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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should Know from house stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and Jerry in our

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Speaker 1: germ free sealed off recording booth in Atlanta. I assume

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Speaker 1: this is isolated. Yeah, I don't think it's a biological

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Speaker 1: safety level four. Then you would you say maybe three?

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Speaker 1: I don't know. I think we're probably zero. Have you

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Speaker 1: ever been to the CDC? Now, um, they have you

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Speaker 1: can go into their lobby. There's like a lobby museum,

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Speaker 1: a couple of stories with a lot of interacting, interactive

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Speaker 1: exhibits and um you me and I went and she

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Speaker 1: tried on one of those biological safety level four suits.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah. I got a very cute picture of

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Speaker 1: her in one. They probably swallowed her up. Yeah, they

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Speaker 1: had extra small. I think I have one size. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it was just kind of drooping down. But it's a

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Speaker 1: really neat museum. If you're ever in Atlanta, I strongly

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Speaker 1: recommend going to the CDC. Yeah I'm gonna wait. Well,

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Speaker 1: not that I'm paranoid, because we'll talk about how you

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Speaker 1: can get ebola, but it's still uh, you know, I'll

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Speaker 1: just I'll just wait. I don't really blame you. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean those two patients. There are two patients in

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Speaker 1: Atlanta right now for those of you who have been

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Speaker 1: under a rock lately, UM, who are being treated for bola,

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Speaker 1: apparently successfully through a UM at the time, an unapproved

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Speaker 1: drug um or therapy, i should say. And they're at Emory,

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Speaker 1: though they're not at the CDC. The CDC is only

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Speaker 1: dangerous because you know they keep antraks and unlocked refrigerators

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Speaker 1: and that kind of thing. Yeah, and hey, we want

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Speaker 1: to thank Jerry for speeding this one through. Uh we

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Speaker 1: got a lot of requests to do this, obviously because

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Speaker 1: it's timely, and uh we waited a week and there's

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Speaker 1: been some new developments and there will be more in

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Speaker 1: the coming weeks obviously. But um, we're recording this today

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Speaker 1: and it's coming on on Thursday, and like it's Tuesday,

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Speaker 1: Today's yeah, so bam, it's dropping, that's right. Um. So

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Speaker 1: there's people in Atlanta with ebola right now, and those

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Speaker 1: people came from Liberia. There are a couple of missionaries

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Speaker 1: and they were flown back to America to be kept

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Speaker 1: in isolation units in Emery with controversy surrounding that move. Well, yeah,

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Speaker 1: because if you're a utilitarian philosopher, that was a monstrously

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Speaker 1: stupid thing to do, to voluntarily bring ebola into the

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Speaker 1: United States. Yes, and you you there's a good chance

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Speaker 1: that you will save the lives of two people, but

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Speaker 1: you also threaten the lives of several hundred million people

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Speaker 1: who may not have ever otherwise been exposed to the virus.

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Speaker 1: So I'm not one for like panic and especially not

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Speaker 1: fomenting panic. Um. But just if you if you understand

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Speaker 1: utilitarian philosophy, it doesn't make any sense whatsoever. But we're

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Speaker 1: compassionate humans, not robots, so utilitarian philosophy doesn't usually go

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Speaker 1: over that. Well have you seen Contagion? Yeah, I think

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Speaker 1: we've talked about that on the show. Reading all this

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Speaker 1: stuff really like, Solderberg kind of nailed it. Yeah, he did.

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Speaker 1: And uh, I believe in that movie it became airborne though,

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Speaker 1: which is was it a bowler in the movie? Well, no,

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Speaker 1: I don't think they was something similar. Yeah, I don't

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Speaker 1: even think they named it because so they could take

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Speaker 1: a little bit of fictional license, or maybe they named it,

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Speaker 1: but I don't think it's a Bola but you know,

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Speaker 1: started with a fruit bat and you know transferred. We'll

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Speaker 1: get to all that stuff. Yeah, that one scene where

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Speaker 1: Gwyneth Paltrow is that fruit bat on her face and

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Speaker 1: she can't get it off. Very scary movie though, Man

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Speaker 1: it is Outbreak was pretty good too. I haven't seen

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Speaker 1: it in many, many years, but I liked it at

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Speaker 1: the time. It's all right, it was okay, not as

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Speaker 1: good as Contagion. Dustin Hoffman plays an epidemiologist like no other. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so let's get down to it. Man, let's talk about

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Speaker 1: a bull. It's uh, as far as discovery goes, it's

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Speaker 1: a relatively new player on the deadly virus infects a scene. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess we should go back to nineteen seventy six. Um.

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Speaker 1: It's actually named for and I didn't know this, the

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Speaker 1: Evola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which UM

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Speaker 1: imagined that river didn't see a lot of traffic anymore

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Speaker 1: with that name. But it has nothing to do with

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Speaker 1: the fact that they discovered it in the river or

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Speaker 1: anything like that. It's just the region. Yeah, and at

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Speaker 1: the time that country was known as Zaire And even

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Speaker 1: still there's a strain of Ebola known as zaire type ebola,

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Speaker 1: and it's the deadliest of all. Yeah. Each of the

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Speaker 1: five strains are named for the origin country or area.

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Speaker 1: And uh. In this case, a man named Mabolo Um

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Speaker 1: sought treatment for a fever in nineteen seventy six. Uh.

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Speaker 1: They thought it was malaria, which a lot of times

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Speaker 1: they still mistake it from malaria or other diseases. So

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Speaker 1: they treated him with a shot of quinine and said,

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Speaker 1: this should make you feel better. Let me reuse that

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Speaker 1: needle because of sire and we're underfunded medically speaking. And

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Speaker 1: uh that of course sprea. And before you know it,

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Speaker 1: relatives friends after performing burial rituals where they have close

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Speaker 1: contact with bodily remains and fluids, people started dropping like flies.

