1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,000 Speaker 1: Hey, everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault. 3 00:00:05,920 --> 00:00:08,959 Speaker 1: You'll also hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson. 4 00:00:09,280 --> 00:00:16,320 Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History class. 5 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:20,799 Speaker 1: It's July five today. In two hundred, workers that the 6 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: Bryant and May match factory in London walked off the 7 00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: job and what came to be known as the London 8 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:29,800 Speaker 1: Match Girls Strike. The Bryant and May factory was in 9 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:33,400 Speaker 1: London's East End, and this is a poor neighborhood. There 10 00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: were a lot of immigrants and minorities living there. It 11 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:38,880 Speaker 1: was really looked down on by the rest of London. 12 00:00:39,040 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 1: Even today, the term East End of London conjures up 13 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:45,920 Speaker 1: a certain image. Brian and May was one of many 14 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:50,200 Speaker 1: many factories in the East End of London, and most 15 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: of these factories were in what was called sweating industries. 16 00:00:53,960 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: These were places where people worked long hours in windowless rooms, 17 00:00:58,120 --> 00:01:01,160 Speaker 1: often doing really dangerous work, and they tended to be 18 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,399 Speaker 1: looked down upon by other workers, particularly workers that were 19 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 1: in trades that required more skill or more education to do. 20 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:13,080 Speaker 1: And in this neighborhood that was home to London's poorest 21 00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: people in an area that was full of industries that 22 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:21,120 Speaker 1: were just awful to work in and exploited. The most dangerous, 23 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: most unpleasant, and most low paying jobs went to the 24 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:28,000 Speaker 1: match girls. They were really the lowest of the low 25 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:31,240 Speaker 1: There were some men who worked in the match factories, 26 00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:35,319 Speaker 1: but overwhelmingly that people working there were women, and some 27 00:01:35,480 --> 00:01:38,400 Speaker 1: of them were adults, but many of them were children. 28 00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:40,880 Speaker 1: People in the Briant and May factory were as young 29 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:43,759 Speaker 1: as eight, so working at the Briant and May match 30 00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 1: factory working very long hours. The day started at six 31 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:49,640 Speaker 1: thirty in the morning in the winter and eight in 32 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:52,440 Speaker 1: the morning in the summertime. Regardless of what time the 33 00:01:52,480 --> 00:01:55,800 Speaker 1: day started, it ended at six pm. All the work 34 00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 1: was done standing up, and all the workers had a 35 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: series of very dracone in rules that they had to 36 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: follow throughout their work day. They had to run up 37 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:07,440 Speaker 1: and down the stairs to get the match frames that 38 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:10,160 Speaker 1: they worked out of, because they were only allowed to 39 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:12,200 Speaker 1: have one frame at a time, so there was a 40 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:14,240 Speaker 1: lot of running up and down the stairs. They were 41 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:17,799 Speaker 1: making strike anywhere matches, which, as their name suggests, you 42 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,960 Speaker 1: could strike on any rough surface, and that meant that 43 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:24,120 Speaker 1: sometimes when they were working, their work would burst into 44 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: flames that would destroy their work for the day. And 45 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:29,799 Speaker 1: they weren't being paid by the hour, they were being 46 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 1: paid by the piece, So if your work caught fire 47 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:34,840 Speaker 1: while you were working on it, you were out that money. 48 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:37,840 Speaker 1: It's gone. You also had to pay for your own tools, 49 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:42,040 Speaker 1: You had to pay for necessities that were required to 50 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: be able to do your work for the day. And 51 00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:48,080 Speaker 1: there were endless, endless rules that led to people's pay 52 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 1: being docked or even fired. If your feet were dirty, 53 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: if you talked, if your workbench wasn't clean, all of 54 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: these things you would be fined or you would be fired. 55 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:02,640 Speaker 1: And then there were also health hazards. There was a 56 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:07,240 Speaker 1: condition called Fossey jaw, and that's another name for phosphorus poisoning. 