,680 Speaker 1: to other weird quantum effects that really make a difference 155 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: in technology, such as quantum tunneling. So this has a 156 00:10:08,160 --> 00:10:11,839 Speaker 1: real effect on electronics and circuits, particularly with things like 157 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:17,160 Speaker 1: UH processors computer processors. So when we're talking about electronics, 158 00:10:17,559 --> 00:10:20,840 Speaker 1: you can think of electronics at a very very very 159 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:24,880 Speaker 1: basic level as being all about controlling where the flow 160 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:28,679 Speaker 1: of electrons can go and what work the electrons will 161 00:10:28,679 --> 00:10:31,760 Speaker 1: have to do along the way as they make their 162 00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:35,559 Speaker 1: way to their destination, which is typically a positive terminal. 163 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:39,160 Speaker 1: You know, electrons are negatively charged, and so opposites attract 164 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:42,960 Speaker 1: it wants to go to the positively charged terminal. Electrons 165 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: are subatomic particles and they behave according to the quantum 166 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 1: effects described by folks like Heisenberg. So if we wanted 167 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:54,120 Speaker 1: to focus on a single electron within a circuit, we 168 00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:56,960 Speaker 1: would have to describe its location as existing within a 169 00:10:57,040 --> 00:10:59,960 Speaker 1: sort of zone or field. We can't point to the 170 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: specific location as the electron moves through the system, but 171 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:09,439 Speaker 1: we can describe an area of probabilities where the electron 172 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 1: could be well. One of the most important components in 173 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: circuitry is the transistor, which acts like a gate. The 174 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:21,120 Speaker 1: gate can allow electrons to go through or it can 175 00:11:21,160 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 1: prevent them from going through, So it's really a switch, right. 176 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: It forms the basis of much more complicated systems, but 177 00:11:28,559 --> 00:11:31,720 Speaker 1: it only works if you know it can actually keep 178 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:37,480 Speaker 1: electrons from going through. Well, it's possible that a zone 179 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:43,080 Speaker 1: of probabilities of an electron's position can actually overlap a gate. 180 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:46,160 Speaker 1: So if the gate is very very thin, it's possible 181 00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:49,800 Speaker 1: for the zone to extend to the other side of 182 00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:54,120 Speaker 1: a closed gate. This means that it's technically possible for 183 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:56,560 Speaker 1: an electron to exist on the other side of the 184 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,480 Speaker 1: closed gate, even though the electron would otherwise have been 185 00:11:59,520 --> 00:12:04,040 Speaker 1: prevented from passing through because again the gate is closed. Well, 186 00:12:04,080 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 1: if something is possible, that means that sometimes it happens. Right, 187 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:13,720 Speaker 1: even if you think, well, the electron didn't physically move 188 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:16,840 Speaker 1: through the gate, that the fact that there's a chance 189 00:12:16,880 --> 00:12:18,160 Speaker 1: for it to be on the other side means that 190 00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:20,480 Speaker 1: sometimes it is on the other side. So in a 191 00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:23,079 Speaker 1: system like this, an electron can sometimes be on the 192 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 1: opposite side of a closed gate and then keep on going. 193 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:30,280 Speaker 1: This is not good if your goal is to control 194 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 1: the flow of electrons, because the whole purpose of the 195 00:12:32,679 --> 00:12:35,320 Speaker 1: gate is to stop them from going. So this means 196 00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: you're gonna start getting errors, and that that's because electrons 197 00:12:39,120 --> 00:12:41,400 Speaker 1: are going through parts of your system that they're supposed 198 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 1: to not be able to go through. So let's imagine 199 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:48,120 Speaker 1: what this would look like in our day to day existence, Like, 200 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: if this same effect happened in our world, what would 201 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:56,599 Speaker 1: that be like. Well, we would not exist in fixed positions. 202 00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: We would exist in a world of possibilities from moment 203 00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:03,199 Speaker 1: to moment, and we would only be in a specific 204 00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,960 Speaker 1: position when someone was actually looking at us. So this 205 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:10,040 Speaker 1: means that sometimes we're in one spot as opposed to another. 206 00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: Maybe you walk up to a door and in the 207 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: next moment you're on the other side of the door, 208 00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:16,400 Speaker 1: even though you never opened the door. You didn't physically 209 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:19,400 Speaker 1: pass through the door. You're just now on the other 210 00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:22,480 Speaker 1: side of the door. Now, you wouldn't want this because 211 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 1: like imagine writing in a car and then suddenly you're 212 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:27,920 Speaker 1: not in the car, you're next to the car while 213 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 1: going down the highway. That would be bad, right, So 214 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:35,000 Speaker 1: we don't want the quantum effects in our classical system, 215 00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:37,959 Speaker 1: so it doesn't have happened in our experience. But this 216 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:40,080 Speaker 1: does happen at the quantum level, and we know it 217 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:43,560 Speaker 1: does because we've seen the results as chip manufacturers have 218 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:47,319 Speaker 1: made chips with smaller and smaller components. If you just 219 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:50,840 Speaker 1: keep doing that, you start to see errors because you 220 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:53,959 Speaker 1: got you have this issue with quantum tunneling. So this 221 00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:59,559 Speaker 1: requires computer manufacturing. Chip manufacturing companies to change the