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Speaker 1: It's really scary. There's so and then that was they

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Speaker 1: think he was patient zero. At the very least, he

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Speaker 1: was an index patient, which is the patient zero is

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Speaker 1: like the first person to ever contract it, and an

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Speaker 1: index person is the first person in an outbreak. I

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Speaker 1: believe it's possible that Maballo is both. He could be

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Speaker 1: patient zero and the index patient for that particular outbreak,

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Speaker 1: but the patient zero for all of ebola. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: in this case, in of the three and fifty eight

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Speaker 1: people died and uh, it's kind of a near simultaneous

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Speaker 1: outbreak happened in Sudan, and of the two and eighty

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Speaker 1: four died in Sudan, which is pretty good because it

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Speaker 1: generally kills about Okay, so that's Sudan type bola. It's

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Speaker 1: less deadly than Zaire type of bola. Game, yes, but

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Speaker 1: even still you're talking it's way better than But consider this, chuck,

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Speaker 1: I looked this up. You know, the influenza um of uh,

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Speaker 1: the Spanish flu, I think is what it's frequently Back then,

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Speaker 1: there something like I think twenty million to forty million

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Speaker 1: people died in one year across the world. Wow. Okay,

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Speaker 1: the the average life expectancy in the US dropped by

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Speaker 1: ten years that one year because of that one flu.

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Speaker 1: It had a mortality rate of only two point five percent.

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Speaker 1: I bola has a mortality rate of n Well. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's why it's so frightening, because if it became airborne

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Speaker 1: or aerosol and widespread, it's could eradicate, like the planet,

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Speaker 1: pretty much of human being. Luckily, it's only been shown

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Speaker 1: to be able to spread via aerosol, like through the

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Speaker 1: air among monkeys. That's kind of cold comfort though if

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Speaker 1: you think about it, because we can get it from monkeys,

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Speaker 1: and if monkeys can give it to each other like that,

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Speaker 1: then who that's terrible. That's bad stuff. The reason why

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Speaker 1: they think a bola has not spread as one because

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Speaker 1: you can't catch it through the air, but also kind

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Speaker 1: of chillingly, it kills people too fast for them to

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Speaker 1: infect that many other people. One of the problems and

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Speaker 1: you you you've mentioned it in that story about Maballa

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Speaker 1: patient zero or at least the index patient from ninety six.

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Speaker 1: UM in Central Africa, there are a lot of burial

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Speaker 1: customs that require, like you said, the family and friends

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Speaker 1: of the deceased to wash the body sometimes to clean

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Speaker 1: the waste and food out of the body, and um

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Speaker 1: to not use protection or gloves or anything like that.

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Speaker 1: Like contact with the body is key, right, It's a

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Speaker 1: part of the ritual burial. And it's still it's like

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Speaker 1: even during this outbreak now you have like World Health

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Speaker 1: Organization people going from village to village saying do you

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Speaker 1: have any dead that we can take away to bury

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Speaker 1: and they're like, no, no one's died here, and they're

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Speaker 1: literally hiding the bodies because they don't want they're they're

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Speaker 1: deceased to not be honored in the way that they

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Speaker 1: should be based on custom and tradition. The problem is

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Speaker 1: that this custom and tradition is also simultaneously spreading the

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Speaker 1: Ebola virus. Yeah, I mean just something like that. If

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Speaker 1: they could just talk them into at least like wearing

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Speaker 1: gloves or something like, any little bit would help at

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Speaker 1: this point. Yeah. So, um, you said there's five types

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Speaker 1: of ebola. Yeah, I guess we should talk about the

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Speaker 1: philo virus family, because Ebola is a virus, and it

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Speaker 1: is a philo virus, which isn't that different from any

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Speaker 1: kind of kind of virus actually, but it is a

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Speaker 1: worm like particle that's described as hooked like a shepherd's

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Speaker 1: crook or a six or you. But you mentioned the

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Speaker 1: five ferent types and they're named after the region of

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Speaker 1: their origin, desire and pseudan strains that we talked about,

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Speaker 1: the Bunda Bugyo, the Thai forest formerly the code Duvoir,

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Speaker 1: and the rest In type as in rest in Virginia,

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Speaker 1: which is uh, you might think, yeah, but it's true. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there was a shipment of crab eater monkeys that came

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Speaker 1: out of the Philippines, which is the origin of the

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Speaker 1: rest and type E bolavirus um. And they were sent

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Speaker 1: to U LAB, a testing facility in Rest in Virginia,

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Speaker 1: and um, a bunch of the monkeys started dying. Actually

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Speaker 1: two shipments I think of monkeys died from this. And

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Speaker 1: in the second shipment, some of the monkeys infected some

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Speaker 1: of the humans, and the humans contracted the virus, but

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Speaker 1: nobody showed symptoms. So we found out that the rest

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Speaker 1: and virus humans don't respond to. Yeah, it's not deadly

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Speaker 1: at this point at least, which is great. Um, it's great,

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Speaker 1: but when less deadly of bolivirus is definitely good. Yeah, seriously. Um.

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Speaker 1: All of the genetic information though from uh, the bola

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Speaker 1: is comes from RNA instead of DNA like US humans.

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Speaker 1: And it's really pretty basic. Compared to US, if we

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Speaker 1: have three billion base pairs of DNA, they're only about

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Speaker 1: nineteen thousand number of RNA and a philo virus, which

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Speaker 1: is uh, you know, it's pretty basic. Yeah, And the

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Speaker 1: RNA actually is basically like with any virus, it's just

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Speaker 1: there to say, here's the instructions to replicate me, and uh,

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Speaker 1: here you go. And they the virus. The Bola virus

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Speaker 1: spreads like any other virus, where it basically enters the cell.

