1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:17,640 Speaker 1: I'm editor Candice Gibson, joined by staff writer Jane mcgraf 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,720 Speaker 1: either gambs. Hey, Jane, we have got another Thomas Jefferson 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:24,079 Speaker 1: topic for all of you today, and not just because 6 00:00:24,200 --> 00:00:25,720 Speaker 1: I love him. I know a lot of you out 7 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:28,440 Speaker 1: there are very passionate about Jefferson. You've got a lot 8 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: to say, You've got a lot to weigh in on 9 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,760 Speaker 1: about Jefferson and the ways that we've portrayed him. And 10 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:37,879 Speaker 1: today we're going to talk about something that is pretty controversial, 11 00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: but hopefully it will invite lots of feedback from you 12 00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:44,320 Speaker 1: guys and not as many corrections because we have researched 13 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: this one into the ground. That's right, and it's a 14 00:00:48,080 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 1: really interesting aspect of Jefferson. One thing that you might 15 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,720 Speaker 1: not know about him is that he really championed the 16 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: idea of separation of church and state, and the idea 17 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 1: really came from him. Some people think this idea came 18 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:02,960 Speaker 1: from the Constitution itself. The Constitution, of course, says you 19 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:06,319 Speaker 1: shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or 20 00:01:06,319 --> 00:01:09,759 Speaker 1: prohibiting the free exercise thereof. But the idea of separation 21 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:11,600 Speaker 1: of church and say, actually comes from a letter that 22 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:14,480 Speaker 1: Jefferson wrote. This makes sense with his character and what 23 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: he thought about religion and how religion shouldn't be dictated 24 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:22,200 Speaker 1: by traditional churches or by anyone. Really, he thought that 25 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:24,520 Speaker 1: religion was between a man and his God, and that's 26 00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: it right. He thought it was very personal, and he 27 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: also conceived a religion in a very rational way. And 28 00:01:30,880 --> 00:01:35,040 Speaker 1: scholars don't there for certain whether Jefferson was a deist 29 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: or not, but if we look at some of his 30 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:41,080 Speaker 1: works and his thoughts, we can see a little bit 31 00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: of the influence of deist philosophy. And just to recap 32 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:46,800 Speaker 1: that for those of you who may not be familiar 33 00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:50,000 Speaker 1: with deism or you may need a refresher. Basically, it's 34 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:54,640 Speaker 1: the idea that we only need rational thought, not faith 35 00:01:54,840 --> 00:02:00,880 Speaker 1: to understand God and religion. And deists the the term 36 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: sort of classifies a broad range of people in the 37 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: ways that they identify themselves. It could be everyone from 38 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:11,240 Speaker 1: um an atheist to a Christian rationalist. And I got 39 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:15,239 Speaker 1: a lot of great information about Dealism from the Dictionary 40 00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: of the History of Ideas, And ironically enough, this came 41 00:02:18,360 --> 00:02:21,680 Speaker 1: from the University of Virginia. And we know, of course 42 00:02:21,760 --> 00:02:25,079 Speaker 1: Jefferson founded University of Virginia, So make of that what 43 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:30,240 Speaker 1: you will. But Deists put morality above any other sort 44 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: of human action, and morality and behaving in an ethical 45 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: and responsible way is first and foremost not believing in 46 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: religion or miracles. And furthermore, uh Deists believe that the 47 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,079 Speaker 1: world is ordered by God. And if you've heard of 48 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 1: the Great Clockmaker or Great Watchmaker theory, the idea is 49 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: that there's a divine being, a God who put the 50 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:58,639 Speaker 1: universe in order, gave it all of its parts, all 51 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: of its gears, and said into motion, and then left 52 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: it to operate on its own. And so what's interesting 53 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:08,840 Speaker 1: about Jefferson is that we know for a fact he 54 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:12,240 Speaker 1: was an Enlightenment thinker, and a big part of the 55 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 1: Enlightenment were the scientific discoveries that great men of the 56 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:19,560 Speaker 1: time we're making. If we look at Isaac Newton's discoveries 57 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 1: and laws of gravity and laws of motion, it's sort 58 00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:26,359 Speaker 1: of hearkens back to this idea of of the watchmaker. 