architecture 222 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:03,160 Speaker 1: and the materials they're working with when they're creating circuits 223 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:08,480 Speaker 1: in an effort to mitigate or prevent this from happening. Um. 224 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 1: It's one of the reasons why people say there is 225 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:14,320 Speaker 1: an ultimate limit to scaling down individual components on chips, 226 00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: because you start run up against quantum effects and they 227 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:21,680 Speaker 1: become harder and harder to manage. All Right, we're just 228 00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:35,400 Speaker 1: getting started, but let's take a quick break. Okay, So 229 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,160 Speaker 1: quantum systems behave in ways that are hard for most 230 00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 1: of us, myself included, who have limited exposure to the 231 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: subject matter to really understand. I fully admit this, like, 232 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:51,920 Speaker 1: I quote unquote no about these quantum effects, but I 233 00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:55,400 Speaker 1: by no means understand them. I have looked into them 234 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,240 Speaker 1: and read about them extensively, and at the end of it, 235 00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:02,680 Speaker 1: I feel like like I understand that these things happen, 236 00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: but I don't understand why they do. It's just it's 237 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 1: beyond me. It is a level of mastery with mathematics 238 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:14,640 Speaker 1: and science that I lack. It feels like science fiction tunneling. Definitely, 239 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:19,960 Speaker 1: it seems weird. Well, so does entanglement. Getting back to 240 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:25,080 Speaker 1: that spooky action at a distance. Einstein himself was particularly 241 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:28,720 Speaker 1: weirded out by this concept. See Einstein was looking over 242 00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:31,880 Speaker 1: quantum hypotheses back in the nineteen thirties and pointed out 243 00:15:31,960 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: that according to the math, the proposals would mean that 244 00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:37,240 Speaker 1: it would be possible for quantum particles to sort of 245 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:41,080 Speaker 1: pair up in a way. And in this pairing, one 246 00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:44,760 Speaker 1: particles features would depend upon the other particle, and vice versa. 247 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: They would complement one another, and not in the oh 248 00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:51,560 Speaker 1: you look nice today kind of way. They would compliment 249 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: one another, and that one uh, one feature of one 250 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,640 Speaker 1: particle would be the opposite of another feature of the 251 00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:02,400 Speaker 1: same feature of another particle, I should say. So, here's 252 00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:06,400 Speaker 1: an example. We can describe electrons as having a certain 253 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:09,440 Speaker 1: spin that she has to do with magnetic polls. I'm 254 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: not going to go into the whole thing, but yeah, 255 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: electrons have a spin. They actually have three inherent properties. 256 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,560 Speaker 1: They have a mass, they have a charge, and they 257 00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 1: have spin. The spin describes how the electron spins around 258 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: its own axis, and we can describe the spin as 259 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: having an up or a down direction. So a pair 260 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 1: of entangled electrons, this is from a very oversimplified approach, 261 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: A pair of entangled electrons would have one electron with 262 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: a spin of up, and the other electron has a 263 00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:42,520 Speaker 1: spin of down. And should anything change the spin of 264 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: one electron, the spin of the other electron would change instantly. 265 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 1: So if electron one went from up to down, then 266 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:52,480 Speaker 1: electron two would go from down to up at that 267 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,440 Speaker 1: same moment. No matter how far apart they were. You 268 00:16:55,480 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: could move them across the universe and this would remain 269 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:05,840 Speaker 1: the same until the system collapses and entanglement is severed. Uh, 270 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:12,160 Speaker 1: and the bit about you know, disturbing the system really 271 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:15,639 Speaker 1: gets to be important, Like this idea of the system collapsing. 272 00:17:15,880 --> 00:17:20,440 Speaker 1: Quantum systems are extremely delicate things. Yes, you can separate 273 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:24,400 Speaker 1: these entangled particles and move them across the universe from 274 00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:27,159 Speaker 1: one another and the entanglement will persist. But if you 275 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:31,119 Speaker 1: disturb the system at any given point, it collapses and 276 00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:34,960 Speaker 1: that entanglement no longer exists. So they can collapse with 277 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:38,640 Speaker 1: the tiniest kinds of disturbances. Observing the system is enough 278 00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 1: to do that, and we call this the observer effect, 279 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:46,200 Speaker 1: that the act of observing changes the phenomenon we're trying 280 00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:49,560 Speaker 1: to observe. Now, this idea, this is one of those 281 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: quantum ideas that I think we can actually kind of 282 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,719 Speaker 1: grab onto if we look at it from a different perspective. Right, 283 00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:59,800 Speaker 1: the idea that just by observing something or measuring something 284 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:03,000 Speaker 1: have changed it. I think that this is something we 285 00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:06,159 Speaker 1: can understand if we take that idea into a totally 286 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,120 Speaker 1: different context. So, for example, let's say that we've set 287 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:13,960 Speaker 1: up a social