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Speaker 1: It injects that RNA, which in turn hijacks the processes

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Speaker 1: of the cell and turns it from its regular duties

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Speaker 1: into becoming a replication machine for the virus. And it

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Speaker 1: turns out all of these UM, all of these different

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Speaker 1: virus particles viryons I think is what they're called UM,

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Speaker 1: and those things eventually overwhelmed the cell. And if it's

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Speaker 1: an enveloped UM virus like a Bola, that means that

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Speaker 1: the virus can go in and out of the cell

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Speaker 1: membrane because it's surrounded by like a fat, lipid coating UM.

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Speaker 1: It can go in and out of the host cell

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Speaker 1: without destroying the host cell. A naked virus goes in,

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Speaker 1: injects its stuff, it takes over the host cell, which

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Speaker 1: makes so many that the host cell just ruptures. And

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Speaker 1: then that's the way that the the other viruses are released.

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Speaker 1: With the bowl of virus, it just basically secretes in

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Speaker 1: a really gross way. But a cell that's been hijacked

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Speaker 1: secretes new UM BOWLA viruses. Yeah, and it uh, I

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Speaker 1: mean a lot of this is still a mystery that

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Speaker 1: we're figuring out, but they do know that it can

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Speaker 1: infect a lot of different types of cells, but mainly

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Speaker 1: attacks the immune system and then from there travels to

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Speaker 1: the lymph nodes and then the spleen and the liver

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Speaker 1: through the bloodstream, and once it's in those cells, it's

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Speaker 1: going to release a bunch of nasty chemicals. They think

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Speaker 1: it's related to the closest to the measles and the

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Speaker 1: momps actually, which um, all that stuff is helpful and

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Speaker 1: trying to figure out yours. So they think from what

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Speaker 1: they understand of the E. Boulavirus, Now, as you contracted

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Speaker 1: through contact with body fluids and it gets into your

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Speaker 1: mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, and once there

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Speaker 1: it shows a preference for immune cells. Like it goes

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Speaker 1: after talk about an aggressive virus. It goes after the

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Speaker 1: very cells that are meant to destroy it and it

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Speaker 1: messes with them. Depending on the type of cell, it'll

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Speaker 1: either make their function go hey wire, which accounts for

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Speaker 1: like a huge immune response, or it will shut down

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Speaker 1: like an immune cells defenses right, So it makes your

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Speaker 1: immune system go hey wire, but also prevents your immune

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Speaker 1: system from mounting a defense, which is why you're in

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Speaker 1: so much trouble if you contract a bowla because it

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Speaker 1: just goes after your immune system, and then once your

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Speaker 1: immune system is suppressed, Uh, it goes after other cells

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Speaker 1: like epithelial cells or endothelial cells, so like connective tissue

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Speaker 1: cells or um neurological cells, cells that line them the

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Speaker 1: interior of your blood vessels, which makes your blood vessels

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Speaker 1: weaken and start to bleed internally. Um. And it then

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Speaker 1: it like you said, it goes into your liver and

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Speaker 1: your spleen and just hijacks everything they're ultimately leading to

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Speaker 1: tissue damage and then organ failure. Yeah, that's how you

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Speaker 1: will eventually die as multi organ failure in shock. Um.

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Speaker 1: And you know you mentioned the the antibodies. That's typically

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Speaker 1: how they test for ebol anaus to looking for the

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Speaker 1: antibody instead of the virus. But like you mentioned, it

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Speaker 1: may have suppress the immune system such that they can't

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Speaker 1: even detect it. And the only test they have are

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Speaker 1: expensive and they're tough to transport, require machinery, So it's

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Speaker 1: not the kind of stuff that uh, they're sending over

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Speaker 1: to Western Central Africa for the most part. Yes, sadly,

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Speaker 1: so it makes it the fact that it's in um

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Speaker 1: often very remote locations, that the outbreaks have been kind

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Speaker 1: of um uh contained. I guess they've been relatively small.

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Speaker 1: Um I think something like people out of outbreaks since

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Speaker 1: nine Yes, I have three thousand cases in two thousand

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Speaker 1: deaths and that's up to the minute, like that it

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Speaker 1: includes this current outbreak. Yeah, this was like from three

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Speaker 1: hours ago. So that's I mean, that's if a lot

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Speaker 1: of people, especially if you live in Central or West Africa.

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Speaker 1: But if you're looking at the grand scheme of things,

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Speaker 1: especially for as virulent as this virus is, uh, that's

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Speaker 1: not that many people. So the fact that it's so

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Speaker 1: contagious that it's hard to get and that it's hard

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Speaker 1: to detect makes it very difficult to work on a bola,

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Speaker 1: work on a vaccine, work on a treatment for it,

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Speaker 1: that kind of thing. Well, and sadly, like I know

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Speaker 1: this isn't across the board, but pharmaceutical companies developed drugs

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Speaker 1: that will make them money. Uh, they're not in it

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Speaker 1: for curing the world of rare diseases that number in

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Speaker 1: the hundreds or low thousands. And basically there's it's it's

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Speaker 1: stuff to admit it, but there's not a market for

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Speaker 1: these vaccines, a money market, which is a big failure

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Speaker 1: for humanity. Yeah yeah, Well it takes the threatened life

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Speaker 1: of two American missionaries to really get the pharmaceutical industry going.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly what's happened. All right, Well, let's um take

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Speaker 1: a break here and then we'll talk about some of

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Speaker 1: the actual symptoms right after this message. Okay, you're gonna

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Speaker 1: know if you have ebola. Well, actually you won't know

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Speaker 1: for a little while. It's what's kind of scary, is

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Speaker 1: it may it may think it's something else, but when

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Speaker 1: it enters your body, Uh, it's gonna kind of just

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Speaker 1: sit there silently for two to twenty one days, typically

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Speaker 1: about four to ten, and then you're gonna start noticing

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Speaker 1: fever's headache, chill, um joints aching, You're gonna be really tired.