59 00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:29,000 Speaker 1: Once you have the tools and the gears that can 60 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:32,160 Speaker 1: operate independently on their own, do you really need someone 61 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: to keep guiding them, so the universe could be a 62 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:39,320 Speaker 1: self sustaining place. And what deists would argue is that 63 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: you can understand the world by thinking about it in 64 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: these parts and not necessarily the person who created it. 65 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: So pretty interesting, Huh, that is really interesting, and it 66 00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 1: makes a lot of sense with what Jefferson believed. And obviously, 67 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: if you're a deist still like Candas describe a clockmaker God, um, 68 00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 1: but you believe in that, um, you don't think that 69 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:01,840 Speaker 1: God sent his sundown into the earth to to you know, 70 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,640 Speaker 1: heal the sick and cure the blind and etcetera. He 71 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:08,040 Speaker 1: wouldn't have done that. He he doesn't meddle at all 72 00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:11,480 Speaker 1: in human affairs, obviously as a clockmaker God. And so 73 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:16,400 Speaker 1: Jefferson sort of rejected all of this orthodox belief of 74 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:19,880 Speaker 1: Jesus being the son of God. He did actually think 75 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: that Jesus was a pretty fascinating figure, and he thought 76 00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 1: that whoever said these things, the beatitudes, uh, these certain parables, 77 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: he thought that whoever said this must have been an 78 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:34,960 Speaker 1: amazing philosopher. And we're talking up there with Aristotle and 79 00:04:34,960 --> 00:04:38,880 Speaker 1: Socrates and Plato, and Jefferson really respected it. What he 80 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:42,600 Speaker 1: didn't what he didn't respect, were the evangelists, and these 81 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 1: are basically the gospel writers who we call Matthew, Mark, Luke, 82 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:51,080 Speaker 1: and John. He thought that these men were particularly unqualified 83 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: for for writing down jesus life. He thought they were 84 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:57,599 Speaker 1: unlettered men. They were just you know, not educated. Maybe 85 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,160 Speaker 1: they forgot a lot of stuff about what they heard 86 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:04,000 Speaker 1: Jesus said. Um. And also he thought that perhaps these 87 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 1: guys actually intentionally invented certain things about jesus life, like 88 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:12,119 Speaker 1: miracles in particular, and the idea of the virgin birth 89 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:15,960 Speaker 1: and the idea of the resurrection in particular, because these 90 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:20,640 Speaker 1: things all all are at the core of what Christians 91 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,000 Speaker 1: think make Jesus the son of God. Almost like propaganda 92 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:27,520 Speaker 1: trying to get people to ascribe to this religion, that's right. 93 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:31,200 Speaker 1: And he rejected what he thought was propaganda. And Jefferson, 94 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:33,599 Speaker 1: as we know it was very well read and very 95 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: well versed, spoke many languages, read and wrote in them too, 96 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:40,040 Speaker 1: and so we know, you know, it wouldn't have been 97 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:43,480 Speaker 1: unusual for him not to hold men like the apostles 98 00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:47,320 Speaker 1: and high esteem. And the thing about Jesus said Jefferson 99 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:50,720 Speaker 1: respected the most was his morality, and he actually said 100 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:54,480 Speaker 1: that jesus morality was more perfect direct quote than any 101 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:58,359 Speaker 1: other philosopher that he'd read, and again drawing out their 102 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:02,560 Speaker 1: parallel between deism and and Jefferson and his religious beliefs, 103 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:06,880 Speaker 1: is that, above all, if there is a creator who 104 00:06:06,920 --> 00:06:10,200 Speaker 1: put this universe in order and created morality is like 105 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:13,839 Speaker 1: the highest level of being, then that creator must also 106 00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:17,640 Speaker 1: be a rational thinker too, So by thinking rationally you 107 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:21,080 Speaker 1: can understand him. So you can imagine that when Jefferson 108 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:23,239 Speaker 1: sat down with the Bible, when he would have read 109 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:26,640 Speaker 1: the miracles like the Last Supper with the Eucharist and 110 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:30,000 Speaker 1: the Resurrection and the virgin birth, these things didn't exactly 111 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:34,080 Speaker 1: correspond with his rational way of conceiving religion, that's right, 112 00:06:34,120 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: And so he had this idea in his mind that 113 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:40,120 Speaker 1: he wanted to basically rewrite the Bible. It's kind of 114 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 1: inaccurate to say that, though, because