experiment, and our experiment consists of an 288 00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:16,240 Speaker 1: empty room. You know, maybe there's like a chair and 289 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,600 Speaker 1: a table there, but that's it. And we bring into 290 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:23,199 Speaker 1: this room a test subject. Uh, maybe we've got one 291 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:26,200 Speaker 1: group of test subjects and we tell them nothing about 292 00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:29,120 Speaker 1: the experiment. We literally just bring them into the room 293 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:31,879 Speaker 1: and leave them there, and then we tell them, like, 294 00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:34,320 Speaker 1: you know, you're just gonna wait here. We'll be back. 295 00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,919 Speaker 1: That's it. But let's say we have a second group 296 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:39,160 Speaker 1: and we're doing the same thing with them. We bring 297 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,480 Speaker 1: them into the room and we tell them they're gonna 298 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:44,280 Speaker 1: wait there. But we also mentioned that the room is 299 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: under constant observation that there are hidden cameras that you 300 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:51,880 Speaker 1: can't see. They're hidden so well you cannot see them 301 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:54,600 Speaker 1: in the room, but they will be recording everything, and 302 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: people will be reviewing the footage and even watching a 303 00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:01,480 Speaker 1: live feed but just sit there, weight will be back. Well, 304 00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 1: you can easily imagine that if you have a group 305 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,000 Speaker 1: where you didn't say anything about the room being under surveillance, 306 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: you're gonna observe some behaviors that you're likely not gonna 307 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:13,520 Speaker 1: see in the other group, where people are thinking they're 308 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:16,720 Speaker 1: being watched the whole time. Now, knowing that you're being 309 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:19,000 Speaker 1: observed is enough to influence you so that you don't 310 00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:22,040 Speaker 1: get too wacky while killing time waiting for whatever is 311 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:26,720 Speaker 1: supposed to happen next. Now, obviously, quantum particles aren't shy 312 00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:30,800 Speaker 1: or embarrassed or feel shame when we observe them. That's 313 00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:33,240 Speaker 1: not what's going on. They don't yell out cheese it. 314 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:35,919 Speaker 1: It's the heat when we observe them. But when we 315 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,160 Speaker 1: do observe them, all the possible quantum states they inhabit 316 00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,919 Speaker 1: collapse down into just one state, so we get a 317 00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: defined outcome as opposed to all possible outcomes. All right, 318 00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:51,000 Speaker 1: let's get back to entangle. In nineteen sixty four, a 319 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:55,680 Speaker 1: physicist named John Stewart Bell presented a theorem that provided 320 00:19:55,720 --> 00:20:00,000 Speaker 1: a testable means for this entanglement hypothesis, and he showed 321 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:05,200 Speaker 1: that quantum mechanics could explain correlations between distant quantum events 322 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:09,640 Speaker 1: better than any sort of local theory could, so unthinkably 323 00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:14,159 Speaker 1: to the Einstein's of the world. Bell's theorem passed Ockham's razor, 324 00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:17,840 Speaker 1: and yes, I brought up Okam's razor, just so I 325 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:21,640 Speaker 1: could explain what that is. Let's say you've got something 326 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:25,720 Speaker 1: weird going on. You've come up with some potential explanations 327 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:29,480 Speaker 1: that caused the weird stuff. In fact, let's get specific. 328 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:32,359 Speaker 1: Let's say that the weird thing is that you found 329 00:20:32,359 --> 00:20:35,879 Speaker 1: a particularly cold spot in your basement, and when you 330 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 1: walk through it, you get that unsettling feeling that you've 331 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:43,159 Speaker 1: passed through something strange. Now, let's say you come up 332 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,800 Speaker 1: with a couple of potential explanations for this cold spot, 333 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: and in one you suggest that the basement is haunted 334 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:53,760 Speaker 1: and the cold spot represents a ghost, so you passed 335 00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:57,320 Speaker 1: through some spectral form of a spirit. But your other 336 00:20:57,400 --> 00:21:00,800 Speaker 1: explanation is that it's winter and the spot you pass 337 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:03,960 Speaker 1: through is both far from most hating events, and the 338 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,960 Speaker 1: one that is closest is a bit clogged up and 339 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:11,160 Speaker 1: needs to be cleaned out. Well. Explanation one that there's 340 00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:15,640 Speaker 1: a ghost requires first that you prove the existence of ghosts, 341 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:17,919 Speaker 1: because you can't say it's something that hasn't been proven 342 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:21,240 Speaker 1: to exist, right, You have to prove that first. And 343 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:24,679 Speaker 1: if ghosts do exist, why do they exist? What are they? 344 00:21:24,720 --> 00:21:27,280 Speaker 1: How are they formed? How do they get here? What 345 00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:30,280 Speaker 1: keeps them here? All that kind of stuff. For the 346 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:32,240 Speaker 1: answer to be ghosts, we actually need to be able 347 00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:36,520 Speaker 1: to understand a lot of unanswered and potentially unanswerable questions, 348 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:41,600 Speaker 1: whereas the second explanation far more straightforward and it's testable, 349 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 1: So the second explanation is actually the simplest. From that perspective, 350 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,119 Speaker 1: we could also go with Mr. Spocks philosophy. When you 351 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. 352 00:21:54,520 --> 00:21:57,679 Speaker 1: That one's tricky though, because sometimes something that we believe 353 00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: to be impossible turns out to act really be possible. 