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Speaker 1: And then that's when you will likely be misdiagnosed, right

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Speaker 1: with malaria or something else, maybe dingay fever, uh, maybe

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Speaker 1: yellow fever, but typically malaria is the one that they

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Speaker 1: go with because the Central and West Africa, so you

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Speaker 1: know there it's lousy with malaria anyways, and it looks

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Speaker 1: exactly like malaria. It's after a couple of days of

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Speaker 1: showing symptoms that it starts to become apparent that possibly

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Speaker 1: it's a bowla. And the reason why it's because you

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Speaker 1: take a very sudden, very sharp term for the worse.

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Speaker 1: After after the first couple of days of showing the

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Speaker 1: normal flu like symptoms, Yeah, then you're gonna have um,

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Speaker 1: bloody diarrhea, jaundice, really bad sore throat, you're gonna vomit,

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Speaker 1: You're not gonna be hungry. And then once you have

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Speaker 1: symptoms for about five days, about fifty of the victims

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Speaker 1: will develop rashes on their shoulders and like chest area.

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Speaker 1: And that's the second stage. There's still yet a third stage.

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Speaker 1: It's about this time where um, you if you are

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Speaker 1: going to have a large amounts of bleeding, this is

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Speaker 1: where it's going to start to happen after several days. UM. Apparently,

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Speaker 1: in very aggressive cases of ebola, like the Zaire type,

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Speaker 1: you can die like in six days after symptoms, which

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Speaker 1: is extraordinarily mind boggling lee fast for something like this, UM.

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Speaker 1: And the thanks to our friends at the movie Outbreak.

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Speaker 1: When people think of a bowla, they think of people

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Speaker 1: like squirting blood out of their eyes. Um, there is

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Speaker 1: typically some sort of internal bleeding with Ebola. It is

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Speaker 1: a hemorrhagic fever. After all, about fifty percent of patients

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Speaker 1: will have this bleeding, mainly in the gastro intestinal tract. So,

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Speaker 1: but it's not gonna it's not coming out of your

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Speaker 1: eyes or anything like that. But it is a result

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Speaker 1: of the Ebola virus going after those endothelial cells, those

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Speaker 1: cells that UM make up the structure of the blood vessels,

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Speaker 1: and going after the tissues and the organs and UM

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Speaker 1: just degrading them. Basically. It's also a part of your

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Speaker 1: immune response. Like you can have an over inflammation as

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Speaker 1: a result too. So all this stuff is adding up

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Speaker 1: to you bleeding internally. And we should say, though, chuck,

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Speaker 1: like you're not gonna bleed to death. Um, people who

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Speaker 1: die from a vote bullet typically die as a result

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Speaker 1: of UM that internal bleeding may lower their blood pressure

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Speaker 1: and they'll die from hypotensive shock. Yeah. So, I mean

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Speaker 1: what happens is your your your blood tries to clot

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Speaker 1: thanks to proteins, and there's so much clotting going on

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Speaker 1: and so many proteins hard at work, it can't keep

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Speaker 1: up essentially, and once the tissue damage starts, those proteins

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Speaker 1: are busy and you're bleeding is uncontrolled at that point, right,

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Speaker 1: and it's very sad result. Speaking of proteins, ebola makes

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Speaker 1: a two types of this, one specific protein a glycoprotein,

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Speaker 1: and one is pretty straightforward. It allows the ebola to

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Speaker 1: move in and out of a host cell. The second

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Speaker 1: use of them, the it's called secreted glycoprotein s GP.

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Speaker 1: That stuff basically goes out and hushes the immune response.

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Speaker 1: It says, you'd be quiet, be still, and it just

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Speaker 1: basically goes in shuts down the The antigens is what

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Speaker 1: they're called, that come after things like ebola and kill them,

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Speaker 1: and it basically just ties them. It ties them up,

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Speaker 1: in gags them. Wow, I know. And that it's just crazy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean, it's a nasty, nasty virus um. What we

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Speaker 1: know about it right now is and this is one

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Speaker 1: of the other scariest parts is that, uh, they are

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Speaker 1: still not for sure where ebola hangs out for the

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Speaker 1: years that it lies dormant in the world, because it

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Speaker 1: doesn't go away. That went away, it wouldn't come back.

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Speaker 1: It just means it's out there somewhere in a reservoir

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Speaker 1: and a host. It is a zoonotic disease, so it

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Speaker 1: occurs naturally in animals, but obviously it's transmitted to humans,

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Speaker 1: and like I said, it doesn't go away. What they

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Speaker 1: have to look for and what they've tested and killed

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Speaker 1: scores of animals doing, is to see if an animal

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Speaker 1: can survive the virus, because if they can survive the virus,

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Speaker 1: they are a good candidate to be the host a reservoir. Yeah, exactly. Um,

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Speaker 1: So they've tested all kinds of animals and what they're

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Speaker 1: pretty sure of but still not a cent sure of,

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Speaker 1: is that it is the fruit bat. Yeah, it looks

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Speaker 1: a lot like the fruit bat. The reason that they've

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Speaker 1: been having such a hard time finding it is because

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Speaker 1: from after the six outbreak, Ebola just like went island

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Speaker 1: until the nineties until there's another outbreak in the nineties,

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Speaker 1: which is really suspicious as far as epidemiology is concerned,

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Speaker 1: because that's not supposed to happen. So it made them

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Speaker 1: think that maybe there was some exotic animal or exotic

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Speaker 1: plant or something that was acting as the reservoir. Um.