57 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:10,400 Speaker 1: The yellow phosphorus that was being used in these matches 58 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:13,760 Speaker 1: could damage bone tissue and it caused an illness that 59 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:17,639 Speaker 1: started with tooth pain and swollen gums, and then it 60 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: would escalate to necrosis and even death. So that none 61 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:27,079 Speaker 1: of this sounds particularly pleasant, and it's not completely clear why, 62 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:31,880 Speaker 1: in particular on July five, the workers walked out. One 63 00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:35,720 Speaker 1: story was that it was due to Annie bescent. She 64 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:38,240 Speaker 1: was a socialist and a feminist and a reformer who 65 00:03:38,280 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 1: had been talking to the match workers about their lives 66 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:44,240 Speaker 1: and their work, and she had been publicizing the conditions 67 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: at the factory. She had published her findings the month prior, 68 00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:51,280 Speaker 1: but she definitely didn't arrange this strike. So whatever the 69 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:54,160 Speaker 1: reason was, they walked off the job that day. They 70 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:57,680 Speaker 1: formed the Union of Women Matchmakers. Soon more than a 71 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: thousand match factory workers were on strike. They picketed, they 72 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:05,240 Speaker 1: held demonstrations, they went to meetings, they went to parliament, 73 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: and any Bessent publicized this whole thing. She has sometimes 74 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: incorrectly been given the credit for doing all of this work, 75 00:04:12,560 --> 00:04:14,720 Speaker 1: but what she was really good at was the publicity part. 76 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:17,720 Speaker 1: These women and girls who were working in the factory, 77 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:19,760 Speaker 1: they were the people that were doing the organizing and 78 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:22,599 Speaker 1: doing the demonstrating. They got the support of some of 79 00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:26,320 Speaker 1: the other trade unions, along with criticism from people that 80 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:29,080 Speaker 1: who claimed that these workers had been talked into doing 81 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:32,720 Speaker 1: this by outsiders. In the end, though this strike was successful, 82 00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: all those fines were abolished, along with the deductions from 83 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:39,400 Speaker 1: the pay for the tools that people had to have 84 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:43,280 Speaker 1: to do their job. Their pay was adjusted. They had 85 00:04:43,279 --> 00:04:45,839 Speaker 1: a new grievance procedure that was put into place, so 86 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:48,279 Speaker 1: if they had a problem, they had a process for 87 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,240 Speaker 1: being able to have something done about it. The union 88 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 1: was recognized and had the right to negotiate on behalf 89 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:57,360 Speaker 1: of the workers, and they got a lunch room. This 90 00:04:57,400 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: was a big deal because it meant that they had 91 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 1: somewhere a away from their work bench to eat their lunch. 92 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: And eating at the work bench with that all that 93 00:05:05,279 --> 00:05:08,279 Speaker 1: phosphorus was putting more and more phosphorus into their mouths 94 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:11,640 Speaker 1: and it was causing that terrible condition called Fossey jaw. 95 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:15,279 Speaker 1: This didn't permanently fixed the problems at the factory, though, 96 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:19,400 Speaker 1: and workers continued to become ill due to phosphorus exposure. 97 00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 1: In the Salvation Army opened a competing match factory that 98 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 1: used only red phosphorus, which did not cause Fossey jaw, 99 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:31,400 Speaker 1: and it paid double what Briant and May did. Bryan 100 00:05:31,480 --> 00:05:34,880 Speaker 1: and May finally stopped using yellow phosphorus in nineteen o one. 101 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:38,719 Speaker 1: This strike also inspired a lot of other factory workers 102 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:42,240 Speaker 1: to unionize, and that grew into the new Unionism movement 103 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:45,560 Speaker 1: and the establishment of the Independent Labor Party. You can 104 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,080 Speaker 1: learn more about the London match Girls strike from the 105 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:51,600 Speaker 1: September five episode of Stuff You Miss in History Class, 106 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:53,960 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to This Day in History Class 107 00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:57,240 Speaker 1: on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts and whatever else you get 108 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:00,400 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Tomorrow we will be taking a trip back 109 00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:12,160 Speaker 1: to the Middle Ages to talk about a crusading king. Hi, 110 00:06:12,800 --> 00:06:16,159 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class, 111 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:19,640 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 112 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:32,680 Speaker 1: every day. The day was July. Dolly the sheep, the 113 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:35,800 Speaker 1: first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult sale, 114 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:41,600 Speaker 1: was born, though her birth was not announced until A 115 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:44,360 Speaker 1: clone is a living organism that has the same genetic 116 00:06:44,440 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: information as another organism. Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmot and others 117 00:06:49,839 --> 00:06:53,480 Speaker 1: at the Rosalind Institute in Scotland cloned Dolly using a 118 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:57,760 Speaker 1: method called somatic sale nuclear transfer or sc n T. 119 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:01,479 Speaker 1: In this method, the nucleus of an egg shil is 120 00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:05,080 Speaker 1: removed and replaced with the nucleus of a donor adult Sell. 121 00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:08,479 Speaker 1: The animal born from this process will have nearly the 122 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:12,920 Speaker 1: same DNA as the original donor Sell. Dolly was not 123 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:15,640 Speaker 1: the first mammal to be cloned. The first was a 124 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:18,160 Speaker 1: sheep that was cloned from an embryo cell and born 125 00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:22,520 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty four in Cambridge, England. Two other sheep 126 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: had been cloned from embryonic sales grown at the Rosalind 127 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 1: Institute lab in nine and when Dolly was born, so 128 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:32,360 Speaker 1: were six other sheep that were cloned from embryonic and 129 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: fetal sells. Dolly was the one to become famous because 130 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: she was cloned from an adult sell something believed to 131 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: be impossible at the time. Dolly's DNA came from a 132 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:47,800 Speaker 1: six year old sheep. Once normal development was confirmed at 133 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:51,000 Speaker 1: six days, the embryo was transferred to a surrogate mother. 134 00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:56,080 Speaker 1: Dolly was born on July five, nine. Out of two 135 00:07:56,200 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: hundred and seventy seven embryos researchers at the Rosalind Institute 136 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 1: had its tempted to clone, Dolly was the only animal born. Initially, 137 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 1: Dolly was code named six L L three. Stockman who 138 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: helped give birth to Dolly suggested the name Dolly after 139 00:08:11,080 --> 00:08:14,160 Speaker 1: Dolly Parton because the sale used to clone her came 140 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 1: from a mammary gland. The Rosalind Institute announced Dolly's birth 141 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: on February two, along with the publication of their research 142 00:08:23,480 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: results related to the cloning. Dolly lived at the Rosalind 143 00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:30,120 Speaker 1: Institute with other sheep. She had six lamps with a 144 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:35,720 Speaker 1: Welsh mountain ram named David, and they were called Bonnie, Sally, Rosie, Lucy, Darcy, 145 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:40,600 Speaker 1: and Cotton. When Dolly was one, DNA analysis did show 146 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:44,439 Speaker 1: that her telomeres were shorter than normal. Telomeres are repetitive 147 00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:47,920 Speaker 1: nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes that form a 148 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:51,679 Speaker 1: cap to protect them from deteriorating or fusing with other chromosomes. 149 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:56,920 Speaker 1: As animals age and sales divide, telomeres shortened and eventually 150 00:08:56,960 --> 00:09:00,280 Speaker 1: the chromosome cannot be replicated, triggering the sale to die. 151 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,560 Speaker 1: Dolly's short telomeres could have meant she was physically older 152 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:07,559 Speaker 1: than her true age, but health tests did not show 153 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:12,320 Speaker 1: that she was aging quickly or prematurely. In two thousand, Dolly, 154 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:15,400 Speaker 1: along with other sheep at the institute, was infected with 155 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:19,120 Speaker 1: j S r B, a virus that causes contagious lung 156 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:22,720 Speaker 1: cancer and sheep, and in two thousand one, when Dolly 157 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:26,840 Speaker 1: was four years old, she was diagnosed with arthritis. She 158 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: was treated successfully with anti inflammatory medicine, but it wasn't 159 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:35,240 Speaker 1: clear what caused the arthritis. Dolly lived a healthy life 160 00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:39,120 Speaker 1: until February two thousand and three, when staff reported that 161 00:09:39,200 --> 00:09:42,400 Speaker 1: she was coughing. When the team conducted a CT scan 162 00:09:42,520 --> 00:09:46,240 Speaker 1: on Dolly days later, they found tumors growing in her chest. 163 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:50,000 Speaker 1: She had progressive lung disease caused by infection with j 164 00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:55,000 Speaker 1: s RB. She was euthanized on February fourteen, when she 165 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:58,600 Speaker 1: was six years old. The average life expectancy for a 166 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:01,640 Speaker 1: thin Dorset sheet like Doll was ten to twelve years, 167 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: but researchers did not think her early death was related 168 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:08,280 Speaker 1: to her being a clone. Many other large animals were 169 00:10:08,280 --> 00:10:11,640 Speaker 1: cloned after Dolly demonstrated that cloning from an adult somatic 170 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:16,520 Speaker 1: sale could be successful, including clones of Dolly. Dolly's cloning 171 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:20,800 Speaker 1: also encouraged a new understanding of sale modification and drove 172 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:25,280 Speaker 1: advances in stem cell research and therapy. Of course, Dolly's 173 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: cloning was highly controversial, leading to discussions of livestock cloning, 174 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: human cloning, and de extinction. I'm Eves Jeff Coote and 175 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,640 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 176 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. Keep up with us on Twitter, Instagram, 177 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:46,560 Speaker 1: and Facebook at t d I h C podcast You 178 00:10:46,600 --> 00:10:49,720 Speaker 1: can subscribe to This Day in History class on Apple Podcasts, 179 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, or wherever you get your podcasts. 180 00:10:53,600 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: Come back tomorrow for another tip it from history. Yeah. 181 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:06,720 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the I 182 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:09,400 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 183 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:10,199 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.