354 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:03,480 Speaker 1: It's just that we don't understand what's going on yet, 355 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:06,359 Speaker 1: or we have, you know, uh, the wrong point of 356 00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:09,640 Speaker 1: view when we're looking at the thing, and so we're 357 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:13,320 Speaker 1: focusing on something that appears to be impossible, when if 358 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:15,480 Speaker 1: we had a different perspective we would realize what's really 359 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:18,639 Speaker 1: going on. So Mr Spock I gotta pick some bones 360 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:23,200 Speaker 1: with you on that one. Well, Bell's theorem showed that, 361 00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 1: as weird as the concept of quantum entanglement is, it 362 00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: was a far simpler explanation than trying to jump through 363 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:36,560 Speaker 1: hoops to explain apparent correlation strictly through locality. It became 364 00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:41,159 Speaker 1: easier to explain these apparently connected events are at a 365 00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:45,320 Speaker 1: distance are happening through entanglement than trying to invent scenarios 366 00:22:45,359 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 1: in which two separate and unconnected local events produced results 367 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:53,320 Speaker 1: that only appear to be connected. Bell showed that this 368 00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:56,960 Speaker 1: spooky action at a distance appeared to be a valid thing. 369 00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: Now here's the kicker. As soon as you attempt to 370 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:05,119 Speaker 1: measure an entangled particle, that connection, that interdependence between the 371 00:23:05,119 --> 00:23:08,640 Speaker 1: two particles severs. So if one electron is spinning up 372 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:12,879 Speaker 1: and the entangled electron is spinning down, which is something 373 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:15,639 Speaker 1: that we don't know yet, we haven't measured it, and 374 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,719 Speaker 1: then we measure electron one, we see that it's spinning up. 375 00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:22,159 Speaker 1: We know at that moment of measurement that electron two 376 00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,320 Speaker 1: was spinning down, But we also know that this connection 377 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:28,560 Speaker 1: has been severed. It doesn't exist anymore. Now they're going 378 00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,160 Speaker 1: to spin independently of one another. So measuring the spin 379 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:35,000 Speaker 1: of electron one again will give you no information about 380 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:39,160 Speaker 1: electron two. They're no longer connected. You cannot draw any conclusions. 381 00:23:39,560 --> 00:23:42,119 Speaker 1: Same thing. If you measure electron two, you don't know 382 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:45,600 Speaker 1: anything about electron one. You only know at the moment 383 00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:49,680 Speaker 1: of that that measurement, when the two were still entangled. 384 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: This is an oversimplification, obviously. Bills there explains how experimental 385 00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: results should show that metrics prove correlations above what you 386 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:03,879 Speaker 1: would exspect if locality and local hidden variables were the 387 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:08,040 Speaker 1: only factors. So, in other words, practical experiments would prove 388 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:12,240 Speaker 1: that correlation happens beyond what can be explained if locality 389 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:16,200 Speaker 1: is a firm, in escapable element, and experiments have shown 390 00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:19,240 Speaker 1: that we do in fact see correlation beyond what we 391 00:24:19,280 --> 00:24:22,920 Speaker 1: can explain by locality. So this might be spooky action 392 00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:27,000 Speaker 1: at a distance, but the point is it's real. We 393 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,560 Speaker 1: have observed the effects. Now, this isn't to say that 394 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:35,040 Speaker 1: there is universal agreement and acceptance of Bell's theorem, or 395 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:39,280 Speaker 1: rather the interpretations of Bell's theorem. This is still an 396 00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:43,120 Speaker 1: ongoing area of research and experimentation, but at the very 397 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:47,160 Speaker 1: least the investigations show that locality, at least the way 398 00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:50,960 Speaker 1: we understand it now, is not a factor, or at 399 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:56,720 Speaker 1: least not the only factor. Okay, we've got some more spooky, 400 00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,199 Speaker 1: complicated quantum things to get through in a moment. But 401 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. Okay, let's talk about a 402 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:18,560 Speaker 1: related quantum effect. In fact, it's very closely related to 403 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:20,960 Speaker 1: some of the other ones we've chatted about already. You know, 404 00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:24,640 Speaker 1: Quantum tunneling shows us that when we're looking at quantum systems, 405 00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:28,440 Speaker 1: we need to think in probabilities as opposed to fixed values. 406 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:32,119 Speaker 1: And electron has a probability of existing at a certain 407 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,680 Speaker 1: point within a region that it could exist within, right, 408 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:40,120 Speaker 1: We don't know for sure until we measure it, so 409 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:43,360 Speaker 1: we can just say there's a probability that it exists 410 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:49,640 Speaker 1: within this region. Uh So, that's one example of this, 411 00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:53,520 Speaker 1: But we can extend that to lots of different quantum states, 412 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:58,399 Speaker 1: where a quantum system could potentially inhabit any one of 413 00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:01,000 Speaker 1: those quantum states at any in time, and it's not 414 00:26:01,119 --> 00:26:06,320 Speaker 1: until we measure that it collapses down into a fixed value. Well, 415 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:11,199 Speaker 1: there's a related concept called superposition, and in superposition, the 416 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,800 Speaker 1: ability of a quantum system is to exist in multiple states, 417 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: all at the same time until the system collapses again, 418 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:20,879 Speaker 1: until we measure it. So instead of saying there's a 419 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:24,280 Speaker 1: probability of the system existing at any given state at 420 00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:29,080 Speaker 1: any given time, we instead say, with superposition, that exists 421 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:32,840 Speaker 1: in all states at the same time until we measure it, 422 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,240 Speaker 1: at which point it collapses into a single one. Now, again, 423 00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,119 Speaker 1: this is really hard for us to imagine compared to 424 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:44,639 Speaker 1: our day to day you know experiences. Things are either 425 00:26:44,760 --> 00:26:47,719 Speaker 1: one way or another in our world, right, I mean 426 00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:51,840 Speaker 1: they can't be always. Uh Like, Like take a classic 427 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:55,479 Speaker 1: light switch. Your your little light switch that flips up 428 00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,840 Speaker 1: or down, so that shows it has two positions, right, 429 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,960 Speaker 1: it has off and it has on. So the light 430 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:05,639 Speaker 1: switches either off or it's on. It cannot be both. 431 00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:08,120 Speaker 1: You know, you might be able to position the switch 432 00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:11,840 Speaker 1: so it's precariously balanced between the two, but it's not 433 00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:14,280 Speaker 1: actually off and on at the same time. It's one 434 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,160 Speaker 1: or the other. Either the circuit is open or it's closed. 435 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:23,920 Speaker 1: But in quantum systems, we can have a system occupy 436 00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: all possible states simultaneously until measured. They can be in superposition. 437 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:34,639 Speaker 1: It's also something that really got Irwin Schrodinger in a tizzy. Specifically, 438 00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:38,200 Speaker 1: Schrodinger was responding to what is called the Copenhagen interpretation 439 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:42,400 Speaker 1: of quantum mechanics. We're not gonna dive down too far 440 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,919 Speaker 1: into the different interpretations. That is a matter for a 441 00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,880 Speaker 1: different episode, but I do want to talk about Schrodinger 442 00:27:48,920 --> 00:27:52,119 Speaker 1: for a second. He wanted to illustrate the absurdity and 443 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:57,520 Speaker 1: paradox of superposition, and so he presented a thought experiment. Imagine, 444 00:27:57,720 --> 00:27:59,280 Speaker 1: by the way, this is a thought experiment that has 445 00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:03,240 Speaker 1: animal cruel t in it. So fun times, but yeah, 446 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,520 Speaker 1: that's kind of how these things go. So imagine you've 447 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:08,800 Speaker 1: got a box and inside this box you have a 448 00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:12,640 Speaker 1: kitty cat. Also in the box is a sealed flask 449 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:17,400 Speaker 1: of poison. There's also some radioactive material in there that 450 00:28:17,640 --> 00:28:22,560 Speaker 1: will eventually decay, that will atoms will decay from this 451 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: radioactive material. You've also included in the box a Geiger counter, 452 00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,560 Speaker 1: and it's connected to a circuit so that if the 453 00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:33,879 Speaker 1: Geiger counter detects a decaying atom, it'll send a signal 454 00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:36,200 Speaker 1: through the circuit that will cause the flask to shatter 455 00:28:36,440 --> 00:28:39,680 Speaker 1: and the poor kitty cat will be poisoned and die. Now, 456 00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:44,320 Speaker 1: here's the thing. We don't know exactly when an atom 457 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:48,000 Speaker 1: will decay. You know. Again, we know a range of 458 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:50,400 Speaker 1: when the atom will decay, but we don't know precisely 459 00:28:50,640 --> 00:28:53,880 Speaker 1: when that might happen. So you've got your kitty cat 460 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,600 Speaker 1: in this box, you leave it alone for a few hours, 461 00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,560 Speaker 1: and you come back to the experiment. Well, there's a 462 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,880 Speaker 1: chance that an adam has decayed in that time, and 463 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: if that happened, that means the Geiger counter would have 464 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,720 Speaker 1: gone off, caused the flask to break, and would have 465 00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,760 Speaker 1: killed the cat. However, there's also a chance that that 466 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,760 Speaker 1: has not happened yet. That would mean the cat would 467 00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:18,360 Speaker 1: just be bored, but otherwise unharmed. So, according to superposition, 468 00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:23,000 Speaker 1: before you open the box, the cat is both alive 469 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:27,400 Speaker 1: and dead at the same time. It's only when you 470 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:31,000 Speaker 1: open the box and observe i. E. When you measure 471 00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:34,960 Speaker 1: the system, that the possibilities collapse into a single reality 472 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:38,640 Speaker 1: and you either have a lively kitty cat or you 473 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:40,480 Speaker 1: have a kitty corpse that you're going to have to 474 00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:45,160 Speaker 1: clean up. Schrodinger was really illustrating how this idea is weird, 475 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:48,719 Speaker 1: and it brings up the question at what point precisely 476 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 1: would a quantum system in superposition collapsed down into a 477 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:57,280 Speaker 1: single state. Now there are other interpretations of quantum mechanics 478 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:01,000 Speaker 1: besides the Copenhagen one, and these take into account other 479 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: factors besides observation and measurement. But again it gets super complicated, 480 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:08,920 Speaker 1: and honestly, I would just mess it up if I 481 00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:12,760 Speaker 1: were to attempt to even explain them, because they require 482 00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:16,280 Speaker 1: a level of understanding that I just don't have. But 483 00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:19,560 Speaker 1: this is where we get that Schrodinger's cat scenario. So 484 00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:21,800 Speaker 1: if you've ever heard of Shrodinger's Cat, that's what this 485 00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:26,000 Speaker 1: comes from. It was really a critique on this interpretation 486 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:30,960 Speaker 1: of superposition. Shrodinger was saying, isn't this inherently absurd? Based 487 00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 1: upon our experience, superposition is one of the aspects of 488 00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics that we can actually exploit using quantum computers. 