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Speaker 1: But now they're starting to think more and more that yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's the common fruit bat. Yeah, because they fruit bats

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Speaker 1: can have the virus and not get sick. And that

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Speaker 1: is uh. And they've you know, fruit bats are in

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Speaker 1: locations where they have the index cases. Yeah, pointing towards

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Speaker 1: the old fruit bat. Yeah. Plus you can get they've

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Speaker 1: shown um that ebola can be transmitted through bat guano,

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Speaker 1: which is bat poop, which is what happened in uh contagion.

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Speaker 1: Was it bat poop? Yeah, that's scene where um Gwyneth

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Speaker 1: Paltrow's is eating a bowl of bat poop on a bat.

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Speaker 1: Spoiler alert, I think it was through a bat through

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Speaker 1: a pig that eventually found this way to a restaurant. Yeah. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: The way that movie unfolds at the end, man is

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Speaker 1: just chilling. Yeah. So, like we said, we know how

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Speaker 1: it's transmitted, uh event through first human animal contact, then

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Speaker 1: the infection, and then through you know, bodily fluids and

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Speaker 1: secretions and uh dirty needles is the biggest culprit though,

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Speaker 1: and depending on how you get it, uh could affect

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Speaker 1: the outcome. If you have gotten it through a needle,

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Speaker 1: you have on chance of dying since nineteen seventy six, Um,

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Speaker 1: if you've gotten it other uh like through other contact, um,

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Speaker 1: it can be about eighty percent, So I guess that's

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Speaker 1: where they come up with the rate. Yeah, I think

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Speaker 1: the hundred percent rate was for the outbreaks specifically. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: a hundred percent of people who transmitted it via needle

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Speaker 1: in that outbreak died. That is insane. Yeah, and uh,

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Speaker 1: the incubation period is different to three to six days

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Speaker 1: for a patient if you're stuck with a needle, versus

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Speaker 1: five to nine for intact exposure. Yeah. So, Chuck, we're

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Speaker 1: gonna talk about how to prevent the spread of ebola

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Speaker 1: up next, and what's going on right now with possible cure.

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Speaker 1: So so, up until recently when we had these patients

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Speaker 1: shipped over to America, your only chances of contacting ebola's

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Speaker 1: if you went over to Central or West Africa, um,

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Speaker 1: which a lot of people do, a lot of people

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Speaker 1: live there as well. Uh. And they suggest that if

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Speaker 1: you find yourself over there, you not dwell in forests

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Speaker 1: or caves because that's where the fruit bats are. Well.

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Speaker 1: Plus you can contract it from guerrillas and stuff too. Sure,

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Speaker 1: so you shouldn't eat bush meat, shouldn't touch dead guerrillas,

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Speaker 1: shouldn't touch dead animals, period, try and limit that contact. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's probably a good idea. And of course, UM, if

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Speaker 1: you're over there working as a healthcare worker, or if

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Speaker 1: you're just over there working or living, you should avoid

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Speaker 1: any kind of reuse needle because that's your guaranteed to

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Speaker 1: get it. Almost So we mentioned already the burial practices

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Speaker 1: that are becoming a vector for disease, the spread of

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Speaker 1: Ebola UM. There's also a couple of other factors that

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Speaker 1: are coming into account. They the they think that if

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Speaker 1: the fruit bat is the reservoir for Ebola UM, then

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Speaker 1: the reason that it's spread because it was always just

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Speaker 1: in Central Africa before. Now suddenly it's in West Africa.

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Speaker 1: The March two thousand and fourteen outbreaks started in Guinea UM.

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Speaker 1: They think that it's because the fruit bats migration patterns

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Speaker 1: might be shifting because of climate change, so that could

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Speaker 1: be fostering the spread of ebola. One of the other

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Speaker 1: problems with this is that UM there's a very widespread

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Speaker 1: lack of trust for the governments of West African countries

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Speaker 1: and UM, so there's a lot of misunderstanding, misinformation. There's

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Speaker 1: very little trust for the World Health authorities. UM, there's

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Speaker 1: very little trust for the government some of the governments

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Speaker 1: are using it as political tools like um, yeah, and

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Speaker 1: I think Sierra Leone they call it East Bowla because

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Speaker 1: the government in power their main opposition strongholds in the East,

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Speaker 1: so they're blaming the East on a bullet. It's just

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of stuff going on over that it's

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Speaker 1: not helping with this particular outbreak right now. Yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: really sad. Uh you mentioned about it. Start This the

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Speaker 1: strain or this outbreak started in Guinea. They think they've

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Speaker 1: traced traced it back to patient zero, two year old

425
00:25:35,280 --> 00:25:39,480
Speaker 1: patient there. It was about eight months ago. Um, they

426
00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:43,520
Speaker 1: think that this toddler died. They she suffered from fever

427
00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,880
Speaker 1: and black stool and vomiting and then died on December

428
00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:51,040
Speaker 1: six of last year, even though they don't know how

429
00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:55,000
Speaker 1: she got it. And then shortly after her mother died

430
00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:58,040
Speaker 1: on December. Then her three year old sister died on

431
00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,680
Speaker 1: December twenty nine, and then her grandmother died on January one.

432
00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:05,720
Speaker 1: And this is all in the village of I know,

433
00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:09,600
Speaker 1: I'm probably gonna butcher this, but it's Meliando and Guika

434
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:14,600
Speaker 1: do nice. It's my my best effort there in Guinea. Yeah,

435
00:26:14,720 --> 00:26:16,960
Speaker 1: And then that's that's the area is really close to

436
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,720
Speaker 1: the Sierra Leone and Liberia borders, which explains a lot.