he didn't want to 115 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 1: change anything that was the that the evangelist said that 116 00:06:45,839 --> 00:06:47,800 Speaker 1: Jesus said. He just sort of want to cut out 117 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: parts that he didn't think that that Jesus would have said, 118 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:53,600 Speaker 1: and keep in the parts that he thought were very 119 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:57,120 Speaker 1: inspired and very brilliant things to say. So what he 120 00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:00,240 Speaker 1: did was literally a cut and pace job, and he 121 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:02,400 Speaker 1: got a couple of Bibles, and he he had to 122 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:04,360 Speaker 1: take two because obviously you need the both sides of 123 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 1: a page sometimes, and he actually literally cut out the 124 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,679 Speaker 1: verses that he felt re legitimate and genuine and he 125 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: would then pace those in order into a blank book 126 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 1: to this day has been known as the Jefferson Bible. 127 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 1: And what it's actually called for jefferson title that originally 128 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:25,080 Speaker 1: was um The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth, and then 129 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:27,840 Speaker 1: over time he changed that title to The Life and 130 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: Morals again Morality of Jesus of Nazareth and all. I 131 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: think he included about nine verses from the Bible, and 132 00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:40,440 Speaker 1: he later translated it into Greek, Latin, and French. And 133 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: to put this in context with other things that would 134 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:45,920 Speaker 1: have been going on in Jefferson's life. He started the 135 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:49,520 Speaker 1: project in the winter of eighteen sixteen, and we know 136 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:52,640 Speaker 1: he held his presidential terms from eighteen o one to 137 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:55,000 Speaker 1: eighteen o nine, so he would have been retired from 138 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:59,040 Speaker 1: the presidency, but as we know from earlier podcasts about Jefferson, 139 00:07:59,240 --> 00:08:01,800 Speaker 1: he was still very much involved in politics and people 140 00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 1: still look to him as a man of great wisdom 141 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: who would have guided them and influenced them. And that's 142 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:13,120 Speaker 1: why he purposefully didn't publicize the Jefferson Bible. It's interesting 143 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:14,880 Speaker 1: and even though he cut out a lot of things 144 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:18,000 Speaker 1: about what they say Jesus did, he put together what 145 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:20,880 Speaker 1: comes out to be still a narrative. And you follow 146 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: Jesus from when he's born. Of course they don't mention 147 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:26,960 Speaker 1: the virgin birth, but when he's born, and you know 148 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: when the story of when he was a boy, and 149 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: Mary and Joseph lose him for a while and find 150 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:34,200 Speaker 1: him in the temple, and and things like this, and 151 00:08:34,559 --> 00:08:38,439 Speaker 1: it comes up to he is crucifixion, of course, leaving 152 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:41,800 Speaker 1: off before the resurrection, but in between he leaves out 153 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: certain parable certain things of course the miracles and uh, 154 00:08:46,840 --> 00:08:48,800 Speaker 1: the he has the less Supper, but he leaves out 155 00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:50,320 Speaker 1: the part of this is my body and this is 156 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:53,480 Speaker 1: my blood, which Catholics of course take take literally and 157 00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:56,360 Speaker 1: they uses the Eucharius in their mass, and of course 158 00:08:56,480 --> 00:08:59,160 Speaker 1: Jefferson wouldn't have agreed with that. But things that he 159 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:01,320 Speaker 1: leaves in or really interesting as well, such as the 160 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:04,400 Speaker 1: be attitude, and this tells us a lot of things 161 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:07,560 Speaker 1: about what Jefferson believed as a faith because he was 162 00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:10,400 Speaker 1: obviously he did believe in God, and the idea that 163 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:12,080 Speaker 1: he would leave in the be attitude shows that he 164 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:14,960 Speaker 1: believed in an afterlife, which is really interesting, right, And 165 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: so the Jefferson Bible is more than the debate today 166 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:23,080 Speaker 1: where some Christians interpret the Bible as a literal text 167 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,280 Speaker 1: and sound like to interpret it to apply to a 168 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:30,080 Speaker 1: more modern lifestyle. He really did come through it with 169 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:35,160 Speaker 1: a very discerning eye, and he kept these very uh 170 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:39,040 Speaker 1: astute morals and philosophies that he thought people should live 171 00:09:39,080 --> 00:09:40,679 Speaker 1: their lives by. But he knew that what he was 172 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: doing was radical. And so you may be wondering, if 173 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,280 Speaker 1: what he did was so radical and so incredibly private 174 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 1: as Jefferson oftentimes was, how do we know about the 175 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:57,480 Speaker 1: Jefferson Bible today? And back in Smithsonian librarian named Sears 176 00:09:57,559 --> 00:10:01,400 Speaker 1: Adler found a collection of the documents, and he found 177 00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,760 Speaker 1: evidence of the Bible verses and the cotton paste job, 178 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:08,079 Speaker 1: and he put it together. In by four the Jefferson 179 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: Bible was put on display in the United States National Museum. 