489 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:44,479 Speaker 1: You've probably heard me talk about quantum computers that they 490 00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:48,360 Speaker 1: rely on cubits. That's q u, b I T s. 491 00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:52,040 Speaker 1: That is the basic unit of information for a quantum computer. 492 00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: So in classic computers we have bits, and in quantum 493 00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:00,320 Speaker 1: computers we have que bits. So a bit is a 494 00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:03,920 Speaker 1: single unit of digital information. It is the smallest unit 495 00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:06,880 Speaker 1: that we can have, and we typically represent a bit 496 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:10,680 Speaker 1: is having a value of either zero or one. So 497 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,000 Speaker 1: this gets back to our light switch, right. You can 498 00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:15,800 Speaker 1: think of it as being off or on. It can 499 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:18,160 Speaker 1: have one of two values, and that is it. That's 500 00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:20,280 Speaker 1: as far down as you can get when you break 501 00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:25,720 Speaker 1: down digital information. Cubits, on the other hand, get more complicated. 502 00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:30,880 Speaker 1: A cubit, thanks to superposition, can both be a zero 503 00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:35,560 Speaker 1: and a one simultaneously. Technically, it can be all values 504 00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:38,400 Speaker 1: in between zero and one, sort of like balancing that 505 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:41,880 Speaker 1: light switch between off and on. But what good does 506 00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:44,720 Speaker 1: this do for you to have a unit of information 507 00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:47,800 Speaker 1: that can be both zero and one at the same time. Well, 508 00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:50,120 Speaker 1: let's say we've got a computer problem we need to 509 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:54,400 Speaker 1: solve that has a lot of potential pathways to a solution, 510 00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 1: but we don't yet know which pathway is the best, 511 00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:01,160 Speaker 1: the one that represents the quote un quote right answer. 512 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:06,440 Speaker 1: With a classic computer, you have to evaluate each pathway individually, 513 00:32:07,160 --> 00:32:09,200 Speaker 1: and then at the end you have to compare all 514 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:12,280 Speaker 1: the results against one another to determine which one is 515 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:16,200 Speaker 1: the right one. If there are lots of pathways, this 516 00:32:16,280 --> 00:32:18,720 Speaker 1: can mean a ton of computational work has to be 517 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:21,680 Speaker 1: put into the effort, and potentially that the amount of 518 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:27,240 Speaker 1: time required to complete the calculation is longer than the 519 00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:31,880 Speaker 1: age of the universe, meaning it's practical for all intents 520 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:35,640 Speaker 1: and purposes, it's impossible will be extinct before the computer 521 00:32:35,720 --> 00:32:40,240 Speaker 1: finishes the problem. So let's take this approach to the 522 00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:44,800 Speaker 1: way we encrypt things the modern cryptography, and we're going 523 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:47,480 Speaker 1: to keep this at a very high level. Essentially, your 524 00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:53,120 Speaker 1: typical encryption method takes two very large prime numbers. Remember 525 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:56,280 Speaker 1: a prime number is a number that's only divisible by itself. 526 00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:01,040 Speaker 1: It takes these two large prime numbers, then multiplies those 527 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:05,640 Speaker 1: two prime numbers together and this creates a product which 528 00:33:05,680 --> 00:33:08,600 Speaker 1: then we can use to encrypt data in some way. 529 00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 1: And the only way to decrypt the data to reverse 530 00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:15,320 Speaker 1: the process of encryption is to have the correct very 531 00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: large prime number factors that we were used to make 532 00:33:18,640 --> 00:33:22,680 Speaker 1: that product. So if you don't know the prime numbers, 533 00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:28,480 Speaker 1: you can't reverse this process. Well, a classic computer would 534 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:31,160 Speaker 1: need to go through all possible prime numbers in an 535 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:33,520 Speaker 1: effort to find the right ones that were used to 536 00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:38,120 Speaker 1: make this product. It's a process called prime factorization. So 537 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:41,719 Speaker 1: a number might be the product of just two prime numbers. 538 00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:44,920 Speaker 1: So the number ten, for example, is the product of 539 00:33:45,040 --> 00:33:47,760 Speaker 1: two and five. Two tomes five is ten. Well, two 540 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:51,719 Speaker 1: and five are both prime numbers. But larger numbers might 541 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:58,680 Speaker 1: break into multiple prime factors, like the number one thousand three. Well, 542 00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:02,640 Speaker 1: that can be broken down to the primes of two, two, again, 543 00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:07,320 Speaker 1: thirty one, and one thousand nineteen. You multiply all those together, 544 00:34:07,360 --> 00:34:11,439 Speaker 1: you get one twenty six thousand, three fifty six. Computers 545 00:34:11,480 --> 00:34:15,920 Speaker 1: are pretty darn good at multiplying numbers and getting a result. 546 00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:18,960 Speaker 1: They are not as efficient when they take a result 547 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:22,880 Speaker 1: and work backward to determine the factors used to produce 548 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:27,719 Speaker 1: that product, and that's the secret sauce behind modern cryptography. 