437
00:26:20,240 --> 00:26:22,440
Speaker 1: And then it spread outside their village to people that

438
00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:26,200
Speaker 1: attended the grandmother's funeral because of course, again they had

439
00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:29,400
Speaker 1: close contact with the body. And then two of those

440
00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:34,360
Speaker 1: funeral attendees brought that back to their village. Than healthcare

441
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:39,680
Speaker 1: workers there and family members got sick, and healthcare worker

442
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:43,399
Speaker 1: and Guika do is Uh was suspected to have triggered

443
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:47,040
Speaker 1: the spread to three other villages in February of this year.

444
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,960
Speaker 1: And that just shows man again, just like in contagion,

445
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:54,159
Speaker 1: it's just like from person to person, and all of

446
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 1: a sudden it's in places nowhere close to where it started,

447
00:26:57,720 --> 00:26:59,840
Speaker 1: and then all of a sudden, it's in places not

448
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:03,200
Speaker 1: super far from where it started. Did you know that there?

449
00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:06,480
Speaker 1: Did you hear about the health care bots that caught

450
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:10,280
Speaker 1: the outbreak before the announcement there? There's these bots. I

451
00:27:10,320 --> 00:27:12,320
Speaker 1: can't remember the name of the company that runs them,

452
00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:14,920
Speaker 1: but they're basically just their job is to just scan

453
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:19,600
Speaker 1: the internet, scan journal articles, scan um news. They're probably

454
00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:22,120
Speaker 1: hitting the deep Way, by a guess, and they are

455
00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:25,159
Speaker 1: looking for any and all mentions of things, um, that

456
00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:28,200
Speaker 1: have to do with outbreaks, I think health care stuff

457
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,159
Speaker 1: in general. But nine days before the announcement by the

458
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:35,800
Speaker 1: Guinea authorities, Um, these bots caught this outbreak in that

459
00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:40,760
Speaker 1: area nine days. That's pretty impressive stuff. And hopefully we'll

460
00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:43,440
Speaker 1: come in in handy further down the road when people

461
00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:46,760
Speaker 1: learn to trust that. Yeah, but still, this one's been

462
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:49,840
Speaker 1: the worst yet. And one of the scariest reasons is

463
00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:54,080
Speaker 1: because it's happening so fast. Um, the common methods we

464
00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:57,240
Speaker 1: have for dealing with it aren't working quick enough. Well,

465
00:27:57,560 --> 00:27:59,760
Speaker 1: the common methods we have for dealing with it are

466
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,120
Speaker 1: as follows. Like you said, there's no there's no way

467
00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:05,960
Speaker 1: to to well, there are, there are ways, there's tests

468
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,800
Speaker 1: that show this is a bowla. They're tough to get

469
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:13,680
Speaker 1: to these areas, so it's mostly you know, um, shoe

470
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:18,520
Speaker 1: leather diagnoses I guess um. And then the other aspect

471
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:22,320
Speaker 1: of it is that there's no treatment aside from rehydration,

472
00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:25,000
Speaker 1: Like consider that chuck. Like, if you're struck down with

473
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,440
Speaker 1: a bowla, guess what treatment they give you? Ivy fluids.

474
00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:31,600
Speaker 1: That's it. They isolate you and give you ivy fluids

475
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:36,239
Speaker 1: to try to replenish what you're vomiting out, diary ng

476
00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:40,720
Speaker 1: out and um losing in sweat. Yeah, that's the treatment.

477
00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:44,320
Speaker 1: Well it was until about five hours ago. Yeah, yeah,

478
00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:47,160
Speaker 1: this UM. I wish we had some sort of a

479
00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:51,840
Speaker 1: news wire. Jerry knows one. Remember when I went do

480
00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:55,840
Speaker 1: Do do and then that she had one accompanying and

481
00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:57,920
Speaker 1: and it might not even be out yet. So let's

482
00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:05,680
Speaker 1: debut it right now, Chuck. This is fresh off the

483
00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:09,920
Speaker 1: wire via CNN. UM. What they have now are an

484
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:14,480
Speaker 1: experimental serum um called z MAP and it's made by

485
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:19,520
Speaker 1: MAP Biopharmaceutical. UM. I'm not sure where they're located, but

486
00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:24,280
Speaker 1: there's another another one called Kentucky Bioprocessing, which manufactures another

487
00:29:24,360 --> 00:29:26,840
Speaker 1: version of the drug. And they're the ones who are

488
00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:31,960
Speaker 1: making this brand new, very experimental drug, and so new,

489
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:36,000
Speaker 1: so experimental that this week the World Health Organization had

490
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:41,280
Speaker 1: to get a group of ethicis together to say, should

491
00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:45,840
Speaker 1: we use this stuff? Because the normal testing process is

492
00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:49,600
Speaker 1: way way longer than what they've got time wise, so

493
00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:52,840
Speaker 1: can we speed this through? Should we use it? The

494
00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:57,040
Speaker 1: WHO panel said unanimously, yes, it's ethical. We've got to

495
00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:59,400
Speaker 1: do something. I think the u N came on board

496
00:29:59,480 --> 00:30:02,000
Speaker 1: just a few hours ago as well, and so they

497
00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:05,840
Speaker 1: treated um the two Americans Dr Kent Brantley and Nancy

498
00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:11,280
Speaker 1: right bowl they are recovering. But sadly, Miguel Pijaris, the

499
00:30:11,280 --> 00:30:14,760
Speaker 1: Spanish priest, died this morning even though he was treated