180 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:13,840 Speaker 1: That's right, and the Congress was able to buy the 181 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 1: rights back. Uh, and now today it's in the public domain, 182 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:19,240 Speaker 1: so you can find it basically in bookstores and museums 183 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:22,520 Speaker 1: and libraries, and uh, you can fund it online even 184 00:10:22,520 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: and there's some really helpful sites out there that actually 185 00:10:25,360 --> 00:10:28,400 Speaker 1: um lay out the parts that not only that Jefferson included, 186 00:10:28,440 --> 00:10:30,440 Speaker 1: but the parts that he left out as well, which 187 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,319 Speaker 1: is uh, which is just as um insightful I think 188 00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 1: about about Jefferson's life. So really it's not just a 189 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:39,800 Speaker 1: philosophy text, but it's a tool for historians to study 190 00:10:39,840 --> 00:10:42,440 Speaker 1: Thomas Jefferson by That's right. And Uh, like you said, 191 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:45,079 Speaker 1: Jefferson was often very secretive. There's this theory that came 192 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:47,440 Speaker 1: about that he actually wrote the book in order to 193 00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:50,760 Speaker 1: help educate American Indians. Some sources say that this might 194 00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: may have been sort of a planned cover up, Like 195 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:55,600 Speaker 1: if if the press really got a hold of of 196 00:10:55,679 --> 00:10:58,120 Speaker 1: the Bible that he was working on, and they and 197 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 1: if they gotten sensed they or you atheists, what are 198 00:11:00,720 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 1: you writing here? He could have said, Oh, I'm just 199 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,280 Speaker 1: writing it for the American Indians. It doesn't reflect what 200 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:08,360 Speaker 1: I believe in his private writings. He really did did 201 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: he really did? Um specify that he wrote it for 202 00:11:11,640 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: his own purpose, so he could study it himself, and 203 00:11:13,640 --> 00:11:15,960 Speaker 1: I think in his lifetime he may have, in fact 204 00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:20,800 Speaker 1: shared copies of it with close friends. And today it's 205 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:24,280 Speaker 1: actually a custom for recently sworn in members of Congress 206 00:11:24,280 --> 00:11:27,719 Speaker 1: to receive copies of the Jefferson Bible. So that's a 207 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:31,680 Speaker 1: fun fact. And speaking of swearing in bibles, we have 208 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: another interesting fact for the rest of you. So as 209 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:38,480 Speaker 1: far as other swearing in texts that are important in 210 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 1: our nation's past, you may have seen in the news 211 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:44,200 Speaker 1: pretty recently that Barack Obama requested to be sworn in 212 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:47,559 Speaker 1: with the Lincoln Bible and some other texts that were 213 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: used not too long ago. Bill Clinton actually used a 214 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:53,720 Speaker 1: family Bible both times that he was sworn in, and 215 00:11:53,920 --> 00:11:58,400 Speaker 1: George Bush Senior used the Washington Bible. And George W. 216 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:01,480 Speaker 1: Bush used the Washington Bible once like his dad and 217 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 1: wanted to use it again. But the second time there 218 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:07,120 Speaker 1: were some pretty bad weather and people were worried about 219 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,840 Speaker 1: damage that might be incurred by the very ancient book, 220 00:12:10,880 --> 00:12:13,880 Speaker 1: well not very ancient, that's not accurate by the esteemed 221 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:16,840 Speaker 1: an old book. So he used a family libel dot time. 222 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 1: Very interesting, yes, indeed, so for even more information on 223 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:24,760 Speaker 1: our nation's presidents and maybe even a few of their secrets. 224 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:28,120 Speaker 1: Be sure to visit how stuff works dot com, and, 225 00:12:28,240 --> 00:12:31,920 Speaker 1: as always, if you have suggestions for future shows or 226 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:36,200 Speaker 1: any feedback for us, email us at History podcast at 227 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:39,920 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. For more on this and 228 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:54,640 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com.