549 00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:31,520 Speaker 1: A classic computer could take logger than the age of 550 00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:37,440 Speaker 1: the universe to solve a particularly difficult prime factorization problem, 551 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:42,040 Speaker 1: but a quantum computer with sufficient cubits and the right 552 00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:47,320 Speaker 1: algorithm could theoretically solve for all possible factors to create 553 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:51,720 Speaker 1: a particular product. The cubits are able to serve both 554 00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 1: as zeros and ones at the same time, so if 555 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,960 Speaker 1: you've got enough cubits that are all in superposition, you're 556 00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:03,560 Speaker 1: essentially working out all possible solutions in parallel simultaneously, you'd 557 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,520 Speaker 1: actually get results that would have probabilities assigned to them. 558 00:35:06,719 --> 00:35:10,960 Speaker 1: So again, once you get your results, it's not that 559 00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,840 Speaker 1: you have, you know, the one and only answer, but 560 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:18,520 Speaker 1: you have various potential answers that are assigned probabilities. Typically 561 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:21,360 Speaker 1: you're looking at you know, the highest probability is likely 562 00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:26,240 Speaker 1: to be right, because you know, once we get quantum 563 00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:30,839 Speaker 1: computers that have these these reliable cubits and superposition and 564 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:34,080 Speaker 1: the right algorithms. Uh, this is you know, just a 565 00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:38,760 Speaker 1: matter of time before it happens, then it will require 566 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,719 Speaker 1: us to shift to an entirely different kind of cryptography 567 00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:45,360 Speaker 1: because once you do have these sufficiently powerful computers, it 568 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:53,000 Speaker 1: becomes uh an easy task to reverse the cryptographic process, 569 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:56,520 Speaker 1: and you just end up having essentially a skeleton key 570 00:35:56,600 --> 00:36:02,440 Speaker 1: to all encrypted information. It's trivial how how easy it 571 00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:07,080 Speaker 1: is at that point, assuming that you have a a 572 00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:12,320 Speaker 1: properly powerful quantum computer and the appropriate algorithm to reverse 573 00:36:12,360 --> 00:36:16,000 Speaker 1: the process. So that's why there's so much work being 574 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:20,640 Speaker 1: put into quantum cryptography, a process that would make it 575 00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:25,840 Speaker 1: more difficult for a quantum computer to crack a cryptographic scheme, 576 00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:32,360 Speaker 1: so that way we could maintain secret information. Otherwise there's 577 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:38,960 Speaker 1: no chance of having secrecy through digital transfer. Now let's 578 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:42,880 Speaker 1: get to a science fiction e element of the quantum 579 00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:46,520 Speaker 1: world that people have talked about. So, in quantum systems 580 00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:51,000 Speaker 1: we can have entanglement, and that entanglement can exist even 581 00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:55,840 Speaker 1: if you were to separate to sub atomic or quantum particles. Uh, 582 00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:58,840 Speaker 1: two opposite ends of a universe. Does that mean we 583 00:36:58,840 --> 00:37:01,280 Speaker 1: could have a system and which we have one entangled 584 00:37:01,280 --> 00:37:04,719 Speaker 1: system and say a spaceship on the opposite side of 585 00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:08,560 Speaker 1: the galaxy from us, and the other entangled system is 586 00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,560 Speaker 1: here on Earth, and then we could have instantaneous communication 587 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:15,160 Speaker 1: between the two. Right, we get to have these two 588 00:37:15,160 --> 00:37:18,759 Speaker 1: systems and because they're entangled with one another, we could 589 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:21,680 Speaker 1: send information back and forth. Wouldn't that mean we'd be 590 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:24,960 Speaker 1: violating Einstein's theory that nothing can go faster than the 591 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,920 Speaker 1: speed of light, And doesn't in fact mean we could 592 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:33,960 Speaker 1: violate causality? Could we actually end up getting an effect 593 00:37:34,040 --> 00:37:37,839 Speaker 1: before the cause? Well, the simple answer is no, So 594 00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:42,200 Speaker 1: that's a relief, right, But why Well, measuring an entangled 595 00:37:42,239 --> 00:37:46,120 Speaker 1: particle in one location will cause the entanglement to sever, 596 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:50,040 Speaker 1: but you can't actually send any useful information. That way, 597 00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:54,320 Speaker 1: it becomes a local measurement. Now it's a local measurement 598 00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:56,920 Speaker 1: that's in two separate locations that are millions of light 599 00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:00,320 Speaker 1: years apart. And you could say, well, be because of 600 00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:02,560 Speaker 1: the state of this system. We know what the state 601 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:05,000 Speaker 1: of the system on the other side of the the universe was, 602 00:38:06,360 --> 00:38:09,200 Speaker 1: but it was only at that moment of measurement. We 603 00:38:09,239 --> 00:38:12,920 Speaker 1: don't know what state that systems in now because the 604 00:38:13,040 --> 00:38:16,279 Speaker 1: entanglement has been severed. So you haven't actually sent any 605 00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:19,839 Speaker 1: useful information. Uh, So there's no way to communicate. There's 606 00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:21,359 Speaker 1: no way to do that. If you were to try 607 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:24,480 Speaker 1: and communicate, your communication would be in the form of 608 00:38:24,520 --> 00:38:28,160 Speaker 1: classic bits style communication, which means you would be limited 609 00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:31,960 Speaker 1: to the speed of light. So entanglement might be spooky. 