500
00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:16,840
Speaker 1: with the z MAP as well. So it has a

501
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:19,640
Speaker 1: two thirds success rate at this point so far. But

502
00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:22,000
Speaker 1: that's the deal with experimental drugs is they don't know

503
00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:24,920
Speaker 1: if it's gonna work, or how it's gonna work, or

504
00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:28,640
Speaker 1: who it's gonna work on. Um, it's a it's sort

505
00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:32,440
Speaker 1: of an ethical quandary because if there's already people saying, well,

506
00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,440
Speaker 1: you've used it on these Americans, Uh, why haven't you

507
00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,520
Speaker 1: used it in Liberia? It's sort of a no win

508
00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:44,120
Speaker 1: situation this early because if they had died. Uh. And

509
00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:47,200
Speaker 1: this is from Paul root Wolp. He's a director for

510
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:49,840
Speaker 1: ethics at Emery here in Atlanta. He said, you know,

511
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:53,240
Speaker 1: if it had killed both these Americans, people wouldn't be

512
00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:55,800
Speaker 1: saying anything. But because it worked, they're saying, why isn't

513
00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:57,640
Speaker 1: it being used in Africa? He said, But if we

514
00:30:57,680 --> 00:31:00,920
Speaker 1: would have taken it to Africa and it killed them,

515
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,920
Speaker 1: they would have said Americans are experimenting this drug on

516
00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:06,960
Speaker 1: poor Africans. Well, the way they've done it then is

517
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:11,000
Speaker 1: exactly right. They experimented with Americans and then ship the

518
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,240
Speaker 1: rest of it to Liberia. The Liberia has the remaining

519
00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:16,280
Speaker 1: stock of z MAP right now. There's no more of

520
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:18,680
Speaker 1: it in the US. It's all in Liberia. Yeah, they

521
00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,920
Speaker 1: applied for it, and they're like you said, they've got

522
00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:23,480
Speaker 1: it all and they're already out and uh it takes

523
00:31:23,480 --> 00:31:26,400
Speaker 1: a while to make. Well, it's they've figured out some

524
00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:29,440
Speaker 1: ways to make it even faster. So what um z

525
00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:35,840
Speaker 1: MAP is is called a monoclonal antibody treatment therapy. Basically,

526
00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:42,480
Speaker 1: um they they introduce something like ebola into in this case,

527
00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:47,120
Speaker 1: a tobacco plant, and they create antibodies. The plant creates

528
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:50,280
Speaker 1: antibodies to the virus, and then they say, okay, these

529
00:31:50,280 --> 00:31:53,680
Speaker 1: are the antibodies we need for ebola. Let's synthesize them.

530
00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:57,840
Speaker 1: And they make synthetic antibodies, and they take those synthetic anybodies,

531
00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:02,280
Speaker 1: the monoclonal anybodies, they inject them into you, the ebola patient,

532
00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:07,640
Speaker 1: and these anybodies go in and mimic your body's immune response,

533
00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:11,720
Speaker 1: which in turn mounts a real immune response and then

534
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,479
Speaker 1: fights off the BOWLA virus. And they only just use

535
00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:17,360
Speaker 1: it for a BOWLA. They try this on cancer, on

536
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:22,080
Speaker 1: all sorts of other viruses. So monoclonnell anybody therapy isn't new,

537
00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:25,800
Speaker 1: but using it against ebola, the specific one for a

538
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:30,760
Speaker 1: bola is new. And then also using tobacco plants as

539
00:32:30,840 --> 00:32:35,360
Speaker 1: the the source of the antibodies, it's fairly new too,

540
00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:37,280
Speaker 1: but it makes it so that you can turn it

541
00:32:37,320 --> 00:32:40,600
Speaker 1: over a lot faster. Pretty cool stuff. Yeah, that is

542
00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:43,040
Speaker 1: very cool. Uh, but like we said, it's so new.

543
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:46,360
Speaker 1: I mean they've literally just treated these few patients and um,

544
00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:50,520
Speaker 1: one of them died. So, uh, the jury is out.

545
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:52,600
Speaker 1: In the coming days, we're gonna learn a lot more

546
00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:57,200
Speaker 1: about z MAP so hopefully it'll save Liberia. Yeah, they've

547
00:32:58,160 --> 00:33:00,880
Speaker 1: I never knew this either. An out break is considered

548
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:04,960
Speaker 1: over after there's been forty two days straight, which is

549
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:10,320
Speaker 1: double the incubation period um without any new cases. So um,

550
00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:12,960
Speaker 1: everyone's hoping for that forty two day period very soon.

551
00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:18,400
Speaker 1: I'm hoping for it. You got anything else? No, did

552
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:22,280
Speaker 1: we ever mentioned Marburg virus? No, that is a cousin

553
00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:25,440
Speaker 1: that is also deadly right, it's the other it's the

554
00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:28,240
Speaker 1: other Nona bowl of virus and the file of virus family.

555
00:33:28,760 --> 00:33:31,800
Speaker 1: It is deadly, but it's extraordinarily rare. It's named after

556
00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:33,920
Speaker 1: a German town where there is an outbreak in the

557
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:37,520
Speaker 1: sixties because of some monkeys that were shipped for testing. Wow,

558
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:40,760
Speaker 1: so I guess it's a disease naming convention. Here is

559
00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:43,640
Speaker 1: it they? Or everywhere? Is it? Name it after where

560
00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:51,040
Speaker 1: it started? Bola Marburg? Yeah? Here? Yeah, there you have it.