610 00:38:32,080 --> 00:38:36,400 Speaker 1: It cannot bright the laws of physics, Captain, so uh 611 00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:40,319 Speaker 1: that I'm happy to report because otherwise we would have 612 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:44,279 Speaker 1: some really tricky things ahead of us. Because if you 613 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:47,879 Speaker 1: can violate causality, and there's all sorts of things from 614 00:38:47,880 --> 00:38:52,480 Speaker 1: time travel to the whole concept of like multi verses 615 00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:56,239 Speaker 1: and stuff, it gets really wibbly wobbly. Timmy, why me, 616 00:38:56,320 --> 00:39:00,560 Speaker 1: as the doctor would say, So, I'm thankful that as 617 00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:03,600 Speaker 1: far as we understand it now, that's a that's a 618 00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:08,200 Speaker 1: non starter. But that doesn't mean that our understanding of 619 00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:11,719 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics is by any measure complete. It definitely is not, 620 00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:15,959 Speaker 1: and that we may learn other ways that we can 621 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:21,760 Speaker 1: exploit quantum systems to our benefit. That is really interesting stuff. 622 00:39:22,239 --> 00:39:30,200 Speaker 1: And like I said, I understand the end result stuff, right, 623 00:39:30,320 --> 00:39:33,120 Speaker 1: I can get my mind wrapped around that. I don't 624 00:39:33,160 --> 00:39:36,239 Speaker 1: understand the how at all. Um. I remember when I 625 00:39:36,280 --> 00:39:40,160 Speaker 1: was looking into something tangentially related to this, which was 626 00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,160 Speaker 1: string theory. I was writing an article about how string 627 00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:46,880 Speaker 1: theory works for how stuff works years ago, and I was, 628 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:49,000 Speaker 1: I mean, it's a good thing. I'm already balked because 629 00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:50,759 Speaker 1: I was ready to tear my hair out, but that 630 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:54,680 Speaker 1: would require reversing nature's whims and I am not able 631 00:39:54,719 --> 00:39:56,680 Speaker 1: to do that. But yeah, I was ready to tear 632 00:39:56,719 --> 00:39:59,399 Speaker 1: my hair out because I was doing a deep dive. 633 00:39:59,440 --> 00:40:04,200 Speaker 1: I was looking at interviews with uh physicists and scientists 634 00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:08,160 Speaker 1: and mathematicians, and I remember there was a point where 635 00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:12,320 Speaker 1: one of them was asked, point blank, do you understand 636 00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:18,600 Speaker 1: string theory? And his response was, I have dedicated my 637 00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:21,239 Speaker 1: life to the study of this. But if you want 638 00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:27,000 Speaker 1: the real raw answer, no, Like, I understand what the 639 00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:31,040 Speaker 1: math tells me, and I understand why we need to 640 00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:36,080 Speaker 1: account for things like multiple dimensions, for example, but I 641 00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:42,480 Speaker 1: don't understand the theory at that granular level. And my 642 00:40:42,560 --> 00:40:47,560 Speaker 1: reaction was, well, if the people doing the groundbreaking research 643 00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:50,640 Speaker 1: into this field don't understand it, what chance do I have. 644 00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:55,360 Speaker 1: So to me, the quantum world in general, not just 645 00:40:55,440 --> 00:40:59,680 Speaker 1: string theory, but quantum mechanics in general, is this kind 646 00:40:59,719 --> 00:41:05,520 Speaker 1: of spooky world because things behave in ways that seem 647 00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:09,879 Speaker 1: counterintuitive to me because it is very different from the 648 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:15,960 Speaker 1: experience we have in the macro world. But yeah, fascinating stuff, 649 00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:19,359 Speaker 1: and as I said, it actually does affect our our 650 00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,879 Speaker 1: electronics and technology today. I've talked to in the past 651 00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:26,279 Speaker 1: about other things that are related to this, this high 652 00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:31,600 Speaker 1: level understanding of physics where we know it's true because 653 00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:36,480 Speaker 1: we've experienced the consequences things like relativity, which we know 654 00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:40,359 Speaker 1: to be true, because if relativity weren't true, then our 655 00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:42,920 Speaker 1: satellites would behave totally differently than the way they do. 656 00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:48,759 Speaker 1: But because we know we have measurable outcomes with our 657 00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:55,680 Speaker 1: our satellite systems, that uh, uh, confirm relativity. We understand 658 00:41:55,760 --> 00:41:59,200 Speaker 1: that's a real thing. I think that's amazing. I'm sure 659 00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:03,080 Speaker 1: it's some thing that Einstein himself, while he may have 660 00:42:03,160 --> 00:42:06,200 Speaker 1: suspected would one day become true, would have delighted in 661 00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:11,280 Speaker 1: seeing that there would be actual ways to experimentally prove 662 00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:15,960 Speaker 1: his theory. That would have been phenomenal. I'm sure. All right, 663 00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:21,080 Speaker 1: that's it. I hope you have a happy Halloween. Be safe, 664 00:42:21,160 --> 00:42:25,080 Speaker 1: be spooky, enjoy yourselves. If you have suggestions for future 665 00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:28,480 Speaker 1: topics of tech stuff, I invite you to trick or 666 00:42:28,520 --> 00:42:30,799 Speaker 1: treat by reaching out. One way to do that is 667 00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,640 Speaker 1: to download the I Heart Radio app is free to download, 668 00:42:33,680 --> 00:42:36,040 Speaker 1: free to use. You can use the little search bar 669 00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:39,080 Speaker 1: to navigate over to tech Stuff. There you will see 670 00:42:39,080 --> 00:42:41,560 Speaker 1: that there's this little microphone icon. If you click on that, 671 00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:43,840 Speaker 1: you can leave a voice message up to thirty seconds 672 00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:45,480 Speaker 1: in link. You can even let me know if you 673 00:42:45,480 --> 00:42:47,320 Speaker 1: would like me to use it in a future episode, 674 00:42:47,320 --> 00:42:50,319 Speaker 1: in which case I will. I won't. Otherwise I would 675 00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:53,360 Speaker 1: just reference it, but I wouldn't use the recording. Or 676 00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:56,160 Speaker 1: you can always reach out to me on Twitter. UH, 677 00:42:56,560 --> 00:42:59,960 Speaker 1: as long as Elon Musk doesn't nuke the whole thing 678 00:43:00,080 --> 00:43:04,640 Speaker 1: into orbit. Uh the handle. There is tech Stuff H 679 00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:10,320 Speaker 1: s W and I'll talk to you again really soon. Y. 680 00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:17,640 Speaker 1: Tech Stuff is an I Heart Radio production. For more 681 00:43:17,719 --> 00:43:21,120 Speaker 1: podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, 682 00:43:21,239 --> 00:43:24,400 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.