561
00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:56,960
Speaker 1: That's up to the date. Ebola info. Yes, I don't

562
00:33:56,960 --> 00:33:58,560
Speaker 1: have anything else. You don't need to know, but you

563
00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:00,720
Speaker 1: know what you guys, if you want to follow this, um,

564
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:04,240
Speaker 1: we should follow up in our video series. You better

565
00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:06,920
Speaker 1: believe it that you can find on our YouTube channel. UM.

566
00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:08,640
Speaker 1: We use that. We take you in the studio to

567
00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:11,160
Speaker 1: kind of follow up on some stories, talk about news

568
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:14,400
Speaker 1: the items, or make corrections. It comes out every Monday. Yeah,

569
00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:17,120
Speaker 1: and you can go to see that at I think

570
00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:19,960
Speaker 1: it's our YouTube channel, Josh and Chuck. Yeah, so we'll

571
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:24,080
Speaker 1: follow up on this as things develop. Good thinking, Chuck. Uh.

572
00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,160
Speaker 1: If you want to learn more about the ins and

573
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,800
Speaker 1: outs of ebola, you can type people into the search

574
00:34:28,840 --> 00:34:30,719
Speaker 1: bar How stuff works dot Com and since I said

575
00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:35,239
Speaker 1: search bar, it's time for a listener mail, I'm gonna

576
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:40,759
Speaker 1: call this uh guy making a move. Oh yeah, So

577
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:43,120
Speaker 1: Corey Barker wrote us in and says, Hey, I just

578
00:34:43,120 --> 00:34:45,640
Speaker 1: want to thank you guys, um, first of all for

579
00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,160
Speaker 1: all the hard work you do, and also for inspiring

580
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,400
Speaker 1: me to make a move in my career. My day

581
00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: job involves a completely ridiculous amount of driving. You guys

582
00:34:53,719 --> 00:34:56,719
Speaker 1: have always been instrumental in keeping me awake. Um. I've

583
00:34:56,760 --> 00:34:58,400
Speaker 1: had people tell me on and off for years, you

584
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,919
Speaker 1: should do radio, because Corey's got a great voice, he said.

585
00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:03,880
Speaker 1: I would always kind of scoff and think how impossible

586
00:35:03,880 --> 00:35:06,000
Speaker 1: that would be. But recently I decided that I would

587
00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:09,160
Speaker 1: try it out. I invested in some decent studio recording equipment,

588
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,400
Speaker 1: made a few audition tapes I guess digital files, and

589
00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:16,400
Speaker 1: as of last week, I signed my first audio book contract.

590
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,759
Speaker 1: Yeah that's awesome, Like, I'm gonna do this. You can?

591
00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:23,640
Speaker 1: Is it that easy? Yeah? Well, I don't know if

592
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:25,280
Speaker 1: it's easy. I think you have to add some talent.

593
00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:28,239
Speaker 1: But I think there's plenty of course self published authors

594
00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:31,359
Speaker 1: on Amazon, and they're looking for people to make audiobook

595
00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:33,839
Speaker 1: versions of their stuff. That's awesome. Well that's what he did,

596
00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:35,600
Speaker 1: he said. He said, we deserve a lot of credit,

597
00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:38,840
Speaker 1: since if I didn't listen so much to audio while driving,

598
00:35:39,239 --> 00:35:42,160
Speaker 1: I would never have decided to take this plunge. Anyway,

599
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,120
Speaker 1: I decided I would try to repay a slight amount

600
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:46,319
Speaker 1: of what I've received from you guys by creating an

601
00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:48,280
Speaker 1: ad that you could force all the Other Stuff podcast

602
00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:50,200
Speaker 1: to play. I think this is a good idea. If

603
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:51,920
Speaker 1: you like it used as much as you want, I

604
00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:55,520
Speaker 1: surrender all rights, keep on trucking. You will always have

605
00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:59,080
Speaker 1: at least one listener, and that is Corey Barker. Uh

606
00:35:59,080 --> 00:36:01,160
Speaker 1: And he said, ps a side to start writing again

607
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,120
Speaker 1: as well, thanks to you guys, because your episodes have

608
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:08,000
Speaker 1: spawned some amazing short story ideas. So Corey, let's go

609
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:10,160
Speaker 1: ahead and hear your ad for stuff you should know

610
00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:14,560
Speaker 1: right now. Enrich your mind, explore new horizons, and learn

611
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:18,320
Speaker 1: about the world around you. Stuff you should know Tuesdays

612
00:36:18,320 --> 00:36:22,719
Speaker 1: and Thursdays on how Stuff Works dot com. Man, how

613
00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,640
Speaker 1: about that? Thank you, Corey, good voice. I don't blame you.

614
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:30,359
Speaker 1: We're gonna totally oppress the other podcast with this. Yeah,

615
00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:31,920
Speaker 1: And I told him to listen out for this, and

616
00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:33,799
Speaker 1: he wrote back saying, I'll make sure I have an

617
00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:36,080
Speaker 1: extra pair of underwear to change into for when I

618
00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:39,560
Speaker 1: get this air awesome, which is really gross stuffing into

619
00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:44,520
Speaker 1: your front shirt pocket. Oh my gosh, the clean pair, chuck. Okay.

620
00:36:44,719 --> 00:36:47,600
Speaker 1: If you want to get all excited like Corey, you

621
00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:50,279
Speaker 1: can share your excitement with us on Twitter at s

622
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:52,839
Speaker 1: y ESK podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot

623
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:55,080
Speaker 1: com slash stuff you Should Know. You can send us

624
00:36:55,120 --> 00:36:58,399
Speaker 1: an email to Stuff Podcast at Discovery dot com, and

625
00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:00,680
Speaker 1: as always, hang out with us at our home on

626
00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:08,160
Speaker 1: the web. Stuff you Should Know dot com for more

627
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:10,480
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics. Is it how

628
00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:18,960
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com